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INDEX
Experiment No.1:
Experiment No.;
Experiment No.:
Experiment No.
Experiment No.
Experiment No.
Experiment No.’
Experiment No.
Experiment 9: Programs on NumPy Operations.
rograms on basic control structures & loops.
rograms on operators & /O operations...
rograms on Lists..
rograms on Tuples.
rograms on Dictionary.
rograms on Set.
rograms on File Handling
Experiment No.1: Programs on basic control structures & loops.
‘Aim: To implement and understand basic control structures and loops such as conditionals,
iteration, and flow control in Python.
1)Conditional (if-else) Statement:
# Program to determine if a number is even or odd nut
if num % 2 == 0: print(f"{num} is even.")
else:
print(P'{num} is odd.")
int(input("Enter a number:"))
2)While Loop:
# Program to print numbers from 1 to 5 using a while loop count
While count <= 5: print(count) count += 1
3)For Loop:
# Program to calculate the sum of numbers from 1 to 10 using a for loop sum = 0
for iin range(1, 11): sum +=
print("Sum of numbers from 1 to 10 is:", sum)
4)Nested Loop:
# Program to print a pattem of stars in a nested loop n = 5.
for i in range(1, n + 1): for j in range(i):
print("*, end=") print()
5)Break and Continue:
# Program to find the first even number in a list and continue to the next number if odd
numbers = [7, 12, 5, 8, 3, 10] for num in numbers:
if num % 2‘An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to R.TM Nagpur University :
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print(F"The first even number in the list is {num}.") break
else:
Continue
6)Switch Case (Using Dictionary):
# Program to implement a simple switch case using a dictionary def add(x, y):
retum x+y
def subtract(x, y): return x - y
def multiply(x,
fetun x* y
def divide(x, y): return x / y
choice = input("Enter operation (+, -, *,/):") num = float(input("Enter first number:")) num2 =
float(input("Enter second number:"))
operations
‘+: add(num 1, num2),
‘-': subtract(num4, num2),
‘; multiply(num1, num2),
"?: divide(num1, num2)
}
if choice in operations:
print(PResult: {operations[choice}") else:
print(“Invalid operation")
Result: Successfully implemented basic control structures and loops to determine even/odd
numbers, print sequences, and handle patterns.
Viva Questions:
1. What is the purpose of the if-else statement?
2. How does the while loop differ from the for loop?
3. Can you write a for loop to calculate the sum of numbers from 1 to 100?
4, Why would you use a break statement inside a loop?
5. What could happen if you forget to increment a counter in a while loop?‘An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to R.TM Nagpur University :
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Experiment No.2: Programs on operators & I/O operations.
Aim: To apply arithmetic, comparison, and logical operators and perform basic file operations
in Python.
1)Arithmetic Operators:
# Program to perform arithmetic operations on two numbers num1 = float(input("Enter the
first number: ")
num2 = float(input("Enter the second number: "))
sum = num + num2 difference = num/1 - num2 product = num * num? quoti
num2
print(P'Sum: {sum)") print(f*Difference: (difference}") print(P*Product: {product}")
print(PQuotient: {quotient}")
2)Comparison Operators:
# Program to compare two numbers
num1 = float(input("Enter the first numbe
»
:")) num2 = float(input("Enter the second number:
if num > num2:
print(f'{num 1} is greater than {num2}") elif num1 < num2:
print(P{num 1} is less than {num2}") else:
print(F{num 1} is equal to {num2}")
3)Logical Operators:
# Program to check if a number is within a specified range num = int(input("Enter a number:
»
lower_limit = 10
upper_limit = 50
if num >= lower_limit and num <= upper_imit:
print(F'{num)} is within the range [(lower_limit}, {upper_limit}]") else:
print(P'{num} is outside the range.")
4)Input/Output Operations:.
# Program to read and write to a text file fle_name = "sample.txt"
+# Writing to a file
with openi{file_name, 'w') as file: file.write("Hello, this is a sample file.
file.write("Python is a great programming language.")‘An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to R.TM Nagpur University :
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# Reading from a file
with open(file_name, 'r') as file: content = file.read() print("File Contents:") print(content)
5)String Operators:
# Program to concatenate strings str1
str2 = "world!"
concatenated _str = str1 + str2 print(concatenated_str)
Hello, "
# Program to repeat a string original_str = "Python"
repeated_str = original_str * 3 print(repeated_str)
Result: Correctly performed arithmetic operations, comparisons, and file VO operations with
proper handling of strings and numbers.
Viva Questions:
1. List all arithmetic operators in Python.
2. How does a comparison operator differ from a logical operator?
3. Can you demonstrate how to check if a number is within a specific range using
logical operators?
Why is file handling important in Python programming?
5. How can string concatenation impact the performance of a program involving large
strings?
s
Experiment No.3: Programs on Lists.
Aim: To manipulate and operate on lists using various methods including creation,
modification, iteration, and advanced operations
1)Creating and Accessing Lists:
# Program to create a list and access its elements
fruits = "apple", "banana’, "cherry", “date"]
# Accessing elements
print("First fruit", fruits[0)) print("Last fruit:
print("Slicing the list, fruits[1:3))
fruits[-1])
2)Modifying Lists:
# Program to modify a list
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]‘An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to R.TM.Nagpur University
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# Appending an element
numbers.append(6)
# Updating an element
numbers(2] = 10
# Removing an element
numbers.remove(4)
# Printing the modified list
print(numbers)
3)lterating Over Lists:
# Program to iterate over a list
fruits = ['apple", "banana’, "cherry", “date"]
for fruit in fruits:
print(fruit)
4)List Comprehension:
# Program to create a new list using list comprehension numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
squared_numbers = [num**2 for num in numbers] print(squared_numbers)
5)Finding Elements in Lists:
# Program to find an element in a list
fruits = ["apple", banana’, "cherry", “date"] search_fruit
"banana"
if search_fruitin fruits: print(P{search_fruit} is in the list.
else:
print('{Search_fruit} i
not in th
“)
6)Sorting and Reversing List
# Program to sort and reverse
numbers = [3, 1, 4, 2, 5]
# Sorting the list in ascending order
numbers.sort()
print("Sorted list:", numbers)
# Reversing the list
numbers.reverse() print("Reversed list:", numbers)LOKMANYA TILAK JANKALYAN SKISHAN SANSTHA'S:
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Result: Effectively created, modified, iterated over, and performed operations like sorting and
list comprehension on lists.
Viva Que! :
1. What is the syntax to create a list in Python?
2. Explain the difference between appending and modifying a list element.
3. How would you iterate through a list to print each element?
4, Whatis the advantage of list comprehension over regular loops?
5. How would you efficiently search for an element in a large list?
Experiment No.4: Programs on Tuples.
‘Aim: To work with tuples in Python, focusing on their creation, element access,
packing/unpacking, and operations.
1)Creating and Accessing Tuples:
# Program to create a tuple and access its elements
fruits = ("apple", "banana’, "cherry", "“date")
# Accessing elements
print("First fruit", fruits[0}) print("Last fruit: fruits[-1))
print("Slicing the tuple:”, fruits[1:3))
2)Tuple Packing and Unpacking:
# Program to use tuple packing and unpac!
1g person = ("John”, 30, "Engineer"
# Unpacking the tuple into variables name, age, occupation = person
print(f'Name: {name}")
print(F*Age: {age}") print(f"Occupation: {occupation}")
3)Combining Tuples:
# Program to combine two tuples fruits = "apple", "banana") more_fruits = ("cherry", “date")
combined _fruits = fruits + more_fruits
print("Combined tuple:", combined_fruits)
4)Finding Elements in Tuples:‘An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to R.TM Nagpur University :
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# Program to find an element in a tuple fruits = ("apple", "banana", “cherry”, "date")
search_fruit = "banana"
ifsearch_fuil in fruits
else:
print(f'{search_fruit) is not in the tuple.")
(P{search_fuil} is in the tuple.")
5)Counting and Indexing:
# Program to count occurrences and find the index of an element in a tuple fruits
"banana", "cherry", "banana’, "date")
count = fruits.count("banana’) index = fruits.index("cherry")
print(F'Count of banana’: {count}") print(f"index of ‘cherry’: {index}")
Result: Successfully created, accessed, and manipulated tuples, demonstrating packing,
unpacking, and combining
Viva Questions:
1. How do you define a tuple in Python?
2. Whatis tuple unpacking, and how is it useful?
3. Can you create a program that combines two tuples into one?
4, How would you count the occurrences of an element in a tuple?
5. Inwhat scenarios would you prefer using tuples over lists?
Experiment No.
rograms on Dictionary.
Aim: To manage and manipulate dictionaries in Python by performing operations like creation,
modification, and iteration.
1)Creating and Accessing Dictionaries:
# Program to create a dictionary and access its elements
ice", “roll_ number": 101,
"marks": 95
}
# Accessing elements
print("Student Name:", student['name")) print("Roll Number:”, student["roll_number"))
print("Marks:", student{"marks"))
2)Modifying Dictionarie:
‘Add headings (Format > Paragraph styles) and they will appear in your table of contents.
# Program to modify a dictionary
student = {‘An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to R.TM Nagpur University :
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"name": “Alice”, "roll_number": 101,
"marks": 95
}
# Updating a value
student{"marks"] = 98
# Adding a new key-value pair
student["grade")=
# Removing a key-value pair del student{"roll_number"]
# Printing the modified dictionary print("Modified Student Info:", student)
3)Iterating Over Dictionary:
# Program to iterate over a dictionary
student = {
"name": "Alice", *roll_number": 101,
"marks": 95
}
for key, value in student.items():
print(P{key}: {value}")
4)Checking for Key Existence:
# Program to check if a key exists in a dictionary student = {
“name”: "Alice", "roll_number": 101,
"marks": 95
if search_key in student:
print(P{search_key} exists in the dictionary.") else:
print(P'{search_key} does not exist in the dictionary.")
5)Dictionary Comprehension:
# Program to create a new dictionary using dictionary comprehension
numbers = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
squared _dict = {num: num**2 for num in numbers} print("Squared Dictionary:", squared_dict)
Result: Accurately created, accessed, modified, and iterated over dictionaries, including
using dictionary comprehensions.
Viva Que:
1. What is the structure of a dictionary in Python?
2. How is a key-value pair in a dictionary different from a list element?
3. Write a Python program to update a value in a dictionary.‘An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to R.TM.Nagpur University
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4. How can you check for the existence of a key in a dictionary?
5. What are the benefits of using dictionary comprehension?
Experiment No.6: Programs on Set.
Aim: To understand and use sets in Python, including creation, modification, and performing
set operations.
1. Creating and Accessing Sets:
# Program to create a set and access its elements
fruits = ('apple", "banana’, "cherry", "date"}
# Accessing elements
for fruit in fruits:
print(fruit)
2, Modifying Sets:
# Program to modify a set
fruits = {"apple", "banana", "cherry", “date"}
# Adding an element
fruits.add("grape")
# Removing an element
fruits.remove("cherry")
# Printing the modified set
print("Modified Set:", fruits)
3. Set Operations:
# Program to perform set operations
A={1, 2,3, 4, 5}
B={3,4,5,6,7}
# Union of sets
union = A|B
print("Union of A and B:", union)
# Intersection of sets
intersection = A& B
print("Intersection of A and B:
# Difference of sets‘An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to R.TM.Nagpur University
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difference = A-B
print("Difference of A and B:", difference)
4, Set Comprehension:
# Program to create a new set using set comprehension
numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
squared_set = {num**2 for num in numbers}
print("Squared Set:”, squared_set)
Result: Correctly created sets, performed set operations, and used set comprehensions to
handle unique elements and operations.
Viva Questions:
1. How do you create a set in Python?
2. Explain the difference between union and intersection operations in sets.
3. Write a program to perform union and intersection operations on two sets.
4, How does a set ensure that all its elements are unique?
5. Why would you use sets instead of lists for certain operations?
Experiment No.7: Programs on File Handling.
‘Aim: To perform basic file handling operations in Python such as reading from, writing to, and
appending data to files.
1. Writing to a Text Fil
# Program to write data to a text fle
file_name = "sample.txt"
# Open the file in write mode (creates a new file or overwrites an existing one)
with open({file_name, 'w’) as file:
file.write("Hello, this is a sample text fle.\n")
file.write("Python is a great programming language.")
print(P'Data written to ‘{file_namey' successfully.")
2. Reading froma Text Fil
# Program to read data from a text fle
file_name = "sample.txt"
# Open the file in read mode
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with openi(file_name, 'r') as file:
content = file.read()
print(’File Contents")
print(content)
3. Appending to a Text File:
# Program to append data to an existing text file
file_name = "sample.txt"
# Open the file in append mode (keeps the exist
with openifile_name, 'a') as file:
file.write("\nThis is an additional line added to the file.")
content and adds new content)
print("Data appended to the file successfully.")
Result: Efficiently managed file operations, including writing, reading, and appending data to
text files.
Viva Questions:
1. How do you open a file in write mode in Python?
2. Whatis the difference between reading and appending a file?
3. Write a Python program to append data to a text file,
4. Why should you always close a file after opening it in Python?
5. How can improper file handling lead to errors in large programs?
Experiment No.8: Programs on Strings.
‘Aim: To manipulate strings in Python using concatenation, slicing, length calculation, and
various string methods.
4. String Concatenation:
# Program to concatenate two strings
strt = "Hello, "
str2 = "world!"
concatenated_str = stri + str2
print(concatenated_str)
2. String Length:
# Program to find the length of a string
text = "Python is a powerful language.”
length = len(text)
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print(P'The length of the string is {length} characters.")
3. String Slicing:
# Program to slice a string
text = "Python is fun!"
# Slicing the string to get a substring
substring = text[7:9]
print(f'Substring: {substring)")
4, String Methods:
# Program to use string methods
text = "Hello, world!"
# Convert to uppercase
uppercase_text = text.upper()
print("Uppercase:", uppercase_text)
# Convert to lowercase
lowercase_text = text.lower()
print("Lowercase:", lowercase_text)
# Replace a substring
replaced_text = text.replace("world’, "Python")
print(’Replaced Text", replaced_text)
5. String Splitting:
# Program to split a string into a list,
text = "apple, banana, cherry, date"
# Split the string by commas
fruits_list = text.spiit(", ")
print("List of Fruits:", fruits_list)
Result: Successfully performed string operations including concatenation, length calculation,
slicing, and splitting,
Viva Questions:
1. What function is used to find the length of a string in Python?
2. How does string slicing work in Python?
3. Write a Python program to convert a string to lowercase and then uppercase.
4. How would you split a string into a list of words based on a specific delimiter?
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5. What are the advantages of using string methods like replace() and split() in text
processing?
Experiment 9: Programs on NumPy Operations
‘Aim: To perform basic operations with NumPy arrays including creation, reshaping, slicing,
arithmetic operations, and broadcasting,
1)Array Creation:
# Program to create a 1D and 2D array using NumPy
import numpy as np
# Creating a 1D array
aray_1d = np.array((1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
print("1D Array:", array_1d)
# Creating a 2D array
array_2d = nparray({[1, 2, 3], [4. 5, 6]])
print("2D Array:\n", array_2d)
2)Array Shape and Size
# Program to find shape and size of a NumPy array
import numpy as np
array = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6), [7, 8, 9]])
# Getting the shape of the array
print("Shape of array:", array.shape)
# Getting the size (number of elements)
print("Size of array: array.size)
3)Array Slicing:
# Program to slice a NumPy array
import numpy as np
array = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40, 50)
# Slicing the array to get elements from index 1 to 3
sliced_array = array[1:4]
print("Sliced Array:", sliced_array)
4)Array Reshaping:
# Program to reshape a NumPy array
import numpy as np
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array = np.array((1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6))
# Reshaping into a 2x3 anray
reshaped_array = array.reshape(2, 3)
print('Reshaped Avray:in", reshaped_array)
5)Array Arithmetic Operations:
# Program for arithmetic operations on NumPy arrays
import numpy as np
arrayt
array2
p.array([1, 2, 3])
parray({4, 5, 6)
# Element-wise addition
addition = array1 + array2
print("Addition:", addition)
# Element-wise multiplication
multip array! * array
print("Muttiplication:", multiplication)
6)Array Broadcasting:
# Program to demonstrate broadcasting in NumPy
import numpy as np
array = np.array([1, 2, 3])
# Broadcasting a scalar value
broadcasted_array = array + 10
print("Broadcasted Array:", broadcasted_array)
Result: Effectively created and manipulated NumPy arrays, demonstrating array creation,
reshaping, slicing, and arithmetic operations.
Viva Questions:
1. What function do you use to create a NumPy array?
2. What does the array.size attribute tell you about a NumPy array?
3. Given the NumPy array array = np.array([10, 20, 30]), how would you slice it to get the
first two elements?
4. you have an array array = np.array({[1, 2], [3, 4]]), what will array.shape return?
5. Write a simple NumPy program to add two arrays: array1 = np.array([1, 2, 3]) and
array2 = np.array({4, 5, 6)).
14