Scribd
Upload
19 views2 pages

Eheemmm

Uploaded by

Phoebe Chulisan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
19 views2 pages

Eheemmm

Uploaded by

Phoebe Chulisan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

Ultrasonography

Basic Terminologies and Physics


A longitudinal image of
ACOUSTICS
kidney demonstrating an
• The branch of physics that deals with sound and sound echogenic/hyperechoic
waves focus in its middle pole
• It is the study of generating, propagating and receiving
sound waves

SONOGRAPHY
• Medical imaging that uses non-ionizing, high frequency ECHOTEXTURE
sound waves to generate image of a particular structure • Arrangement of reflected echoes as dots on the images
• Also known as Diagnostic Ultrasound and Diagnostic
Medical Sonography ECHOTEXTURE
• Comes from the Latin word Sonus (Sound) and Greek word • HOMOGENOUS
graphein (to write) o Organ parenchyma is uniform in echogenicity

ECHOGENECITY/ECHOGENEITY
• The ability to bounce an echo or return the signal in
ultrasound examinations

ECHOGENECITY
• ECHOGENIC • INHOMOGENOUS OR HETEROGENOUS
o Ability of the structures to o Organ parenchyma is not uniform in echogenicity
produce echoes
o Increased echogenicity
(increased reflectivity)
• ANECHOIC
o Areas on the image showing no
internal echoes, appearing dark
or black on the image
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
• HYPERECHOIC
• Shorthand method of
o Areas on the image with more reflected echoes
representing very large
(brighter) than the surrounding tissue
or very small numbers by
• HYPOECHOIC powers-of-ten
o Areas on the image with fewer reflected echoes
(darker) than the surrounding tissue METRIC NOTATION
• ISOECHOIC
• Shorthand method of
o Area on the image showing a level of reflected echoes
representing very large
similar to that of surrounding tissue or very small numbers by
alphabetical prefixes

PHYSICAL UNITS OF MEASUREMENT


• Length: meter (m)
• Area: square meter (m2)
• Volume: cubic meter (m3)
• Time: seconds (s)
• Power: Watts (W)
• Work: Joule (J)
• Frequency: Hertz (Hz)
• Speed: meter per seconds (m/s)
A transabdominal
longitudinal image of • Acoustic Impedance: rayls
hepatorenal area
demonstrating the SOUND SPECTRUM
hypoechoic renal • Sound is a traveling variation of pressure and density
parenchyma that is • When a sound travels through a medium, the molecules of
isoechoic to the liver that medium are alternately compressed (squeezed) and
rarefied
• Sound is an energy transmitted as a mechanical,
longitudinal wave that requires medium through which to
A transabdominal travel
transverse image of • The production of sound requires a vibrating object
pelvis demonstrating • The number of vibrations per unit time, called the
the anechoic distended
frequency of vibrations, determines the quality of sound
urinary bladder
produced
• Frequency is expressed in units called Hertz (Hz) 1 Hertz= 1
vibration/ second or cycle/ second
Ultrasonography

COMPRESSION
• Phase of the wave when the
molecules are pushed together
• Regions of high pressure and
density

RAREFACTION
• Phase of the wave when the molecules are apart/relaxed
• Regions of low pressure and density

TYPES OF WAVES
• MECHANICAL
o Transmitted and produced by matter in any form
o Can travel only through matter
o Types:
✓ LONGITUDINAL WAVE
➢ Motion of the particles in the medium is
parallel to the direction of wave propagation
✓ TRANSVERSE WAVE
➢ Perpendicular to the direction of wave
• ELECTROMAGNETIC
o Travel either through matter or space

WAVE PARAMETERS
• WAVELENGTH
o Length or distance between
two (2) consecutive
identical positions in the
wave
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
o 𝜆 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
• WAVE CYCLE/FREQUENCY
o The number of cycles that occurs in one second
o 1 cycle/second = 1Hertz (Hz)
o It affects penetration of sound and image quality
(resolution)
1 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
o 𝑓 = 𝑇 𝑜𝑟 𝑓 = 𝜆
• AMPLITUDE
o The maximum displacement that occurs in an acoustic
variable (depth, height)
• PERIOD
o Time taken for one complete cycle to occur
1
o 𝑇 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

❖ Frequency Wavelength
❖ Frequency Period
❖ Frequency Penetration Absorption

AS FREQUENCY INCREASES
• Ability to resolve small objects improves (increased
resolution)
• The penetrability/energy of the beam decreases
• The beam becomes more collimated and directional
• Period is decreased
• Wavelength is decreased

You might also like