1. The water which enters into the main canal from the river has to be divided into different Branches and Distributaries, in accordance with the relative urgency of demand on different channels. This process of distribution is called 'Regulation’. 2. The works which are constructed in order to control and wei ‘discharges, depths, velocities etc. in canals, are known as canal-regulation works. oe 3. These structures ensure the efficient rosionge canal irrigation system, by giving full control upon the canals. an? 4. The important of these structure: (i) Canal Falls, (ii) Canal Reefs (Head Regulator and Cross Regulator), (iii) Canal Escapes. (iv) Metering Flumes, (v) Canal Outlets and Modules.1. Alignment of the off-taking channel + When a branch channel takes off from the main channel (called Parent Channel), the off-take alignment must be carefully designed. + The best ideal alignment is : when the off-taking channel wait angle with the parent channel initially and then separates out in a transition. vo ies PARENT HANNE* The transitions will have to be properly designed, so as to avoid accumulation of silt jetty. As an alternative to the transitions, both the channels should make an angle with the parent channel wesrega of the off-take. ow + When the parent channel has to be carried straight, the Ghee of the canal rather than the centre line should be consiegt deciding the angle of the off-take sow” io wievuror oss Meat aron2. Distributary Head Regulator and Cross Regulator + A distributary head regulator controls the supply of the off-taking channel ; while a cross-regulator controls the supply of the parent channel. + Ahead regulator provided at the head of the off-taking cha fitrols the flow of water entering this new channel. While a cross-regulator may be requiredi@the main parent channel down-stream of the off-taking channel, and is operated when necessqi{O80 as to head up water on its upstream side, thus to ensure the required supply in the off- re annel even during the periods of low flow in the main channel. + The main functions of a ora are : (i) To regulate or control the supplies entering the off-take channel. (Gi) To control silt entry into the off-take channel. (iii) To serve as a meter for measuring discharge.‘The main functions of a cross-regulator are : (i) To effectively control the entire Canal Irrigation System. ii) When the water level in the main channel is low, it helps in ee" water on the u/s and to feed the off-take channels to their full demand in rotation. (iii) They help in absorbing fluctuations in various oS canal system, and in preventing the possibilities of breaches in the tail reaches. we (iv) Cross regulator is often combined en bridge, so as to carry the road which may cross the irrigation channel near the site of t regulator, It is also usually combined with a fall (if required at the site of cross regulator); pone fs called a fall-regulator. A regulator essentially consists of piers placed across the canal at regular intervals with grooves, in which either planks or gates can be used to control the supplies. Planks called Karries can be used for small channels only, as the maximum height of the planks which can be handled manually is about 2 metres.* Whenever the available natural ground slope is steeper than the designed bed slope of the channel, the difference is adjusted by constructing vertical ‘falls’ or ‘drops’ in the canal bed at suitable intervals. * Such. a drop in a natural canal bed will not be stable and, therefore, in order to retain this Fig drop, a masonry structure is constructed. Such a pucca structure is called ana fall or a canal drop. DESIGNED stope VERTICAL ‘DROP AVAILABLE GROUND SLOPE.+ The location of a fall in a canal depends upon the topography of the country through which the canal is passing. In case of the main canal, which does not directly irrigate any area, the site of a fall is determined by considerations of economy in ‘cost of excavation ad filling’ versus ‘cost of fall’. The excavation and filling on two sides of a fall should be tried {q°be balanced, because the unbalanced earthwork is quite costly. By providing-a larger drop in.fe Step the quantity of unbalanced earth work increases, but at the same time, the number of fait @elces. + In case of branch canals and distri ay channels, the falls are located with consideration to commanded area. The proceduregs, ix the FSL required at the head of the off-taking channels and outlets and mark them on (f¥{L+section of the canal. The FSL of the canal can then be marked, as to cover all the commanded points, there by deciding suitable locations for falls in canal FSL, and hence, in canal beds.The location of the falls may also be influenced by the possibility of combining it with a bridge, regulator, or some other masonry work, since such combinations often result in economy and better regulation. When a fall is combined with a regulator and a bridge, it is called a fall regulator with road- bridge oo1. Ogee Falls The ‘Ogee type fall’ was constructed in olden days on projects like Ganga canal. The water was gradually led down by providing convex and concave curves. The performance of such a fall was found to have the following major defects. ae RAK DOWN * There was heavy draw-down on the upstream sida’@ — ws 960 WATER SURFACE resulting in lower depths, higher velocitigs\ find consequent bed erosion. Drawdowiwould also affect the supply in a cig, situated just upstream of fall. Qo * Due to smooth transition, the kinetic energy of the flow was not at all dissipated, causing erosion of downstream bed and banks.2. Trapezoidal Notch Falls The trapezoidal notch fall was designed by Ried in 1894, It consists of a number of trapezoidal notches constructed in a high crested wall across the channel with a iN entrance and a flat circular lip projecting downstream from each notch to spread out the falling jeP,~ soo AMAL ane USE The notches could be designed to maintain the \- i normal water depth in the upstream channel at any two discharges, as the variation at. ¢)\ intermediate values is small. ‘Se depth discharge relationship of the chifnnel remains practically unaffected by the ‘introduction of the fall.3. Well Type Falls or Cylinder Falls, or Syphon Well Drops This type of a fall consists of an inlet well with a pipe at its bottom, carrying water from the inlet well to se of falls greater than 1.8 m and downstream well or a cistern. The downstream well is necessary in the for discharges greater than 0.29 cumees. The water falls intoheynier well, through a trapezoidal notch constructed in the steining of the well, from where it e1 s near the bottom, dissipating its energy in turbulence inside the well. This type of falls are@ery useful for affecting larger drops for smaller discharges. They are commonly used as tageetes for small canals, or where high levelled smaller drains do outfall into a low levelled bigger didi.4, Simple Vertical Drop Type and Sarda Type Falls. A raised crest fall with a vertical impact was first of all introduced on Sarda, Canal System in U.P, owing to its economy and simplicity. The necessity for economic falls arog because of the need of construction of a large number of smaller falls on the Sarda Canal System. Ipyhaaea, a thin layer of sandy clay overlie a stratum of pure sand. If the canal bed was to be cut deep Gna up to the sand stratum, the seepage losses would have been tremendous. Hence, the depth of oping had to be kept low necessitating the construction of large number of smaller falls. ¢0 wa WESarda type fall is a high crested fall, and if the discharge in the canal varies (say between 50 to 100% ), the water will head up on the upstream side at low discharges. The reach upstream of the crest will silt up as the clearer water will pass downstream of the crest. Due to reduction Jin silt in the discharge, there may be a tendency of scouring on d/s, $0 as to make up the silt loss. Hengepthis type of fall is not quite suitable for canals in which discharge varies within a wide range. AMtrapezoidal notch fall, although costlier than Sarada type or glacis type fall, is free from such t@@dbles and, therefore, preferred for canals where the discharge is very small and also varies aS range. oe5. Straight Glacis Falls D/S WING WALL. RETURN WALL OR Uis_WING WALL RETURN WALL TOP_OF PITCHING SLOPE PITCHING os HEL In this type of modem fall a yeni ~ ‘straight glacis’ (generally sloping 2: * rat 1) is provided -after a ‘raised crest’. ra IrcHNG The hydraulic jump is made to occur cri0W Ag sau ee DEFLECTOR WALL OR ‘DIS CURTAIN WALL on the glacis, causing sufficient PROFILE WALL OR Shab energy dissipation. This type of falls sive very good performance if nap ‘ flumed, although they ng be flumed for economy. They are DEFLECTOR: WALL suitable up to 60 cumecs discharge and 1.5 m drop.5. Montague Type Falls The energy dissipation on a straight glacis remain incomplete due to vertical component of velocity remaining unaffected. An improvement in energy dissipation may be brought about in this type of. fall by replacing the straight ehacig,2\ by a parabolic glacis’, coninly known as ‘Montague Profile’, i a ais was wun, (HH srcine || as (a) Montague Type fall gl HORIZONTAL a. AVON og YO Taue ewe 0") “Tiongagut bao) \ ONceR GRAVITY6. Inglis Falls or Baffle Falls A straight glacis type fall when added with a baffle platform and a baffle wall was developed by Englis, and is called 'Englis Fall’ or ‘Baffle Fall’. They are quite suitable Ais all discharges and for drops of more than 1.5 m. The baffle wall is provided at a calculated height culated distance from the toe of the glacis, so as to ensure the formation of the . jump on at ain oe 4. affte fal’ oF “Einglish-fall126, Design of a Sarda Type Fall The design criteria for various components of such a fall, based on the recommen- tations of Bahadarabad Research Station, are given below : Length of the Crest. Since fluming is not permissible in this type of falls, the length ofthe crest is kept equal to the bed width of the canal. Sometimes, for future expansion, tte crest length may be kept equal to (bed width + depth). Shape of the Crest. A rectangular crest with both faces vertical has been suggested ‘ordischarges under 14 cumecs. The top width is kept equal.to.0.55-Vd andthe minimum= base width is kept equal to “*4 (rake G=2 for masonry) where. d is the height of the = above the downstream bed level and h is the head over the crest [See Fig. 12.16 (a, a discharges over 14 cumecs, a trapezoidal crest with top width equal to me “VH+d with upstream side slope of 1 : 3 and downstream side slope of 1 : 8 is pted |SWING WALL o/s wing. WALL BRICK sipg. PITCHING BRICK PITCHING, IN SLOPE 1:10 10m THICK BALLAST o/s CURTAIN WALL UIS_ CURTAIN BRICK ON EDGE WALL FLOORING Q= upto a maximum of 14 cumecs B, = Top width of crest = 0.55 Vd_ Base width = 44 Wy” Q=1.84- LH? (2)UIS WING WALL chek oa DHAMALI oR PROFILE WALL 30cm THICK BALLAST Q=for 14 cumecs and over B,=Top width of crest = 0.55 V+ Base width = as determined by the battersCrest level. The following discharge formula is used to determine the height of the , crest. as Q=C,.V2g .L.H? 3 wheré Cy= 0.415 for rectangular crest = 0.45 for trapezoidal crest L= Length of the crest B, = Top width of crest. 2 Height of the crest above bed =y—h =y—H (assuming h~H re. neglecting velocity of approach) where yis the normal depth of channel] (upstream).Upstream Wing Wall. For trapezoidal crest, the upstream wing walls are kept segmental with radius equal to 5 to 6 times H and subtending an angle of 60° at centre, and then car- ried tangential into the berm as shown in Fig. 12.17. The foundations of the wing walls are laid on the impervious ~eoncrete floor itself. For rectangular crest (i.e. discharge less than 14 cumecs), the approach wings may be splayed straight at an angle of 45°. Upstream Protection. Brick pitching in a length equal to upstream water depth may be laid on the upstream bed, sloping towards the crest at a slope of 1: 10. Drain pipes should also be provided at the u/s bed BERM BERM ReSip 6H 3 “ee / ' su to 6H WIDTH OF CANAL= WIOTH OFCREST Fig. 1-1 Upstream wing walls for Trapezoidal crest of Sarda Type fall.level in the crést so as to drain out the'u/s bed during the closer of the channel. Upstream Curtain Wall. 1 } brick thick upstream curtain wall is provided, having a depth equal to 4rd of water depth. Impervious Concrete Floor. The total length of impervious floor can be deter- mined by Bligh’s theory for small works and by Khosla’s theory for large works. The minimum length of floor on dis of the toe of the crest wall should be = [2(water depth +1.2m) + drop]. The balance can be provided under the crest and on upstream. The floor thickness required on the downstream side can be worked out for uplift Pressures (using minimum thickness of 0.4 m to 0.6 metre) and only a nominal thickness of 0.3 metre is provided on the upstream side. The maximum seepage head will occur when water is-stored-upto top of crest-on-u/s-side-and there is no flow on the downstream. side, Cistern, The length and depth of cistern can be worked out from equations (12.8) and (12.9).Downstream Protection. The d/s bed may be protected with dry brick pitching, about 20 cm thick resting on 10 cm thick ballast. The length of the d/s pitching is given by the values of Table 12.1; or 3 times the depth of downstream water, whichever is More. The pitching may be provided between two or three curtain walls, The curtain walls may be 13 brick thick and of depth equal to } the downstream depth; or as giver in Table 12.1 (minimum = 015 m): Table 12.1 Head over the eres oval length of as Curtain was H metres) ds pitching (metres) No. | Depth inmencs Upto03 m 30 ‘All sloping down | 1 030 03 00.45 3.0 Twice He Horizontal up to end | 2 030 ‘of masonry wings 0.45 10060 454 Twice Hy ‘Sicatome | 2 os 0.60:0075 60+ Twice He ‘down at 110 1 060 07510090 9.0+ Twice He, : 1 o7s 0.9010 1.05 135+ Twice He . 2 090 L0st01.20 18.04 Twice He : 2 Los 1.200150 225 + Twice He ° 3 13sSlope Pitching. After the return wing, the sides of the channel are pitched with one brick on edge. The pitching should rest on a toe wall 1 t brick thick and of depth equal to half the downstream water depth. The side pitching may be curtailed at an angle of 45° from the end of the bed pitching, or extended straight from the end of the bed pitching. Downstream Wings. Downstream wings are kept straight for a length of 5 to 8 time YH. H, and may then be gradually wrapped. They should be taken upto the end of the pucca floor. : All-wing walls must be designed as.retaining walls, subjected to. full pressure of submerged soil at their back when the channel is closed, Such a wall generally has a base width equal to 3rd its height,Example . Design a 1.5 metres Sarda type fall for a canal having a discharge of 12 cumecs, with the following data : Bed level upstream =103.0m Side slopes of channel im Bed level downstream 101.5m Full supply level upstream = ==104.5m Bed width u/s and d/s =1.0m Soil = Good loam Assume Bligh’s Coefficient =6. nc rrr Solution. — Length of crest. Same as d/s bed width = 10 m Crest level. A rectangular crest is provided, since the discharge is less than 14 cumecs. The discharge formula is given by 176 = pro| O=1.84.L.H [z] -‘Assume top Width of the crest as U.8 m. HY’ 0.8)" 0.628 12=1.84« 10x HY? x—_, 3 _ 12x 0.964 of WO =F eax 0 H = (0.628) = 0.755 m ; Say H= 0.76 m. Velocity of approach Discharge 12 Vo=“area ~ (10+1.5) 1.5 oe = TTS x15 = 0-696 misec. “ Velocity head =>%=0.025m. ws. TEL = ee FSL + Velocity Head = 104.5 + 0.025 = 104.525m (-. Depth of water = 1.5m)RL. of the crest = (ws TEL — H) = 104.525-0,755=103.77m. Use crest level of 103.77 metres Height of the crest above d/s floor = 103.77— 103.0=0.77m. Shape of the crest. =055.Nd where d=Height of the crest above d/s bed = 103.77=101.5=2,27m B,=0.55- Vd = 0.55 .V2.27 = 0.825 mi.Keep 0.85 m width of the crest Thickness at base = "*4 3101550029 +227 0734227. 5 The top shall be capped with 20 cm thick C.C.1:2:4 Upstream wing wall. It shall be splayed straight at ¢ Te of 45° from the ws edge of the crest and shall be embedded by 1.0 m into the berm. On the d/s side, wing walls are kept straight and parallel up to the end of the floor and joined to-return walls, as shown in Fig. 12.19. Upstream protection. 1.5 m long brick pitching (equal to u/s water depth) is laid on the w/s bed, sloping down towards the crest at 1: 10, and three drain pipes of 15 cm diameter at the w/s bed level should be provided in the crest so as to drain out the u/s bed during the closure of the canal.Upstream curtain wall. Maximum depth of u/s curtain wall Provide 0.4 m x 0.8 m deep curtain wall on the u/s. Cistern. Depth of cistern, is given by Eq. 12.9 as Gln Hy? =} (0.76x 1sy=5x (1.14)°-657 =< 1.091 = 0.273 m ; Say-0.3 m deep.. -. R.L. of cistern = 101.5— 0.3 = 101.2m. Length of cistern = 5 VH- Hy =5xV0.76X1.5 =5xVI.14: Provide 5.5 m long cistern at R.L. 101.2 m. Impervious floor. Maximum Static Head (Crest level — d/s bed level) 103.77 — 101.5=2.27 m. Total floor length required 5.34m ; say 5.5m.Total floor length required = C.H.; where C is Bligh’s coefficient 6 x 2.27 = 13.62 m. ; say 13.7m. Minimum d/s floor length required 2 (Water depth + 1.2)+H;) =2 (15+ 1.2)+15=2 (2.7) +15=5.44+15=6.9m;say7m. Provide 7 m d/s floor and the balance 6.7 m under and upstream of the crest, as shown in Fig. 12.18. UP LEFT_. Floor Thicknesses._H.G. line forthe maximum static head-is-shown in Fig. Maximum unbalanced uplift at the d/s toe of the crest =0.3+ 193.77 _fOLS x7 =0.34+1.16=146m ; 5 lias Thickness required 759 Provide 1.1 m thick concrete overlain with 0.2 m thick brick pitching. Unbalanced head at 3 m from the toe of the crest =03+222 x 4=03+0.67=0.97 97 24 Use 0.6 m thick concrete with 0.2 m brick layer. Unbalanced head at 5 m from the toe 2.27 =0.3 +737 *2= 0.34 0.33 =0.63.m. 1.29 m ; say 1.3m. Thickness required =0.78 m; say 0.8 m.Thickness required = 0:63 _ . = 75g = 0-51 m; Say 0.55 m. Use 0.35 m thick concrete with 20 cm thick brick layer, as shown in Fig. D/s Curtain Wall. The curtain wall at the d/s end of the floor should be 0.75 m deep (for H = 0.76 m in Table 12.1) Provide 0.4m x 1.65m deep curtain wall at d/s end of floor, i.e. upto a level of 101.5~1.65=99.85 metres, i.e. the deepest foundation level. Downstreaen pitching. From Fable Total length of d/s pitching =9+2x1.5=12 metres. Pitching is kept sloped at 1: 10. A curtain wall of 0.4 m x 0.75 m shall be provided at the end of the pitching, as shown in Fig. .UIS WING WALL 10 ae oes ee ie 103.4 ees uisrss_ 05 PROFILE WALL SLOPE PITCHING PROFILE WALL > ond ' Troe WALL DS CURTAIN) 7 BRICK PITCHING 20cm WALL a THICK BALLAST 4! BI Fig Details of the Sarda Type fall (rectangular crest) of €xample 12.3.