Answers to Selected

Exercises
Exercise 2.3
1. (a) {x | x > 34}
3. (a) {2, 4, 6, 7} (c) {2, 6} (e) {2}
8. There are 16 subsets.
9. Hint: Distinguish between the two symbols ∈/ and ⊂.

Exercise 2.4
1. (a) {(3, a), (3, b), (6, a), (6, b), (9, a), (9, b)}
3. No.
5. Range = {y | 8 ≤ y ≤ 32}

Exercise 2.5
2. (a) and (b) differ in the sign of the slope measure; (a) and (c) differ in the vertical
intercept.
4. When negative values are permissible, quadrant III has to be used too.
5. (a) x 19
6. (a) x 6

Exercise 3.2
3 2
1. P ∗ = 2 11 , and Q ∗ = 14 11
3. Note: In 2(a), c = 10 (not 6).
5. Hint: b + d = 0 implies d = −b.

Exercise 3.3
1. (a) x1∗ = 5, and x2∗ = 3
3. (a) (x − 6)(x + 1)(x − 3) = 0, or x 3 − 8x 2 + 9x + 18 = 0
5. (a) −1, 2, and 3 (c) −1, 12 , and − 14
662
 Answers to Selected Exercises 663

Exercise 3.4
6 8 7 7
3. P1∗ = 3 17 P2∗ = 3 17 Q ∗1 = 11 17 Q ∗2 = 8 17

Exercise 3.5
1. (b) Y ∗ = (a − bd + I0 + G 0 )/[1 − b(1 − t)]
T ∗ = [d(1 − b) + t (a + I0 + G 0 )]/[1 − b(1 − t)]
C ∗ = [a − bd + b(1 − t)( I0 + G 0 )]/[1 − b(1 − t)]
3. Hint: After substituting the last two equations into the first, consider the resulting
equation as a quadratic equation in the variable w ≡ Y 1/2 . Only one root is acceptable,
w∗1 = 11, giving Y ∗ = 121 and C ∗ = 91. The other root leads to a negative C ∗ .

Exercise 4.1
1. The elements in the (column) vector of constants are: 0, a, −c.

Exercise 4.2
7 3 21 −3
1. (a) (c)
9 7 18 27 
1 0 0
3. In this special case, AB happens to be equal to B A =  0 1 0  .
0 0 1
49 3 3x + 5y
4. (b) (c)
4 3 4x + 2y − 7z
(2 × 2) (2 × 1)
6. (a) x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 (c) b(x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 )
4
7. (b) ai (xi+1 + i) (d ) Hint: x 0 = 1 for x = 0
i=2

Exercise 4.3  
x12
 
15 5 −5 x1 x2 x1 x3
1. (a) uv =  3 1 −1  (c) x x =  x2 x1 x22 x2 x3 
 
9 3 −3 x3 x1 x3 x2 x32

(e) u v = 13 (g) u u = 35
n
3. (a) Pi Q i (b) P · Q or P Q or Q P
i=1
0 5
5. (a) 2v = (c) u − v =
6 −2
√
7. (a) d = 27
9. (c) d(v, 0) = (v · v) 1/2

Exercise 4.4
5 17
1. (a)
11 17
664 Answers to Selected Exercises

2. No; it should be A − B = −B + A.
4. (a) k( A + B) = k[ai j + bi j ] = [kai j + kbi j ] = [kai j ] + [kbi j ] = k[ai j ] + k[bi j ] =
kA + kB (Can you justify each step?)

Exercise 4.5
−1 5 7 x1
1. (a) AI3 = (c) I2 x =
0 −2 4 x2
3. (a) 5 × 3 (c) 2 × 1
4. Hint: Multiply the given diagonal matrix by itself, and examine the resulting product
matrix for conditions for idempotency.

Exercise 4.6
0 −1 3 0
1. A = and B =
4 3 −8 1
3. Hint: Define D ≡ AB, and apply (4.11).
5. Hint: Define D ≡ AB, and apply (4.14).

Exercise 5.1
1. (a) (5.2) (c) (5.3) (e) (5.3)
3. (a) Yes. (d) No.
5. (a) r( A) = 3; A is nonsingular. (b) r( B) = 2; B is singular.

Exercise 5.2
1. (a) −6 (c) 0 (e) 3abc − a 3 − b3 − c3
d f d f
3. |Mb | = |Cb | = −
g i g i
4. (a) Hint: Expand by the third column.
5. 20 (not −20)

Exercise 5.3
3. (a) Property IV. (b) Property III (applied to both rows).
4. (a) Singular. (c) Singular.
5. (a) Rank < 3 (c) Rank < 3
7. A is nonsingular because |A| = 1 − b = 0.

Exercise 5.4
4 4
1. ai3 |Ci2 | a2 j C 4 j
i=1 j=1
3. (a) Interchange the two diagonal elements of A; multiply the two off-diagonal
elements of A by −1.
(b) Divide by |A|.
 Answers to Selected Exercises 665

   
1  3 2 −3 1 0 0
4. (a) E −1 = −7 2 7 (c) G −1 = 0 0 1
20
−6 −4 26 0 1 0

Exercise 5.5
1. (a) x1∗ = 4, and x2∗ = 3 (c) x1∗ = 2, and x2∗ = 1
1 1 2 4 1 1 7 2
2. (a) A−1 = ; x∗ = (c) A−1 = ; x∗ =
7 −2 3 3 15 −1 8 1
3. (a) x1∗ = 2, x2∗ = 0, x3∗ = 1 ∗ ∗ ∗
(c) x = 0, y = 3, z = 4
4. Hint: Apply (5.8) and (5.13).
Exercise 5.6  
1 1 1 −b
1. (a) A−1 =  b(1 − t) 1 −b 
1 − b + bt
t t 1−b
 ∗  
Y 1 I0 + G 0 + a − bd
 C∗  =  b(1 − t)( I0 + G 0 ) + a − bd 
∗ 1 − b + bt
T t ( I0 + G 0 ) + at + d(1 − b)
(b) |A| = 1 − b + bt |A1 | = I0 + G 0 − bd + a
|A2 | = a − bd + b(1 − t)( I0 + G 0 ) |A3 | = d(1 − b) + t (a + I0 + G 0 )
Exercise 5.7
1. x1∗ = 69.53, x2∗ = 57.03, and x3∗ = 42.58
0.10 0.50 0.90 −0.50 x1 1,000
3. (a) A = ; the matrix equation is = .
0.60 0 −0.60 1.00 x2 2,000
(c) x1∗ = 3,333 13 , and x2∗ = 4,000
4. Element 0.33: 33¢ of Commodity II is needed as input for producing $1 of Commodity I.
Exercise 6.2
1. (a) y/ x = 8x + 4 x (b) dy/dx = 8x (c) f (3) = 24, f (4) = 32
3. (a) y/ x = 5; a constant function.

Exercise 6.4
1. Left-side limit = right-side limit = 15; the limit is 15.
3. (a) 5 (b) 5

Exercise 6.5
1. (a) −3/4 < x (c) x < 1/2
3. (a) −7 < x < 5 (c) −4 ≤ x ≤ 1

Exercise 6.6
1. (a) 7 (c) 17
3. (a) 2 12 (c) 2
666 Answers to Selected Exercises

Exercise 6.7
2. (a) N 2 − 5N − 2 (b) Yes. (c) Yes.
3. (a) ( N + 2)/( N 2 + 2) (b) Yes. (c) Continuous in the domain.
6. Yes; each function is continuous and smooth.
Exercise 7.1
1. (a) dy/dx = 12x 11 (c) dy/dx = 35x 4 (e) dw/du = −2u −1/2
3. (a) f (x) = 18; f (1) = f (2) = 18
(c) f (x) = 10x −3 ; f (1) = 10, f (2) = 1 14
Exercise 7.2
dVC
1. VC = Q 3 − 5Q 2 + 12Q; = 3Q 2 − 10Q + 12 is the MC function.
dQ
3. (a) 3(27x 2 + 6x − 2) (c) 12x(x + 1) (e) −x(9x + 14)
4. (b) MR = 60 − 6Q
7. (a) (x 2 − 3)/x 2 (c) 30/(x + 5) 2
8. (a) a (c) −a/(ax + b) 2
Exercise 7.3
1. −2x[3(5 − x 2 ) 2 + 2]
3. (a) 18x(3x 2 − 13) 2 (c) 5a(ax + b) 4
5. x = 17 y − 3, dx/dy = 1
7

Exercise 7.4
1. (a) ∂ y/∂ x1 = 6x12 − 22x1 x2 , and ∂ y/∂ x2 = −11x12 + 6x2
(c) ∂ y/∂ x1 = 2(x2 − 2), and ∂ y/∂ x2 = 2x1 + 3
3. (a) 12 (c) 10/9
5. (a) U1 = 2(x1 + 2)(x2 + 3) 3 , and U2 = 3(x1 + 2) 2 (x2 + 3) 2
Exercise 7.5
1. ∂ Q ∗ /∂a = d/(b + d) > 0 ∂ Q ∗ /∂b = −d(a + c)/(b + d) 2 < 0
∂ Q ∗ /∂c = −b/(b + d) < 0 ∂ Q ∗ /∂d = b(a + c)/(b + d) 2 > 0
2. ∂Y ∗ /∂ I0 = ∂Y ∗ /∂α = 1/(1 − β + βδ) > 0
Exercise 7.6
1. (a) |J | = 0; the functions are dependent.
(b) |J | = −20x2 ; the functions are independent.
Exercise 8.1
1. (a) dy = −3(x 2 + 1) dx (c) dy = [(1 − x 2 )/(x 2 + 1) 2 ] dx
3. (a) dC/dY = b, and C/Y = (a + bY )/Y
Exercise 8.2
2. (a) dz = (6x + y) dx + (x − 6y 2 ) dy
 Answers to Selected Exercises 667

3. (a) dy = [x2 /(x1 + x2 ) 2 ] dx1 − [x1 /(x1 + x2 ) 2 ] dx2

4. ε Q P = 2b P 2 /(a + b P 2 + R 1/2 )
1/2
6. ε X P = −2/(Y f P 2 + 1)
Exercise 8.3
3. (a) dy = 3[(2x2 − 1)(x3 + 5) dx1 + 2x1 (x3 + 5) dx2 + x1 (2x2 − 1) dx3 ]
4. Hint: Apply the definitions of differential and total differential.
Exercise 8.4
1. (a) dz/dy = x + 10y + 6y 2 = 28y + 9y 2
(c) dz/dy = −15x + 3y = 108y − 30
3. d Q/dt = [aα A/K + bβ A/L + A (t)]K α L β
4. (b) §W/§u = 10u f 1 + f 2 §W/§v = 3 f 1 − 12v 2 f 2
Exercise 8.5
5. (a) Defined; dy/dx = −(3x 2 − 4x y + 3y 2 )/(−2x 2 + 6x y) = −9/8
(b) Defined; dy/dx = −(4x + 4y)/(4x − 4y 3 ) = 2/13
7. The condition Fy = 0 is violated at (0, 0).
8. The product of partial derivatives is equal to −1.
Exercise 8.6
1. (c) (dY ∗ /dG 0 ) = 1/(S + T − I ) > 0
3. (∂ P ∗ /∂Y0 ) = DY0 /(S P ∗ − D P ∗ ) > 0 (∂ Q ∗ /∂Y0 ) = DY0 S P ∗ /(S P ∗ − D P ∗ ) > 0
(∂ P ∗ /∂T0 ) = −ST0 /(S P ∗ − D P ∗ ) > 0 (∂ Q ∗ /∂T0 ) = −ST0 D P ∗ /(S P ∗ − D P ∗ ) < 0

Exercise 9.2
1. (a) When x = 2, y = 15 (a relative maximum).
(c) When x = 0, y = 3 (a relative minimum).
2. (a) The critical value x = −1 lies outside the domain; the critical value x = 1 leads to
y = 3 (a relative minimum).
4. (d) The elasticity is one.

Exercise 9.3
1. (a) f (x) = 2a, f (x) = 0 (c) f (x) = 6(1 − x) −3 , f (x) = 18(1 − x) −4
3. (b) A straight line.
5. Every point on f (x) is a stationary point, but the only stationary point on g(x)
we know of is at x = 3.
Exercise 9.4
1. (a) f (2) = 33 is a maximum.
(c) f (1) = 5 13 is a maximum; f (5) = −5 13 is a minimum.
2. Hint: First write an area function A in terms of one variable (either L or W ) alone.
3. (d ) Q ∗ = 11 (e) Maximum profit = 111 13
668 Answers to Selected Exercises

5. (a) k < 0 (b) h < 0 (c) j > 0

7. (b) S is maximized at the output level 20.37 (approximately).

Exercise 9.5
1. (a) 120 (c) 4 (e) (n + 2)(n + 1)
2. (a) 1 + x + x + x + x 4
2 3

3. (b) −63 − 98x − 62x 2 − 18x 3 − 2x 4 + R4

Exercise 9.6
1. (a) f (0) = 0 is an inflection point. (c) f (0) = 5 is a relative minimum.
2. (b) f (2) = 0 is a relative minimum.

Exercise 10.1
1. (a) Yes. (b) Yes.
5t
3. (a) 5e (c) −12e−2t
5. (a) The curve with a = −1 is the mirror image of the curve with a = 1 with reference
to the horizontal axis.

Exercise 10.2
1. (a) 7.388 (b) 1.649
1 1
2. (c) 1 + 2x + (2x) 2 + (2x) 3 + · · ·
2! 3!
3. (a) $70e0.12 (b) $690e0.10

Exercise 10.3
1. (a) 4 (c) 4
2. (a) 7 (c) −3 (e) 6
3. (a) 26 (c) ln 3 − ln B (f) 3

Exercise 10.4
1. The requirement prevents the function from degenerating into a constant function.
3. Hint: Take log to base b.
4. (a) y = e(3 ln 8)t or y = e6.2385t (c) y = 5e(ln 5)t or y = 5e1.6095t
5. (a) t = (ln y)/(ln 7) or t = 0.5139 ln y
(c) t = 3 ln(9y)/(ln 15) or t = 1.1078 ln(9y)
6. (a) r = ln 1.05 (c) r = 2 ln 1.03

Exercise 10.5
2 2
1. (a) 2e2t+4 (c) 2tet +1 (e) (2ax + b)eax +bx+c

3. (a) 5/t (c) 1/(t + 19) (e) 1/[x(1 + x)]

5. Hint: Use (10.21), and apply the chain rule.
7. (a) 3(8 − x 2 )/[(x + 2) 2 (x + 4) 2 ]
 Answers to Selected Exercises 669

Exercise 10.6
1. t ∗ = 1/r 2
√
2. d 2 A/dt 2 = −A(ln 2)/4 t 3 < 0

Exercise 10.7
1. (a) 2/t (c) ln b (e) 1/t − ln 3
3. r y = kr x
7. |εd | = n
11. r Q = εQ K r K + εQ L rL

Exercise 11.2
1. z ∗ = 3 is a minimum.
3. z ∗ = c, which is a minimum in case (a), a maximum in case (b), and a saddle point in
case (c).
5. (a) Any pair (x, y) other than (2, 3) yields a positive z value.
(b) Yes. (c) No. (d) Yes (d 2 z = 0).

Exercise 11.3
1. q = 4u 2 + 4uv + 3v 2
(a) (c) q = 5x 2 + 6x y
3. (a)
Positive definite. (c) Neither.
5. (a)
Positive definite. (c) Negative definite. (e) Positive definite.
1
√
6. r1 , r2 = 2 (7 ± 17); u Du is positive definite.
(a)
√
(c) r1 , r2 = 12 (5 ± 61); u Fu is indefinite.
√ √
2/ 5 −1/ 5
7. v1 = √ , v2 = √
1/ 5 2/ 5

Exercise 11.4
1. z ∗ = 0 (minimum)
3. z ∗ = −11/40 (minimum)
4. z ∗ = 2 − e (minimum), attained at (x ∗ , y ∗ , w∗ ) = (0, 0, 1)
5. (b) Hint: See (11.16).
√ √
6. (a) r1 = 2 r2 = 4 + 6 r3 = 4 − 6

Exercise 11.5
1. (a) Strictly convex. (c) Strictly convex.
2. (a) Strictly concave. (c) Neither.
3. No.
5. (a) Disk. (b) Yes.
7. (a) Convex combination, with θ = 0.5. (b) Convex combination, with θ = 0.2.
670 Answers to Selected Exercises

Exercise 11.6
1. (a) No. (b) Q ∗1 = P10 /4 and Q ∗2 = P20 /4
3. |εd1 | = 1 8 |εd2 | = 1 13 |εd3 | = 1 12
5

5. (a) π = P0 Q(a, b)(1 + 12 i 0 ) −2 − Pa0 a − Pb0 b

Exercise 11.7
1. (∂a ∗ /∂ Pa0 ) = P0 Q bb e−rt /|J | < 0 (∂b∗ /∂ Pa0 ) = −P0 Q ab e−rt /|J | < 0
2. (a) Four. (b) (∂a ∗ /∂ P0 ) = ( Q b Q ab − Q a Q bb ) P0 (1 + i 0 ) −2 /|J | > 0
(c) (∂a /∂i 0 ) = ( Q a Q bb − Q b Q ab ) P02 (1 + i 0 ) −3 /|J | < 0
∗

Exercise 12.2
1. (a) z ∗ = 1/2, attained when λ∗ = 1/2, x ∗ = 1, and y ∗ = 1/2
(c) z ∗ = −19, attained when λ∗ = −4, x ∗ = 1, and y ∗ = 5
4. Z λ = −G(x, y) = 0 Z x = f x − λG x = 0 Z y = f y − λG y = 0
5. Hint: Distinguish between identical equality and conditional equality.

Exercise 12.3
1. (a) | H | = 4; z ∗ is a maximum. (c) | H | = −2; z ∗ is a minimum.

Exercise 12.4
2. (a) Quasiconcave, but not strictly so. (c) Strictly quasiconcave.
4. (a) Neither. (c) Quasiconvex, but not quasiconcave.
5. Hint: Review Sec. 9.4.
7. Hint: Use either (12.21) or (12.25 ).

Exercise 12.5
1. (b) λ∗ = 3, x ∗ = 16, y ∗ = 11 (c) | H | = 48; condition is satisfied.
3. (∂ x ∗ /∂ B) = 1/2Px > 0 (∂ x ∗ /∂ Px ) = −( B + Py )/2Px2 < 0
(∂ x ∗ /∂ Py ) = 1/2Px > 0 etc.
5. Not valid.
7. No to both (a) and (b)—see (12.32) and (12.33 ).

Exercise 12.6
1. (a) Homogeneous of degree one. (c) Not homogeneous.
(e) Homogeneous of degree two.
4. They are true.
7. (a) Homogeneous of degree a + b + c.
8. (a) j 2 Q = g( jK , jL) (b) Hint: Let j = 1/L.
(d ) Homogeneous of degree one in K and L.
 Answers to Selected Exercises 671

Exercise 12.7
1. (a) 1 : 2 : 3 (b) 1 : 4 : 9
2. Hint: Review Figs. 8.2 and 8.3.
4. Hint: This is a total derivative.
6. (a) Downward-sloping straight lines. (b) σ → ∞ as ρ → −1
8. (a) 7 (c) ln 5 − 1

Exercise 13.1
3. The conditions x j (∂ Z /∂ x j ) = 0 and the conditions λi (∂ Z /∂λi ) = 0 can be condensed.
5. Consistent.

Exercise 13.2
1. No qualifying arc can be found for a test vector such as (dx1 , dx2 ) = (1, 0).
3. (x1∗ , x2∗ ) = (0, 0) is a cusp. The constraint qualification is satisfied (all test vectors are
horizontal and pointing eastward); the Kuhn-Tucker conditions are satisfied, too.
4. All the conditions can be satisfied by choosing y0∗ = 0 and y1∗ ≥ 0.

Exercise 13.4
2. (a) Yes. (b) Yes. (c) No.
4. (a) Yes. (b) Yes.

Exercise 14.2
1. (a) −8x −2 + c, (x = 0) (c) 16 x 6 − 32 x 2 + c
2. (a) 13e x + c (c) 5e x − 3x −1 + c, (x = 0)
3. (a) 3 ln |x| + c, (x = 0) (c) ln(x 2 + 3) + c
4. (a) 23 (x + 1) 3/2 (x + 3) − 4
15
(x + 1) 5/2 + c

Exercise 14.3
a
1. (a) 4 13 (b) 3 14 (e) 2 +c
3
2. (a) 12 (e−2 − e−4 ) (c) e2 12 e4 − 12 e2 + e − 1
3. (b) Underestimate. (e) f (x) is Riemann integrable.

Exercise 14.4
1. None.
2. (a), (c), (d ) and (e).
3. (a), (c) and (d ) convergent; (e) divergent.

Exercise 14.5
1. (a) R( Q) = 14Q 2 − 10
3
e0.3Q + 10
3 (b) R( Q) = 10Q/(1 + Q)
4/3
3. (a) K (t) = 9t + 25
5. (a) 29,000
672 Answers to Selected Exercises

Exercise 14.6
1. Capital alone is considered. Since labor is normally necessary for production as well,
the underlying assumption is that K and L are always used in a fixed proportion.
3. Hint: Use (6.8).
u
4. Hint: ln u − ln v = ln
v
Exercise 15.1
1. (a) y(t) = −e−4t + 3 (c) y(t) = 32 (1 − e−10t )
3. (a) y(t) = 4(1 − e−t ) (c) y(t) = 6e5t (e) y(t) = 8e7t − 1

Exercise 15.2
1. The D curve should be steeper.
3. The price adjustment mechanism generates a differential equation.
β +δ α
5. (a) P(t) = A exp − t + (b) Yes.
η β +δ

Exercise 15.3
1. y(t) = Ae−5t + 3
2
3. y(t) = e−t + 12
5. y(t) = e−6t − 17 et
6. Hint: Review Sec. 14.2, Example 17.

Exercise 15.4
1. (a) y(t) = (c/t 3 ) 1/2 (c) yt + y 2 t = c

Exercise 15.5
dy 1
1. (a) Separable; linear when written as + y=0
dt t
(c) Separable; reducible to a Bernoulli equation.
3. y(t) = ( A − t 2 ) 1/2

Exercise 15.6
1. (a) Upward-sloping phase line; dynamically unstable equilibrium.
(c) Downward-sloping phase line; dynamically stable equilibrium.
3. The sign of the derivative measures the slope of the phase line.

Exercise 15.7
1. rk = r K − r L [c f. (10.25)]
4. (a) Plot (3 − y) and ln y as two separate curves, and then subtract. A single
equilibrium exists (at a y value between 1 and 3) and is dynamically stable.
 Answers to Selected Exercises 673

Exercise 16.1
1. (a) y p = 2/5 (c) y p = 3 (e) y p = 6t 2
3. (a) y(t) = 6et + e−4t − 3 (c) y(t) = et + tet + 3
6. Hint: Apply L’Hôpital’s rule.

Exercise 16.2
√ √
1. (a) 32 ± 32 3i (c) − 14 ± 34 7i
3. (b) Hint: When θ = π/4, line OP is a 45° line.
d d
5. (a) sin f (θ) = f (θ) cos f (θ) (b) cos θ 3 = −3θ 2 sin θ 3
dθ
√ dθ
7. (a) 3 + i (c) 1 − i

Exercise 16.3
1. y(t) = e2t (3 cos 2t + 12 sin 2t)
√ √ √
−3t/2 7 7 7
3. y(t) = e − cos t+ sin t +3
2 7 2
5. y(t) = 23 cos 3t + sin 3t + 13

Exercise 16.4
m−u β +δ α+γ α+γ
1. (a) P + P − =− (n = w) (b) Pp =
n−w n−w n−w β +δ
3. (a) P(t) = et/2 2 cos 32 t + 2 sin 32 t + 2

Exercise 16.5
dπ
1. (a) + j (1 − g) = j (α − T − βU )
dt
(b) No complex roots; no fluctuation.
3. (c) Both are first-order differential
√ equations.
√ (d ) g = 1
2 2 1 2
4. (a) π(t) = e−t A5 cos t + A6 sin t +m (c) P = m; U = − m
4 4 18 9

Exercise 16.6
2. (a) y p = t − 2 (c) y p = 14 et

Exercise 16.7
1 2
1. (a) y p = 4 (c) y p = 18 t
3. (a) Divergent. (c) Convergent.

Exercise 17.2
1. (a) yt+1 = yt + 7 (c) yt+1 = 3yt − 9
3. (a) yt = 10 + t (c) yt = y0 α t − β(1 + α + α 2 + · · · + α t−1 )
674 Answers to Selected Exercises

Exercise 17.3
1. (a) Nonoscillatory; divergent. (c) Oscillatory; convergent.
3. (a) yt = −8(1/3) t + 9 (c) yt = −2(−1/4) t + 4

Exercise 17.4
1. Q t = α − β( P0 − P)(−δ/β) t − β P
3. (a) P = 3; explosive oscillation. (c) P = 2; uniform oscillation.
5. The lag in the supply function.

Exercise 17.5
1. a = −1
3. Pt = ( P0 − 3)(−1.4) t + 3, with explosive oscillation.

Exercise 17.6
1. No.
2. (b) Nonoscillatory, explosive downward movement.
(d ) Damped, steady downward movement toward R.
4. (a) At first downward-sloping, then becoming horizontal.

Exercise 18.1
1. (a) 12 ± 12 i (c) 12 , −1
3. (a) 4 (stationary) (c) 5 (stationary)
√ t π π
4. (b) yt = 2 2 cos t + sin t + 1
4 4

Exercise 18.2
1. (a) Subcase 1D. (c) Subcase 1C.
3. Hint: Use (18.16).

Exercise 18.3
3. Possibilities v, viii, x, and xi will become feasible.
4. (a) pt+2 − [2 − j (1 − g) − βk] pt+1 + [1 − j (1 − g) − βk(1 − j)] pt = jβkm
(c) βk � 4

Exercise 18.4
1. (a) 1 (c) 3t 2 + 3t + 1
1
3. (a) y p = 4 t (c) y p = 2 − t + t 2
5. (a) 1/2, −1 and 1
 Answers to Selected Exercises 675

Exercise 19.2
2. b3 + b2 − 3b + 2 = 0
3. (a) xt = −(3) t + 4(−2) t + 7 yt = 2(3) t + 2(−2) t + 5
4. (a) x(t) = 4e−2t − 3e−3t + 12 y(t) = −e−2t + e−3t + 4

Exercise 19.3
2. (c) β = (δ I − A) −1 u
3. (c) β = (ρ I + I − A) −1 λ
17 t/10 19 t/10
5. (c) x1 (t) = 4e−4t/10 + 2e−11t/10 + 6
e ; x2 (t) = 3e−4t/10 − 2e−11t/10 + 6
e

Exercise 19.4
   
A1 √ t A2 √ t
4. (a) πc √  33 + 193 √  33 − 193
=  23 − 193  +  23 + 193 
 
Uc A1 64 A2 64
48 48
 
µ
+1
 

(1 − µ)
6

Exercise 19.5
1. The single equation can be rewritten as two first-order equations.
2. Yes.
4. (a) Saddle point.

Exercise 19.6
1. (a) |JE | = 1 and tr JE = 2; locally unstable node.
(c) |JE | = 5 and tr JE = −1; locally stable focus.
2. (a) Locally a saddle point. (c) Locally stable node or stable focus.
4. (a) The x = 0 and y = 0 curves coincide, and provide a lineful of equilibrium
points.

Exercise 20.2
1−t t t2
1. λ∗ = 1 − t u∗ = y∗ = − + 2
2 2 4
6. λ∗ (t) = 3e4−t − 3 ∗
u (t) = 2 y (t) = 7e t − 2
∗

Exercise 20.4
1. λ∗ = δ/(δ 2 + α) K ∗ = 1/2(δ 2 + α)