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Intro To Computers

Intro about computers

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30 views21 pages

Intro To Computers

Intro about computers

Uploaded by

abadinasargie
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1(Part 1)

Introduction to Computers
and C++ Programming

Created by David Mann, North Idaho College

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1


Overview
 Computer Systems (1.1)

 Programming and Problem Solving (1.2)

 Introduction to C++ (1.3)

 Testing and Debugging (1.4)

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2


1.1
Computer Systems
 A computer program is…
 A set of instructions for a computer to follow

 Computer software is …
 The collection of programs used by a computer
 Includes:
 Editors
 Translators
 System Managers

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 3


Hardware
 Three main classes of computers

 PCs (Personal Computer)


 Relatively small used by one person at a time

 Workstation
 Larger and more powerful than a PC

 Mainframe
 Still larger
 Requires support staff
 Shared by multiple users

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4


Networks
 A number of computers connected to
share resources
 Share printers and other devices
 Share information

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 5


Computer Organization
 Five main components
 Input devices
 Allows communication to the computer
 Output devices
 Allows communication to the user
 Processor (CPU)

 Main memory
 Memory locations containing the running program
 Secondary memory
 Permanent record of data often on a disk Display 1.1

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6


Computer Memory
 Main Memory
 Long list of memory locations
 Each contains zeros and ones
 Can change during program execution
 Binary Digit or Bit
 A digit that can only be zero or one
 Byte
 Each memory location has eight bits
 Address
 Number that identifies a memory location

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 7


Larger Data Items
 Some data is too large for a single byte
 Most integers and real numbers are too large

 Address refers to the first byte

 Next few consecutive bytes can store the additional


bits for larger data

Display 1.2

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8


Data or Code?
 ‘A’ may look like 01000001
 65 may look like 01000001
 An instruction may look like 01000001

 How does the computer know the meaning


of 01000001?
 Interpretation depends on the current instruction

 Programmers rarely need to be concerned with


this problem.
 Reason as if memory locations contain letters and
numbers rather than zeroes and ones

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 9


Secondary Memory
 Main memory stores instructions and
data while a program is running.
 Secondary memory
 Stores instructions and data between sessions
 A file stores data or instructions in
secondary memory

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 10


Secondary Memory Media
 A computer might have any of these
types of secondary memory
 Hard disk
 Fast
 Fixed in the computer and not normally removed
 Floppy disk
 Slow
 Easily shared with other computers
 Compact disk
 Slower than hard disks
 Easily shared with other computers
 Can be read only or re-writable

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 11


Memory Access
 Random Access
 Usually called RAM
 Computer can directly access any memory location

 Sequential Access
 Data is generally found by searching through
other items first
 More common in secondary memory

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12


The Processor
 Typically called the CPU
 Central Processing Unit
 Follows program instructions
 Typical capabilities of CPU include:

add
subtract
multiply
divide
move data from location to location

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 13


Computer Software
 The operating system
 Allows us to communicate with the computer
 Is a program
 Allocates the computer’s resources
 Responds to user requests to run other programs

 Common operating systems include…


 UNIX Linux DOS
Windows Macintosh VMS

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 14


Computer Input
 Computer input consists of
 A program

 Some data

Display 1.3

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 15


High-level Languages
 Common programming languages include …
C C++ Java Pascal Visual Basic FORTRAN
COBOL Lisp Scheme Ada

 These high – level languages


 Resemble human languages
 Are designed to be easy to read and write
 Use more complicated instructions than
the CPU can follow
 Must be translated to zeros and ones for the CPU
to execute a program

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 16


Low-level Languages
 An assembly language command such as

ADD X Y Z

might mean add the values found at x and y


in memory, and store the result in location z.

 Assembly language must be translated to


machine language (zeros and ones)
0110 1001 1010 1011
 The CPU can follow machine language

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 17


Compilers
 Translate high-level language to
machine language

 Source code
 the original program in a high level language
 Object code
 the translated version in machine language

Display 1.4

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 18


Linkers
 Some programs we use are already compiled
 Their object code is available for us to use
 For example: Input and output routines

 A Linker combines
 The object code for the programs we write
and
 The object code for the pre-compiled routines
into
The machine language program the CPU can run
Display 1.5
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 19
History Note
 First programmable computer
 Designed by Charles Babbage
 Began work in 1822
 Not completed in Babbage’s life time

 First programmer
 Ada Augusta, Countess of Lovelace
 Colleague of Babbage

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 20


Section 1.1 Conclusion
 Can you…
 List the five main components of a computer?

 List the data for a program that adds two numbers?

 Describe the work of a compiler?

 Define source code? Define object code?

 Describe the purpose of the operating system?

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 21

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