EEE/ETI 2204

CIRCUITS & NETWORK THEORY I

LECTURE 2

1
 Thevenin’s Theorem for AC circuits
• Thevenin’s theorem for an a.c. circuit is the same as that for a d.c. circuit
except that phase angle of all quantities (impedances, voltages and currents)
must be taken into consideration.
• Therefore, Thevenin’s theorem for a.c. circuits can be stated as:
• Any two-terminal linear a.c. circuit can be replaced by a single a.c. voltage
source (VTh) in series with a single impedance (ZTh).
• The procedure for finding VTh and ZTh is the same as for d.c. circuits i.e. VTh is
the open circuit voltage at the considered terminals (say terminals AB) and the
series impedance ZTh is the impedance at terminals AB with all sources replaced
by their internal impedances. 2
 Practice Question

• Using Thevenin’s theorem, find current in the resistor R in Fig below.

3
4
5
 Practice Question

• Using Thevenin’s theorem, find the voltage across the inductor in Fig. below

6
7
8
 Practice Question

• Find vo using Thevenin’s theorem. Refer to the circuit shown in Fig. below.

9
Solution

10
 Practice Problems

• Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit at terminals AB of the circuit

shown in Fig. below.

11
 Problem

• Fig. below shows an a.c. circuit. Find (i) VTh and ZTh with respect to terminals AB
(ii) active and reactive power absorbed by an impedance of (3 + j 4) Ω connected
across AB.

12
Practice Problem

13
 Norton’s Theorem for A.C. Circuits
• Recall that Norton’s theorem for d.c. circuits allows us to replace a two-
terminal linear d.c. circuit by a single equivalent d.c. current source (IN) in
parallel with a single equivalent resistance (RN).
• The a.c. version of Norton’s theorem is similar and may be stated as under :
• A two-terminal linear a.c. circuit can be replaced by a single equivalent a.c.
current source (IN) in parallel with a single equivalent impedance (ZN).
• The impedance ZN (called Norton equivalent impedance) has exactly the
same value as the
• Thevenin equivalent impedance (ZTh) and is found in the same way. The
current IN (called Norton equivalent current) is the current that flows
through a short circuit connected across the Norton terminals (i.e., load
terminals). Note that the Thevenin and Norton circuits are alternative
equivalents for a circuit.
14
 Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

• A two-terminal a.c. circuit can be replaced either by Thevenin equivalent

circuit or Norton equivalent circuit as shown in Fig. below. Since both
circuits are equivalent, we can show that VTh = IN ZN and ZTh = ZN.

15
16
 Practice Question
• Use Norton’s theorem to find current in (3 + j 2) Ω impedance in the circuit
shown in Fig (i) below.

17
18
 Practice Question

• Using Norton’s theorem, find the active and reactive powers supplied to Z in the
circuit of Fig. (i).

19
Solution

20
Solution

21
 Practice question

• Find the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits for the circuit shown in Fig.
below.

22
Solution

23
 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem for AC circuits

• In a d.c. circuit, the d.c. source has only resistance RS and the load also has only
resistance RL.

• Maximum power is transferred from the source to the load when RL = RS.

• However, in an a.c. circuit, the a.c. source has impedance and supplies power to
load having impedance.

• To understand how the maximum power transfer theorem applies to a.c. circuits, let
us consider the following cases :

24
Case 1

25
Case 2

26
27
Case 3

28
Case 4

29
Case 4

30
Case 5

31
 Practice Problem
• For the circuit shown in Fig. below, determine the load impedance for
maximum power, the current through the load and the power at maximum
power.

32
Solution

33
34
 Practice

• In the circuit shown in Fig. below, find the value of load to be connected across
terminals AB consisting of variable resistance RL and variable capacitive
reactance XC which would result in maximum power transfer.

35
Solution

36
37
 Practice Question
• For the circuit shown in Fig. below, which load impedance of p.f. = 0.8 lag
when connected across terminals A and B will draw the maximum power
from the source. Also find the power developed in the load and the power
loss in the source.

38
Solution

39
 Practice Question

• A loudspeaker is connected across terminals A and B of the network shown in Fig.

below (i). What should its impedance be to obtain maximum power dissipation in it
?

40
 Practice Question

• Refer the circuit given in Fig below. Find the value of that will absorb the
maximum average power. [39.3W]

41
 Practice Question
1. For the circuit shown in Fig. 1, determine the value of the load impedance for
maximum power, the load current at maximum power and the value of maximum
power.

2. For the circuit shown in Fig. 2, determine the value of the load impedance for
maximum power, the load current at maximum power and the value of maximum
power.

42