Phys 112 Exp 6

Physics Department
Physics 112
Experiment 6
Capacitors and Inductors
Student’s name: Mohammad Shtayeh
Student’s No.: 1231028
Partner’s name: Omar Yahya
Partners No.: 1231237
Partner’s name: Ameer Jaber
Partners No.: 1230105
Section: 1
Instructor: Shayma’ Salama
Date: 17th/04/2024
Abstract:
Part 1: The aim of this part of the experiment is to find the time constant for the
charging and discharging phases of the capacitor in an RC circuit and to compare
their values.
Part 2: Here, the time constant has to be found for the inductor when the power
source starts from maximum and when it starts from zero in an RL circuit then
compare the values.
Part 3: In this part, the frequency and the angular frequency value have to be
found for the capacitor in an LC circuit.
The method for finding the time constant is by determining at which time (from the
x-axis) the voltage across a component reaches either 0.63Ɛ during charge build up
or 0.37Ɛ during decay. While the angular frequency is found by measuring the
frequency of the circuit which corresponds with the maximum amplitude.
Theory:
Part 1 (RC circuit):
A. Charging:
In an RC circuit during the positive half period of the square wave, the
capacitor, in the RC circuit charge according to the following formula
𝒕
𝑸(𝒕) = 𝑪Ɛ(𝟏 − 𝒆−𝑹𝑪 ).
𝑸
The voltage across a capacitor is equal to 𝑽𝒄 = which is
𝑪
𝒕
𝑽𝑪 = Ɛ(𝟏 − 𝒆−𝑹𝑪 )
The time constant τcan be defined as 𝝉 = 𝑹𝑪 and when substituting this
in the voltage equation it can be said that the time constant while charging
for an RC circuit is at (t = τ)
𝑽𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑Ɛ
And it is a measure of how fast the voltage across the capacitor rises.
Also, the current for the circuit can be given by
𝒅𝑸 Ɛ − 𝒕
𝑰= = 𝒆 𝑹𝑪
𝒅𝒕 𝑹
Therefore, the voltage for the resistance is equal to
𝒕
𝑽𝑹 = 𝑰𝑹 = Ɛ𝒆−𝑹𝑪
B. Discharging:
While during the negative half period of the square wave, the charge in the
simple RC circuit lessens on the capacitor plates according to the following
formula
𝒕
𝑸(𝒕) = 𝑪Ɛ𝒆−𝑹𝑪
The voltage across a capacitor is equal to
𝒕
𝑽𝑪 = Ɛ𝒆−𝑹𝑪
In this part of discharging the time constant for an RC circuit is found when
𝑽𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕Ɛ
The time constant is the measure of how fast the voltage across the capacitor
plates decreases.
Then, the current for the circuit can be given by

Ɛ 𝒕
𝑰 = − 𝒆−𝑹𝑪
𝑹
Hence, the voltage for the resistance is equal to
𝒕
𝑽𝑹 = −Ɛ𝒆−𝑹𝑪
Part 2 (RL circuit):
The current flowing through the RL circuit can be given by the equation
Ɛ 𝑹𝒕
𝑰 = (𝟏 − 𝒆− 𝑳 )
𝑹
The voltage for the resistance is equal to
𝑹𝒕
𝑽𝑹 = Ɛ(𝟏 − 𝒆− 𝑳 )
While the voltage difference across the indicator is given by

𝑹𝒕
𝑽𝑳 = Ɛ(𝟏 − 𝒆− 𝑳 )
𝑳
The time constant τfor this circuit can be defined as 𝝉 = and it is a
𝑹
measure of how fast the current rises in the circuit.
When t = τ
𝑽𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑Ɛ
And
𝑽𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕Ɛ
Part 3 (LC circuit):

In this circuit, the voltage across the capacitor plates is described through the
following equation
𝑽𝑪 = 𝐕𝐂𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛚𝐭 + Ф)
𝐕𝐂𝟎 : The amplitude, which is constant.
The angular frequency formula can be given by

𝟏
𝛚=
√𝐋𝐂
And it is also equal to 𝛚 = 𝟐𝛑𝐟
Data:
(Data Sheet Attached)

Calculations:
Given data:-
R = 1 kΩ
C = 100 nF
L = 10 mH
Part 1 (RC circuit):
Theoretically:
𝝉 = 𝑅𝐶 = (1 ∗ 103 ) ∗ (100 ∗ 10−9 ) = 1 ∗ 10−4 𝑠 ≡ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝝁𝒔
Which is the time constant for the capacitor when charging and discharging, and
also for the resistance.
Part 2 (RL circuit):
Theoretically:
𝐿 (10 ∗ 10−3 )
𝝉= = 3
= 1 ∗ 10−6 𝑠 ≡ 𝟏𝟎 𝝁𝒔
𝑅 (1 ∗ 10 )
It is the time constant for the inductor when the voltage supplier starts from
maximum or from zero, and also for the resistance.
Part 3 (LC circuit):
Theoretically:
1 1
𝛚= = = 31662.7rad/s ≡ 𝟑𝟏. 𝟔 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒎𝒔
√LC √(10 ∗ 10−3 ) ∗ (100 ∗ 10−9 )
ω 31.6
𝐟= = = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟐 𝑲𝑯𝒛
2π 2π
Main results:
RC circuit RL circuit LC circuit

𝝉 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝝁𝒔 𝝉 = 𝟏𝟎 𝝁𝒔 𝛚 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟔 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒎𝒔
𝐟 = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟐 𝑲𝑯𝒛
Conclusion:
The time constant for the components in the RC circuit was estimated to
be 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝝁𝒔, which is very close to the result got in the experiment of 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝝁𝒔 for
both charging and discharging the capacitor, and that makes the lab results
acceptable.
While in the RL circuit, the time constant for its components was calculated to be
equal to 𝟏𝟎 𝝁𝒔, and that proves that the results got in the lab are accurate due to
how close it is to them. Since the time constant for the inductor when Ɛ is at its
maximum value is equal to 𝟖. 𝟔 𝝁𝒔 and when Ɛ starts from zero it’s about 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔 𝝁𝒔.
As for the LC circuit, the angular frequency of the capacitor was estimated to
be 𝟑𝟏. 𝟔 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒎𝒔, so that makes the lab result acceptable since it is equal
to 𝟐𝟗. 𝟓 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒎𝒔. As for the frequency of the component it was calculated
theoretically as 𝟓. 𝟎𝟐 𝑲𝑯𝒛, while in the practical work it turned out to be equal
to 𝟒. 𝟕 𝑲𝑯𝒛, with no big difference in the value, the lab result can be considered as
accurate.
The cause of the error is massively concentrated in working with the DCO, putting
the right amount of frequency on the signal generator, positioning the graph in the
correct place, placing the cursors on the right lines to get the best readings, etc…
Other than that there could be some small flaws in calculating the values by theory,
or in constructing the circuit.

Phys 112 Exp 6

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Physics Department

Capacitors and Inductors

Student’s name: Mohammad Shtayeh

Student’s No.: 1231028

Partner’s name: Omar Yahya

Partners No.: 1231237

Partner’s name: Ameer Jaber

Partners No.: 1230105

Instructor: Shayma’ Salama

Part 1 (RC circuit):

Then, the current for the circuit can be given by

While the voltage difference across the indicator is given by

Part 3 (LC circuit):

𝐕𝐂𝟎 : The amplitude, which is constant.

The angular frequency formula can be given by

(Data Sheet Attached)

Part 1 (RC circuit):

𝝉 = 𝑅𝐶 = (1 ∗ 103 ) ∗ (100 ∗ 10−9 ) = 1 ∗ 10−4 𝑠 ≡ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝝁𝒔

Part 2 (RL circuit):

Part 3 (LC circuit):

RC circuit RL circuit LC circuit

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