M aths Laplace Transforms

UNIT I
CHAPTER - IV
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
1. Introduction :

A transformation is mathematical operations, which transforms a mathematical expressions into another

equivalent simple form. For example, the transformation logarithms converts multiplication division, powers
into simple addition, subtraction and multiplication respectively.

The Laplace transform is one which enables us to solve differential equation by use of algebraic methods.
Laplace transform is a mathematical tool which can be used to solve many problems in Science and Engineeing.
This transform was first introduced by Laplace, a French mathematician, in the year 1790, in his work on
probability theory. This technique became very popular when heaveside funcitons was applied ot the solution
of ordinary differential equation in electrical Engeneering problems.

Many kinds of transformation exist, but Laplace transform and fourier transform are the most well known.
The Laplace transform is related to fourier transform, but whereas the fourier transform expresses a function
or signal as a series of mode of vibrations, the Laplace transform resolves a function into its moments.

Like the fourier transfrom, the Laplace transform is used for solving differential and integral equations. In
Physics and Engineering it is used for analysis of linear time invariant systems such as electrical circuits,
harmonic oscillators, optical devices and mechanical systems. In such analysis, the Laplace transform is
often interpreted as a transformation form the time domain in which inputs and outputs are functions of
time, to the frequency domain, where the same inputs and outputs are functions of complex angular frequency
in radius per unit time. Given a simple mathematical or functional discription of an input or output to a
system, the Laplace transform provides an alternative functional discription that often simplifies the process
of analyzing the behaviour of the system or in synthesizing a new system based on a set of specification. The
Laplace transform belongs to the family of integral transforms. The solutions of mechanical or electrical
problems involving discontinuous force function are obtained easily by Laplace transforms.

1.1 DEFINITION OF LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

Let f (t ) be a functions of the variable t which is defined for all positive values of t. Let s be the real constant.

 st
If the integral e
0
f (t )dt exist and is equal to F(s), then F(s) is called the Laplace transform of f (t ) and is

denoted by the symbol L[ f (t )] .




i.e L[ f (t )]  e  st f (t ) dt  F s

0

The Laplace Transform of f (t ) is said to exist if the integral converges for some values of s, otherwise it does
not exist.

Here the operator L is called the Laplace transform operator which transforms the functions f (t ) into F(s).

Remark : L im F ( s )  0
S 

1.2. Piecewise continuous function :

A function f (t ) is said to be piecewise continuous in any interval [ a, b] if it is defined on that interval, and
the interval can be divided into a finite number of sub intervals in each of which f (t ) is continuous.

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M aths Laplace Transforms

In otherwords piecewise continuous means f (t ) can have only finite numer of finite discontinuities.

F(t)

 t1 t2 t3  t

Figure 1.1

An example of a function which is periodically or sectional continuous is shown graphically in Fig 1.1. above.
This function has discontinuities at t1, t2 and t3 .

1.3. Definition of Exponential order:

A function f (t ) is said to be of exponential order if L im e  st f (t )  0 .

t 

1.4. Sufficient conditions for the existence of the Laplace Transforms :

Let f (t ) be defined and continuous for all positive values of t. The Laplace Transform of f (t ) exists if the
following conditions are satisfied.

(i) f (t ) is piecewise continuous (or) sectionally continuous.

(ii) f (t ) should be of exponential order..

1.5. Seven Indeterminates

0
1.
0
4.  7. 00


2. 5. 1

3. 0  6. 0
Example:
2
Check whether the following functions are exponential or not (a) f (t )  t 2 (b) f (t )  et

Solution :
(a) f (t )  t 2

By the definition of exponential order

L im e  st f (t )  0
t 

 L im e  st  t 2
t 

t2 
 L im st
   which is indeterminate form
t  e 

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Apply L - Hospital Rule

2t 
L im st
   which is indeterminate form
t  e s 

Again apply L - Hospital Rule.

2 2
 L im  L im 2  e  st  0 (finite)
2 st
t  se t  s

 L im e st  t 2  0 (finite numbers)
t 

Hence f (t )  t 2 is exponential order..

2
(b) f (t )  et

Solution :

By the definition of exponential order.

 Lim e  st f (t )  0
t 
2 2
 Lim e  st  et  Lim e  st t  e   
t  t 

2
 f (t )  et is not of exponential order..

2. Laplace Transform of Standard functions :

1
(1) Prove that L[ e  at ]  where s  a  0 or s  a
sa

Proof :


By definition L[ f (t )]  e  st f (t ) dt

0

L[e  at ]   e  st  e  at dt
0

  e  t ( s  a ) dt
0

 e t ( s  a )  1
    e   e0 
 s  a 0 s  a
1

sa

Hence L[ e  at ] 
1
sa

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1
2. Prove that L[ e at ]  where s a
sa
Proof :

By the defn of L[ f (t )]  e  st f (t ) dt

 0
L[e  at ]   e  st  e at dt
0

  e  ( s  a )t dt
0

 e  ( s  a ) t 
 
 s  a 0
1
  e   e 0 
sa
1

sa
1
Hence L[ e at ] 
sa


3. L (cos at )   e  st cos at dt
0

 e  st 
 2 2
(  s cos at  a sin at ) 
s a 0
1
0 2 ( s)
s  a2
s
 2
s  a2
e ax
  e ax sinbxdx   a sin bx  b cos bx 
a 2  b2
e ax
 e cosbxdx  a 2  b2  a cos bx  b sin bx 
ax

Hence L (cos at ) 
s
s  a2
2


4. L (sin at )   e  st sin at dt
0

 e  st 
 2 2
(  s sin at  a cos at ) 
s a 0
1
0 2 (0  a )
s  a2
a
L (sin at )  2
s  a2

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1
5. L (cos hat )  L (e at  e  at )
2
1 1 1  1 sasa 
     
2  s  a s  a  2  ( s  a )( s  a ) 
s
 2
s  a2
s
L (cos hat )  2
s  a2

1
6. L (sin hat )  L(e at  e  at )
2
1 1 1 
   
2 sa sa
1  (s  a )  (s  a) 
  
2  ( s  a )( s  a ) 
a
=
s  a2 2

a
L (sin hat )  2
s  a2


7. L (1)   e  st  1  dt
0

 e  st 
 
 s 0
 1  1
 0  
  s  s
1
L (1) 
s

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8.. L(t )   e  St t n dt
n

0

 n e  St   n 1  e  St 
  (t )  nt   dt
  s  0 0  s 

n  St n 1
 (0  0)  e t dt
s 0
n
 L(t n 1 )
s
n
L(t n )  L(t n 1 )
s
n  1 n 2
L(t n 1 )  L(t )
s
3
L(t 3 )  L(t 2 )
s
2
L(t 2 )  L(t )
s
n n 1 n  2 3 2 1
L (t n )        L(1)
s s s s s s
n! n! 1
 n L 1  n 
s s s
n! (n  1)
L(t n )  n 1 or n1
s s

In particular n  1, 2,3.....

we get 1
L (t ) 
s2
2!
L (t 2 )  3
s
3!
L (t 3 )  4
s

2.1. Linear property of Laplace Transform

1. L( f (t )  g (t ))  L ( f (t )  L( g (t ))

2. L( Kf (t ))  KL( f (t ))

Proof (1) : By the defn of L.T

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
L  f (t )   e  st f (t )dt
0


L  f (t )  g (t )   e  st  f (t )  g (t )  dt
0
 
 st
 e f (t ) dt   e  st g (t ) dt
0 0

 L  f (t )   L  g (t ) 

 
Hence L f (t )  g (t )  L f (t )  L g (t )   

(2) L  Kf (t )  KL  f (t )

By the defn of L.T



L  Kf (t )    e  st Kf (t )dt
0

 K  e  st f (t )dt
0

 KL  f (t ) 

 
Hence L Kf (t )  KL f (t )  
2.2. Recall

1. 2sin A cos B  sin( A  B )  sin( A  B )

2. 2 cos A sin B  sin( A  B )  sin( A  B )

3. 2 cos A cos B  cos( A  B )  cos( A  B )

4. 2sin A sin B  cos( A  B )  cos( A  B )

1  cos 2 A
5. sin 2 A 
2

1  cos 2 A
6. cos 2 A 
2

7. sin 3 A  3sin A  4 sin 3 A

8. cos3 A  4 cos 3 A  3cos A

9. sin( A  B )  sin A cos B  cos A sin B

10. sin( A  B )  sin A cos B  cos A sin B

11. cos( A  B )  cos A cos B  sin A sin B

12. cos( A  B )  cos A cos B  sin A sin B

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3.1 Problems :

2
1. Find Laplace Transform of sin t

Solution :
 1  cos 2t 
L (sin 2 t )  L  
 2 
1
 L (1  cos 2t )
2
11 s 
   2 
2s s 4
2. Find L(cos 3 t )
Solution :
we know that cos3 A  4 cos 3 A  3cos A
3 1
hence cos3 A  cos A  cos 3 A
4 4
1
L (cos3 t )  L (3cos t  cos 3t )
4
1  3s s 
  2  2 
4  s 1 s  9 
3. Find L (sin 3t cos t )
Solution :
1
we know that sin A cos B   sin( A  B)  sin( A  B) 
2
1
hence sin 3t cos t  (sin 4t  sin 2t )
2
1
L (sin 3t cos t )  L (sin 4t  sin 2t )
2
1 4 2 
  2  2 
2  s  16 s  4 
2 1
 2  2
s  16 s  4
4. Find L (sin t sin 2t sin 3t )
Solution :

1
we know that sin t sin 2t sin 3t  sin t (cos t  cos 5t )
2
1 1
 sin t cos t  (sin t cos 5t )
2 2
1 1
 sin 2t  (sin 6t  sin 4t )
4 4
1
L (sin t sin 2t sin 3t )  L (sin 2t  sin 4t  sin 6t )
4
1 2 4 6 
  2  2  2
4  s  4 s  16 s  36 

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5. Find L(1  e 3t  5e 4 t )

Solution :

L 1  e 3t  5e 4t   L 1 L  e 3t   5L  e4 t 

1 1 5
  
s s3 s4

6. Find L(3  e6 t  sin 2t  5cos 3t )

Solution :

L(3  e6t  sin 2t  5cos 3t )  3L(1)  L(e6t )  L(sin 2t )  5 L(cos 3t )

1 1 2 5s
 3   2  2
s s6 s 4 s 9

7. Find L (sin(2t  3))

Solution :

L(sin(2t  3))  L(sin 2t cos 3  sin 3cos 2t )

 cos 3L (sin 2t )  sin 3L(cos 2t )
2 s
 cos 3 2
 sin 3 2
s 4 s 4
8. Find L(sin 4t  3sin h2t  4cos h5t  e 5t )

Solution :

L(sin 4t  3sin h2t  4 cos h5t  e 5t )

 L (sin 4t )  3L (sin h2t )  4 L (cos h5t )  L(e 5t )
4 2 s 1
 2  3 2  4 2 
s  16 s 4 s  25 s  5
4 6 4s 1
 2  2  2 
s  16 s  4 s  25 s  5

9. Find L((1  t ) 2 )

Solution :

L((1  t ) 2 )  L(1  2t  t 2 )
 L(1)  2 L(t )  L(t 2 )
1 1 2!
  2 2  3
s s s

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sin t 0  t  
10. Find the Laplace Transform of f (t )  
 0 t 

Solution :

By definition,

L ( f (t ))   e  st f (t ) dt
0
 

  e  st f (t )dt   e  st f (t )dt
0 
 
 st
 e sin t dt   e  st (0) dt
0 

  e  st sin t dt
0

 e  st  e ax
 2 2
( s sin t  cos t    e ax sin bx dx  ( a sin bx  b cos bx)
 ( s)  1 0 a 2  b2

e  s e0
 2 (  s sin   co s  )  2 (0  1)
s 1 s 1
e  s 1
 2 (1)  2
s 1 s 1
1
 2 ( e  s   1)
s 1

et 0  t 1
11. Find the Laplace Transform of f (t )  
0 t 1
Solution :


By definition, L( f (t ))   e st f (t )dt
0
1 

  e  st f (t ) dt   e  st f (t ) dt
0 1
1 
  e  st et dt   e  st 0dt
0 1
1
  e(  s 1)t dt
0
1
 e(1 s )t 
 
 1  s 0
1

1 s
 e1 s  1

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3.2. Note :

1. (n  1)   xn e x dx (By definition)
0

(n  1)  n!, n  1, 2,3,.....

(n  1)  n(n), n  0

12. Find  1 
L   t3 2 
 t 
Solution :
 1 
L  t 3 2   L ( t 1 2 )  L ( t 3 2 )
 t 

 2
  1 1  3 1

 
2 
1 3
 1 1
s 2 s2


 1  
2  31
 1
2  
1 5
s 2 2 2 s 2
 3 
  5
s 4 s 2
4. First Shifting Theorem (First translation)

1. If L ( f (t ))  F ( s ) , then L (e  at f (t ))  F ( s  a )
Proof :


By definition, L  f (t )   e  st f (t )dt
0

L  e  at f (t )    e  st  e  at f (t )dt
0

  e t ( s  a ) f (t ) dt
0

 F ( s  a)

Hence L  e  at f (t )   F ( s  a )

4.1. Corollary : L ( e at f (t ))  F ( s  a )
4.2. Note :

1. L (e  at f (t ))  L  f (t ) s  s  a
  F ( s ) s  s  a
 F (s  a)

2. L (e at f (t ))  L  f (t ) s  s  a
  F ( s ) s  s  a
 F (s  a)

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4.3. Problems :

1. Find L(te2 t )
Solution :

L (te 2 t )   L (t ) s  s  2
 1  1
 2   2
 s  s  s  2 ( s  2)
2. Find L(t 5 e  t )
Solution :

L (t 5 e t )   L(t 5 ) 
s  s 1

 5! 
 6 
 s  s  s 1
5!

( s  1)6
3. Find L(e 2t sin 3t )
Solution :
L (e 2 t sin 3t )  L (sin 3t ) s  s  2
 3 
 2 
 s  9  s s  2
3

( s  2) 2  9
4. Find L(e  t cos h 4t )
Solution :

L (e  t cos h 4t )  L (cos h 4t ) s s 1
 s 
 2 
 s  16  s  s 1
s 1

( s  1) 2  16
5. Find L(e3t sin 2 4t )
Solution :
L (e 3t sin 2 4t )  L (sin 2 4t ) s  s 3
 1  cos 8t 
 L 
 2  s  s 3
1
  L(1)  L (cos8t )  s  s 3
2
11 s 
   2
2  s s  64  S  S 3
1 1 s3 
   2 
2  s  3 ( s  3)  64 

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6. Find L ( e 2 t sin 4t cos 6 t )

Solution :
L(e 2t sin 4t cos 6t )  L(sin 4t cos 6t ) s  s  2
1
  L(2sin 4t cos 6t ) s s 2
2
1
  L(sin(4t  6t )  (sin 4t  6t )  s  s  2
2
1
  L(sin10t  sin 2t )  s  s  2
2
1  10 2 
  2  2 
2  s  100 s  4  s  s  2
1 10 2 
  2
 2 
2  ( s  2)  100 ( s  2)  4 

7.  4t 3
Find L e (sin 3t  cosh 3t )
3

Solution:

L  e4t (sin 3 3t  cosh 3 3t )   L  sin 3 3t  cosh 3 3t 

ss 4

 3sin 3t  sin 9t 3cosh 3t  cosh 9t 

 L  
 4 4 s s 4
3sin   sin 3 3cosh   cosh 3
 sin 3   , cosh 3  
4 4
3 1 3 1 
  L(sin 3t )  L(sin 9t )  L(cosh 3t )  (cosh 9t ) 
4 4 4 4  s s  4
3 3 1 9 3 s 1 s 
  2  2
  2  2 
 4 s  9 4 s  81 4 s  9 4 s  81  s  s  4
3 3 1 9 3 s4 1 s4
     
4 ( s  4)  9 4 ( s  4)  81 4 ( s  4)  9 4 ( s  4) 2  81
2 2 2

8. Find L (cosh t cos 2t )

Solution :
  et  e  t  
L (cos ht cos 2t )  L    cos 2t 
 2  
1
 L (et cos 2t  e  t cos 2t )
2
1
  L(cos 2t ) s  s 1  L (cos 2t ) s  s 1 
2
1  s   s  
  2   2  
2   s  4  s  s 1  s  4  s  s 1 
1 s 1 s 1 
   
2  ( s  1)  4 ( s  1)2  4 
2

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5. Theorem

If L ( f (t ))  F ( s ) , then L (tf (t )) 
d
( F ( s ))
ds

Proof :

Given F ( s )  L ( f (t ))

differentiate both sides, w.r. to ‘s’

d d
( F ( s ))  ( L( f (t )))
ds ds

d  
   e st f (t )dt 
ds  0 

  st
 (e f (t ))dt
0
s

  (t )e  st f (t )dt
0

   tf (t )e  st dt
0

d
( F ( s ))   L(tf (t ))
ds
d
 L(tf (t ))  F ( s)
ds

(or) L (tf (t ))   F ( s ) where F ( s )  L ( f (t ))

similarly we can show that,

d2
L (t 2 f (t ))  (  1) 2 F (s)
ds 2
3
3 3 d
L (t f (t ))  (  1) F ( s)
ds 3

n n dn
In general, L (t f (t ))  ( 1) F (s)
ds n

5.1. Problems :

1. Find L(te3t )

Solution :

We know that
d
L(tf (t ))  L ( f (t ))
ds
Here f (t )  e3t

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d
L (te 3t )  L ( e 3t )
ds
d  1 
  
ds  s  3 
 ( s  3)(0)  (1) 
  
 ( s  3)2 
1

( s  3) 2

2. Find L (t sin 3t )
Solution :

d
L(tf (t ))  L( f (t ))
ds
d
L(tf (t ))  L(sin 3t )
ds
d  3 
  
ds  s 2  9 
  ( s 2  9)(0)  3(2 s) 
 
 ( s 2  9)2 
6s
 2
( s  9) 2

3. Find L(t cos 2 3t )

Solution :
d
L (t cos 2 3t )  L (cos 2 3t )
ds
 d  1  cos 6t 
 L
ds  2 

1 d
  L (1)  L (cos 6t ) 
2 ds
1 d  1 s 
  2
2 ds  s s  16 


1  1 ( s 2  16) 1  s (2 s ) 
   
2  s2 ( s 2  16) 2 
1  1 16  s 2 
   
2  s 2 ( s 2  16) 2 
1 1 s 2  16 
  2 2 
2s ( s  16) 2 

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4. Find L(te2 t sin 3t )

Solution :

L (e 2 t (t sin 3t ))  L (t sin 3t ) s  s  2
 d 
 ( L (sin 3t ) 
 ds s  s  2
 d  3 
  2 
 ds  s  9   s s 2
 ( s 2  9)0  3(2 s ) 
 
 ( s 2  9) 2 ss2
6( s  2)

(( s  2) 2  9) 2

5. Find L(te 2 t sin 2t sin 3t )

Solution :

L(te2 t sin 2t sin 3t )

 L(t sin 2t sin 3t ) s s  2
1 
   L(t  2sin 2t sin 3t ) 
2  ss  2
1
 L  t (cos(2t  3t )  cos(2t  3t ))  s s  2
2
1
 L  t cos t  t cos 5t  s  s  2
2
1  d d 
  L(cos t )  L(cos 5t ) 
2  ds ds  ss  2
1  d  s  d  s 
    
2  ds  s 2  1  ds  s 2  25   s s  2
1   ( s 2  1) 1  s(2 s)  d  ( s 2  25) 1  s(2 s)  
     
2  ( s 2  1)2  ds  ( s 2  25)2  ss  2
1   1  s 2   25  s 2  
    
2   ( s 2  1)2   (s 2  25) 2   s s  2
1  s2 1 25  s 2 
 
2  (s 2  1)2 (s 2  25)2  s  s  2
 
1  (s  2)2  1 25  ( s  2) 2 
 
2   (s  2)2  1 2  ( s  2)2  25 2 
 
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6. Find L(t 2 e t cos h 2t )

Solution :

L  e t (t 2 cos h 2t )   L(t 2 cos h2t )S S 1

2
 2 d 
  (1) 2
L(cos h2t ) 
 ds  S S 1

 d 2  s 
 2  2 
 ds  s  4   s  s 1
 d  ( s 2  4) 1  s (2 s)  
  
 ds  ( s 2  4) 2   s  s 1
d  4  s 2 
  
ds  ( s 2  4) 2  s  s 1
d  4  s 2 
  
ds  ( s 2  4) 2  s  s 1
 ( s 2  4)2 (2 s )  (4  s 2 )2( s 2  4)  (2 s ) 
  
 ( s 2  4) 2  s  s 1
 2  s 2  4  2(4  s 2 )  
  2 s( s  4)  
  ( s 2  4) 4   s  s 1
 2 s ( s 2  4  8  2 s 2 ) 
 
 ( s 2  4)3  s  s 1
 2 s( s 2  12) 
 2 3 
 ( s  4)  s  s 1
 2( s  1)(( s  1) 2  12) 
 
 ( s  1)2  4)3 

6. Theorem


f (t )  f (t )   St
If L ( f (t ))  F ( s ) and if L t exist then L     e f (t )ds
t0 t  t  S

Proof :

By definition, F ( s )  L ( f (t ))  e  st f (t ) dt

0

Integrate both sides w.r.t ‘S’ from s 

 
 st
 F ( s ) ds    e f (t )dtds
s s 0

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 
 
    e  st f (t )ds  dt (Changing the order of integration since ‘s’ and
0 s 
‘t’ are independent variable)

 
  f (t )   e  st ds  dt
0 s 
 
 e  st 
  f (t )dt  
0  t  s

 1 
  f (t )dt  (0  e  st ) 
0  t 

f (t )
  e  st dt
0
t
 f (t ) 
 L 
 t 

 f (t ) 
L    L( f (t ))ds
 t  s


Similarly we can prove that L 
 f (t ) 
2 
   L( f (t ))ds ds
 t  ss

 
In general
 f (t ) 
L  n      L( f (t )) ds
 ds
ds
 t   
s s

s n times
n times

Recall :
1. log( AB )  log A  log B

2. log A  B   log A  log B

3. log AB  B log A
4. log1  0
5. log 0  
6. log   
1
7.  x dx  log x
dx 1 x
8. a 2 2
 tan 1
x a a

9. tan 1 ( ) 
2

10. cot 1 s  a   2  tan  s a 

1

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Problems :

 1  e2t 
1. Find L 
 t 
Solution :

1  e2t 0
Lim  (Indeterminate form)
t 0 t 0
Apply L - Hospital Rule

2e 2t
Lim  2
t 0 1
 the given function exists in the limit t  0

 1  e2t   2t
L    L (1  e )ds
 t  s

   L (1)  L( e 2 t )  ds
s

1 1 
    ds
s 
s s2

  log s  log( s  2)  s


  s 
  log  
  s  2  s
 
    
s    log  1
  log  
  s 1  2
  s   
  S
1 2
 s

s
s
 0  log
s2
1
 s 
 log  
 s2
 s2
 log  
 s 

2. Find L 
 1  cos at 

 t 

Solution :

1  cos at 0
Lim  (Indeterminate form)
t 0 t 0
Apply L - Hospital Rule.

a sin at
Lim  0 (finite)
t 0 1

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 the given function exist in the limit t  0


 1  cos at 
L    L(1  cos at )ds
 t  S

   L(1)  L (cos at )  ds
s

1 s 
   2 2 
ds
s  s s  a 

 1 
  log s  log( s 2  a 2 ) 
 2 s



 log s  log( s 2  a 2 )
1
2
 s

 s 
  log 
 s 2  a 2 s

 
 s 
  log 
2
 s 1 a 2 
 s s

 
 1 
  log 
2
 1 a 2 
 s s
 s 
  log1  log 
 s2  a2 
1
 s   s   a2  s2 
  log    log  2   log  
2 2
 s a 
2
 s a   s 
 

 e  at  e bt 
3. Find L  
 t 

Solution :

e  at  e bt 0
Lim  (Indeterminate form)
t 0 t 0

Apply L - Hospital Rule

ae  at  be bt
Lim  ba
t 0 1

 the given function exists in the limit t  0

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 e  at  e  bt    at  bt
L    L(e  e )ds
 t  s

 1 1 
    ds
s
s a s b 

  log( s  a )  log( s  b)s

  (s  a)  
  log  
  ( s  b)   s

  1  a s 
  log  
  1  b s  s
1 a s 
 log1  log  
 1 b s 
sa
 log1  log  
 sb 
 sa
  log  
 sb 
1
 sa
 log  
 sb 
 sb 
 log  
 sa

 cos at  cos bt 
4. Find L  
 t 

Solution :

cos at  cos bt 0
Lim  (Indeterminate form)
t 0 t 0

Apply L - Hospital Rule

 a sin at  b sin bt
Lim  0 (finite)
t 0 1

 the given function exists in the limit t  0


 cos at  cos bt 
L    L(cos at  cos bt )ds
 t  s

 s s 
  2 2
 2  ds
s  s a s  b2 

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M aths Laplace Transforms


1 1 
  log( s 2  a 2 )  log( s 2  b 2 ) 
2 2 s

1 (s 2  a2 ) 
  log 2
2 ( s  b 2 )  s


1

  log
s 2
1  
a2 2
s  


2
 s 1 b 2
2

2

s  
s


1

  log
1  
a2 2
s  


2
 
2
1 b 2
s  
s

1  ( s2  a 2 ) 
  log1  log  2 2 
2  (s  b ) 
1  (s 2  b2 ) 
 log  2 2 
2  (s  a ) 

 e at  cos bt 
5. Find L 
 t 

Solution :

e at  cos bt
Since Lim exists
t 0 t

 e at  cos bt   at
L    L (e  cos bt )ds
 t  s

 1 s 
   2  ds
s 
s  a s  b2 


 1 
  log( s  a )  log( s 2  b 2 ) 
 2 s

  log( s  a )  log s 2  b 2 
 s

  sa 
  log  
2 2
  s  b   s


  

  s 1  a s 
  log 

2 
  s 1  b 2 
  s  s

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sa
 log1  log
s 2  b2
sa
  log
s 2  b2
 s 2  b2 
 log  
 sa 
 

 sin 2 t 
6. Find L 
 t 
Solution :

sin 2 t
Since Lim exists
t 0 t
 sin 2 t   2
L    L(sin t )ds
 t  s

 1  cos 2t 
  L  ds
s  2 

1
  L(1)  L(cos 2t )  ds
2 s

1 1 s 
   2 ds
2 s  s s  4 

1 1 
  log s  log( s 2  4) 
2 2 s

1
 log s  log s 2  4 
2 s

1 s 
  log 
2 s2  4 s

 
1 s 
  log 
2 s 1 4 2
 s 
s

 
1 1 
  log 
2 1 4 2
 s 
s

 
1 1 
  log1  log 
2 1 4 2
 s 

1  s2  4 
 log  
2  s 
 

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sin 3t cos 2t 
7. Find L  
 t 
Solution :

 sin 3t cos 2t 
Lim   exists
t 0
 1 

 sin 3t cos 2t 
L    L(sin 3t cos 2t ) ds
 t  s

1
  L(2sin 3t cos 2t )ds
2s

1
  L(sin 5t  sin t ) ds
2s

1  5 1 
   2 ds
2 s  s  25 s  1 
 2


1 1 
 5  tan 1 s  tan 1 s 
2 5 5 1 s

1
 
  tan 1 s 5  tan 1 s 1 
2 s  
1

 tan 1 ()  tan 1 ()  tan 1 s  tan 1 s
2 5  
1  
1  
    tan 1 s  tan 1 s 
2 2 2 5   1 
 
1

   tan 1 s  tan 1 s
2 5   

 sin at  . Hence find the value of sin t dt
8. Find L   0 t
 t 
Solution :
sin at
Since Lim exists
t 0 t

 sin at 
L 
  L(sin at ) ds
 t  s

a
 ds
s
s  a2
2


 1 s
  a  tan 1 
 a a s

 s
  tan 1 
 a s
s
 tan 1   tan 1  
a
 sin at   1  s 
 L    tan  
 t  2 a

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Deduction :
By definition

 St sin at  s
e   tan 1  
0 t 2 a
Put s = 0, a = 1


sin t 
 dt   tan 1 (0)
0
t 2


2

9. Find L 
 cos at 

 t 
Solution :

cos at 1
Lt  
t 0 t 0
cos at
 Lt does not exist.
t 0 t

 cos at 
Hence L  does not exist.
 t 

 eat 
10. Find L 
 t 
Solution :

eat 1
Lt  
t 0 t 0

 e at 
 L   does not exist.
 t 
7. Unit Step function (or) heavisides unit step function :

The unit step function about the point t  a is defined as U (t  a)  

0 for t  a
1 for t  a
It can also be denoted by H (t  a )
u(t-a)

t<a t>a
t=a t

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7.1 Find the Laplace transform of unit step function.

Solution :

The Laplace transform of unit step function is


L(U (t  a))   e  stU (t  a)dt
0
a 
  e 0  dt   e  st (1)dt
 st

0 a

  e  st dt
a

 e  st 
 
 s a
1
 (e   e  as )
s
1 e  as
L(U (t  a))  (0  e  as ) 
s s
 as
e
 L(U (t  a)) 
s
8. Dirac delta function (or) Unit Impulse function :

8.1 Dirac delta function or unit impulse function about the point t = a is defined as

 1
 Lt a t ah
 (t  a )   h  0 h
 0 otherwise

Find the Laplace transform of Dirac delta function.

Solution : 
o a a+h


L  (t  a)    e  st (t  a )dt
0
a ah 
 st 1  st  st
  e 0dt  Lt e dt  e 0dt
h0 h
0 a ah
ah
1  st
 Lt e dt
h0 h
a

1  1  ( a  h ) s  as 
 Lt
h0 h  s

e  e 

1  e  as e  ( a  h ) s 
 Lt  s  s 
h0 h
 

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e  as (1  e  hs ) 0
 Lt  (Indeterminate form)
h 0 sh 0

Applying L’ Hospital Rule.

e  as (e  hs s )
 Lt  e  as
h0 s

L( (t  a ))  e  as when a  0, L( (t ))  1

8.2. Note :

The dirac delta function is the derivative of unit step function.

9. Second shiffting Theorem (Second Translation)

 f (t  a ), t  a
If L ( f (t ))  F ( s ) and G (t )   ,
 0 ta

Then L (G (t ))  e  as F ( s )

Proof : 

L(G (t ))   e  st G (t ) dt
0
a 
  e  st G (t )dt   e  st G (t )dt
0 a
a 
  e  st 0  dt   e  st f (t  a )dt
0 a

  e  st f (t  a )dt
a

Put ta u when t  a, u0

dt  du t  , u  


 L(G (t ))   e  s ( u  a ) f (u )du
0

 e  sa  e  su f (u ) du
0


 su
In e
0
f (u )du , u is a dummy variable. Hence we can replace it by the variable t.

 L(G (t ))  e  sa  e  st f (t )dt
0
 sa
e L( f (t ))
 as
e F (S )

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Another form of second shifting theorem

If L ( f (t ))  F ( s ) and a  0 then

L ( f (t  a )U (t  a ))  e  as F ( s ) where U (t  a ) is the unit step function.

Proof :

We know that by the definition of unit step function.

1 t  a
U (t  a )  
0 t  a

 f (t  a) t  a
 f (t  a)U (t  a)   _____(1)
 0 ta

Let f (t  a )U (t  a )  G (t )

 f (t  a ) t  a
 (1) becomes, G (t )  
 0 ta

which is precisely the same as the first form of second shifting theorem, as discussed above

 L(G (t ))  e  as F ( s )

9.1. Problems :

1. Find the Laplace transform of G (t ) , where

  2  2
cos  t  3  if t  3
G (t )    
 2
0 if t 
 3
Solution :

 f (t  a ) t  a
We know that by second shifting if L ( f (t ))  F ( s ) and G (t )  
 0 ta
then L (G (t ))  e  as F ( s ) ____(1)

 2 
Here f (t  a )  cos  t  
 3 
2
(ie) f (t )  cos t & a  ____(2)
3
s
 L ( f (t ))  L (cos t )  2 ____(3)
s 1
Substituting (2) & (3) in (1), we get
2

3
s s
 L(G (t ))  e  2
s 1

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(t  2)3 ; t  2
2. Find the Laplace transform using second shifting theorem for G (t )  
 0 t2
Solution :
Here a  2, f (t  a)  (t  2)3
f (t )  t 3
3!
L ( f (t ))  L(t 3 )   F (s)
s4
 L (G (t ))  e  as F ( s )
3!
 e 2 s 4
s
3. Using second shifting theorem, find the Laplace transform of


G (t )  

sin t   ; t  
3 
3
 0 t 
 3
Solution :

Here a
3
, f (t  a)  sin t  
3  
 f (t )  sin t

 L ( f (t ))  L (sin t )
1
 2
 F ( s)
s 1
 L (G (t ))  e  as F ( s )
 s
3
1
e  2
s 1
 s
3
1
e 2
s 1

10. Change of Scale Property

1 s
If L ( f (t ))  F ( s ) , Then L ( f ( at ))  F 
a a

Proof :

By definition, L( f (t ))   e st f (t )dt
0


 L( f (at ))   e st f (a t )dt
0

Put at  y when t  0, y0

adt  dy t  , y

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
dy
L ( f (at ))   e  s ( y a)
f ( y)
0
a

1
  e  ( s a ) y f ( y )dy
a0


1
  e  ( s a )t f (t )dt (Replacing the dummy variable y by t)
a0

1
L( f (at )) 
a
F s
a  
10.1. Corollary :

  
L  f t   aF (as)
a
10.2. Problems :

1. Assuming L (sin t ) . Find L (sin 2t ) and L sin t  2 

Solution :

We know that
1 _____(1)
L (sin t )  2
s 1

1 1
 L (sin 2t )   Using (1) (Replace S by s/2)
2 s 2 1
2  
1 4 
L (sin 2t )   
2  s2  4 

2
 2 _____(2)
s 4


 L sin t
2   2  2s 1  1  4s 2 1
2 2 Using (2) (Replace s by 2s)

s2 1
2. Given that L (t cos t ) 
( s 2  1) 2

 t
Find (i) L (t cos at ) and (ii) L  t cos 
 a
Solution :

s2 1
(i) Given L (t cos t )  2
( s  1) 2

Replacing t by at

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 L ( at cos at ) 
1 a  
s
1
( Replacing s by s/a)
a  s 2 2

 
 a  1


a4 (s2  a2 )
L (at cos at ) 
a3 (s 2  a 2 )2

a4 (s 2  a2 ) s2  a2
 L (t cos at )  
a 4 (s 2  a 2 )2 (s 2  a2 )2

 t s2  1
(ii) Given L  t cos  
 a  (s 2  1)2

 2 
(as)  1 
Replace t by t a , L t cos t
a 
a
 a
 2 

  (as)  1 
2

 2 2 
 t a s 1 
L  t cos   a 2  Replace s by as.
 a   a 2 s 2  12 
 

11. Laplace Transform of Derivations :

Here, we explore how the Laplace transform interacts with the basic operators of calculus differentation and
integration . The greatest interest will be in the first identity that we will derive. This relates the transform
of a derivative of a function to the transform of the original function, and will allow to convert many initial
- value problems to easily solved algebraic Equations. But there are useful relations involving the Laplace
transform and either differentiation (or) integration. So we’ll look at them too.

11.1. Theorem :

If L ( f (t ))  F ( s ) Then

(i) L ( f (t ))  sL ( f (t ))  f (0)

(ii) L ( f (t ))  s 2 L ( f (t ))  sf (0)  f (0)

and in general

L ( f n (t ))  s n L ( f (t ))  s n 1 f (0)  s n  2 f (0)...... f n 1 (0)

Proof :

(i) By definition,

L( f (t ))   e  st f (t )dt
0


  e  st d ( f (t ))
0

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

  e  st f (t )    f (t )d (e  st )
0
0

 (0  f (0))   f (t )e  st ( s )dt
0

  f (0)  s  e  st f (t ) dt
0

  f (0)  sL( f (t ))

 L( f (t ))  sL ( f (t ))  f (0) _____(1) which proves (i)

(ii) Again by definition,


L( f (t ))   e  st f (t )dt
0

  e  st d ( f (t ))
0


  e  st f (t )    f (t )e  st ( s )dt
0
0

 0  f (t )   s  e  st f (t ) dt
0

  f (0)  sL( f (t ))

 sL( f (t ))  f (0)
 s ( sL( f (t ))  f (0))  f (0) Using (1)

L ( f (t ))  s 2 Lf (t )  sf (0)  f (0) ____(2)

Similarly proceeding like this, we can show that

L ( f n (t ))  s n L ( f (t ))  s n 1 f (0)  s n  2 f (0)...... f n 1 (0) ____(3)

The above results (1), (2) and (3) are very useful in solving linear differential equations with constant
coefficients.
11.2. Note :

We have, L ( f (t ))  sL ( f (t ))  f (0) _____(1) and

L ( f (t ))  s 2 L ( f (t ))  sf (0)  f (0) _____(2)

when f (0)  0 and f (0)  0

(1) & (2) becomes

Lf (t )  sLf (t ) and Lf (t )  s 2 Lf (t )

This shows that under certain conditions, the process of Laplace transform replaces differentiation by
multiplication by the factor s and s 2 respectively..

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12. Laplace Transform of integrals

Analogous to the differentiation identities L  f (t )   sF ( s)  f (0) and L tf (t )   F ( s) are a pair of
identities concerning transforms of integrals and integrals of transforms. These identities will not be nearly
as important to us as the differentiation identities, but they do have their uses and are considered to be part
of the standard set of identities for the Laplace Transform.

Before we start, however, take another look at the above differentiation identities. They show that, under the
Laplace transform, the differentiation of one of the functions, f(t) or F(S) corresponds to the multiplication of
the other by the approprate variable.

This may lead to suspect that the analogous integrations identities. They show that, under Laplace transform
integration of one of the functions f(t) or F(S), corresponds to the division of the other by the approprate
variables.

t  1
12.1. Theorem : If L  f ( t )   F ( s ) then L  f (t )dt   L[ f (t )]

0  s

Proof :
t

Let  f (t )dt   (t )
0

(1)

Differentiate both sides with respect to ‘t’

 f (t )   (t ) 
(2)

t
and  (0)   f (t ) dt  0
0

We know that L[ (t )]  sL[ (t )]   (0)

L[ (t )]  sL[ (t )]  (0)  0
t 
 L[ f (t )]  sL   f (t )dt  by (1) & (2)
0 
t
  1
L   f (t )dt   L[ f (t )]
0  s
Similarly we can prove that

t t  1
L    f (t )dt   2 L[ f (t )]
0 0  s

 
t t t
 1
 In general L     f (t )dt   n L[ f (t )]
  s
0 0
 0

 n items 

12.2. Note :

The above result expresses that the integral between the limits from ‘0’ to ‘t’ is transformed into simple
division by the factor ‘S’ using Laplace transform.

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12.3. Problems :
t
 
1. find L  e t t cos tdt 

 0 
Solution :
 t   t 
L  e t  t cos tdt    L   t cos tdt  
 0    0   s  s 1
1 
  L(t cos t ) 
s  s  s 1
 1  d 
  ( L (cos t ))  
 s  ds   s  s 1
 1  d  s   
   2  
 s  ds  s  1    s  s 1
  1  ( s 2  1)  s (2 s )  
  
 s  ( s 2  1) 2   s  s 1
 1  1  s 2 
  2 2 
 s  ( s  1)   s  s 1
 s2  1 
 2 2 
 s ( s  1)  s  s 1
 ( s  1) 2  1 
 2 2 
 ( s  1)(( s  1)  1)  s  s 1
s 2  2s

( s  1)( s 2  2 s  2) 2
t
 t sin t 
2. Find L  e  dt 
 0
t 
Solution :

 t sin t    t sin t  
L  e t  dt    L   dt  
 0 t    0 t   s s 1
 1  sin t  
  L 
 s  t   s s 1
sin t
Since Lim exist
t 0 t
1  
   L(sin t )ds 
s s  s s 1
1  1 
  2 ds 
 s s s  1  s s 1
1 
   tan 1 s  
s s
 s s 1

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1 
  (tan 1   tan 1 ( s ) 
s  s  s 1
1   
    tan 1 ( s )  
s  2   s  s 1
1  cot 1 ( s  1)
  cot 1 s  
s  s  s 1 s 1
t
t
3. Find the Laplace Transform of
 te
0
sin tdt

Solution :
L (te  t sin tdt )  ( L (t sin t )) s  s 1
 d 
 L (sin t ) 
 ds  s  s 1
 d  1 
  2 
 ds  s  1   s  s 1
 ( s 2  1)0  2 s 
  2 2 
 ( s  1)  s  s 1
 2S 
 2 2 
 ( S  1)  S S 1
2( S  1)

((S  1) 2  1)2
2(S  1)
 2
S  2S  2
 t e t sin t 
4. Find L   dt 
0 t 
Solution :

 t e  t sin t  1  e  t sin t 
L dt   L  
0 t  s  t 
t
e sin t
Since Lim exist.
t 0 t

1 
   L (e  t sin t )  ds
s s 
1  
   L (sin t )  ds
s s  s  s 1
1    1 
 ds
s  s  s 2  1   s  s 1
  

1   1 
   2   ds
s  s  ( s  1)  1  

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1   ds 
   2 
s  s  ( s  1)  1  
1 

s
 tan 1 ( s  1) 
s

1
cot ( s  1)

s

Problems :

 t 2t 
1. Find L   e dt 
0 
Solution :

 t 2t  1
L   e dt   L (e 2 t )
0  s
1 1
 
s s2
1

s ( s  2)

t 
2. Find L  sin 3tdt 

 0 
Solution :

t  1
L   sin 3tdt   L(sin 3t )
0  s
1 3
  2
s s 9
3
 2
s ( s  9)

 t 2t 
3. Find   e cos 3tdt 
L
0 
Solution :
t  1
L   e 2t cos 3tdt   L(e 2t cos 3t )
0  s
1
 L (cos 3t ) s  s  2 (Using first shifting theorem)
s
1 s 
  2 
s  s  9 s s2
1 s2 
  2 
s  (s  2)  9 

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t 
4. Find L  e t sin h2tdt 

 0 
Solution :
t  1
L   e  t sin h 2tdt   L (e t sin h 2t )
0  s
1
 L(sin h 2t ) s  s 1
s
1 2 
  2 
s  s  4  s s 1
1 2 
  2 
s  ( s  1)  4 
t 
5. Find L  sin 3t cos 2tdt 

0 
Solution :
t  1
L   sin 3t cos 2tdt   L (sin 3t cos 2t )
0  s
1
 L (2 sin 3t cos 2t )
2s
1
 L (sin 5t  sin t )
2s
1  5 1 
  2  2 
2 s  s  25 s  1 
t
 
6. Find L  e 3t  t sin 2 t  dt
 0 
Solution :
 3t t  t 
L  e  t sin t   L   t sin 2 tdt 
2

 0  0  s  s 3
1 
  L(t sin 2 t ) 
s  s s3
 1 d 
 L (sin 2 t ) 
 s ds  s s 3
  1 d  1  cos 2t  
 L 
 s ds  2   s s 3
 1 d 
 L (1  cos 2t ) 
 2 s ds  s s 3
 1 d  1 s 
   2 
 2 s ds  s s  4   s  s  3
 1  1 ( s 2  4) 1  s (2 s )  
  2  
 2s  s ( s 2  4) 2   s s3

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 1  1 4  s2 
  2  2 
 2s  s ( s  4) 2   s  s 3
1  1 4  ( s  3) 2 
   
2( s  3)  ( s  3) 2 (( s  3) 2  4)2 
1  4  ( s  3) 2 
 3  2 2 
2( s  3)  2( s  3)( s  6 s  13) 

 4t
 t sin 3t cos 2t  
7. Find L  e   dt  
 t 
 0 
Solution :
 4t  t sin 3t cos 2t  
Le   dt  
 t 
 0 
 t sin 3t cos 2t 
 L dt 
0 t  s s 4
 1  sin 3t cos 2t  
  L 
s  t   s s 4
1  
   L(sin 3t cos 2t )dt 
s s  s  s4

1 
   L (2sin 3t cos 2t ) ds 
 2s s  s s 4
1  
   L (sin 5t  sin t ) ds 
 2s s  s s  4
 1  5 1  
   2  2  ds 
2
 ss  s  25 s  1   ss4
1  1 s 
   5  tan 1  tan 1 s  
 2s  5 5  ss4

1  s  
   tan 1  tan 1 s  
 2 s  5  s  s  s  4
1   s  
   (tan 1   tan 1  )   tan 1  tan 1 s   
 2s   5   ss4
 1    s 
      tan 1  tan 1 s 
 2s  2 2  5  ss4
1  s 
     tan 1  tan 1 s  
 2s  5  ss4
1  1 s  4 
    tan  tan 1 ( s  4) 
2( s  4)  5 

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13. Periodic Functions :

Laplace transform of periodic functions have a particular structure. In many applications the non
homogeneous term in a linear differential equation is a periodic function. In this section, we desire a formula
for the Laplace transform of such periodic functions.

13.1 Definition of Periodic functions :

A function f(t) is said to have a period T or to be periodic with period T if for all t, f(t+T)=f(t) where T is a
positive constant. The least value of T>0 is called the period of f(t).

Example 1

Consider f (t )  sin t

f (t  2 )  sin(t  2 )
 sin t

(ie) f (t )  f (t  2 )
 sin t

 sin t t is a periodic function with period 2 .

Example 2 :

tan t is a periodic function with period  .

13.2. Laplace Transform of Periodic functions :

Let f (t ) be a periodic function with period a.

f (t )  f (t  a)  f (t  2a )  f (t  3a)......


Now L( f (t ))  e  st f (t ) dt

0
a 2a 3a
  e  st f (t ) dt   e  st f (t )dt   e  st f (t )dt
0 a 2a
4a
+  e  st f (t )dt  
3a

Put in the second integral t  T  a; dt  dT

in the Third integral t  T  2a; dt  dT

in the Fourth integral t  T  3a; dt  dT

When t  a, T 0
t  2a, T  a

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when t  2a, T  0
t  3a, T  a

when t  3a, T  0
t  4a, T  a

a a
 L( f (t ))   e  st f (t )dt  e  as  e  sT f (T  a )dT
0 0
a
+e2 as  e  sT f (T  2a)dT  
0
a a a
  e  st f (t )dt  e  sa  e  st f (t  a )dt  e 2as  e  st f (t  2a)dt
0 0 0
a
 (1  e  as  (e  as ) 2  )  e  st f (t )dt
0
a
 (1  e  as )1  e  st f (t )dt  (1  x) 1
 1  x  x 2  
0
a
1
L( f (t ))   as 
e  st f (t )dt
1 e 0

13.3. Problems :

1. Find the Laplace Transform of the square wave given by

 E for 0  t  a 2
f (t )  
a
 E for 2  t  a

and f (t  a )  f (t )

Solution :

Given that f (t  a )  f (t )

Hence f (t ) is a periodic function with period p  a

a
1
L( f (t ))  e  st f (t )dt
1  e  as 0
a
1  2  st 
a
 st
 e Edt  e (  E ) dt 
1  e  as  0 
a 
 2 
a
1  2  st 
a
 st
 E e dt  E e dt 
1  e  as  0 
a 
 2 

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E  e  st  a 2  e  st  a 
     
1  e  as   s  0   s  a 
 2

E  e  sa 2  1   e  sa  e  sa 2  

s (1  e  as )  
E
 as 
 1  e  sa 2  e sa 2  e  sa 
s (1  e )
E
 as 
 1  e 2 sa 2  e  sa 
s (1  e )
 sa 2
E  2

 as  1  e 

2  sa 2  
s (1  e )(1  e )
 sa
 
E 1  e 2 
   sa 2 
s (1  e )
E  sa 
 tan h  
s  4

 t 0t b
2. Find the Laplace transform of the function f (t )  
2b  t b  t  2b
Solution :
The given function is a periodic function with period 2b
2b
1  st
 L( f (t ))  e f (t )dt
1  e 2 bs 0
b 2b
1
 2 bs 
e  st f (t )dt   e  st f (t ) dt
1 e 0 b

1  b  st 2b
 st

 2 bs  
e tdt  b e (2b  t ) dt 
1 e 0 
b
   e  st   e  st   
 t
   1
  2   
1     s   s  0 
  2b 
1  e 2 bs   e  st   e  st   
  (2b  t )    ( 1)  2   
   s   s   b 
1  be  sb e  sb 1 e 2 bs b  bs e  bs 
  2  2 2  e
1  e 2 bs  s s s s s s 2 
1  1  2e  bs  e 2 bs 
  
1  e 2 bs  s2 
 bs 2
(1  e )
 2
s (1  e  bs )(1  e  bs )

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1  e  bs

s 2 (1  e  bs )
 bs  bs
 2 2

1 (1  e )  e
 2  
s   bs  bs 
 (1  e 2 )  e 2 
 
bs  bs
2 2
1 e e
   bs
s 2 bs2
e e 2
1  bs 
 2 tan h  
s  2
sin t in 0  t  
3. Find the Laplace transform of f (t )   and f (t  2 )  f (t ) .
 0 in   t  2
Solution :
Given that f (t  2 )  f (t )
Hence f (t ) is a periodic function with period P  2
P
1
L ( f (t ))   sP 
e  st f (t )dt
1 e 0
1    st 2

 2 s  
e sin tdt   e  st  0dt 
1 e 0  
1  1  

1  e 2 s  s 2  1
 e  st
( S sin t  1  cos t )  0

1 1
2 s 
 2  e  s (0  1)  1(0  1) 
s 1 1 e
1 1
2 s 
 2 e  s  1
s  1 (1  e )

 2
1

1 1  e   s

s  1 (1  e ) (1  e  s )
 s

1 1
 2 
s  1 1  e  s
4. Find the Laplace transform of the Half-wave rectifier function
 
sin wt , 0  t  w
f (t )  
 0,  2
t 
 w w
Solution :

 
sin wt , 0  t  w
Given f (t )  
 0,  2
t 
 w w
2  2 
This ia a periodic function with period in the interval  0, .
w  w 

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2
w
1  st
 L( f (t ))  2 s e f (t )dt

w 0
1 e
 w 2
w

1   st  st 
 2 s   e f (t )dt   e f (t )dt 


1 e w  0 w

 w 2
w

1   st  st 
 2 s   e sin wtdt   e  0dt 


1 e w  0 w


1  e  st ( s sin wt  w cos wt )  w
 2 s  

w  s 2  w2 0
1 e
 ws 

1  e ( w)  w 

2 s  s 2  w2 
w
1 e  
1 w 1  e  s w

 2 s 2 2

w
s w
1 e
w (1  e  s w )
 
(1  e  s w )(1  e  s w ) s 2  w 2
w
  s w
(1  e ) s 2  w2
 t, for 0  t  1
5. Find the Laplace transform of the periodic function f (t )   and f (t  2)  f (t )
2  t, for 1  t  2
Solution :
The given function is a periodic function with period 2.
2
1
 L( f (t ))  e  st f (t )dt
1  e 2 s 0
1 2
1   st  st

 2 s  
e tdt  1 (2  t ) e dt 
1 e  0 
1 2
1  te  st e  st   e  st e  st  
   1  2    (2  t )  2  
1  e 2 s   s s 0  s s 1 

1  e  s e  s 1 e 2 s e  s e  s 
  s  s 2  s2  s 2  s  s 2 
1  e 2 s  
1  1  2 e  s  e 2 s 
  
1  e 2 s  s2 
(1  e  s ) 2 1  (1  e  s ) 
   
(1  e  s )(1  e  s ) s 2 s 2  (1  e  s ) 
1 e s 2  e s 2 1
 2 s 2  s 2  2 tan h s
s e e s 2  
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M aths Laplace Transforms

 
 t , 0t 
6. Find the Laplace transform of the function f (t )  
2 f (  t )  f (t )
  t ,   t  
 2

Solution :

1  2  st 
 st

 L ( f (t ))    te tdt   (  t )e dt 
1  e  s  0  2 
1  te  st e  st  2  
e  st e  st  
   2    (  t )  2  
1  e  s   s s 0  s s  2 

1   e  s 2 e  s 2 1 e  s  e  s 2 e  s 2 
  2  2  2 2  2  2 
1  e  s  s s s s s s 
 
1 1  2e  s 2  e  s 
  
1  e  s  s2 
(1  e  s 2 ) 2

s 2 (1  e  s 2 )(1  e  s 2 )
1  e  s 2

s 2 (1  e  s 2 )
 1, 0t b
7. Find the Laplace transform of the rectangular wave given by f (t )  
1, b  t  2b
Solution :

 1, 0t b
Given f (t )  
1, b  t  2b
This function is periodic the interval (0, 2b) with period 2b.

2b
1  st
 L( f (t ))  e f (t )dt
1  e 2 bs 0

1  b  st 2b
 st

 2 bs  
e f ( t ) dt  b e f ( t ) dt 
1 e 0 
b 2b
1   st 
 2 bs  
e (1)dt   e  st (1)dt 
1 e 0 b 
b 2b
1   st 
 2 bs  
e dt   e  st dt 
1 e 0 b 
b 2 b
1   e  st   e  st  
     
1  e 2 bs    s  0   s b 

1  e  sb 1 e 2 sb e  sb 
   
1  e 2 bs   s s s s 

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M aths Laplace Transforms

1 1  2e  sb  e 2 sb 

s  1  e 2 bs 

1 (1  e  sb )2

s (1  e  sb )(1  e  sb )
1 1  e  sb

s 1  e  sb
1 (1  e  sb )e  sb 2

s (1  e  sb )(e  sb 2 )
1 e sb 2  e  sb 2

s e sb 2  e  sb 2
1  sb 
 tan h  
s  2

14. Initial value theorem

If L ( f (t ))  F ( s ) , then Lt f (t )  Lt sF ( s )
t 0 t 

Proof :

 
We know that L f (t )  sL f (t )  f (0))  
Take the limit as s  on both sides, we havee
Lt L ( f (t ))  Lt ( sF ( s )  f (0))
s  s 


Lt  e st f (t ) dt  Lt (sF (s)  f (0)) ( By definition of Laplace Transform)
s  s 
0


 st
 Lt e f (t ) dt  Lt ( sF ( s )  f (0)) ( s is independent of t, we can take the limit in
s  s 
0

the L.H.S before integration)

0  Lt ( sF ( s )  f (0))
s 

 Lt sF ( s )  f (0)
s 

 Lt f (t )
t0

 Lt sF ( s )  Lt f (t )
s  t0

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15. Final value Theorem

If L ( f (t ))  F ( s ) , then Lt f ( t )  Lt sF ( s )
t  s0

Proof :

We know that L ( f (t ))  sL  f (t )  f (0)

L ( f (t ))  sF ( s )  f (0)

 st
e f (t ) dt  sF ( s )  f (0)
0

Take the limit as s  0 on both sides,


Lt  e  st f (t ) dt  Lt ( sF ( s )  f (0))
s 0 s 0
0


 st
 Lt e f (t ) dt  Lt ( sF ( s )  f (0)) ( s is independent of t, we can take the limit in
s0 s 0
0

the L.H.S before integration)



 f (t ) dt  Lt ( sF ( s )  f (0))
0
s0

( f (t ))0  Lt ( sF ( s)  f (0))
s 0

Lt f (t )  f (0)  Lt sF ( s )  f (0)
t  s 0

Since f (0) is n ot a function of ‘s’ (or) ‘t’ it can be cancelled both sides,

Lt f ( t )  Lt sF ( s )
t  s0

15.1.Problems :
1
1. If L ( f (t ))  find lim
t 
f (t ) and lim f (t )
t 0
s( s  a)
Solution :

lim f (t )  lim sF ( s )
t0 s 

1
 lim s 
s s(s  a)
1
 lim
s (s  a)

0
lim f (t )  lim sF ( s )
t s0

1
 lim s 
s0 s(s  a)
1
 lim
s0 ( s  a)

1

a

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M aths Laplace Transforms

2. If L (e  t cos 2 t )  F ( s ) . Find lim( sF ( s )) and lim( sF ( s ))

s0 s 

Solution :

L (e  t cos 2 t )  F ( s )

(ie)., f (t )  e t cos 2 t
By final value theorem,

lim( sF ( s ))  lim(e  t cos 2 t )  0

s 0 t 

By initial value theorem,

s lim sF (s)  lim(e t cos2 t )  1

S 0 t 0

3. Verify the initial and final value theorem for the function f (t )  1  e  at
Solution :
Given that f (t )  1  e  at ____(1)

L ( f (t ))  L(1  e  at )
1 1
 
s s 1
1 1
F (s )  
s s 1
1 1 
SF (s )  s   
s sa
s
 1 _____(2)
sa

From (1), Lt f (t )  Lt 1  e  at
t 0 t 0

 1 1
0 _____(3)
Lt f (t )  Lt 1  e  at
t  t 

 1 0
1 _____(4)

s
From (2), Lt sF ( s )  Lt 1  1 _____(5)
s0 s0 sa
s
Lt sF ( s )  Lt 1 
s  s  sa
s
= Lt 1  0
s 
s 1 a  s  _____(6)

From (3) & (6), we have

Lt f ( t )  Lt sF ( s )
t 0 s

and from (4) & (5)

Lt f ( t )  Lt sF ( s )
t  s0

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4. Verify initial and final value theorem for the function f (t )  e 2t cos 3t
Solution :
Given f (t )  e 2t cos 3t
L( f (t ))  L(e 2t cos 3t )
 L(cos 3t ) s s  2
 s  s2
F ( s)   2   2
 s  9  s s  2 (s  2)  9
s ( s  2) s 2  2s
SF ( s)  2 
s  4 s  13 s 2  4s  13
Lt f (t )  Lt e2 t cos 3t  1 ____(1)
t 0 t 0

Lt f (t )  Lt e 2t cos 3t  0 ____(2)

t  t 

s 2  2s
Lt sF ( s )  Lt 0 ____(3)
s 0 s 0 s 2  4 s  13

s 2 (1  2 s)
Lt sF (s )  Lt 2 1 ____(4)
s  s  s (1  4 s  13 s 2 )

From (1) and (4), Lt f ( t )  Lt sF ( s )

t 0 s

From (2) and (3), Lt f (t )  Lt sF ( s )

t 0 s 0

5. Verify initial and final value theorem for f (t )  t 2 e 3t

Solution :
f (t )  t 2 e 3t
L( f (t ))   L(t 2 ) 
s s 3

 2!  2
 3  3
 s  s s 3 ( s  3)
2s
sF ( s ) 
( s  3)3
Lt f (t )  Lt t 2 e 3t  0 ____(1)
t 0 t 0

Lt f (t )  Lt t 2e 3t  0 ____(2)
t  t 

2s
Lt sF ( s )  Lt 0 ____(3)
s 0 s  0 ( s  3)3

2s 2s
Lt sF ( s )  Lt  Lt 3
s  s  ( s  3) 3 s 0
 3
s3 1  
 s
2
 Lt 3
0 ____(4)
s 
2 3
s 1  
From (1) & (4)  s
Lt f ( t )  Lt sF ( s )
t 0 s
From (2) & (3)
Lt f (t )  Lt sF ( s ) .
t 0 s 0

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M aths Laplace Transforms

Exercise - 1 (a)

Find the Laplace transform of the following

t
3s 2  2 s  3
1. 5  3t  2e Ans :
s 2 ( s  1)

12  5 s
2. 6sin 2t  5cos 2t Ans :
s2  4

3t  5
e5
3. e Ans :
s 3
s cos   w sin 
4. cos( wt   ) Ans :
s 2  w2
5. 7e2 t  9e2 t  5 cos t  7t 3  5sin 3t  2
7 9 5s 42 15 2
Ans :   2  4  2 
s  2 s  2 s 1 s s 9 s

2( s 2  5)
6. sin 2t cos3t Ans :
( s 2  1)( s 2  25)

5 s
7. cos h2t  cos h3t Ans :
( s  4)( s  9)

2a 2
8. 2 Ans :
sin at s(s 2  4a 2 )

24 4 1
9. (t 2  1) 2 Ans :  
s5 s 3 s
c a b
10. a  bt  Ans :  2 c 
vt s s s

48
11. 3 Ans :
sin 2t ( s  4)( s 2  36)
2

2
s2  2s  4
12. (sin t  cos t ) Ans :
s ( s 2  4)

s 12
13. cos  t  4e 2t 3 Ans : 2 2
 2
s  3s

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M aths Laplace Transforms

Exercise - 1 (b)

Find the Laplace transform of the following functions.

6
1. t 3e 3t Ans :
( s  3) 4

s  10
2. e 2t (cos 4t  3sin 4t ) Ans : 2
s  4 s  20
2 4 4
3. et (t  2) Ans : 3
 2

( s  1) ( s  1) s 1

2
4.  at 2 Ans :
e t ( s  a )3

1 s 1
5. e t cos 2 t Ans :  2
2 s  2 2 s  4 s  10
s
6. e 2t (1  2t ) Ans :
( s  2) 2

s2
7. e2 t cos t Ans : 2
s  4s  5
1
8. et sin t cos t Ans :
( s  1) 2  4

s 1
9. e t cos ht Ans : 2
s  2s
n!
10. e at t n Ans :
( s  a ) n 1

1 1
11. t 2 sin h2t Ans : 
( s  2) ( s  2)3
3

1 3 3 
12. sin h2t sin 3t Ans :  2
2  s  4 s  13 s  4 s  13 
 2

13. cosh t cos3t cos 4t

1 s2 s2 s2 s2 
Ans :  2  2  2
4  s  4 s  53 s  4 s  53 s  4 s  5 s  4 s  53 
 2

14. sin h 2t sin 2 t

1 1 1 S 2 S 2 
Ans :   2  2
4  s  2 s  2 s  4 s  8 s  4 s  18 


15. sin h3t sin 3t sin 4t

1 s3 s3 s 3 s 3 
Ans :  2  2  2
4  s  6 s  10 s  6 s  58 s  6 s  58 s  6 s  10 
 2

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M aths Laplace Transforms

Exercise - 1 (c)

Find the Laplace transform of the following functions.

s2  a2
1. t cos at Ans :
( s 2  a 2 )2

2a (3s 2  a 2 )
2. 2 Ans :
t sin at ( s 2  a 2 )3

24 s (1  s 2 )
3. 3 Ans :
t sin t (1  s 2 ) 4

3!
4. t 3 e 3t Ans :
( s  3) 4

2 s ( s 2  3a 2 )
5. 2 Ans :
t cos hat ( s 2  a 2 )3

1 3 6 6
6. (1  te  t )3 Ans :  3
 3

s ( s  1) ( s  2) ( s  3) 4

2a ( s  a )
7. at Ans :
te sin at ( s  2 as  2a 2 ) 2
2

1 1 (( s  1) 2  4)  2( s  1) 2 

2  ( s  2) 2 
8. t 2 Ans :
te sin t (( s  1) 2  4) 2 

1  s2  9 s2 1 

9. t cos t cos 2t Ans :
2  ( s 2  9) 2 ( s 2  1) 2 

11 s 2  16 

10. t cos 2 2t Ans :
2  s 2 ( s 2  16) 2 

1  4( s  2) 4( s  2) 
  2
( s  4 s  8) 2 
11. t cos h2t sin 2t Ans : 2 2
2  ( s  4 s  8)

1  s2  2s  8 s 2  2s  8 

12. t cos ht cos 3t Ans :
2  ( s 2  2 s  10) 2 ( s 2  2 s  10) 2 

2( s  1)( s 2  2 s  2)
13. 2 t Ans :
t e cos t ( s 2  2 s  2)3

s 2  2s  2
14. t Ans :
te cos ht ( s 2  2 s )3

t sin 2t 4s  8
15. Ans :
e 2 t ( s  4 s  8) 2
2

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M aths Laplace Transforms

Exercise 1 - (d)

Find the Laplace transform of the following functions.

sin t
1.
t
Ans : cot 1 s

e at  ebt sb
2. Ans : log
t sa

e2t  e 3t s3

3. Ans : log
t s2

1  cos at 1  s2  a2 
4. Ans : log  2 
t 2  s 

sin 2 t 1 s2  4
5. Ans : log 2
t 4 s

sin t sin 2t 1 s2  9
6. Ans : log 2
t 4 s 1

et  cos 2t s2  4
7. Ans : log
t s 1

sin 3t cos t 1 s  s 

8. Ans :   tan 1    tan 1   
t 2 4  2 

e  t  e 2 t s2
9. Ans : log
t s 1

e  at  e  bt sb
10. Ans : log
t sa

cos 4t sin 2t 1  1  s   s 
11. Ans :  tan    tan 1   
t 2  2  6 

cos 2t  cos 3t s2  9
12. Ans : log
t s2  4

sin ht log s  1
13. Ans :
t log s  1

1  e 2 t s2
14. Ans : log
t s

e at  cos bt 1  s2  s2 
15. Ans : log  2 
t 2  (s  a) 

268 Sathyabama University

M aths Laplace Transforms

Exercise 1 (e)

Find the Laplace transform of the following functions.

t
t 2 s2  2s  3
1.  e cos tdt
0
Ans :
s ( s  1)( s 2  2 s  5)

t
1  s2 1 s2  9 
2.  t sin t sin 2tdt
0
Ans : 
2 s  ( s 2  1) 2 ( s 2  9) 2 

t
sin ht 1  s 1
3.  dt Ans : log  
0 t 2  s 1

t
2t 1 3 
4. e
0
sin 3tdt Ans :  2 
s  ( s  4 s  13) 

t
2 t 3  s2 3( s  2) 
5. e sin 3 tdt Ans :  2 2
 2 2 
0 2 s  ( s  4 s  5) ( s  4 s  13) 

t
sin 2 t 1 s2  4
6. 0 t dt Ans :
2
log
s

t
e  t sin tdt
7. 0 t Ans : cot 1 ( s  1)

t
sin t cot 1 ( s  1)
8. et  dt Ans :
0 t s 1

t
t 1 2( s  1)
9.  te
0
sin tdt Ans : 
s s2  2s  2

t
t s 2  2s
10. e  t cos tdt Ans :
0 ( s  1)( s 2  2 s  2) 2

269 Sathyabama University

M aths Laplace Transforms

Exercise - 1 (f)

Find the Laplace transform of the following

1. f (t )  t for 0  t  4 , f (t  4)  f (t )
1  4Se 4 s  e 4 s
Ans :
(1  e 4s ) s 2

 t 0  t 1
2. f (t )   and f (t  2)  f (t )
2  t 1  t  2
1
Ans :
s2
tan h s
2  
1 0ta
 2 and f ( a  t )  f ( a)
3. f (t )  
 1 a 2  t  a

1  1  e  as  2e as 2 
Ans :  
1  e  as  s 
sin t 0  t  
4. f (t )   and f (t  2 )  f (t )
 0   t  2

Ans :
1 1
1  e  S 2
s 1
t 0  t  1
5. f (t )   and f (t  2)  f (t )
0 1  t  2

1  e  s ( s  1)
Ans :
s 2 (1  e 2 s )
 0 0t w
 2
6. f (t )    2  2 
 sin wt t  , f t    f (t )
 w w  w 
w
Ans :
( w  S )(e S w  1)
2 2

7. f (t )  e t , 0  t  2, f (t  2)  f (t )

1  e 2 ( s  1)
Ans :
( s  1)(1  e 2 s )

8.
 1 0  t  a given f (t  2a )  f (t )
f (t )  
 1 a  t  2 a

sin wt
 0t 
w
9.
f (t )  
 0
2
  t  2 given that f t  w  f (t )  
w w

10. f (t )  sin wt 0  t  
w 
f t 
w   f (t )
270 Sathyabama University