Grade 9 Transformations Name:

The term TRANSORMATION refers to the changing of a shape through sliding, flipping, turning or resizing.
• The mathematical phrase used for
 sliding is translating
 flipping is reflecting
 turning is rotating
 resizing is enlarging or reducing (contracting)
• The original shape is called the object and the transformed shape is called the image.
• We also use notation for points to distinguish between points on the object and points on the image.
If point P is a point on the object, then P' is a point on the image.
If a second transformation takes place, then P'' is a point on the second image.

Types of transformations:

1) Translation: Translating an object/shape simply means moving the object/shape.

Every point of the shape moves the same distance and in the same direction.

Example: Translate ∆ABC 3 units to the right and 2 units down to form ∆ A ′ B′ C ′ .

Algebraically, we state: ( x ; y)  ( x + 3 ; y − 2)

In words, we state ( x ; y)  ( x + 3 ; y − 2) as a translation, 3 units to the right and 2 units down

Algebraically
• if a point ( x ; y) is translated a units to the right and b units up, then ( x ; y)  ( x + a ; y + b)

• if a point ( x ; y) is translated a units to the left and b units down, then ( x ; y)  ( x − a ; y − b)

• if a point ( x ; y) is translated a units to the left and b units up, then ( x ; y)  ( x − a ; y + b)

• if a point ( x ; y) is translated a units to the right and b units down, then ( x ; y)  ( x + a ; y − b)

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2) Reflection Reflecting an object/shape is flipping an object over a mirror line or the line of reflection.
Every point of the object will be reflected at 90º to the mirror line to form the image.
The distance between the object and the mirror line will be the same as the distance between
the image and the mirror line.

Mirror lines
a) the y-axis, (x = 0) b) the x-axis (y = 0) c) the line y = x d) the line y = − x
Example 1: Reflect ΔABC about the y − axis (x = 0)

In this example A(– 1;2) A'(1;2), B(– 3;4) B'(3;4) and C(– 2;5) C'(2;5)
In general (Algebraically): P( x ; y)  P' (− x ; y ) if we reflect an object about the y − axis .
In words we state: Reflection about the y − axis
Example 2: Reflect ABCDEF about the x − axis (y = 0)

In this example A(– 5;1) A'(– 5; – 1), B(– 5;6) B'(– 5; – 6), C(1;6) C'(1; – 6)…etc
The algebraic rule is given by P( x ; y)  P' ( x ; − y )
Stated in words, this transformation is described as a reflection about the x − axis
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Example 3: Reflect ∆ABC about the line y = x

In this example A(– 4; – 3) A'(– 3; – 4), B(–1;5) B'(5; –1) and C(1;4) C'(4;1)
The algebraic rule is given by P( x ; y)  P' ( y ; x) if we reflect an object about the line y = x
Stated in words, this transformation is described as a reflection about the line y = x

Example 4: Reflect ΔABC about the line y = − x

In this example A(– 5; – 1) A'(1;5), B(1; – 3) B'(3; – 1) and C(– 6;4) C'(– 4;6)
The algebraic rule is given by P( x ; y)  P' (− y ; − x) if we reflect an object about the line y = − x
Stated in words, this transformation is described as a reflection about the y = − x

Algebraically (Summary):
• if a point ( x ; y) is reflected about the y − axis , then ( x ; y)  (− x ; y )
• if a point ( x ; y) is reflected about the x − axis , then ( x ; y)  ( x ; − y )
• if a point ( x ; y) is reflected about the line y = x , then ( x ; y)  ( y ; x)
• if a point ( x ; y) is reflected about the line y = − x , then ( x ; y)  (− y ; − x)

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3) Rotation: Rotation is the transformation in which the object is rotated (turned) about a fixed point.
We will use the origin (0;0) as the fixed point. This fixed point is called the centre of rotation.

We will rotate an object about the point (0;0) through:

a) 90º clockwise (which is the equivalent to 270º anti-clockwise)
b) 180º clockwise (which is the equivalent to 180º anti-clockwise)
c) 90º anti-clockwise (which is the equivalent to 270º clockwise)

Example 1: Rotate A(– 5;2) 90º clockwise about the origin to form A'.

Note that the distance from the origin to the object is equal to the distance from the image to the origin

Example 2: Rotate ∆ABC 90º clockwise about the origin. It has vertices A(0;2), B(2;5) & C(3;4).

In this example A(0;2) A'(2;0), B(2;5) B'(5; – 2), C(3;4) C'(4; – 3)

The algebraic rule is given by P( x ; y)  P'(y; – x) if we rotate 90º clockwise about the origin.
Stated in words, this transformation is described as a 90º clockwise rotation about the origin.

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Example 3: Rotate A(– 5;2) 180º clockwise about the origin to form A'.

In this example A(– 5;2) A'(5; – 2)

The algebraic rule is given by P( x ; y)  P'(– x; – y) if we rotate 180º clockwise about the origin.
Stated in words, this transformation is described as a 180º clockwise rotation about the origin.

Example 4: Rotate ∆ABC with A(1;2), B(3;5) and C(2; – 4) 180º clockwise about the origin to form ∆ A ′ B′ C ′

In this example A(1;2) A'(–1; – 2), B(3;5) B'(– 3; –5), C(2; – 4) C'(– 2;4)
The algebraic rule is given by P( x ; y)  P' (− x ; − y ) if we rotate 180º clockwise about the origin
Stated in words, this transformation is described either as
a rotation through 180º clockwise or 180º anti-clockwise about the origin.

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Example 5: Rotate A(– 5;2) 270º clockwise about the origin, or 90º anti-clockwise about the origin, to form A'(– 2; – 5)

The algebraic rule for a 90º anti-clockwise rotation

is given by ( x; y ) → ( − y; x )

Example 6: Rotate ∆ABC , with A(1;2), B(3;7) and C(5;3), 270º clockwise about the origin to form ∆ A ′ B′ C ′

In this example A(1;2) A'(– 2;1), B(3;7) B'(– 7;3), C(5;3) C'(– 3;5)
The algebraic rule is given by P( x ; y)  P' (− y ; x) if we rotate 270º clockwise about the origin
Stated in words, this transformation is described as a 270º clockwise rotation about the origin.
Remember that a 90º anti-clockwise rotation about the origin is exactly the same rotation as a 270º clockwise
rotation about the origin.

Algebraically (Summary):
• if a point ( x ; y) is rotated 90º clockwise about the origin (270º anti-clockwise) then ( x ; y)  ( y ; − x)
• if a point ( x ; y) is rotated 180º clockwise about the origin (180º anti-clockwise) then ( x ; y)  (− x ; − y )
• if a point ( x ; y) is rotated 90º anti-clockwise about the origin (270º clockwise) then ( x ; y)  (− y ; x)

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4) Enlargements/reductions The origin is the centre of the enlargement/reduction.
Each point of the object will be resized along a straight line from the origin.
The distance each point of the object moves depends on the scale factor.

Example 1: Enlarge ∆ABC with A(1;2), B(3;4) and C(5;3) through the origin by a scale factor of 2.

A(1;2) A'(2;4), B(3;4) B'(6;8) and C(5;3) C'(10;6)

Example 2: Enlarge ∆ABC with A(– 5;2), B(3;4) and C(– 1; – 3) through (0;0) by a scale factor of 3.

In this example A(– 5;2) A'(– 15;6), B(3;4) B'(9;12) and C(– 1; – 3) C'(– 3; – 9)
The algebraic rule is given by P( x ; y)  P' (kx ; ky ) if a point ( x ; y) is enlarged by a factor of k
Stated in words, this transformation is described as an enlargement by a scale factor of k.

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1. Complete the table below by filling in the coordinates in each case.

Transformation A ( 7; 2) B (– 5; 8) C (x; y)

Reflection in the x-axis

Reflection in the y-axis

Reflection in the line y = x

Reflection in the line y = – x

Translation left 6, down 4

Translation right 4, up 2

Translation right t units, down k units

Rotation of 180° about the origin

Rotation of 90° clockwise about the origin

Rotation of 90° anti-clockwise about the

origin

Enlargement by a scale factor of 2

Enlargement by a scale factor of k ( k >0)

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2. On the axes, show the image of the shape after each of the following single transformations
of the given object. Label each result by using the letters (a) and (b).

(a) reflection about the y – axis (b) reflection about the x – axis

Complete the statements for point A and for any point P if both A and P undergo
(a) a reflection about the y – axis: A( ; )  A' ( ; ) and P( x ; y)  P' ( ; )
(b) a reflection about the x – axis: A( ; )  A'' ( ; ) and P( x ; y)  P'' ( ; )

3. On the axes show the image of the given shape after each of the following single transformations
of the given object. Label each result by using the letters (a) and (b)

(a) a translation 5 units down

(b) a translation 1 unit up and 4 units right

Complete the statements below for point A and any point P if both A and P undergo
(a) a translation 5 units down: A( ; )  A' ( ; ) and P( x ; y)  P' ( ; )
(b) a translation 1 unit up and 4 units right: A( ; )  A'' ( ; ) and P( x ; y)  P'' ( ; )

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4. On the axes show the image of the given shape after each of the following single transformations
of the given object. Label each result by using the letters (a) and (b)

(a) Reflection in the x- axis

(b) Reflection in the line y = – x

5. On the axes show the image of the given shape after each of the following single transformations
of the given object. Label each result using the letters (a) and (b)

(a) Reflection in the y-axis

(b) A translation 2 units down and 3units left

Complete the following statement for point A and any point P if A and P undergo
(a) a Reflection in the y-axis: A( ; )  A' ( ; ) and P( x ; y)  P' ( ; )
(b) a translation 2 units down and 3units left: A( ; )  A'' ( ; ) and P( x ; y)  P'' ( ; )
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6. On the axes show the image of the given shape after each of the following transformations

(a) Reflection in the line y = x (b) 90º clockwise rotation about the origin

Complete the following statement for point A and any point P if A and P undergo
(a) a reflection in the line y = x: A( ; )  A' ( ; ) and P( x ; y)  P' ( ; )
Complete the following statement for point M and any point P if M and P undergo
(b) a 90º clockwise rotation about the origin: M( ; )  M' ( ; ) and P( x ; y)  P' ( ; )

7. Enlarge ∆ABC with A(4; 3), B(1;4) and C(– 1;1) through the origin by a scale factor of 3.

Complete the following statement for point A and any point P if A and P undergo an enlargement through
the origin by a scale factor of 3: A( ; )  A' ( ; ) and P( x ; y)  P' ( ; )

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8. On the axes show the image of the given shape after the following combinations of transformations.
Label the vertices of the first transformation A'B'C', for the second transformation and A''B''C'', etc.

a) i) A reflection in the y- axis followed by a translation 3 units down and 1 unit to the right, followed
by a rotation 90º clockwise

ii) Complete the following statement: A( ; )  A' ( ; )  A'' ( ; ) A''' ( ; )

iii) Complete the statement: A( ; )  A''' ( ; )

b) i) A reflection in the line y = – x, followed by a reflection in the y-axis and then by a

reflection in the line y = x.

ii) Complete the following statement: A( ; )  A' ( ; )  A''( ; )  A''' ( ; )

iii) State the algebraic rule that summarizes this combination of transformations: P(x; y)  P'''( ; )

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9. a) On the set of axes provided, draw a quadrilateral with vertices
A(– 2; 3) , B(3; 6) , C( 6; 0) and D(3; – 2).
b) Draw the image of ABCD if the coordinates of the image are ( x – 3; y – 4).
Label these points A'B'C'D'.

10.1 Complete the table below by filling in the missing values.

Transformation Description of transformation in words Algebraic Rule

A ( −1;5 ) → A ′ ( 2;3) ( x; y ) → ( ; )

B ( −2;3) → B′ ( 3; − 2 ) ( x; y ) → ( ; )

C ( 5;8 ) → C′ ( −5; − 8 ) ( x; y ) → ( ; )

D ( 4; − 6 ) → D′ ( 6; − 4 ) ( x; y ) → ( ; )

E ( −7;9 ) → E ′ ( − 9; −7 ) ( x; y ) → ( ; )

10.2 Describe the transformations in the

diagram algebraically.

a) Fig A to Fig B ( x; y ) → ( ; )

b) Fig A to Fig C ( x; y ) → ( ; )

c) Fig A to Fig D ( x; y ) → ( ; )

d) Fig D to Fig C ( x; y ) → ( ; )

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11. In the diagram below, ∆ABC with A(– 6; – 1), B(– 1;2) and C(– 3; – 2) has been transformed
to form ∆ A ′ B′ C ′

11.1 a) Describe the single transformation of ∆ABC to ∆ A ′ B′ C ′

______________________________________________________________

b) Write down the general rule (algebraically) for the transformation of ∆ABC to ∆ A ′ B′ C ′

_______________________________________________________________

11.2 a) ∆ABC is now reflected about the x-axis to form ∆A '' B ''C '' .
Make a labelled sketch of ∆A '' B ''C '' on the axes given above.

b) Write down the general rule (algebraically) for the transformation of ∆ABC to ∆ A '' B ''C '' .

11.3 a) ∆ A ′ B′ C ′ is rotated 90º anti-clockwise to form ∆A ''' B ''' C ''' .

Make a labelled sketch of ∆A ''' B ''' C ''' on the axes given above.

b) Write down the general rule for the transformation of ∆ A ′ B′ C ′ to ∆A ''' B ''' C '''

_________________________________________________________________

11.4 a) Describe, in words, the single transformation that will map ∆A '' B ''C '' onto ∆A ''' B ''' C '''

_________________________________________________________________

b) Describe, algebraically, the single transformation that will map ∆A '' B ''C '' onto ∆A ''' B '''C '''

__________________________________________________________________

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Blank page for additional notes or rough work.

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Rules for Rotations, Reflections, Transformations etc.

Translations Rule Example k = 2, p = 3

k units right and p units up ( x; y ) → ( x + k ; y + p ) ( 4; −1) → ( 6;2 )
k units right and p units down ( x; y ) → ( x + k ; y − p ) ( 4; −1) → ( 6; − 4 )
k units left and p units down ( x; y ) → ( x − k ; y − p ) ( 4; −1) → ( 2; − 4 )
Reflections Rule Example
(3;–2) → (3;2)
x − axis ( x; y ) → ( x; − y )
(–2;5) → (–2;–5)

(3;–2) → (–3;–2)
y − axis ( x; y ) → ( − x; y )
(–2;5) → (2;5)

(3;–2) → (–2;3)
y=x ( x; y ) → ( y; x )
(–2;5) → (5;–2)

(3;–2) → (2;–3)
y = −x ( x; y ) → ( − y; − x )
(–2;5) → (–5;2)

Rotations through the origin Rule Example

(3;–2) → (2;3)
90° anti-clockwise or 270° clockwise ( x; y ) → ( − y; x )
(–2;5) → (–5;–2)

(3;–2) → (–2;–3)
90° clockwise or 270° anti-clockwise ( x; y ) → ( y; − x )
(–2;5) → (5;2)

(3;–2) → (–3;2)
180° clockwise or anti-clockwise ( x; y ) → ( − x; − y )
(–2;5) → (2;–5)

Enlargements/Reductions through the

Rule Example
origin
Enlarge by a scale factor of 3 ( x; y ) → ( 3x;3 y ) (3;–2) → (9;–6)

Enlarge by a scale factor of 1,5 ( x; y ) → (1,5 x;1,5 y ) (3;–2) → (4,5;–3,5)

Reduce by a scale factor of 2
3 
( x; y ) → 
or x y
;  (3;–2) →  − 1
Enlarge by a scale factor of
1 2 2  2; 
2

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