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Lecture 1 - 2024

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18 views15 pages

Lecture 1 - 2024

Uploaded by

ahmed.waasel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Manal Abdulelah Areqi

[email protected]

DL, Lecture1 Eng. manal A.al-Areqi


Hierarchy of Computer Architecture
High-Level Language Programs

Application Assembly Language


Software Programs
Operating System

Compiler Firmware Instruction Set


Software/Hardware Architecture
Machine Language Program
Boundary Instr. Set Proc. I/O system

Datapath & Control


Hardware Digital Design
Circuit Design Microprogram
Layout

Logic Diagrams

Circuit Diagrams
DL Eng. manal A.al-Areqi
Digital Systems

•Digital system is a system that manipulates


discrete elements of information represented
internally in binary form.
•A binary digit, called a bit, has two values: 0
and 1.
•Discrete elements of information are
represented with groups of bits called binary
codes.

DL, Lecture1 Eng. manal A.al-Areqi


Numbers System (other to decimal)

coefficients a
power n, m
base, or radix r

DL, Lecture1 Eng. manal A.al-Areqi


Other to decimal

11010.11=

DL, Lecture1 Eng. manal A.al-Areqi


Binary to decimal …………………. Cont’

Note that:

DL, Lecture1 Eng. manal A.al-Areqi


Decimal to other
•Separate the number into an integer part and a
fraction part.
•conversion of a decimal integer to a number
in base r is done by dividing the number and
all successive quotients by r and
accumulating the remainders.
•conversion of a decimal fraction to a number
in base r is done by multiplication, and
integers are accumulated.

DL, Lecture1 Eng. manal A.al-Areqi


Decimal to Binary Converter

• Convert decimal 41.6875 to binary


• First, 41 is divided by 2

DL, Lecture1 Eng. manal A.al-Areqi


Decimal to Binary Converter………… cont’
• Next, 0.6875 is multiplied by 2

DL, Lecture1 Eng. manal A.al-Areqi


Decimal to octal Converter

• Convert decimal 153.513 to octal


First, 153 is divided by8, next, 0.513 is multiplied by 8

DL, Lecture1 Eng. manal A.al-Areqi


Decimal to Hexadecimal Converter
• The conversion of a decimal integer by dividing the
number by 16.The conversion of a decimal fraction
by multiplication by 16.

DL, Lecture1 Eng. manal A.al-Areqi


OCTAL AND HEXADECIMAL NUMBERS

DL, Lecture1 Eng. manal A.al-Areqi


DL, Lecture1 Eng. manal A.al-Areqi
Arithmetic Operations

• Arithmetic operations with numbers in base r follow


the same rules as for decimal numbers.

•Note that: When a base other than the familiar base


10 is used, one must be careful to use only the
r‐allowable digits.
• Such as the octal number system is a base‐8 system
that has eight digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

DL, Lecture1 Eng. manal A.al-Areqi


Arithmetic Operations………………….. cont;’

DL, Lecture1 Eng. manal A.al-Areqi

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