COMPLEX VARIABLES AND PARTIAL

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

Dr. M. Chandru
Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, SAS,
Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, TN, INDIA.

August 25, 2021

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 1 / 49
Outline

1 Complex Analysis

2 Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02)

Learning Outcomes
Conformal mapping - Preliminaries
Elementary Transformations
Translation Transformation
Magnification Transformation
Rotation Transformation
Inversion and Reflection
Square Transformations(w = z 2 )
Exponential Transformation(w = ez )
Bilinear Transformation

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 2 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Learning Outcomes

Learning Outcomes

Conformal mapping.
Elementary transformations.
Types of transformations: Translation, Magnification, Rotation, In-
version.
Exponential transformation(w = ez ).
Square transformations.(w = z 2 ).
Bilinear transformation.
Non-zero complex numbers: Polar form, Trigonometric form, Ex-
ponential form, Argument function.
Cross ratio images of the regions bounded by straight lines under
the above transformations.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 3 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Conformal mapping - Preliminaries

Why do we need Conformal mapping?

Conformal mapping is an important technique used in complex analy-

sis and has many applications in different physical situations.
If the function is harmonic then the transformation of such function
via conformal mapping is also harmonic.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 4 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Conformal mapping - Preliminaries

Why do we need Conformal mapping?

Conformal mapping is an important technique used in complex analy-

sis and has many applications in different physical situations.
If the function is harmonic then the transformation of such function
via conformal mapping is also harmonic.
So the equation pertaining to any field(all conservative fields) that
can be represented by a potential function can be solved via confor-
mal mapping.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 4 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Conformal mapping - Preliminaries

Why do we need Conformal mapping?

Conformal mapping is an important technique used in complex analy-

sis and has many applications in different physical situations.
If the function is harmonic then the transformation of such function
via conformal mapping is also harmonic.
So the equation pertaining to any field(all conservative fields) that
can be represented by a potential function can be solved via confor-
mal mapping.
If the physical problem can be represented by complex functions
but the geometric structure becomes inconvenient then by an ap-
propriate mapping it can be transferred to a problem with much
more convenient geometry.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 4 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Conformal mapping - Preliminaries

Transformation or Mapping
Definition
Let w = f (x + iy) = u + iv be a function defined in a complex domain
which is associated with 4 real variables namely x, y, u and v.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 5 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Conformal mapping - Preliminaries

Transformation or Mapping
Definition
Let w = f (x + iy) = u + iv be a function defined in a complex domain
which is associated with 4 real variables namely x, y, u and v.

Here, if we draw the graph on the function then it required 4-D plane
but it is not possible. So, we draw in two different planes

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 5 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Conformal mapping - Preliminaries

Transformation or Mapping
Definition
Let w = f (x + iy) = u + iv be a function defined in a complex domain
which is associated with 4 real variables namely x, y, u and v.

Here, if we draw the graph on the function then it required 4-D plane
but it is not possible. So, we draw in two different planes
1 One graph for z = x + iy on one complex plane (z-plane) and

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 5 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Conformal mapping - Preliminaries

Transformation or Mapping
Definition
Let w = f (x + iy) = u + iv be a function defined in a complex domain
which is associated with 4 real variables namely x, y, u and v.

Here, if we draw the graph on the function then it required 4-D plane
but it is not possible. So, we draw in two different planes
1 One graph for z = x + iy on one complex plane (z-plane) and

2 an another graph for w = u + iv on other complex plane

(w-plane).

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 5 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Conformal mapping - Preliminaries

Transformation or Mapping
Definition
Let w = f (x + iy) = u + iv be a function defined in a complex domain
which is associated with 4 real variables namely x, y, u and v.

Here, if we draw the graph on the function then it required 4-D plane
but it is not possible. So, we draw in two different planes
1 One graph for z = x + iy on one complex plane (z-plane) and

2 an another graph for w = u + iv on other complex plane

(w-plane).
3 Each point of the w-plane, there exists one and only one point of

the z-plane and conversely.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 5 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Conformal mapping - Preliminaries

Transformation or Mapping
Definition
Let w = f (x + iy) = u + iv be a function defined in a complex domain
which is associated with 4 real variables namely x, y, u and v.

Here, if we draw the graph on the function then it required 4-D plane
but it is not possible. So, we draw in two different planes
1 One graph for z = x + iy on one complex plane (z-plane) and

2 an another graph for w = u + iv on other complex plane

(w-plane).
3 Each point of the w-plane, there exists one and only one point of

the z-plane and conversely.

4 Since it is a 1 − 1 transformation, the set of point of z-plane(curve

or region) is transformed (or mapped) into a set of points in the

w-plane(curve or region) and conversely.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 5 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Conformal mapping - Preliminaries

Transformation or Mapping
Definition
Let w = f (x + iy) = u + iv be a function defined in a complex domain
which is associated with 4 real variables namely x, y, u and v.

Here, if we draw the graph on the function then it required 4-D plane
but it is not possible. So, we draw in two different planes
1 One graph for z = x + iy on one complex plane (z-plane) and

2 an another graph for w = u + iv on other complex plane

(w-plane).
3 Each point of the w-plane, there exists one and only one point of

the z-plane and conversely.

4 Since it is a 1 − 1 transformation, the set of point of z-plane(curve

or region) is transformed (or mapped) into a set of points in the

w-plane(curve or region) and conversely.
5 The corresponding set of points in two planes (z-plane or w-plane)

are usually said to be as images of each other.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 5 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Conformal mapping - Preliminaries

.Conformal Mapping: Let w = f (z) be a single valued function defined

on region. A mapping of f (z) is said to be conformal at z = z0 if it pre-
serve the angle between any two curves through z0 in z-plane both in mag-
nitude(length from orgin) and direction(the angle it makes with positive x-
axis).

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 6 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Conformal mapping - Preliminaries

.Conformal Mapping: Let w = f (z) be a single valued function defined

on region. A mapping of f (z) is said to be conformal at z = z0 if it pre-
serve the angle between any two curves through z0 in z-plane both in mag-
nitude(length from orgin) and direction(the angle it makes with positive x-
axis).
Isogonal Mapping: Let w = f (z) be a single valued function defined on
region. A mapping of f (z) is said to be isogonal at z = z0 if it preserve the
angle between any two curves through z0 in z-plane only in magnitude but
not necessary in and direction.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 6 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Conformal mapping - Preliminaries

.Conformal Mapping: Let w = f (z) be a single valued function defined

on region. A mapping of f (z) is said to be conformal at z = z0 if it pre-
serve the angle between any two curves through z0 in z-plane both in mag-
nitude(length from orgin) and direction(the angle it makes with positive x-
axis).
Isogonal Mapping: Let w = f (z) be a single valued function defined on
region. A mapping of f (z) is said to be isogonal at z = z0 if it preserve the
angle between any two curves through z0 in z-plane only in magnitude but
not necessary in and direction.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 6 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Conformal mapping - Preliminaries

Critical Point: The point at which f 0 (z) = 0 or∞ is called a critical

point of the transformation. That is, the transformation w = f (z) is
not conformal at critical point.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 7 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Conformal mapping - Preliminaries

Critical Point: The point at which f 0 (z) = 0 or∞ is called a critical

point of the transformation. That is, the transformation w = f (z) is
not conformal at critical point.
Remarks:
1 The point where f 0 (z) does not vanish are called ordinary points.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 7 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Conformal mapping - Preliminaries

Critical Point: The point at which f 0 (z) = 0 or∞ is called a critical

point of the transformation. That is, the transformation w = f (z) is
not conformal at critical point.
Remarks:
1 The point where f 0 (z) does not vanish are called ordinary points.

2 If w = f (z) is conformal at a point then its inverse transformation

w = f −1 (z) is also conformal at the corresponding point.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 7 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Conformal mapping - Preliminaries

Critical Point: The point at which f 0 (z) = 0 or∞ is called a critical

point of the transformation. That is, the transformation w = f (z) is
not conformal at critical point.
Remarks:
1 The point where f 0 (z) does not vanish are called ordinary points.

2 If w = f (z) is conformal at a point then its inverse transformation

w = f −1 (z) is also conformal at the corresponding point.

3 It is clear, w 0 = dw = f 0 (z) = 0 and z 0 = dz = 0 are giving critical
dz dw
points.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 7 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Conformal mapping - Preliminaries

Critical Point: The point at which f 0 (z) = 0 or∞ is called a critical

point of the transformation. That is, the transformation w = f (z) is
not conformal at critical point.
Remarks:
1 The point where f 0 (z) does not vanish are called ordinary points.

2 If w = f (z) is conformal at a point then its inverse transformation

w = f −1 (z) is also conformal at the corresponding point.

3 It is clear, w 0 = dw = f 0 (z) = 0 and z 0 = dz = 0 are giving critical
dz dw
points.
Example: Find the critical points of the transformation w = z 2 and w = z1 .
Soln:
(i) Given w = z 2 → (1)
Diff (1) w.r.t. z, we have
dw
dz
= 2z.
WKT dw dz
= 0 ⇒ 2z = 0 ⇒ z = 0. Therefore, the critical points are z = 0.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 7 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Conformal mapping - Preliminaries

Critical Point: The point at which f 0 (z) = 0 or∞ is called a critical

point of the transformation. That is, the transformation w = f (z) is
not conformal at critical point.
Remarks:
1 The point where f 0 (z) does not vanish are called ordinary points.

2 If w = f (z) is conformal at a point then its inverse transformation

w = f −1 (z) is also conformal at the corresponding point.

3 It is clear, w 0 = dw = f 0 (z) = 0 and z 0 = dz = 0 are giving critical
dz dw
points.
Example: Find the critical points of the transformation w = z 2 and w = z1 .
Soln:
(i) Given w = z 2 → (1)
Diff (1) w.r.t. z, we have
dw
dz
= 2z.
WKT dw dz
= 0 ⇒ 2z = 0 ⇒ z = 0. Therefore, the critical points are z = 0.
(ii) Given w = z1 → (2)
Diff (2) w.r.t. z, we have
dw
dz
= −1
z2
.
dw
WKT dz = 0 as z → ∞.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 7 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Conformal mapping - Preliminaries

Critical Point: The point at which f 0 (z) = 0 or∞ is called a critical

point of the transformation. That is, the transformation w = f (z) is
not conformal at critical point.
Remarks:
1 The point where f 0 (z) does not vanish are called ordinary points.

2 If w = f (z) is conformal at a point then its inverse transformation

w = f −1 (z) is also conformal at the corresponding point.

3 It is clear, w 0 = dw = f 0 (z) = 0 and z 0 = dz = 0 are giving critical
dz dw
points.
Example: Find the critical points of the transformation w = z 2 and w = z1 .
Soln:
(i) Given w = z 2 → (1)
Diff (1) w.r.t. z, we have
dw
dz
= 2z.
WKT dw dz
= 0 ⇒ 2z = 0 ⇒ z = 0. Therefore, the critical points are z = 0.
(ii) Given w = z1 → (2)
Diff (2) w.r.t. z, we have
dw
dz
= −1
z2
.
dw
WKT dz = 0 as z → ∞.
Since, w = z1 is not analytic at z = 0, the mapping w = z1 is not conformal at z = 0.
Hence, z = 0 is a critical point of the transformation.
Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 7 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Conformal mapping - Preliminaries

Example: Find the critical points of the transformation w2 = (z −

α)(z − β) or Find at the points which w2 = (z − α)(z − β) is not
conformal.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 8 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Conformal mapping - Preliminaries

Example: Find the critical points of the transformation w2 = (z −

α)(z − β) or Find at the points which w2 = (z − α)(z − β) is not
conformal.
Soln: Given w2 = (z − α)(z − β) → (1)
dw
Condition-1: dz = 0. Then, Diff (1) w.r.t. z, we have
2w dw
dz = (z − α) + (z − β) = 2z − (α + β) → (2).
dw α+β
dz = 0 ⇒ 2z − (α + β) = 0 ⇒ z = 2 .

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 8 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Conformal mapping - Preliminaries

Example: Find the critical points of the transformation w2 = (z −

α)(z − β) or Find at the points which w2 = (z − α)(z − β) is not
conformal.
Soln: Given w2 = (z − α)(z − β) → (1)
dw
Condition-1: dz = 0. Then, Diff (1) w.r.t. z, we have
2w dwdz = (z − α) + (z − β) = 2z − (α + β) → (2).
dw α+β
dz = 0 ⇒ 2z − (α + β) = 0 ⇒ z = 2 .
dz dz w
Condition-2: dw = 0. From (2), we get dw =
z−( α+β
2 )
dz w
⇒ dw =0 ⇒ α+β = 0.
z−( 2 )
⇒ w = 0 ⇒ w2 = 0 then (z − α)(z − β) = 0 ⇒ z = α and z = β.
Therefore, the critical points are z = α, z = β and z = α+β
2 .

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 8 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Elementary Transformations

Some standard transformations

Translation,

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 9 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Elementary Transformations

Some standard transformations

Translation,
Magnification,

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 9 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Elementary Transformations

Some standard transformations

Translation,
Magnification,
Rotation,

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 9 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Elementary Transformations

Some standard transformations

Translation,
Magnification,
Rotation,
Inversion and Reflection.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 9 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Translation Transformation

Translation
w = z + a (where a is a complex constant) represent a translation. By
this transformation every point in the z-plane is translated(displaced)
in the direction of a through a distance equal to |a|.
Let the numbers z and a be represented by the points P (i.e., z) and
A(i.e., a), where A is a fixed point and P is a variable point. Here,
Q(i.e., z + a) is obtained from P by translating P along the vector a
through a distance |a|.
Since this is true for every point P in any region of the z-plane, the
image of the region is simply a translation of that region. Consequently,
the two regions have the same shape, size and orientation.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 10 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Translation Transformation

Translation
w = z + a (where a is a complex constant) represent a translation. By
this transformation every point in the z-plane is translated(displaced)
in the direction of a through a distance equal to |a|.
Let the numbers z and a be represented by the points P (i.e., z) and
A(i.e., a), where A is a fixed point and P is a variable point. Here,
Q(i.e., z + a) is obtained from P by translating P along the vector a
through a distance |a|.
Since this is true for every point P in any region of the z-plane, the
image of the region is simply a translation of that region. Consequently,
the two regions have the same shape, size and orientation.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 10 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Translation Transformation - Example

Example: Find the image of the circle |z| = 2 under the transforma-
tion w = z + 3 + 2i.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 11 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Translation Transformation - Example

Example: Find the image of the circle |z| = 2 under the transforma-
tion w = z + 3 + 2i.
Soln: Given transformation is w = z + 3 + 2i.
⇒ u + iv = (x + iy) + 3 + 2i = (x + 3) + i(y + 2).
Then, we get u = (x + 3) and v = y + 2 ⇒ x = u − 3, y = v − 2.
The given curve is |z| = 2 ⇒ x2 + y 2 = 4. → (1)
Sub x and y in (1), we have
(u − 3)2 + (v − 2)2 = 4.

Hence, the circle x2 + y 2 = 4 in the z-plane is mapped on to a circle

(u − 3)2 + (v − 2)2 = 4 in the w-plane.
Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 11 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Translation Transformation - Example

Example: Find the image of the circle |z +i| = 2 under the transformation w = z +1−2i.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 12 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Translation Transformation - Example

Example: Find the image of the circle |z +i| = 2 under the transformation w = z +1−2i.
Soln: Given transformation is w = z + 1 − 2i.
⇒ u + iv = (x + iy) + 1 − 2i = (x + 1) + i(y − 2).
Then, we get u = (x + 1) and v = y − 2 ⇒ x = u − 1, y = v + 2.
The given curve is |z + i| = 2 ⇒ x2 + (y + 1)2 = 4. → (1)
Sub x and y in (1), we have
(u − 1)2 + (v + 2 + 1)2 = 4 ⇒ (u − 1)2 + (v + 3)2 = 4.

Hence, the circle x2 +(y+1)2 = 4 in the z-plane is mapped on to a circle (u−1)2 +(v+3)2 =
4 in the w-plane.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 12 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Translation Transformation - Example

Example: Find the image of the circle |z +i| = 2 under the transformation w = z +1−2i.
Soln: Given transformation is w = z + 1 − 2i.
⇒ u + iv = (x + iy) + 1 − 2i = (x + 1) + i(y − 2).
Then, we get u = (x + 1) and v = y − 2 ⇒ x = u − 1, y = v + 2.
The given curve is |z + i| = 2 ⇒ x2 + (y + 1)2 = 4. → (1)
Sub x and y in (1), we have
(u − 1)2 + (v + 2 + 1)2 = 4 ⇒ (u − 1)2 + (v + 3)2 = 4.

Hence, the circle x2 +(y+1)2 = 4 in the z-plane is mapped on to a circle (u−1)2 +(v+3)2 =
4 in the w-plane.

Examples:
1 Find the image of the circle |z − 1| = 1 under the transformation w = z + 2 + i.
2 Find the image of the circle |z| = 1 under the transformation w = z + 2 + 4i.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 12 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Translation Transformation - Example

Example: Find the map of the region x = 0, x = 1, y = 0 and y = 2 under the

transformation w = z + (2 − i).

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 13 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Translation Transformation - Example

Example: Find the map of the region x = 0, x = 1, y = 0 and y = 2 under the

transformation w = z + (2 − i).
Soln: Given transformation is w = z + (2 − i).
⇒ u + iv = (x + iy) + 2 − i = (x + 2) + i(y − 1).
Then, we get u = (x + 2) and v = y − 1 ⇒ x = u − 2, y = v + 1.
The given region is enclosed by x = 0, x = 1, y = 0 and y = 2. → (1)
Sub x and y in (1), we obtain u = 2, u = 3, v = −1 and v = 1.

Hence, the given rectangle in the z-plane is mapped on to an another rectangle in the w-
plane under the transformation w = z + (2 − i).

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 13 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Translation Transformation - Example

Example: Find the map of the region x = 0, x = 1, y = 0 and y = 2 under the

transformation w = z + (2 − i).
Soln: Given transformation is w = z + (2 − i).
⇒ u + iv = (x + iy) + 2 − i = (x + 2) + i(y − 1).
Then, we get u = (x + 2) and v = y − 1 ⇒ x = u − 2, y = v + 1.
The given region is enclosed by x = 0, x = 1, y = 0 and y = 2. → (1)
Sub x and y in (1), we obtain u = 2, u = 3, v = −1 and v = 1.

Hence, the given rectangle in the z-plane is mapped on to an another rectangle in the w-
plane under the transformation w = z + (2 − i).

Example:Let a rectangular domain D be bounded by x = 0, y = 0, x = 2 and y = 1.

Determine thee region D0 of the w-plane into which D is mapped under the transformation
w = z + (1 − 2i).
Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 13 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Magnification Transformation

Magnification
The transformation w = az where a > 0 is a complex constant rep-
resent the magnification. Here, the image of any figure in the z-plane
is magnified(stretched or contracted) ’a’ times according as a > 1 or
0 < a < 1 without any changes in its shape and orientation. For in-
stance, the transformation maps circle into a circle are similarly sit-
uated about their respective origins. It is also know as homothetic
transformation.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 14 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Magnification Transformation

Magnification
The transformation w = az where a > 0 is a complex constant rep-
resent the magnification. Here, the image of any figure in the z-plane
is magnified(stretched or contracted) ’a’ times according as a > 1 or
0 < a < 1 without any changes in its shape and orientation. For in-
stance, the transformation maps circle into a circle are similarly sit-
uated about their respective origins. It is also know as homothetic
transformation.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 14 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Magnification Transformation - Example

Example: Find the map of the circle |z| = c by the transformation w = 3z.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 15 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Magnification Transformation - Example

Example: Find the map of the circle |z| = c by the transformation w = 3z.
Soln: Given transformation is w = 3z.
⇒ u + iv = 3z = 3(x + iy) = 3x + i3y.
Then, we get u = 3x and v = 3y ⇒ x = u 3
and y = v3 .
p
The given circle is |z| = c ⇒ x + y = c ⇒ x2 + y 2 = c 2 .
2 2 → (1)
Sub x and y in (1), we obtain
u2 v2
32
+ 32
= c2 ⇒ u2 + v 2 = (3c)2 .

Hence, |z| = c maps to a circle in w-plane with center at the orgin and radius 3c.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 15 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Magnification Transformation - Example

Example: Find the map of the circle |z| = c by the transformation w = 3z.
Soln: Given transformation is w = 3z.
⇒ u + iv = 3z = 3(x + iy) = 3x + i3y.
Then, we get u = 3x and v = 3y ⇒ x = u 3
and y = v3 .
p
The given circle is |z| = c ⇒ x + y = c ⇒ x2 + y 2 = c 2 .
2 2 → (1)
Sub x and y in (1), we obtain
u2 v2
32
+ 32
= c2 ⇒ u2 + v 2 = (3c)2 .

Hence, |z| = c maps to a circle in w-plane with center at the orgin and radius 3c.

Example:Find the image of the circle |z| = 2 under the transformation w = 3z.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 15 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Magnification Transformation - Example

Example: Find the map of the circle |z| = k under the transformation w = (1 − i)z.
Soln: Given transformation is w = (1 − i)z.
⇒ u + iv = (1 − i)(x + iy) = x + iy − ix + y = (x + y) + i(y − x).
(u−v) (u+v)
Then, we get u = (x + y) and v = (y − x) ⇒ x = 2 and y = 2 .
p
The given circle is |z| = k ⇒ 2 2 2
x +y =k ⇒ x +y =k . 2 2 2 → (1)
Sub x and y in (1), we obtain
(u−v)2 (u+v)2
22
+ 22 = k2 ⇒ (u − v)2 + (u + v)2 = (2k)2 .
√
u + v − 2uv + u2 + v 2 + 2uv = (2k)2
2 2 ⇒ 2(u2 + v 2 ) = (2k)2 ⇒ (u2 + v 2 ) = ( 2k)2 .

√
Hence, |z| = k maps to a circle with center at the orgin and radius 2k in the w-plane.

Example:
1 Find the image of the circle |z| = 2 under the transformation w = (1 + i)z.
2 Find the image of the circle |z − 1| = 1 under the transformation w = 5z.
Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 16 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Magnification Transformation - Example

Example: Find the mapping w = 2z and determine the region of the w-plane into which
triangle region R enclosed by the lines x = 0, y = 0 and x + y = 1 in the z-plane under the
transformation.
Soln: Given transformation is w = 2z.
⇒ u + iv = 2(x + iy) = 2x + i2y.
Then, we get u = 2x and v = 2y ⇒ x = u 2
and y = v2 .
The given region is enclosed byx = 0, y = 0 and x + y = 1. → (1)
Then, x = 0 ⇒ u = 0, y = 0 ⇒ v = 0 and x + y = 1 ⇒ u 2
+ v2 = 1 ⇒ u + v = 2.

Hence, the triangular region R enclosed by the lines x = 0, y = 0 and and x + y = 1 in

the z-plane under the transformation w = 2z is transformed into triangular region of the
w-plane bounded by the lines u = 0, v = 0 and u + v = 2.

Example:Under the transformation w = 3z, find the image of the region R of z-plane
bounded by x = 0, y = 0 and x + y = 2.
Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 17 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Rotation Transformation

Rotation

The transformation w = eiγ z where γ is real. Here, image of Q of a

point P in the z-plane is obtained by rotating the line OP through an
angle γ. The rotation is anti-clockwise if γ > 0 and clockwise if γ < 0.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 18 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Rotation Transformation - Example

Example: Find the image of the triangle formed by x = 0, y = 0 and x + y = 1 under

π
the transformation w = ei 4 z. π
Soln: Given transformation is w = ei 4 z.
⇒ u + iv = √1 (1 + i)(x + iy) = √1 (x + iy + ix − y) = √1 ((x − y) + i(x + y)).
2 2 2
Then, we get u = √1 (x − y) and v = √1 (x + y).
2 2
The given region is denoted as (0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0) and (1, 1)
(x, y) = (0, 0) ⇒ x = 0, y = 0 ⇒ u = √1 (0 − 0) = 0, v = √1 (0 + 0) = 0 ⇒ (u, v) = (0, 0),
2 2
1 √1 , v √1 (1
(x, y) = (1, 0) ⇒ x = 1, y = 0 ⇒ u = √ (1 − 0) = = + 0) =
  2 2 2
1
√ ⇒ (u, v) = √1 , √1 ,
2 2 2
√1 (0 −1 √1 (0
(x, y) = (0, 1) ⇒ x = 0, y = 1 ⇒ u = − 1) = √ ,v = + 1) =
  2 2 2
1 −1 √1
√ ⇒ (u, v) = √ , .
2 2 2

Hence, the triangle region with the vertices (0, 0), (0, 1) and (1, 0) in the z-plane under the
π
transformation w = √1 (1 + i)z = ei 4 z is transformed into an another triangle region of the
2    
−1 √1
w-plane with the vertices (0, 0), √1 , √1 and √ , .
2 2 2 2
Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 19 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Magnification and Rotation - Example

Example: Find the image of the region bounded by (0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0) and (1, 1) under
the transformation w = (1 + i)z.
Soln: Given transformation is w = (1 + i)z.
⇒ u + iv = (1 + i)(x + iy) = x + iy + ix − y = (x − y) + i(x + y).
Then, we get u = (x − y) and v = (x + y).
The given region is denoted as (0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0) and (1, 1)
(x, y) = (0, 0) ⇒ x = 0, y = 0 ⇒ u = 0 − 0 = 0, v = 0 + 0 = 0 ⇒ (u, v) = (0, 0),
(x, y) = (1, 0) ⇒ x = 1, y = 0 ⇒ u = 1 − 0 = 1, v = 1 + 0 = 1 ⇒ (u, v) = (1, 1),
(x, y) = (0, 1) ⇒ x = 0, y = 1 ⇒ u = 0 − 1 = −1, v = 0 + 1 = 1 ⇒ (u, v) = (−1, 1),
(x, y) = (1, 1) ⇒ x = 1, y = 1 ⇒ u = 1 − 1 = 0, v = 1 + 1 = 2 ⇒ (u, v) = (0, 2).

Hence, the square region R with the vertices (0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0) and (1, 1) in the z-plane
under the transformation w = (1 + i)z is transformed into an another square region of the
w-plane with the vertices (0, 0), (1, 1), (−1, 1) and (0, 2).

Example:Find the image of the triangle formed by x = 0, y = 0 and x + y = 1 under the

π
transformation w = ei 4 z.
Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 20 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Inversion and Reflection

Inversion and Reflection

The transformation w = z1 transforms circle and straight line in the

z-plane into circle or straight line in the w-plane.

The points inside the unit circle are mapped into points outside the
circle and vice versa. The points on the circle are reflected in the the
real axis.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 21 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Inversion and Reflection

Example: Find image of the circle |z − 2i| = 2 under the transformation w = 1

z
.
Soln: Given transformation is w = z1 .
⇒ z= w 1 1
⇒ z = u+iv × u−iv
u−iv
= uu−iv
2 +v 2

⇒ x = u2 +vu
2 → (1) and y = u2−v+v 2
→ (2).
The given circle is |z − 2i| = 2
⇒ |(x + iy) − 2i| = 2 ⇒ |x + i(y − 2)| = 2
⇒ x2 + (y − 2)2 = 22 ⇒ x2 + y 2 − 4y = 0 → (3).
Sub (1) and (2) in (3), we have
 2  2
⇒ u
u2 +v 2
+ u2−v+v 2
+ u24v
+v 2
=0
u2 +v 2 4v 1 4v
⇒ (u2 +v 2 )2
+ u2 +v 2
=0 ⇒ u2 +v 2
+ u2 +v 2
=0
1+4v −1
⇒ u2 +v 2
= 0 ⇒ 1 + 4v = 0 ⇒ 4v = −1 ⇒ v = 4

Hence, circle in z-plane is transformed into straight line in w-plane under the transforma-
tion w = z1 .
Example: Find the image of the circle |z − 1| = 1 under the transformation w = z1 .
Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 22 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Inversion and Reflection - Example

Example: Find image of the following regions under the transformation w = 1

z
.
1 the half-plane x > c, when c > 0,
2 the half-plane y > c, when c < 0,
3 the infinity strips 1 ≤ y ≤ 1 .
4 2
Soln: Given transformation is w = z1 .
⇒ z= w 1
⇒ z = u+iv 1
× u−iv
u−iv
= uu−iv
2 +v 2
u
⇒ x = u2 +v 2 → (1) and y = u2−v+v 2
→ (2).
(i) The image of the region x > c, when c > 0.
u
From (1), we have u2 +v 2 > c

⇒ u > c(u2 + v 2 ) or c(u2 + v 2 ) < u

⇒ (u2 + v 2 ) < uc [∵ c > 0]
⇒ u2 − uc + v 2 < 0
1 2 1 2
⇒ u2 − uc + 2c + v 2 < 0 + 2c



1 2 1 2
+ v 2 < 2c



⇒ u − 2c → (3)
1 2 1 2 1
+ v2 =



Equation (3) represents the interior of the circle u − 2c 2c
with center ( 2c , 0)
1
and radius 2c .

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 23 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Inversion and Reflection - Example

Cont.
.(ii) The image of the region y > c, when c < 0.
−v
From (2), we have u2 +v 2
>c
⇒ c(u2 + v 2 ) < −v
⇒ (u2 + v 2 ) > −v
c
[∵ c < 0]
⇒ u2 + v 2 + vc > 0
1 2 1 2
⇒ u2 + v 2 + vc + 2c



> 2c
1 2 1 2
⇒ u2 + v + 2c



> 2c → (4)
1 2 1 2 −1
Equation (4) represents the exterior of the circle u2 + v +



2c
= 2c
with center (0, 2c
)
1
and radius 2c .

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 24 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Inversion and Reflection - Example

Cont.
.(iii) The image of the region 14 ≤ y ≤ 1
2
which can be rewrite as y ≥ 1
4
and y ≤ 1
2
(1). Consider y ≥ 14 :
⇒ u2−v+v 2
≥ 41 ⇒ u2 + v 2 ≤ −4v
⇒ u2 + v 2 + 4v ≤ 0 ⇒ u2 + v 2 + 4v + 22 ≤ 22 ⇒ u2 + (v + 2)2 ≤ 22 → (5)
Eqn. (5) represents interior of the circle u2 + (v + 2)2 = 22 with center (0, −2) and radius 2.
(2). Consider y ≤ 12 :
⇒ u2−v
+v 2
≤ 21 ⇒ u2 + v 2 ≥ −2v
⇒ u2 + v 2 + 4v ≥ 0 ⇒ u2 + v 2 + 4v + 1 ≥ 1 ⇒ u2 + (v + 1)2 ≥ 1 → (6)
Eqn. (6) represents interior of the circle u2 + (v + 1)2 = 1 with center (0, −1) and radius 1.

1
Example: Find the image of the infinite strip 0 < y < 2
under the transformation
1
w= z
. Show the region graphically.
Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 25 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Translation, Magnification, Rotation - Example

Example: Find the image of the rectangle region in the z-plane bounded by the lines
x = 0, y = 0, x = 2 and y = 1 under the transformation w = (1 + 2i)z + (1 + i).
Soln: Given transformation is w = (1 + 2i)z + (1 + i).
⇒ u + iv = (1 + 2i)z + (1 + i) = x + iy + i2x − 2y + (1 + i) = (x − 2y + 1) + i(2x + y + 1)
Then, we get u = (x − 2y + 1) and v = (2x + y + 1).
The given region is bounded by as x = 0, y = 0, x = 2 and y = 1
(x, y) = (0, 0) ⇒ x = 0, y = 0 ⇒ u = 0 − 0 + 1 = 1, v = 0 + 0 + 1 = 1 ⇒ (u, v) = (1, 1),
(x, y) = (2, 0) ⇒ x = 2, y = 0 ⇒ u = 2 − 0 + 1 = 3, v = 4 + 0 + 1 = 5 ⇒ (u, v) = (3, 5),
(x, y) = (2, 1) ⇒ x = 2, y = 1 ⇒ u = 2 − 1 + 1 = 2, v = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6 ⇒ (u, v) = (1, 6),
(x, y) = (0, 1) ⇒ x = 0, y = 1 ⇒ u = 0 − 2 + 1 = −1, v = 0 + 1 + 1 = 2 ⇒ (u, v) = (−1, 2).

Hence the rectangle in z-plane transformed into an another rectangle in w-plane.

Example: Let the rectangle region D in the z-plane be bounded by x = 0, y = 0, x = 2
and y = 3. Determine the region D0 of the w-plane into which D is mapped under the
√ π
transformation w = 2ei 4 z.
Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 26 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Square Transformations(w = z 2 )

Square transformation
.Let the transformation w = z 2
w = f (z) = u + iv = (x + iy)2 = (x2 − y 2 ) + i(2xy)
Then, we get u = (x2 − y 2 ) and v = 2xy.
Case (i): If u is constant(i.e., u = a), then u = x2 − y 2 = a which is a rectangular
hyperbola.
If v is constant(i.e., v = b), then v = 2xy = b ⇒ xy = 2b which also represents a rectangu-
lar hyperbola.

Hence, the pair of lines u = a and v = b parallel to the axes in the w-plane, map into pair
of orthogonal rectangular hyperbolae in the z-plane.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 27 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Square Transformations(w = z 2 )

.Case (ii): If x is constant(i.e., x = c), then

v
y = 2c and y 2 = c2 − u.
Eliminating y from the above equation gives
v 2 = 4c2 (c2 − u), which is a parabola.
Similarly, y is a constant(i.e., y = d).
v
x = 2d and x2 = u + d2 .
Eliminating x from the above equation gives
v 2 = 4d2 (d2 + u), which is also a parabola.

Hence, the pair of lines x = c and y = d parallel to the axes in the z-plane, map into
orthogonal parabolas in the w-plane.
Note:
(i) The critical point of the mapping is dw
dz
= 2z = 0 ⇒ z = 0.
(ii) Polar form: Taking z = reiθ and w = Reiφ then w = z 2 becomes Reiφ = r2 e2iθ which
produces the transformation equations R = r2 and φ = 2θ. This shows that the upper half
of the z-plane 0 < θ < π transforms into the entire w-plane 0 ≤ φ < 2π. The same is true
for the lower half.
Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 28 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Square Transformation - Example

Example: Find the image of the triangle region bounded the lines x = 1, y = 1 and
x + y = 1 under the transformation w = z 2 .
Soln: Given transformation is w = z 2 .
⇒ u + iv = z 2 = (x + iy)2 = x2 + i2xy + y 2 = (x2 − y 2 ) + i(2xy).
Then, we get u = (x2 − y 2 ) and v = 2xy.
The given region is bounded by x = 1, y = 1 and x + y = 1 and their vertices are (0, 1),
(1, 0) and (1, 1).
(x, y) = (0, 1) ⇒ x = 0, y = 1 ⇒ u = 0 − 1 = −1, v = 0 ⇒ (u, v) = (−1, 0),
(x, y) = (1, 0) ⇒ x = 1, y = 0 ⇒ u = 1 − 0 = 1, v = 0 ⇒ (u, v) = (1, 0),
(x, y) = (1, 1) ⇒ x = 1, y = 1 ⇒ u = 1 − 1 = 0, v = 2 ⇒ (u, v) = (0, 2).
Then, the image of the vertices of the triangular region are (−1, 0), (1, 0) and (0, 2).
(i) When x = 1
u = 1 − y 2 , v = 2y ⇒ y = v2

2
u = 1 − v2 ⇒ 4u = 4 − v 2 ⇒ v 2 = 4 − 4u = −4(u − 1)
v 2 = −4(u − 1) which is a parabola.
Hence, the line x = 1 in the z-plane maps to a parabola v 2 = −4(u − 1) in the w-plane.
(ii) When y = 1
u = x2 − 1, v = 2x ⇒ x = v2

2
u = v2 − 1 ⇒ 4u = v 2 − 4 ⇒ v 2 = 4u + 4 = 4(u + 1)
v 2 = 4(u + 1) which is a parabola.
Hence, the line y = 1 in the z-plane maps to a parabola v 2 = 4(u + 1) in the w-plane.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 29 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Square Transformation - Example

.(iii) When the line x + y = 1 ⇒ y =1−x

⇒ u = x2 − (1 − x)2 = x2 − (1 − 2x + x2 ) = −1 + 2x → (1)
⇒ v = 2x(1 − x) = 2x − x2 → (2)
From (1), we have x = u+1 2
Sub. the value in (2), we get
u+1 u+1 2
= u + 1 − 12 u2 + 2u + 1




⇒ v=2 2 −2 2
2v = 2u + 2 − u + 2u + 1 = 2u + 2 − u − 2u − 1 = 2 − u2 − 1
2 2

2v = 2 − u2 − 1 ⇒ u2 = −2v + 1 ⇒ u2 = −2 v − 21 .

u2 = −2 v − 12 which is a parabola.

Hence, the line x+y = 1 in the z-plane maps to a parabola u2 = −2 v − 12 in the w-plane.

Therefore, the region bounded by x = 1, y = 1 and x + y = 1 in the z-plane

is mapped to
the region bounded by v 2 = −4(u − 1), v 2 = 4(u + 1) and u2 = −2 v − 12 in the w-plane.
Examples: 1. Find the image of x + y = 2 under the transformation w = z 2 .
1 1
2. Find the image of the rectangle region formed by x = 2
, x = 1, y = 2
, y = 1 under the
transformation w = z 2 .
Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 30 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Exponential Transformation(w = ez )

Exponential transformation
.Let the transformation w = ez
z = x + iy and w = Reiφ , we have Reiφ = ex+iy = ex eiy
Then, we get R = ex → (1) and φ = y → (1).
From (1), it is clear. the lines parallel to y-axis map into circles in the w-plane, their radii
being less than or greater than 1 according as x is less than or greater than 0.
Similarly, it follow from (2) that the lines parallel to x-axis map into the radial lines of the
w-plane. Thus any horizontal strip of height 2π in the z-plane will cover once the entire
w-plane.

The rectangular region a1 ≤ x ≤ a2 and b1 ≤ y ≤ b2 in the z-plane transformed into the

region ea1 ≤ R ≤ ea2 and eb1 ≤ φ ≤ eb2 in the w-plane bounded by circles and rays.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 31 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Exponential Transformations - Example

.Exponential transformation properties:

1 w = ez maps the fundamental region −∞ < x < ∞, −π < y ≤ π(0 < y ≤ 2π) onto
the set |w| > 0.
2 w = ez maps the vertical line segment x = a, −π < y ≤ π(0 < y ≤ 2π) onto the circle
|w| = ea .
3 w = ez maps the horizontal line y = b, −∞ < x < ∞ onto the ray arg(w) = b.

Example: Find the image of the grid which consists of the vertical line segments x = 0, 1
and 2, −2 ≤ y ≤ 2, and the horizontal line segments y = −2, −1, 0, 1 and 2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
under w = ez .
Soln: Given transformation is w = ez .
Based on the property (2), the image of the vertical line segments
(i) x = 0, −2 ≤ y ≤ 2 maps onto the circular arc |w| = e0 = 1, −2 ≤ arg(w) ≤ 2,
(ii) x = 1, −2 ≤ y ≤ 2 maps onto the circular arc |w| = e1 ≈ 2.718, −2 ≤ arg(w) ≤ 2,
(iii) x = 2, −2 ≤ y ≤ 2 maps onto the circular arc |w| = e2 ≈ 7.389, −2 ≤ arg(w) ≤ 2.
Based on the property (3), the image of the horizontal line segments
(a) y = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 maps onto the portion of the ray emanating from the origin defined by
arg(w) = 0, 1 ≤ |w| ≤ e2 .
(b) y = −2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 maps onto the portion of the ray emanating from the origin defined
by arg(w) = −2, 1 ≤ |w| ≤ e2 .
(c) y = −1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 maps onto the portion of the ray emanating from the origin defined
by arg(w) = −1, 1 ≤ |w| ≤ e2 .

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 32 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Exponential Transformations - Example

.(d) y = 2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 maps onto the portion of the ray emanating from the origin defined
by arg(w) = 2, 1 ≤ |w| ≤ e2 .
(e) y = 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 maps onto the portion of the ray emanating from the origin defined by
arg(w) = 1, 1 ≤ |w| ≤ e2 . These image is the line segment from 1 to e2 on the u-axis.

Therefore, the vertical line segments map onto the circular arcs with the line segment x =
a mapping onto the arc with radius ea . In addition, the horizontal line segments map onto
the line segments with the line segment y = b mapping onto the line segment making an
angle of b radians with the positive u-axis.
Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 33 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Bilinear Transformation

Bilinear Transformation: A transformation of the form

w = T (z) = az+b
cz+d where a, b, c and d are complex constants and
ad − bc 6= 0. It is also known as Mobius transformation or linear frac-
tional transformation.
Note:
w = az+b
cz+d ⇒ w(cz + d) = az + b ⇒ cwz + dw − az − b = 0 is
linear both in z and w.
ad − bc is called determinant of the transformation w.
w = az+b
cz+d is said to be bilinear if ad − bc 6= 0 which ensures that
dw
dz 6= 0. Then the transformation is conformal.
az+b
w= cz+d is said to be normalized if ad − bc = 1.
A bilinear transformation maps circles into circles or straight
lines.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 34 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Bilinear Transformation

Inverse Transformation: The inverse transformation of w = az+b

cz+d is
−1 −dw+b b−dw
z = T (w) = cw−a = cw−a which is also a bilinear transformation
except at w = ac .
Note:
The transformation T associates a unique point of the w-plane to
each point of the z-plane except the point z = −d
c , c 6= 0.
The inverse transformation T −1 associates a unique point of the
z-plane to each point of the w-plane except the point w = ac ,
c 6= 0.
These exceptional points z = −d
c and w =
a
c are mapped into the
point w = ∞ and z = ∞ respectively.
Every bilinear transformation represents a one-to-one conformal
mapping of the whole closed z-plane onto the whole closed
w-plane.
Since a bilinear transformation w = T (z) = az+b
cz+d represents a
conformal mapping, it preserves angles both in magnitude and
direction.
Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 35 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Bilinear Transformation

Fixed Point: If the image of a point z under the transformation w =

f (z) is itself. then the point is called fixed point or invariant point of
the transformation.
Note:
Since z maps into itself in the w-plane(i.e., w = z). The fixed
point of the transformation w = az+b
cz+d is obtained from

az + b
z= ⇒ cz 2 + (d − a)z − b = 0
cz + d
which gives two fixed points.
The bilinear transformation is said to be parabolic if the two roots
are equal.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 36 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Fixed Point - Example

Example: Find the fixed point(s) of the transformation w = 1+iz

1−iz
.
1+iz
Soln: Given transformation is w = 1−iz
→ (1).
Since z maps into itself in the w-plane. To find the fixed points of the given transformation
we put w = z in (1).
1+iz
⇒ z = 1−iz ⇒ z − iz 2 − 1 − iz = 0 ⇒ iz 2 + (i − 1)z + 1 = 0
√ √ i
(1−i)± (i−1)2 −4i
h
⇒ z= 2i
= −1
2
(1 + i) ± 6i
h √ i
⇒ z = −12
(1 + i) ± 6i which are the required fixed points of the transformation.

Examples:
2zi+5
1 Find the invariant points of transformation w = z−4i
. Ans. z = 5i, i.
z−1
2 Obtain the fixed points of transformation w = z+1 . Ans. z = −i, i.
3 Determine the invariant points of transformation w = 2 − z2 . Ans. z = 1 ± i.
−(2z+4i)
4 Find the fixed points of transformation w = iz+1 . Ans. z = 4i, −i.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 37 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Cross Ratio and Bilinear Transformations

Cross Ratio: If z1 , z2 , z3 and z4 are distinct points taken in this or-

der in the z-plane then the cross ratio of these points is defined as

(z1 − z2 )(z3 − z4 )
(z2 − z3 )(z4 − z1 )

This is ratio is invariant under the bilinear transformation.

Bilinear transformation for three distinct points: The bilinear
transformation which transform the points z1 , z2 and z3 of the z-plane
respectively into the points w1 , w2 and w3 of the w-plane is

(w − w1 )(w2 − w3 ) (z − z1 )(z2 − z3 )
=
(w1 − w2 )(w3 − w) (z1 − z2 )(z3 − z)

Note: The componendo and dividendo principle as follows

A C A+B C +D
= ⇒ =
B D A−B C −D

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 38 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Cross Ratio - Example

Example: Find the cross ratio of z1 = 1, z2 = i, z3 = 0 and z4 = ∞.

Soln: Let points z1 = 1, z2 = i, z3 = 0 and z4 = ∞ taken in this order in the z-plane then
its cross ratio then the cross ratio of these points is defined as

(z1 − z2 )(z3 − z4 )
→ (1)
(z2 − z3 )(z4 − z1 )
Substituting the given

values in (1), we get
z

(z1 −z2 )z4 z3 −1
⇒  4
z

(z2 −z3 )z4 1− z1
4
0 −1
(1−i)( ∞ )
⇒ 1
(i−0)(1− ∞ )
(1−i)(0−1)
⇒ (i−0)(1−0)
−(1−i) −(1−i) i
⇒ i
⇒ i
× i
⇒ (i + 1) is the required cross ratio of the given points.

Examples:
1 Find the cross ratio of z1 = ∞, z2 = i, z3 = 1 and z4 = 0. Ans. i − 1.
1−i
2 Find the cross ratio of z1 = i, z2 = 1, z3 = ∞ and z4 = 0. Ans. 2
.
3 Find the cross ratio of z1 = 1, z2 = ∞, z3 = 1 and z4 = 0. Ans. 1.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 39 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Bilinear Transformation - Example

Example: Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points z = 0, − i, − 1 onto
the points w = i, 1, 0.
Soln: Let points z1 = 0, z2 = −i, z3 = −1 in the z-plane map onto the points w1 =
i, w2 = 1, w3 = 0 in the w-plane.
Then, the transformation be
(w−w1 )(w2 −w3 ) (z−z )(z −z3 )
(w1 −w2 )(w3 −w)
= (z −z1 )(z2 −z) → (1)
1 2 3
Substituting the given values in (1), we obtain
(w−i)(1−0) (z−0)((−i)−(−1))
⇒ (i−1)(0−w) = (0−(−i))((−1)−z)
(w−i) z(1−i)
⇒ w(1−i)
= −i(1+z)
⇒ (w − i)(−i)(1 + z) = wz(1 − i)2
⇒ (−i)(w − i + wz − iz) = wz(1 − 2i − 1)
⇒ (−iw − 1 − iwz − z) = (−2i)wz
⇒ (−wi − iwz + 2iwz) = 1 + z
⇒ (−wi + iwz) = 1 + z
⇒ iw(z − 1) = 1 + z
1+z 1+z i(1+z)
⇒ w = i(z−1) ⇒ w = i(z−1) × ii = (1−z)
i(1+z)
⇒w= (1−z)
is the required transformation.

Examples:
1 Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points z = −1, 0, 1 respectively
−3i(z+1)
onto the points w = 0, i, 3i. Ans. w = (z−3) .
2 Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points z = −2, 0, 2 respectively
−i(z+2)
onto the points w = 0, i, − i. Ans. w = (3z−2) .
Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 40 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Bilinear Transformation - Example

Example: Find the bilinear transformation that the points ∞, i, 0 in the z-plane onto
the points w = 0, i, ∞ in the w-plane respectively.
Soln: Let points z1 = ∞, z2 = i, z3 = 0 in the z-plane map onto the points w1 = 0, w2 =
i, w3 = ∞ in the w-plane.
Then, the transformation be
(w−w1 )(w2 −w3 ) (z−z )(z −z3 )
(w −w )(w −w)
= (z −z1 )(z2 −z)
1 2 3 1 2 3 
w
 
(w−w1 )w3 w2 −1 z1 zz −1 (z2 −z3 )
3 1
⇒ 
w
 = 
z

(w1 −w2 )w3 1− w z1 1− z2 (z3 −z)
 3 1
w2
 
(w−w1 ) w −1 z −1 (z −z )
2 3
⇒  3  = z1 → (1)
z

(w1 −w2 ) 1− w w 1− z2 (z3 −z)
3 1
Substituting the given values in (1), we obtain
i −1
(w−0)( ∞ ) ( z −1)(i−0)
⇒ w = ∞ i → (1)
(0−i)(1− ∞ ) (1− ∞ )(0−z)
w(0−1) (0−1)(i)
⇒ (−i)(1−0) = (1−0)(−z)
2
⇒ wi = zi ⇒ w = iz = −1 z
⇒ w = −1z
is the required transformation.
Examples:
1 Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points z = 0, − 1, i respectively
(z+1)
onto the points w = i, 0, ∞. Ans. w = (z−i) .
2 Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points z = i, − 1, 1 respectively
(z−i)(1−i)
onto the points w = 0, 1, ∞. Ans. w = (z−1)
.
3 Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points z = 0, − 1, i respectively
i(z+1)
onto the points w = 1, 0, ∞. Ans. w = (i−z) .
Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 41 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Bilinear Transformation - Example

Example: Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points 1, − i, − 1 of the
z-plane onto the points w = i, 0, − i in the w-plane respectively.
Soln: Let points z1 = 1, z2 = −i, z3 = −1 in the z-plane map onto the points w1 =
i, w2 = 0, w3 = −i in the w-plane.
Then, the transformation be
(w−w1 )(w2 −w3 ) (z−z )(z −z3 )
(w1 −w2 )(w3 −w)
= (z −z1 )(z2 −z) → (1)
1 2 3
Substituting the given values in (1), we get
(w−i)(0−(−i)) (z−1)((−i)−(−1))
⇒ (i−0)((−i)−w) = (1−(−i))((−1)−z)
i(w−i) −(z−1)(i−1)
⇒ −i(w+i)
= −(1+i)(1+z)
(i−w) (z−1)(i−1)
⇒ (i+w)
= (z+1)(i+1)
(i−w)
⇒ (i+w)
= iz−z−i+1
iz+z+i+1
By componendo and dividendo principle, we have
(i−w)+(i+w) (iz−z−i+1)+(iz+z+i+1)
⇒ (i−w)−(i+w) = (iz−z−i+1)−(iz+z+i+1)
2i 2(iz+1)
⇒ −2w
= −2(z+i)
i (iz+1) i(z+i)
⇒ w
= (z+i) ⇒ w = (iz+1)
(iz−1)
⇒ w = (iz+1) is the required transformation.
Example:
1 Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points z = 2, i, − 2 respectively
(3z+2i)
onto the points w = 1, i, − 1. Ans. w = (iz+6) .

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 42 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Bilinear Transformation - Example

Example: Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points z = 1, i, − 1 of the
z-plane onto the points w = i, 0, − i in the w-plane respectively. Hence find (a) the image
of |z| < 1 and (b) the invariant points of this transformation
Soln: Let points z1 = 1, z2 = i, z3 = −1 in the z-plane map onto the points w1 = i, w2 =
0, w3 = −i in the w-plane.
Then, the transformation be
(w−w1 )(w2 −w3 ) (z−z )(z −z3 )
(w1 −w2 )(w3 −w)
= (z −z1 )(z2 −z) → (1)
1 2 3
Substituting the given values in (1), we get
(w−i)(0−(−i)) (z−1)(i−(−1))
⇒ (i−0)((−i)−w) = (1−i)((−1)−z)
i(w−i) (z−1)(i+1)
⇒ −i(w+i)
= −(1−i)(1+z)
(w−i) (z−1)(1+i)
⇒ (w+i)
= (z+1)(1−i)
(w−i) z+iz−1−i
⇒ (w+i)
= z−iz+1−i
By componendo and dividendo principle, we have
(w−i)+(w+i) (z+iz−1−i)+(z−iz+1−i)
⇒ (w−i)−(w+i) = (z+iz−1−i)−(z−iz+1−i)
2w 2(z−i)
⇒ −2i
= 2(iz−1)
w (z−i) i(z−i)
⇒ −i
= −(1−iz) ⇒ w = (1−iz)
(1+iz)
⇒ w = (1−iz) → (2) is the required transformation.

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 43 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Bilinear Transformation - Example
i(1−w)
.(a) From (2), we get z = (1+w) and the given bounded region on z-plane is |z| < 1.
i(1−w)
Then, |z| = (1+w) < 1 ⇒ |i(1 − w)| < |(1 + w)|
⇒ |i||(1 − (u + iv))| < |(1 + (u + iv))|
⇒ |(1 − u) − iv| < |(1 + u) + iv| [∵ |i| = 1]
⇒ (1 − u)2 + v 2 < (1 + u)2 + v 2
⇒ 1 − 2u + u2 < 1 + 2u + u2 ⇒ −2u < 2u which holds only when u > 0.

Therefore, the interior of the circle x2 + y 2 = 1 in the z-plane is mapped onto the entire
half of the w-plane to the right of the imaginary axis.
(b) To find the invariant points of the transformation, we assume w = z in (2)
(1+iz)
⇒ z = (1−iz) ⇒ z(1 − iz) = 1 + iz ⇒ z − iz 2 − 1 − iz = 0
⇒ −iz 2 + (1 −√i)z − 1 = 0 ⇒ iz 2 − (1 − i)z + 1 = 0 ⇒ iz 2 + (i − 1)z + 1 = 0
(i−1)± (i−1)2 −4i
h √ i
⇒z= 2i
= −1
2
(1 + i) ± 6i are the required invariant points.
Example: Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points z = 0, −i, 2i onto
i
the points w = 5i, ∞, 3
respectively. What are the invariant points of this transformation.
√
−(2iz+5) i((−3± 29)
Ans. w = (i+z)
and z = 2
.
Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 44 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Bilinear Transformation - Example

Example: Show that transformation w = −iz+iz+1

maps the interior of the unit circle of
the z-plane onto the upper half of the w-plane.
Soln: Given transformation w = −iz+iz+1
.
⇒ w(z + 1) = −iz + i ⇒ wz + w + iz − i = 0 ⇒ z(w + i) + w − i = 0
−(w−i)
⇒ z(w + i) = −(w − i) ⇒ z = (w+i) .
To show that interior of the unit circle(|z| < 1) of the z-plane maps onto the upper
−(w−i)
half(v > 0) of the w-plane. Then, |z| = (w+i)
< 1 ⇒ | − (w − i)| < |(w + i)|
⇒ |(u + iv) − i| < |(u + iv) + i|
⇒ |u + i(v − 1)| < |u + i(v + 1)|
⇒ u2 + (v − 1)2 < u2 + (v + 1)2
⇒ v 2 + 1 − 2v < v 2 + 1 + 2v ⇒ −2v < 2v which holds only when v > 0.

Therefore, the interior of the circle x2 + y 2 = 1 in the z-plane is mapped onto the entire
upper half of the w-plane to the above of the real axis.
Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 45 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Bilinear Transformation - Example

Example: Show that transformation w = 1−zz

maps upper half of the z-plane onto the
upper half of the w-plane. Find the image of the circle |z| = 1 under this transformation.
z
Soln: Given transformation w = 1−z .
⇒ w(1 − z) = z ⇒ w − wz − z = 0 ⇒ −z(1 + w) + w = 0
w
⇒ −z(1 + w) = −w ⇒ z = (1+w) .
(a) To show that upper half(y > 0) of the 
z-plane maps onto the upper half(v > 0) of the
w
w-plane. Then, Im. P(z) > 0 ⇒ Im. P (1+w) >0
 
u+iv
⇒ Im. P (1+(u+iv)) >0
 
u+iv
⇒ Im. P ((1+u)+iv) > 0
 
u+iv ((1+u)−iv)
⇒ Im. P ((1+u)+iv) × ((1+u)−iv) > 0
 
(u+iv)((1+u)−iv)
⇒ Im. P ((1+u)2 −(iv)2 )
>0
 
(u+iv)((1+u)−iv)
⇒ Im. P 2 2 >0
 ((1+u) +v ) 
(u(1+u)+iv(1+u)−iuv+v)
⇒ Im. P ((1+u)2 +v 2 )
>0
(u+u2 +v+iv+iuv−iuv)
 
⇒ Im. P ((1+u)2 +v 2 )
>0
(u+u2 +v+iv)
 
⇒ Im. P ((1+u)2 +v2 ) > 0
 
⇒ ((1+u)v2 +v2 ) > 0
⇒ v > 0.
Therefore, the upper half(y > 0) of the z-plane maps onto the upper half(v > 0) of the
w-plane.
Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 46 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Bilinear Transformation - Example

z
(b) To find the image of the circle |z| = 1 under this transformation w = 1−z
.
It can be obtained by considering the transformation |z| = 1.
w
Then, (1+w)
= 1 ⇒ |w| = |(1 + w)|
⇒ |(u
√ + iv)| = |1p+ (u + iv)| ⇒ |u +√iv| = |(1 +√
u) + iv|
⇒ u2 + v 2 = (1 + u)2 + v 2 ⇒ u2 + v 2 = 12 + 2u + u2 + v 2
⇒ u2 + v 2 = 1 + 2u + u2 + v 2 ⇒ 2u + 1 = 0 ⇒ 2u = −1 ⇒ u = −1
2

−1 z
u= 2
which is the image of the circle |z| = 1 under this transformation w = 1−z
.
Example:
Dr. M. ChandruConsider that
(VIT-Vellore) the transformation
Complex Variables = z−i
w and PDE. (a) Find August
the image of the in-
25, 2021 47 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Bilinear Transformation - Example

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 48 / 49
Conformal & Bilinear Transformations (Module - 02) Bilinear Transformation - Example

Dr. M. Chandru (VIT-Vellore) Complex Variables and PDE August 25, 2021 49 / 49