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Now in a Sixth Edition, Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics maintains
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motivate student understanding of core thermodynamics concepts. This leading text
uses many relevant engineering-based situations to help students model and solve
problems.

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 Language : English

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 Fig. 93
The same care should be exercised in the selection of these bolts
as for other hardware, and when ordering them, full-sized details
should accompany the order, showing sections through the top rail
and head-jamb, the bottom rail, the sill, and the lock stile. The exact
measurement of the height and the width of the openings should
also be given, and the information should state whether the sash
swings inwards or outwards. The hand of the active leaf, as well as
the height of the handle from the floor, should also be given. In Fig.
94 are shown sections through a casement sash, illustrating the
conditions requiring the use of Espagnolette bolts, and, as just
stated, sections similar to these should be furnished the dealer, or
manufacturer, so that these bolts will fit the construction when they
are delivered.
Fig. 94
Fig. 95
 Fig. 96
77. Casement Adjusters.—In order to hold pivoted or hinged
sash in a partly open position, it is necessary to use casement-
sash adjusters. These adjusters, and the method of applying
them, are illustrated in Fig. 95. In this figure is shown the adjuster
applied to a sash pivoted at the top and the bottom, but the device
can as well be applied to a casement sash hinged at the sides.
There are many forms of casement-sash adjusters, the common
types being illustrated in Fig. 96. They are arranged for sash that
open either inwards or outwards, and may be applied to either
pivoted or hinged sash. Most casement-sash adjusters usually
consist of a rod or a bar attached to the sash by a hinged or pivoted
joint. The rod passes through a clamp on the frame, or sill, and this
rod, when the clamp is tightened, holds the sash firmly in any
desired position.
 78. Window and Shutter Operating Devices.—The sash-
operating device is provided for the purpose of controlling a number
of sash in a line by one piece of mechanism. Frequently, divided
sashes are arranged side by side in skylights, clearstories, and
monitors. These windows are usually some distance from the floor,
and the operating device must be so arranged that it can be worked
conveniently. The device illustrated in Fig. 97 is known as the Lovell
window and shutter operating device, and consists of two
longitudinal sections of pipe shafting a connected to cog racks b at
the end. These cog racks in turn engage with a cog, or wheel, shaft
c, as indicated in the figure. Connecting arms d, with swivel joints at
each end, are arranged between the pipe shafts and the sash. The
ends connected to the sash are secured to the same by means of
plates and wood screws, and the swivel joint at the other end is
provided with a sleeve, or socket, that is secured to the pipe shafts
with a setscrew. The commendable feature of this device is that it is
operated by a straight push or pull of the arm, instead of a twist, as
in some other devices on the market. When the chain, or rope,
around the large chain wheel is pulled, the cog is turned, and as it
engages the racks, it thrusts one pipe horizontally in one direction
and the other in an opposite direction. By this means, the
connecting arms to the sash approach one another and lengthen the
distance between the shafting and the sash, which movement tends
to push the sash open, the sash being closed by the opposite
operation. By this device as much as 500 feet of sash may be
operated by one wheel, or “power,” as it is called. This chain wheel,
or power, may be located either in the center or at the terminals,
and by careful adjustment will simultaneously close all the sashes
tight against the frame.
Fig. 97
 DOOR HARDWARE AND
ITS APPLICATION
79. Door Pulls.—In Fig. 98 are illustrated two well-known types of
door pulls. The pull shown at (a) consists of a handle that is usually
mounted on a plate and attached to either storm or single-acting doors,
although, occasionally, this type is used on double-acting doors with the
word “push” or “pull” inscribed on the plate. When used on double-
acting doors, the door pull has a tendency to obviate the habit of
persons placing their hands on the moldings near the glass when
operating the door, but is subject to the objection of inviting a pull to
open the door even with the word “push” inscribed on the plate.

Fig. 98
 Door pulls are made in various metals, both in plain and ornamental
design, some of the latter being very elaborate, as will be observed
from Fig. 99.
80. Kick Plates.—A kick plate is a modern device that may be
applied to the bottom of doors to protect the woodwork from injury and
wear, being used chiefly for double-acting doors and doors of public
buildings. These plates are frequently made of sheet metal, but are
much handsomer when made of cast metal and ornamented to
harmonize with other metal work of the door.

Fig. 99
Kick plates should completely cover the bottom rail of the door, but if
cost is the controlling factor, they may be cut down in height so that a
margin of wood the same width as the side, or lock, stile shows above
the plate. For instance, if the bottom rail is 12 inches in height and the
stile is 5 inches wide, the kick plate should be 7 inches high. In all
cases, kick plates should extend the full width of the door, allowing
enough margin, when used on double-acting-doors, for the rounding of
the edges. When used on single-acting doors having rabbeted jambs,
the rabbet of both jambs should be deducted from the length of the kick
plate. A typical kick plate of plain pattern is shown in Fig. 100. Such
plates are generally sold at a square-inch price.

Fig. 100

Fig. 101
 81. Push Plates.—On double-acting or single-acting doors, such as
storm and duplex doors, push plates are used to protect the
woodwork against soiling and wear from handling. These plates are
made in various sizes, and are either plain or ornamented to harmonize
with the other hardware. To obtain good results, push plates should be
as wide as the lock stile, where possible, and from 12 to 30 inches long,
according to conditions and use. Plates 20 inches or less in length
should be placed on the door so that the distance from the floor to the
center of the plate is about 4 feet 6 inches; for larger plates the
distance from the floor to the top of the plate should be 5 feet. If used
in connection with a cylinder dead lock, the plate should be cut or
drilled, preferably near the bottom, to allow the cylinder of the lock to
pass through the plate. The plain type of push plate is illustrated in Fig.
101 (a), while one of more ornamental design is shown at (b).
82. Sign Plates.—Although metallic plates with lettering are not
usually included in the hardware specifications, they find extensive use
in hotels, banks, and other public buildings. The inscriptions available
cover every possible demand, including titles of officers, names of
rooms, etc. Sign plates of various sizes can be procured in the following
finishes: Bronze, brass, or nickel with either sunken or raised black
letters; bronze or brass with black background or matte; white porcelain
plate with blue, red, or gilt letters; and blue porcelain with white letters.
Two typical sign plates are shown in Fig. 102.
 Fig. 102
83. Door Stops and Holders.—Since door checks and double-
acting doors have come into more extensive use, the necessity of
holding doors open has created a demand for door stops and holders.
The door stop is a device for limiting the backward swing of a door.
This device may also be constructed so as to perform the additional
function of holding the door in an open position; it is then known as a
door holder.
The ordinary door stop is simply a wooden knob
with rubber tip, or ring, that may be fastened to the
floor or a baseboard, and is usually made up in the
forms shown in Fig. 103. Better grades made of iron
or bronze are also available. These come in various
Fig. 103 shapes, as shown in Fig. 104. Frequently, as shown
at a, a hook for fastening the door in an open
position is combined with the door stop.
 Fig. 105
Fig. 104

The door stop with the hook holdback is not always convenient to
use, so that the automatic holdback, or door holder shown in Fig. 105 is
sometimes employed. This holder can be disengaged by a pull on the
handle of the door and automatically catches the door in an entire open
position.
Where it is desired to hold a door in any position or to release it
quickly, the rubber-tipped holder shown in Fig. 106 should be used; this
device is easily operated and controlled by the foot.
 Fig. 107
Fig. 106

84. Chain Door Fastener.—The type of chain fastener illustrated

in Fig. 107 is generally used on exterior residence doors. This device
allows the occupants to open the door partly without permitting
entrance. It consists of a heavy chain, one end of which is attached to a
plate, which in turn is fastened to the jamb with screws. The other end
of the chain carries a ball or a hook that may be inserted in the slot of
the long plate, which is attached to the door. By this means, the door
may be opened only slightly, until the ball of the chain is released from
the slot.
Fig. 108

Fig. 109
 85. Door Bolts.—A large variety of door bolts is now on the
market. These bolts are made in all sizes, in wrought steel, cast iron,
brass, and bronze, and may be procured in any finish desired. The
several types of bolts used in common practice are illustrated in Figs.
108 and 109. In Fig. 108 (a) is shown a type of barrel bolt; at (b) is
shown what is known as a cased bolt; and at (c) is shown a necked
bolt. Fig. 109 (a) shows a spring bolt, (b) a spring-necked bolt, and (c)
a type of shutter bolt. Various types of mortise bolts are illustrated in
Fig. 110.
Fig. 110
Fig. 111
 Fig. 114
Fig. 112

Fig. 113

86. Chain Bolts and Foot-Bolts.—A type of rim bolt used chiefly
to secure the standing leaf of double doors is shown in Fig. 111. These
bolts are made in various sizes, finishes, and grades, and in both plain
and ornamental design. In the figure, the chain bolt is shown at (a),
while the foot-bolt is illustrated at (b).
 87. Flush Bolts.—Bolts that are intended to perform the same
function as chain bolts and foot-bolts, but are sunk into the stile of the
door flush with its surface or edge, are known as flush bolts. These
bolts, which are illustrated in Figs. 112 and 113, are made in various
styles, grades, and finishes, from the smaller kinds for cabinet purposes
to the large, double-mortise extension bolt. A flush bolt with a knob is
shown in Fig. 114, while a heavy, T-handle extension bolt is shown in
Fig. 115.

Fig. 115
88. Door Springs and Checks.—During recent years considerable
improvement has been noticeable in the construction of the devices
known as door springs and checks. Formerly, the common torsion
rod and coil springs, which are illustrated in Fig. 116, at (a) and (b),
respectively, were the only articles of this kind available. These devices
have been in extensive use for many years, and have performed the
work of closing the door, but not without the unnecessary bang and
slam made by the door when striking the jambs. This was overcome to
some extent, however, by the introduction of the air-check, which
depends on the use of an air cushion to resist the force of the spring. In
effect, each check is a small air pump.
Prominent among the older type of air-checks is the Eclipse made by
Sargent & Co. This check is clearly illustrated in Fig. 117. At (a) and (b)
are shown two methods of applying the Eclipse air-checks. In (a), the
spring-check that closes the door is shown at a attached to the door,
while its lever-arm is fastened to the door casing. The cylinder b is also
secured to the door, and the piston c, operating in the cylinder, is
applied to the door casing. At (b), the parts are differently arranged.
The spring-check occupies the same relative position as shown in (a), its
lever-arm being shown at a, while the piston c is fastened to the door
and the cylinder b affixed to the head-jamb of the door frame. Either
method is adapted for inside doors, but that shown at (b) is preferable
for doors opening outwards, on account of fewer parts being exposed;
the spring-check and its lever-arms, in this case, being the only parts
exposed to the weather. In construction these checks consist of a
cylinder b with a polished interior, in which works the piston c. On the
end of the piston there is provided a cup made of leather that has
previously been soaked in oil. By the insertion of the piston into the
cylinder as the door closes, there is a tendency to compress the air in
the cylinder, thus forming an air cushion with air outlet at the caps.
These outlets can be regulated by turning, or screwing, the cap to the
right or the left, as the case may require.
Fig. 116
 Fig. 117
Devices of this kind, however, did not prove satisfactory until the
introduction of the Yale-Blount, or hydraulic, combined spring and
check, which is shown in Fig. 118. In this device, the coil spring a,
shown in (b), is enclosed in the vertical portion of the check, the
regulating of the tension being accomplished by turning the ratchet
sleeve b with a wrench made for that purpose. The check enclosed in
the horizontal part consists of a metallic piston c, without packing, that
moves in a tightly sealed metallic cylinder containing a lubricating and
non-freezing liquid. The movement of the door in closing depends on
the escape of the liquid through a by-pass from one end of the cylinder
to the center, this by-pass being controlled by a small valve that may be
readily adjusted to produce any desired action of the door and thus
permit the door to be closed silently, with a smooth, steady motion, and
without rebound. Since the introduction of the Yale-Blount type of check
and spring combined, other manufacturers are making similar styles, the
most prominent being the Bardsley, the Corbin, the Sargent, and the
Ogden.

Fig. 118
89. Sliding-Door Hangers and Track.—The first sliding-doors
were usually carried on sheaves, or rollers, located at the bottom of a
door, these rollers traveling on a metal track, which was either inserted
in the floor or placed on its surface. This system, however, has been
displaced by the more modern sliding-door hanger, which suspends
the door from the top. The carriers containing the rollers, or wheels, run
on an overhead track placed in a recess formed for that purpose above
the soffit of the doorway.
The use of the overhead hanger requires a special construction of
the head-jamb, not only to provide space for the overhead track, but
also to furnish proper support for the brackets securing the same. It is
therefore a good plan to determine in advance the type of hanger to be
used, in order that the framing and other details of the doorway may be
made to conform to it. The most important features to be considered in
the selection of sliding-door hangers are the strength and stiffness of
track, the provision for adjusting and reducing friction and noise, the
strength and quality of the several parts, and the facility with which
these parts can be fitted in place and adjusted when in use.
In order to overcome noise, the original overhead hanger was made
with wooden track, which was placed on each side of the recess. On this
track rolled the wheels in pairs, being generally riveted to an axle and
having a space between them. The frame of the hanger traveled on the
axle from end to end, to overcome friction, the adjustment being only in
the hanger frame. Of this type of door hanger, the Prindle, the Stearns,
the Warner, the Ives, and the Richards were the most widely used. The
Ives improved wooden-track, house-door hanger is illustrated in Fig.
119.
 Fig. 119
Another form of sliding-door hanger, which is considered an
improvement over the type just described, consists of the single or side
steel-track hanger of the Lane or the Richards make. These sliding-door
hangers are constructed entirely of steel, and the hanger proper has
frictionless bearings, on the principle of the wooden-track hangers, but
with one wheel to each hanger, running on a steel track fastened to one
side of the recess. This combination is quite an improvement over the
old-style hanger, and can be placed in position more readily. The wheels
of these hangers, as shown in Fig. 120, are constructed of two plates of
steel, between which is placed a fiber wheel that is held in position by
through rivets. The fiber portion of the wheel comes in contact with the
track, while the plates act only as flanges, thus tending to reduce the
noise caused by the operation of the door.
 Fig. 120
The hangers most extensively used at present are
the trolley type, of which the Coburn is the original
and the best of the various kinds. The track, a typical
section of which is shown in Fig. 121, is made of
sheet steel, which is bent or folded into various
forms, depending on the particular make. The carrier
is contained in the interior of the track. The several
features of this type of track and hanger are
illustrated in Figs. 122, 123, and 124, which likewise
show the method of attachment and the detail
Fig. 121 construction of the door head, or soffit, necessary to
receive these tracks and hangers.
This type of sliding-door trolley track is also
sometimes lined with wood placed in the steel trough, or track, as
shown in Fig. 125. This makes the device absolutely noiseless, although
the regular types operate with very little noise. Besides the Coburn
trolley and track, there are the Richard and the McCabe. Both of these
makes possess merit. The trolleys, or carriers, are constructed with both
fiber and iron wheels, with ball bearings, running on a wooden or metal
track, according to the type.
Fig. 122
Fig. 123
Fig. 124
Fig. 125