NEET - ug

NATIONAL TESTING AGENCY

Physics
Volume - 1
 Contents

1. System of Units 1

2. Vectors 16

3. Friction 24

4. Circular Motion 41

4. Work, Power, Energy 52

5. Collision 79
 SYSTEM OF UNITS

# Introduction:
CGS System:
** This system is based on centimeter, gram and second as the fundamental units of
length, mass and time respectively. In this system, unit of force is dynes, unit of
energy is ergs, and so on.

FPS System:
** This system is based on foot, pound and second as the fundamental units of length,
mass and time respectively. In this system, unit of force is poundal, unit of energy
is foot-poundal and so on.

MKS System:
** This system is based on metre, kilogram and second as the fundamental units of
length, mass and time respectively. In this system, unit of force is Newton, unit of
energy is Joule and so on.

International System of Units (S.I.):

** The general conference of weights and measures held in 1971 decided a new system
of units which is known as the International System of Units. It is abbreviated as S.I
from the French name Le Systeme International d’ Unites. It is based on the seven
fundamental units.

2 supplementry Units:
** Plane angle
** Angle formed by an arc at a point.

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 System of Units

Arc s
Angle = =  
radius r
= Dimensionless
= Unit – Radian

Solid Angle:
Angle formed by an area at a point—

DA
Dw =
r2
Unit – Staradian

Dimensions:
** We know that derived units of all physical quantities can be obtained from the seven
fundamental units and two supplementary units. Thus representing mass by (M),
length by (L), time by (T), electric current by (A), temperature by (K), etc., all
physical quantities can be expressed in terms of (M), (L), (T), (A), (K), etc.
** The dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers to which the fundamental
quantities must be raised to represent the given physical quantity.
For Example:
 Mass  M 
[Density] = Volume = = [ML–3]
L 
3

or [M1L–3T0]
So, the dimensions of density are 1 in mass, - 3 in length and 0 in time. The
dimensional formula of density is thus represented as [ML–3] or [ML–3T0]
The constants such as p, 1/2 or trigonometric functions such as sin q, etc. have
no units and dimensions.
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System of Units
The following table gives the dimensional formulae and S.I. units of some physical
quantities.
Dimensional Formulae of some physical quantities and their S.I. units.

S. No. Physical Quantity Formula Used Dimension S.I. Unit

1. Area Length × breadth [M0L2T0] m2
2. Volume Length × breadth × [M0L3T0] m3
height
3. Density Mass/volume [ML–3T0] kg m–3
4. Velocity Displacement/time [M0LT–1] ms–1
5. Acceleration Velocity/time [M0LT–2] ms–2
6. Force Mass × acceleration [MLT–2] kg ms–2 or N (Newton)
7. Pressure Force/area [ML–1T–2] Kg m–1s–2 or Pa (Pascal)
8. Work Force × displacement [ML2T–2] kg m2s–2 or (Joule)
9. Potential Energy Mgh [ML2T–2] kg m2s–2 or J (Joule)
10. Kinetic Energy 1 2 [ML2T–2] kg m2s–2 or J (Joule)
  mv
2
11. Power Work/time [ML2T–3] kg m2s–3 or W (Watt)
12. Momentum Mass × velocity [MLT–1] kg m s–1
13. Angle Arc/radius [M0L0T0] rad
14. Angular Velocity Angle/time [M0L0T–1] rad s–1
15. Impulse Force × time [MLT–1] kg ms–1 or Ns
16. Moment of Mass × (Distance)2 [ML2T0] kg m2
Inertia
17. Torque Force × distance [ML2T–2] kg m2s–2 or N m
18. Angular Mass × Velocity × [ML2T–1] kg m2s–1
Momentum distance
19. Stress Force/Area [ML–1T–2] kg m–1 s–2 or N m–2
20. Strain DL/L or DV/V [M0L0T0] No unit
21. Modulus of Stress/strain [ML–1T–2] kg m–1 s–2 or N m–2
Elasticity
22. Surface Tension Force/length [ML0T–2] kg s–2 or N m–1
23. Frequency (Time Period)–1 [M0L0T–1] s–1 or Hz (Hertz)
24. Planck’s Energy/frequency [ML2T–1] kg m2s–1 or Js
constant
25. Electric Charge Current × time [M0L0TA] As or C (Coulomb)

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 System of Units

26. Potential Power/electric current [ML2T–3A–1] kg m2s–3 A–1 or V (Volt)

Difference
27. Resistance Pot. Diff./electric [ML2T–3A–2] kg m2s–3 A–2 or W
current (ohm)
28. Electric Dipole Electric charge × [M LTA]
0
mAs or Cm
Moment distance
29. Electric field Force/electric charge [MLT–3A–1] kg ms–3A–1 or NC–1
30. Magnetic field Force/(current × [MT–2A–1] kg s–2A–1 or T(Tesla)
length)
** If a quantity is unique then its dimension will also be unique but reverse may or
may not be true.
Eq. [ML2T–2] may represent many quantities like work done, Torque, Energy etc.
Eq. [MT–2] – represent spring constant and surface tension and these do not
represent similar physical quantitites.
** If a quantity is unitless, it must be dimensionless, but reverse may or may not be true.
For ex. Relative density is unit less & also dimensionless but angle is dimensionless
but still have unit Radian.

Rules Regarding Dimension:

1. Addition and subtraction between two quantities are possible if and only if quantities
have similar unit or dimension.
Example: A ± B is meaningful only if A and B have same dimension however same
restriction is not in multiplication and division.
2. In case of sin x, cos x, tanx etc, x must be dimensionless.
3. log x, ex → x must be dimensionless

d
Ques.: v = at + bt2 + c + + , what are the dimensions of a, b, c, d?
t+d
v → Velocity, t → time, a, b, c, d = constant
Soln.: d must have dimension of time
d → [T]
1. v = at
2. [LT ] = a[T]
–1

dim. of a = [LT–2]
3. v = bt2
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System of Units
[LT–1] = b[T2]
dim. of b = [LT–3]
c
4. = [LT–1]
t+d
c
= [LT–1]
T 
dim. of c = [L]
a : [LT–2]
b : [LT–3]
c : [L]
d : [T]

Ques.: If u is P.E., x is distance, t is time and are related as—

bx 2
u = 2
Find dimensions of b & C t +c

Solns.: Dim. of c = [T2]

b  L2 
[ML T ] =
2 –2
T 2 
Dim. of b = [M]

Ques.: x = A · sin(Bt) + C · cos (Dx)

If x → distance Find dimension of A, B, C and D
If t → time
Solns.: B · t must be dimensionless
B = [T–1]
D = [L–1] (Dx must be dimensionless)
[L] = A sin (Bt)
Dim. of
A → [L] (sin Bt, is dimensionless)
dim of C → [L] (Cos Dx, is dimensionless)

 bt 2 
Ques.: x = a log 
 c  a 
if x → distance
t → time
Then find dimension of a, b, c
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 System of Units
Solns.: dimension of C → [L] (As C is added to x)
 L
dimension of b → (AS (bt2/c + x) will be dimensionless)
T 2 
dimension of b → [LT–2]
dimension of a = [L] as log of anything as dimension Less
a = [L]
b = [LT–2]
c = [L]

Ques.: F = at + bt2
F → Force, t → time, then find the dimension of a and b.
Solns.: Dimension of F = Dimension of at = Dimension of bt2
MLT–2 = a[T]
Dimension of A
a = [MLT–3]
b[T2] = MLT–2 (Dimension of force)
Dimension of b = [MLT–4]

 a 
Ques.:  P  2  (V – b) = RT
 V 
P : Pressure
V : Volume
R : Gas constant
T : Temperature
A, b constant. Find dimension of a and b.
a
Soln.: Dimension of P = Dimension of
L6
⇒ a = [ML5T–2]
Dimension of b = dimension of V
dimension of b = [L3]

Application of Dimensions:
** To check whether the equation is dimensionally correct or not.
Step I: find dimension of LHS
Step II: find dimension of RHS
Step III: If dimension of LHS = Dimension of RHS

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System of Units
Then eq. will be dimensionally correct otherwise not.
For ex. check the equation.

l
T = 2p
g
LHS
Dimension of LHS = [T]
RHS

l
Dimension of RHS = dimension of
g
 L
=
 LT 2 
= T2
= T
DimensionRHS = DimensionLHS
Hence equation is dimensionally correct.

2s cos¸
Example: H =
drg
where H → Height
s → surface tension
d → density
r → radius
g → gravitational acceleration
Check whether the equation is dimensionally correct or not.
Soln.: Dimension of LHS = [L]
Dimension of RHS: Surface Tension = [MT–2]
Dimension of Density = ML–3
Dimension of gravitational accn = [LT–2]
 MT 2 
Dimension of RHS =
M
[L][LT 2 ]
L 
3

Yes the equation is dimensionally correct

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 System of Units
Note:
** If an equation is physically correct then it must be dimensionally correct but –
reverse may or may not be true.
l
For eg. T = is dimensionally correct but physically incorrect.
g
To change the system of Measurement
** Any physical quantity = n.u. - proper unit

Numerical value
Distance between Kanpur and Lucknow= 80 km
= 80,000 M
So, 80 & 80,000 are numerical value and km and m. are proper unit
** For any physical qty.
1
= n  
 u 
n1u1 = n2u2
Check above if we go from
If n1 > n2 Km – m i.e towards
Then U1 < U2 Smaller unit, numerical
Value Increases.
n.u. = const.
n 0
u ∞
n ∞
u 0

Graph b/w numerical value & its unit.

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System of Units
Ques.: Velocity of a train is 720 km/hr
km M M
Find its speed in , and
min S Min
Soln.: 1. U1n1 = U2n2
km km
v = 720 = x
hr min
km km
720 = x
60 ⋅ min min
x = 12
Ans.: 12 km/min.
2. n1u1 = n2u2
km M
v = 720 = x .
hr S
= x = 200
Ans.: 200 M/S
3. n1u1 = n2u2
km M
720 = x .
hr Min.
1000 M x⋅M
720 . =
60 Min. Min.
x = 1200
Ans.: 12000 m/min
MKS CGS
Unit of force = 1 Newton Unit of force = 1 Dyne
Unit of Energy = 1 J Unit of energy = 1 erg s
Ques.: Find the relation between Newton & Dyne & also between Joule & Erg.
Solns.: Let 1 N = x · dyne,
kg ⋅ m x gm cm
F = 1 N = 1 =
s2 s2
1 × 103 gm × 100 cm x gm cm
=
s2 s2
x = 105
1 N = 105 dyne
let 1 J = x dyne

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 System of Units

1kg m 2 x gm (cm) 2
** E = 1 J = =
sec 2 sec 2
gm × (100 cm ) 2 x gm cm
2
1 × 10 3
2
= 2
sec sec
103 × 100 × 100 = x
x = 107
1 J = 107 ergs

Ques.: There is a new kind of system called ‘STAR’system which is defined as

1 kg* = 5 kg
1 M* = 10 M
1 S* = 20 sec
Find the value of 1 J in this new STAR system
1kg * ⋅(1m*) 2
Soln.: 1 J* =
(1s*) 2
5 kg ⋅ (10 m) 2
=
(20 s) 2
5 × 100 J 5J
= =
400 4
4
1J = J* Ans.
5

To Construct a Physical Equation:

Ques.: Time period of a simple pendulum depends upon mass of bob, length of string, accn
due to gravity, find (a) suitable formula for time period of pendulum.
Soln.: Acc. to q:
T ∝ Malbgc
T = k, malbgc
[M0L0T1] = [M]a[L]b[LT–2]c
[M0L0T1] = [M]a0 [L]0b+c [T]–2c
Compare the power
a = 0
b + c = 0
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System of Units
–2c = 1
-1
C =
2
b = – C
1
b =
2
T ∝ M0l1/2g–1/2
l
T = k.1
g

l
T = k
g
k = 2p (By experiements)
l
T = 2p
g

Limitations of the Method:

1. We can’t find formula which has addition or subtraction like V = u tat.
2. We can’t find formula which has power function like N = N0 · e–lt
3. We can’t find formula which has trigonometric or log function for ex. x = A sin (wt)
Sound level = 10 log (I/I0)

Que.: The heat produced in a wire depends upon the current, the resistance of the wire
and the time. Dimension of resistance is [ML2T–3A–2] and heat is a form of energy,
find a suitable formula for heating in a wire.
Soln.: Let H ∝ Ia · Rb · tc
⇒ H ∝ [A]a, [ML2T–3A2]b 0[T]c
H = [ML2T–2] = K[A]a–2b [M]b0[L2]b, [T]c–3b
From comparing
⇒ b = 1
⇒ c – 3b = – 2
c = 3b – 2
= 3(1) – 2 = 1
⇒ a – 2b = 0
a = 2(1) = 2
H ∝ Ia · Rb · tc
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 System of Units
∝ I2Rt
H = K · I2 Rt (from experiments K = 1)
⇒ H = I2 Rt

Some More Examples:

dt t 
Ques.: In the equation 2at  t 2
= ax sin–1   1
a 
The value of x is –
Solns.: LHS: 2at - t 2 → [T1]
dt → [T1]
hence, LHS → dimensionless
t
RHS: sin–1   → dimensionless
a
t
→ dimensionless
a
a → [T1]
hence, ax should be dimensionless.
⇒ x = 0

Ques.: If energy E, velocity v & time are taken as fundamental units then find dimensional
formula for surface tension
Solns.: S ∝ Ea0, Vb0, tc
[MT–2] = [ML2T–2]a[LT–1]b[T]c
Compare the power of M, L, T
⇒ a = 1,
⇒ 2a + b = 0
b = –2
⇒ –2a – b + c = – 2
S ∝ E v–2t–2
E
S ∝
v ⋅ t2
2

E
S = K , where K = dimensionless constant
v2 ⋅ t 2

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System of Units
Ques.: The value of gravitation constant is
G = 6.67 × 10–11 NM2 kg–2. Convert into CGS system of units.
Soln.: 6.67 × 10–11 (105 dyne)(102 cm)2 (103 g)–2
6.67 × 10–8 dyne cm2 g–2

Ques.: Using the method of Dimensional analysis, check the dimensional correctness of the
1 T
relations v = where l is length, v is frequency measured in sec–1, T is tension
2l m
in Newton, m is mass per unit length.
Soln.: [LHS] = [T–1]
 1 MLT 2   1 2 2 
[RHS] =  1  =  L T  = [T–1]
 L ML  L 
Since, [LHS] = [RHS], the equation is correct dimensionally.

Ques.: Write the dimensions of a/b in the relation F = a x + bt2 where, F is force, x is
distance and t is time.
Soln.: Since, F = a x + bt2, a x  = [bt2]
= [a]  L2  = [b][T2]
1

a T 2 
= =
b   12 
L 
a   12 2 
\  b  = L T 

Ques.: The velocity v of a particle depends upon time t according to the relation
c
v = a + bt +
d +t
Write the dimensions of a, b, c and d.
c 
Soln.: [v] = [a] = [bt] = ...(1)
d  t 
Also,
[d + t] = [d] = [t] ...(2)
From (2),
[d + t] = [d] = [T]
C
Substituting in (1), we get [LT–1] = [a] = [b][T] =
T 

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 System of Units
\ [a] = [LT–1]
[b] = [LT–2]
[c] = [L]
[d] = [T]

a
Ques.: If force (F) and density (d) are related as F = + 3c, calculate the
dimensions of a, b and c.
 2b  d 
 a 
Soln.: [F] = = [3c] ...(1)
2b  d 
Also,
2b  d  = [2b] =  d  ...(2)

2b  d  = [b] =  ML 
3

\ 2b  d  = [b] = [M L ]
1/2 –3/2

Substituting in (1), we get

 2
 a  
 MLT   [ c ]
  M1/ 2 L3/ 2  
=  a  = [M3/2L–1/2T–2]
\ [a] = [M3L–1T–4]
\ [b] = [M1/2L–3/2],
[c] = [MLT–2]

Ques.: Given that the time period (T) of oscillation of a gas bubble from an explosion under
water depends upon pressure (P), density (d) of water and total energy (E) of
explosion, find dimensionally a relation for T.
Soln.: Let T = k · padbEc where,
K is a dimensionless content.
Writing the equation in dimensional form, we have
[T] = [ML–1T–2]a[ML–3]b[ML2T–2]c
= M0L0T1 = Ma+b+c L–a–3b+2c T–2a–2c
On equating powers on both side, we get
a + b + c = 0, –a – 3b + 2c = 0, –2a –2c = 1

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System of Units
5 1 1
On solving, we get a = – , b = , c =
6 2 3
d 1/ 2 E1/3
\ T = k P d E = k 5/ 6
–5/6 1/2 1/3
P

Ques.: If velocity, force and time were chosen as fundamental quantities, and their dimensions
are V, F and T respectively, what are the dimensions of mass?
Soln.: Let [M] = [VaFbTc]
Then,
[M] = LT–1]a [MLT–2]b [T]c
= [M1L0T0] = [Mb La+b T–a–2b+c]
On equating powers on both sides, we get
b = 1, a + b = 0, –a –2b + c = 0
On solving, we get
a = –1, b = 1, c = 1
\ [M] = [V–1F1T1] = [V–1FT]

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