EEE 101 - Lec 1

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4/30/2019

Electrical Circuits I

Lecture 1

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan


Dept. of EEE, BUET

Electric circuit theory and electromagnetic theory are the two


fundamental theories upon which all branches of electrical
engineering are built

Branches of electrical engineering - electronics, power, electric


machines, control, communications, instrumentation, etc

The basic electric circuit theory course is the most important


course for an electrical engineering student, and always an
excellent starting point for a beginning student in electrical
engineering education

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits


Gordon J Alexander and Matthew N.O. Sadiku

Introduction to Electric Circuits


Richard C. Dorf, James A. Svoboda

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis


J. David Irwin, R. Mark Nelms

Introductory Circuit Analysis


Robert L Boylestad

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

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Circuit Analysis: Theory and Practice (5th Edition)


Allan Robbins and Wilhelm C. Miller

Engineering Circuit Analysis 8th Edition


William H. Hayt, J. Kemmerly, Steven M. Durbin

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

Alternating Current Circuits


Russell M. Kerchner and George F. Corcoran

Electric Circuits
James W. Nilsson, Susan Riedel

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

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An electric circuit is an
interconnection of electrical
elements.
Each component of the circuit is
known as an element

Charge and Current


Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which
matter consists, measured in coulombs (C)

The law of conservation of charge states that charge can neither


be created nor destroyed, only transferred. Thus the algebraic
sum of the electric charges in a system does not change.

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

This motion of charges creates


electric current.

It is conventional to take the current flow as the movement of


positive charges. That is, opposite to the flow of negative charges

This convention was introduced by


Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790),
the American scientist and inventor.
Although we now know that current
in metallic conductors is due to
negatively charged electrons, we will
follow the universally accepted
convention that current is the net
flow of positive charges..

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

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4/30/2019

Electric current is the time rate of change of


charge, measured in amperes (A).

1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second

Andre-Marie Ampere (1775–1836), a French


mathematician and physicist defined the electric
current and developed a way to measure it in the
1820s. The unit of electric current, the ampere,
was named after him.

Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of


electric charge.

In alternating current (AC), the flow of electric


charge periodically reverses direction.

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

Voltage or potential difference


Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy
required to move a unit charge through an
element, measured in volts (V).
1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb
=1 newton-meter/coulomb

Alessandro Antonio Volta (1745–1827), an


Italian physicist, invented the electric battery and
the capacitor. The unit of voltage or potential
difference, the volt, was named in his honor.

Current and voltage are the two basic


variables in electric circuits.

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

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Power and Energy


Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy,
measured in watts (W).
James Watt(1736–1819), was a Scottish
inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who
introduced Watt steam engine in 1781

The power in the Eq. is a time-varying quantity and is called the


instantaneous power
Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

Power and Energy


law of conservation of energy
It is important to note that our electrical networks satisfy the
principle of conservation of energy.
Because of the relationship between energy and power, it can be
implied that power is also conserved in an electrical network

This result was formally stated in 1952 by B. D. H. Tellegen and is


known as Tellegen’s theorem—the sum of the powers absorbed
by all elements in an electrical network is zero

Another statement of this theorem is that the power supplied in a


network is exactly equal to the power absorbed.

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

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4/30/2019

Sign Convention
Current direction and voltage polarity play a major role in
determining the sign of power.
Passive sign convention is satisfied when the current enters
through the positive terminal of an element and p=vi. If the current
enters through the negative terminal, p=-vi.

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

Power and Energy


Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J).

Circuit Elements
An element is the basic building block of a circuit.

There are two types of elements found in electric circuits: passive


elements and active elements. An active element is capable of
generating energy while a passive element is not.

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

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Circuit Elements
Active elements

There are two kinds of sources: independent and dependent


sources.

An ideal independent
source is an active
element that provides a
specified voltage or
current that is
completely independent
of other circuit elements.

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

Circuit Elements
The control of the dependent source is achieved by a voltage or
current of some other element in the circuit, and the source can
be voltage or current, it follows that there are four possible types
of dependent sources, namely:
1. A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS).
2. A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS).
3. A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS).
4. A current-controlled current source (CCCS).

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

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4/30/2019

Circuit Elements
There are linear elements and nonlinear elements.

linear elements satisfy the principle of superposition and principle


of homogeneity
principle of superposition if I1 is the current for V1
I2 is the current for V2
I1 + I2 is the current for V1 + V2

principle of homogeneity if I1 is the current for V1


kI1 is the current for kV1

There are unilateral and bilateral elements

In bilateral element, the voltage current relationship is same for


current flowing in either direction.
Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

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