1. Provide a definition of the term BIM BIM Modeling.

BIM: Building Information Model, which is a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility.
BIM Modeling: The process of creating a digital building model and using it throughout the entire building's lifecycle
including data management.

2. Explain the difference between LOG and LOI.

LOG (Level of Geometry): Refers to the geometric detail in a model.
LOI (Level of Information): Refers to the amount of information or data associated with the elements in a model.

3. What does the abbreviation LOD stand for in the context of 3D City Modeling? List and describe
the LODs briefly.
LOD: Level of Detail
Descriptions:

LOD 100: Conceptual design, approximate geometry.

LOD 200: General model with approximate quantities, size, shape, location, and orientation.
LOD 300: Precise geometry and location.
LOD 350: Includes information about connections to other elements.
LOD 400: Fabrication and assembly details.
LOD 500: As-built model, accurate to actual constructed conditions.

4. Name Two Advantages of 3D BIM Modeling.

Answer:

Reduction of planning errors and increased transparency over 2D design.

Improved coordination among disciplines and model-based quantity take-off.

5. What are the BIM use cases?

Answer:

Definition: BIM use cases define why (for which purpose) a BIM model is needed.
Examples by the German Ministry of Transport:

Initial State Modeling

Design option analysis
Visualization
Coordination

6. What is Model Federation in a Collaborative BIM process? In which Standard is it defined?

Answer:

Model Federation: The process of combining multiple discipline models into a single coordinated model.
Standard: ISO EN DIN 19650

7. EIR and BEP are highly important in BIM Project Execution.

Answer:

EIR: Employer's Information Requirements

 BEP: BIM Execution Plan
Explanation: EIR defines the information the employer needs, while BEP outlines how the project will achieve these
requirements.

8. What is the difference between Geometry and Topology?

Answer:

Geometry: Refers to the shape and size of elements.

Topology: Refers to the relationships between elements, such as connectivity and adjacency.

9. Put the following layers that structure a Commercial CAD System in a meaningful order. Put the
most General Element at the bottom.
Answer:

Hardware
Low Level Graphics Routines
Geometry Kernel
General Purpose CAD System
Domain specific CAD / BIM System
BIM systems

10. Name and Explain the Three Different Types of Continuity for Joining Two Curves.
Answer:

G0 (Positional Continuity): The curves touch.

G1 (Tangential Continuity): The curves touch and share a common tangent direction at the join point.
G2 (Curvature Continuity): The curves touch, share a common tangent direction, and have the same curvature at the
join point.

11. Which of Indexed Face Sets and Triangulated Face Sets is more Memory efficient? Why?
Answer:

Indexed Face Sets are more memory efficient because they store vertex coordinates only once and reference them
using indices, reducing redundancy.

12. Explain the difference between the Explicit and the Implicit Approach in Solid Modeling
regarding the Data Exchange naming 4 Advantages or 4 Disadvantages of one Method over the
Other.
Answer:

Explicit Approach:

Advantages: Generation process is unknown, hard to modify, larger file size, easily interpretable by receiving
software.

Implicit Approach:

Advantages: Traceability of modeling operations, easy modification by altering construction steps, smaller file size,
requires receiver to interpret information the same way.

13. What are the Different Methods for Generating Curves?

 Answer:

Bézier Curves
B-Splines
NURBS

14. What are the Three Main Types of Parametric Modeling? What are the Types of Parametric
Modeling?
Answer:

Three Main Types:

Object-based Parametric Modeling

Geometry-based Parametric Modeling
Parametric BIM Modeling

15. What is the difference between Geometric and Dimensional Constraints in Parametric Modeling?
Answer:

Geometric Constraints: Define relationships between geometric elements (e.g., parallel, perpendicular).
Dimensional Constraints: Define size and location attributes (e.g., length, radius).

16. Name Three Geometric Constraints used in Parametric Modeling.

Answer:

Coincident
Collinear
Concentric

17. What are the following 4 Graphs?

Answer:

Green Line: Impact on design and costs of the building.

Blue Line: BIM-based planning process.
Yellow Line: Conventional planning process.
Red Line: Costs in case of changes.

18. What is Concurrency Control and why is it necessary in Synchronous Model-Based

Collaboration?
Answer:

Concurrency Control: Mechanism to prevent conflicts when multiple users modify the same data simultaneously.
Necessity: Ensures consistency and prevents data loss.

19. Name and explain the Primary Approaches for Concurrency Control.
Answer:

Lock-based: Uses locks to control access.

Optimistic: Assumes conflicts are rare and checks for conflicts before committing changes.
20. What is the difference between Explicit and Implicit Locking?
Answer:

Explicit Locking: User manually locks the data.

Implicit Locking: System automatically locks the data when it is accessed or modified.

21. What are the 4 Main Status of a Model in a CDE?

Answer:

Work in Progress
Shared
Published
Archived

22. What do the Terms OIR and PIR mean in the context of BIM Project Execution?
Answer:

OIR: Organizational Information Requirements

PIR: Project Information Requirements

23. What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of the Model Server?
Answer:

Advantages: Centralized data, improved collaboration, real-time updates.

Disadvantages: Initial setup cost, requires internet connectivity, data security concerns.

24. What is the Issue Tracking in a Model-Based Collaboration Process? Name the Suitable One.
Answer:

Issue Tracking: System to log, monitor, and resolve issues within the BIM process.
Suitable Tool: BIM Collaboration Format (BCF).

25. Name four benefits of a Model Server in comparison to Conventional File-Based Collaboration.
Answer:

Centralized data management

Real-time collaboration
Reduced data redundancy
Enhanced version control

26. Complete the CSG Operation in the following Figure. (Union, Intersection, or Difference)
Answer: The provided CSG tree indicates a series of union and difference operations to create the complex object from
simpler primitives (cubes and cylinders). The overall CSG operation depicted is a combination of union and difference
operations to achieve the final shape.

27. Name two Classification Systems that standardize Digital Data Exchange in the Construction
Industry.
Answer:

IFC (Industry Foundation Classes)

 COBie (Construction Operations Building Information Exchange)

28. A BIM model can be used for evaluating Sustainability Aspects. Name 4 Example Use Cases.
Answer:

Energy analysis
Material optimization
Waste reduction
Lifecycle assessment

29. Describe the difference between the Concepts of AR and VR. Name the Respective Systems
Environments Products (Two for AR Two for VR).
Answer:

AR (Augmented Reality): Overlays digital content on the real world (e.g., Microsoft HoloLens, Google Glass).
VR (Virtual Reality): Immersive experience in a completely virtual environment (e.g., Oculus Rift, HTC Vive).

30. Explain the difference between the Black-Box and the White-Box Methods in Code Compliance
Checking.
Answer:

Black-Box: Treats the system as a "black box", focusing only on inputs and outputs without considering internal
processes.
White-Box: Considers the internal workings and logic of the system, allowing for detailed verification.

31. Why does Concurrency Control is necessary in Synchronous Collaboration?

Answer: Ensures data consistency and prevents conflicts when multiple users are working on the same model
simultaneously.
32. Which of the following BIM Exchange Formats is Least Suitable for Energy Simulations?
Answer:

Least Suitable: CPIXML

Most Suitable: GBXML, IDF, IFC4

33. What are the differences between IFC and CityGML in terms of data Paradigm Modeling?
Answer:

IFC: Focuses on building and construction industry, detailing building components and their relationships.
CityGML: Focuses on urban and city modeling, representing city objects and their spatial relationships.

34. IFC is based on an ISO Standard. State the Name or the Number of the ISO Standard.
Answer: ISO 16739

35. Which Data Modeling Language is used to define the IFC Schema? Which Data Modeling
Language is used to develop Schema?
Answer:

IFC Schema Definition: EXPRESS

Schema Development: XML Schema

36. Which of the following facts about IFC is wrong?

Answer:

Property Sets can only be used to store Information that is part of the Standardized IFC Schema.

37. State Two Unique Features of the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) that distinguish it from other
file formats such as CPXML, DWG, DXF, STL, OBJ.
Answer:

Supports complex geometrical and semantic information.

Enables interoperability and data exchange across various BIM software.

38. The IFC Data Model is both Extensive and Complex. Order the following from the Most Powerful.
Answer:

Resource Layer
Core Layer
Interoperability Layer
Domain Layer

39. Most entities in the IFC Data Model must derive directly or indirectly from IFC Root. However,
this is not the case for entities belonging to one specific layer of the IFC. Select this layer from the
following List:
Answer: Resource Layer

40. What is IFC Building Element Proxy used for? Explain in general and give one specific example.
 Answer:

IFC Building Element Proxy: Used for representing building elements that do not have predefined types in IFC schema.
Example: Custom designed furniture or bespoke building components.

41. Name Three Different Geometry Representations in IFC.

Answer:

Boundary Representation (BRep)

Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)
Sweep Representation

42. Explain the term Model View Definition (MVD). Give one example of a Standardized MVD.
Answer:

Model View Definition (MVD): Specifies subsets of IFC schema needed to satisfy particular use cases or workflows.
Example: Coordination View, used for clash detection and coordination among disciplines.

43. Define the terms Schema and Instance in the context of IFC Models and Object-Oriented
Modeling. State how this is implemented in Autodesk Revit or Archicad.
Answer:

Schema: Defines the structure and rules for data types.

Instance: Actual data complying with the schema.
Implementation in Revit/Archicad: Revit and Archicad use IFC export/import functionalities to map their internal data
structures to the IFC schema.

44. Explain the concept of Objectified Relationships in IFC by using a Wall, a Window, and an
Opening Element as Examples.
Answer:

Objectified Relationships: Represent connections between building elements as objects.

Example: A wall contains an opening, which hosts a window. The relationship between the wall and the opening, and
the opening and the window are objectified in IFC.

45. What is the GABB and GAEB Standard used for? Define each term. Name two main aspects for
each term.
Answer:

GABB: German standard for building services.

GAEB: German standard for construction processes and documentation.
Aspects of GABB:

Ensures compatibility of building services components.

Facilitates data exchange in building services engineering.

Aspects of GAEB:

Standardizes the format for tendering and awarding contracts.

Ensures consistency in construction documentation.
46. Explain the difference between CAD Quantities (Quantities in a BIM Authoring Tool) and LV
Quantities (Leistungsverzeichnis) = (List of services). Explain the characteristics of CAD Quantities
and LV Quantities.
Answer:

CAD Quantities: Derived from 3D models, precise and based on actual geometry.
LV Quantities: Used for tendering and contracts, may include additional allowances and contingencies.

47. Define the term Digital Twin.

Answer: A digital representation of a physical asset, system, or process, used to analyze, monitor, and optimize performance
throughout its lifecycle.

48. What is the difference between IFC and CityGML in regard to the Geometric Modeling?
Answer:

IFC: Uses detailed and precise geometric modeling suitable for buildings and infrastructure.
CityGML: Uses simpler geometric representations for urban and city-scale models.

49. Define the term 3D City Model and name at least 2 Major Components.
Answer:

3D City Model: A digital representation of urban areas incorporating buildings, infrastructure, and landscape.
Major Components:

Terrain and landscape data.

Building and infrastructure data.

50. Name 3 Fields of Application of 3D City Models.

Answer:

Urban planning and development.

Environmental monitoring and management.
Infrastructure and utilities management.

51. Assign the Correct LOD to each Member in the Given graph.
Answer:

LOD 100: Simplified, conceptual representation of the beam.

LOD 200: Approximate dimensions but lacks detailed geometry.
LOD 300: Accurate dimensions and more precise geometric details.
LOD 350: Includes information about connections to other elements.
LOD 400: Full fabrication details, including exact dimensions and connections.
 BIM Fundamentals Questions:

1- Provide a definition of the term BIM, BIM Modeling.

2- Explain the difference between LOG and LOI.
3- What does the abbreviation LOD stand for in the context of 3D City
Modeling? List and describe the LODs briefly.
4- Name Two Advantages of 3D BIM Modeling.
5- What are the BIM use cases?
a- Provide a definition of the term.
b- Name 4 different BIM Use Cases defined by the German Ministry of
Transport.
6- What is Model Federation in a Collaborative BIM process? In which
Standard is it defined?
7- EIR and BEP are highly important in BIM Project Execution.
a- State what the Abbreviations mean.
b- Explain Both Terms and put them in Context to Each Other.
8- What is the difference between Geometry and Topology?
9- Put the following layers that structure a Commercial CAD System in a
meaningful order. Put the most General Element at the bottom.
- Domain specific CAD / BIM
System
- General Purpose CAD System
- Geometry Kernel
- Hardware
- BIM systems
- Low Level Graphics Routines
10- Name and Explain the Three Different Types of Continuity for Joining
Two Curves.
11- Which of Indexed Face Sets, and Triangulated Face Sets is more Memory
efficient? Why?
12-
a- Explain the difference between the Explicit and the Implicit Approach in
Solid Modeling regarding the Data Exchange, naming 4 Advantages or 4
Disadvantages of one Method over the Other is a Sufficient Explanation.
b- What is the general difference between the Explicit and Implicit Approach
in Solid Modeling? Naming 4 Advantages or 4 Disadvantages of one Method
over the Other is a Sufficient Explanation.
c- Explain the difference between Implicit and Explicit Synchronization in
Model-Based Collaboration6- Name three Operations to create 3D Geometry
from 2D Shapes.
13- What are the Different Methods for Generating Curves?
14-
a- What are the Three Main Types of Parametric Modeling?
b- What are the Types of Parametric Modeling?
15- What is the difference between Geometric and Dimensional Constraints
in Parametric Modeling?
16- Name Three Geometric Constraints used in Parametric Modeling.
17- What are the following 4 Graphs?

18- What is Concurrency Control and why is it necessary in Synchronous

Model-Based Collaboration?
19-
a- Name and explain the Primary Approaches for Concurrency Control.
b- Name and explain Two Primary Approaches for Concurrency Control.
20- What is the difference between Explicit and Implicit Locking?
21- What are the 4 Main Status of a Model in a CDE?
22- What do the Terms OIR and PIR mean in the context of BIM Project
Execution?
23- What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of the Model Server?
24- What is the Issue Tracking in a Model-Based Collaboration Process?
Name the Suitable One.
25- Name four benefits of a Model Server in comparison to Conventional
File-Based Collaboration.
26- Complete the CSG Operation in the following Figure. (Union, Intersection, or Di erence

27- Name two Classification Systems that standardize Digital Data Exchange
in the Construction Industry.
28- A BIM model can be used for evaluating Sustainability Aspects, Name 4
Example Use Cases.
29- Describe the difference between the Concepts of AR and VR.
- Name the Respective Systems, Environments, Products
(Two for AR, Two for VR).
30- Explain the difference between the Black-Box and the White-Box
Methods in Code Compliance Checking.
31- Why does Concurrency Contrast is necessary in Synchronous
Collaboration?
32-
a- Which of the following BIM Exchange Formats is Least Suitable for
Energy Simulations?
GBXML
CPIXML
IDF
IFC4
b- Which of the following BIM Exchange Formats are More Suitable for
Energy Simulations? (CPIXML, IDF, GBXML, IFC4)?
33- What are the differences between IFC and CityGML in terms of data
Paradigm Modeling?
34- IFC is based on an ISO Standard. State the Name or the Number of the
ISO Standard.
35-
a- Which Data Modeling Language is used to define the IFC Schema?
b- Which Data Modeling Language is used to develop Schema?
36- Which of the following facts about IFC is wrong?
- IFC can be used for Infrastructure Models.
- Property Sets can only be used to store Information that is part of the
Standardized IFC Schema.
- Geometry and Semantics are strictly separated.
- IFC allows Different Geometric Representations for One Semantic Object.
37- State Two Unique Features of the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) that
distinguish it from other file formats such as:
CPXML, DWG, DXF, STL, OBJ
- State two Unique Features of IFC such as STL.
38- The IFC Data Model is both Extensive and Complex.
Order the following from the Most Powerful.
- Core Layer
- Resource Layer
- Domain Layer
- Interoperability Layer

Or in other context:

- The IFC Data Model is both Extensive and Complex. To improve its
Maintainability and Extensibility, it is therefore structured into Several
Layers. Put the Layers in correct order according to the Principle that the
Upper Layers can reference Elements in the Layers below, but not vice versa.

- Core Layer
- Resource Layer
- Domain Layer
- Interoperability Layer
39- Most entities in the IFC Data Model must derive directly or indirectly
from IFC Root. However, this is not the case for entities belonging to one
specific layer of the IFC. Select this layer from the following List:
- Core Layer
- Interoperability Layer
- Domain Layer
- Resource Layer
40- What is IFC Building Element Proxy used for? Explain in general and
give one specific example.
41- Name Three Different Geometry Representations in IFC.
42- Explain the term Model View Definition (MVD).
- Give one example of a Standardized MVD.
43- Define the terms Schema and Instance in the context of IFC Models and
Object-Oriented Modeling. State how this is implemented in Autodesk Revit
or Archicad.
44- Explain the concept of Objectified Relationships in IFC by using a Wall,
a Window, and an Opening Element as Examples.
45- What is the GABB, and GAEB Standard used for?
a- Define each term.
b- Name two main aspects for each term.
46- Explain the difference between CAD Quantities (Quantities in a BIM
Authoring Tool) and LV Quantities (Leistungsverzeichnis)=( List of services).
- Explain the characteristics of CAD Quantities and LV Quantities.
47- Define the term Digital Twin.
48- What is the difference between IFC and CityGML in regard to the
Geometric Modeling?
49- Define the term 3D City Model and name at least 2 Major Components.
50- Name 3 Fields of Application of 3D City Models.
51- Assign the Correct LOD to each Member in the Given graph