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Cursors

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Dhavan Ravuri
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16 views2 pages

Cursors

Uploaded by

Dhavan Ravuri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PL/SQL Cursor (VVVIMP)

* When an SQL statement is processed, Oracle creates a memory area known as context
area.
* A cursor is a pointer to this context area.
* It contains all information needed for processing the statement.
* In PL/SQL, the context area is controlled by Cursor.
* There are two types of cursors:
1.Implicit Cursors
2.Explicit Cursors

Implicit Cursor:
The implicit cursors are automatically generated by Oracle while an SQL statement
is executed
These are created, when DML statements like INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE etc. are
executed.
These cursors will have SQL as cursor name.
Example:
DECLARE
total_rows number(2);
BEGIN
UPDATE employees
SET salary = salary + 5000;
IF sql%notfound THEN
dbms_output.put_line('no Employee updated');
ELSIF sql%found THEN
total_rows := sql%rowcount;
dbms_output.put_line( total_rows || ' Employees updated ');
END IF;
END;

Cursor Attributes:
the following attributes are used to check status of the cursor,

%FOUND:
Its return value is TRUE if DML statements like INSERT, DELETE and UPDATE
affect at least one row, Otherwise it returns FALSE.

%NOTFOUND:
Its return value is TRUE if DML statements like INSERT, DELETE and UPDATE
affect no row, Otherwise it returns FALSE. It is a just opposite of %FOUND.

%ISOPEN:
It always returns FALSE for implicit cursors, because the SQL cursor is
automatically closed after executing its associated SQL statements.
%ROWCOUNT:
It returns the number of rows affected by DML statements like INSERT, DELETE,
and UPDATE .

Explicit Cursors:

* defined by the programmers to gain more control over the context area.
* These cursors should be defined in the declaration section of the PL/SQL block.
* It is created on a SELECT statement which returns more than one row.

syntax:
CURSOR cursor_name IS select_statement;
Steps to create Explicit cursor:

You must follow these steps while working with an explicit cursor.

1.Declare the cursor to initialize in the memory.


2.Open the cursor to allocate memory.
3.Fetch the cursor to retrieve data.
4.Close the cursor to release allocated memory.

1) Declare the cursor:


It defines the cursor with a name and the associated SELECT statement.

Syntax for explicit cursor decleration

CURSOR name IS
SELECT statement;

2.Open the cursor:


It is used to allocate memory for the cursor and make it easy to fetch the rows
returned by the SQL statements into it.

Syntax for cursor open:

OPEN cursor_name;

3) Fetch the cursor:


It is used to access one row at a time. You can fetch rows from the above-opened
cursor as follows:

Syntax for cursor fetch:

FETCH cursor_name INTO variable_list;

4) Close the cursor:


It is used to release the allocated memory. The following syntax is used to close
the above-opened cursors.

Syntax for cursor close:

Close cursor_name;

example:
declare
cursor empcur is select * from emp where salary<36000;
emprec emp%rowtype;
begin
open empcur;
loop
fetch empcur into emprec;
exit when empcur%NOTFOUND;
dbms_output.put_line(emprec.empid || emprec.empname || emprec.salary ||
emprec.dept);
end loop;
close empcur;
end;
/

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