TALYOR’S AND MACLAURIN’S

SERIES
NOTES
BY CHAKUAMBA FORTUNE T (CHAKS)

OBJECTIVES OF THE TOPIC

~Use Taylor’s and Maclaurin’s series for approximation

~ Solve problems involving Taylor’s and Maclaurin’s series

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 TAYLOR’S AND MACLAURIN’S SERIES
 It is a mathematical tool used to approximate a function by creating a polynomial
close to a point or centred a point , where is the degree power of the polynomial

Two forms of Taylor’s series expansion

 Form I

𝟐 𝟑 𝒓
′
𝒙−𝒂 𝒙−𝒂 𝒓
𝒙−𝒂
𝒇 𝒙 𝒇 𝒂 𝒇 𝒂 𝒙−𝒂 𝒇′′ 𝒂 𝒇′′′ 𝒂 ..… 𝒇 𝒂
𝟐! 𝟑! 𝒓!

 Form II
By replacing with

2 𝑟
′
𝑥 𝑎−𝑎 𝑥 𝑎−𝑎 𝑟
𝑥 𝑎−𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑎 𝑓 𝑎 𝑓 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎−𝑎 𝑓′′ 𝑎 𝑓′′′ 𝑎 .. 𝑓 𝑎
! ! 𝑟!

′
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝒓
𝒙𝒓
𝒇 𝒙 𝒂 𝒇 𝒂 𝒇 𝒂 𝒙 𝒇′′ 𝒂 𝒇′′′ 𝒂 ..… 𝒇 𝒂
𝟐! 𝟑! 𝒓!

Note:
If close point is the Taylor’s series tends to become Maclaurin’s series

Maclaurin’s expansion

𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝒙 𝒓
𝒇 𝒙 𝒇 𝟎 𝒇′ 𝟎 𝒙 𝒇′′ 𝟎 𝒇′′′ 𝟎 ..… 𝒇𝒓 𝟎
𝟐! 𝟑! 𝒓!

How to construct a polynomial using Taylor’s series

 Determine the close or centre point i.e.
 Determine the value of i.e. the degree of power of the polynomial needed by the question

 Find the derivatives of the function upto i.e. the degree of power of the polynomial must
be equal to the derivative
e.g. if the highest degree of power of the polynomial is , so we need , and the
derivatives
 Evaluate the function and derivatives at

 Apply a suitable expansion

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FORM I
𝟐 𝟑 𝒓
′
𝒙−𝒂 𝒙−𝒂 𝒓
𝒙−𝒂
𝒇 𝒙 𝒇 𝒂 𝒇 𝒂 𝒙−𝒂 𝒇′′ 𝒂 𝒇′′′ 𝒂 ..… 𝒇 𝒂
𝟐! 𝟑! 𝒓!

WORKED EXAMPLES

Example 1
2
Find the Taylor’s series of in power of − upto the term in −
Close point
−

since we need the polynomial upto the term in −

Finding first three derivatives Evaluating the derivatives at

of the function
2 2 2

2 ′ 2 2
′
′′ 2 ′′ 2 2

′′′ 2 ′′′ 2 2

2
′
− − −
− ′′ ′′′ ..…
! ! !
2 2
2 2 2 2
− 2
−
−
! !
2
2 2 2
−
* − − +

Example 2
Zimsec June 2019 P2
2
Use Taylor’s Series expansion in ascending powers − to find upto and including the term
in −
Close point
−

since we need the polynomial upto the term in −

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Finding first four derivatives Evaluating the derivatives at
of the function
2 2

2
′

′′

′′

′′′ ′′′

2 2
− −

2
′
− − −
− ′′ ′′′ ..…
! ! !
2
2
− − −
−
! ! !
2
− − −
−

Example 3

i) Find the Taylor’s expansion of in ascending power of ( − ) upto the term in ( − )

ii) Hence evaluate , giving your answer in terms of

Close point

since we need the polynomial upto the term in ( − )

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Finding first three derivatives Evaluating the derivatives at
of the function

√
( ) ( )

′ ′( ) ( )

′′ ′′
− ( ) − ( ) − √

′′′ ′′′
− ( ) − ( ) −

2
′
− − −
− ′′ ′′′ ..…
! ! !
2
√ ( − ) ( − )
( − )− √ −
! !

√ 2 ( − )
( − )−√ ( − ) −

ii) Hence evaluate , giving your answer in terms of

𝜋 𝜋 Note:
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
9
Taylor Series is valid for
𝜋 angles in radians
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛
9

𝜋
𝑥
9

𝜋
𝑥

𝜋
𝜋 √ 𝜋 𝜋 2 ( − )
( ) ( − )−√ ( − ) −
2
𝜋 √ √
( ) − −
9

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 Example 4
i) The variable satisfies the differential equation
2

2
−
,express as series in ascending power of − upto and including the term in −
ii) Use your series to evaluate the value when .

Close point

since we need the polynomial upto the term in −

At

𝒇 𝟏 𝟏

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑡 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝒇′ 𝟏 −𝟏

Finding the second derivative at 𝑥

2

2
−

𝒇′′ 𝟏 𝟓

Finding the third derivative at 𝑥

2
By differentiating
( ) 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
And substituting
( − )
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
𝑦 − 𝑎𝑡 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

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 −

𝒇′′′ 𝟏 −𝟏𝟎
2
′
− − −
− ′′ ′′′ ..…
! ! !
2
− −
− − −
! !
2
− −
− − − −

ii) Use your series to evaluate the value when .

2
. − . −
− . − −

.9 …
.9 . …

Example 5
i) The variable satisfies the differential equation
2
√
2
,express y as series in ascending power of ( − ) upto and including the in ( − )

Close point

2
since we need the polynomial upto the term in ( − )
At

𝝅
𝒇 (𝟒) √𝟐

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Finding the first derivative at 𝑥
We can find the first derivative by using

√ 𝑑𝑦 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑦2 𝑦 √ 𝑎𝑡 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2
( ) √ ( ) √

√ √
√ ( )

′
𝝅
𝒇 ( ) 𝟐
𝟒

𝜋
Finding the second derivative at 𝑥
By differentiating
2 𝑑𝑦
− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑦 2
2 𝑑𝑥
2 Watch out for implicitly product
( ) ( ) 2
− ( ) √ ( ) √ rule differentiation
And substituting
2
√ √ (√ )√ (√ )√ 𝑑𝑦 𝜋
(√ ) ( ) 2
− (√ )(√ ) √ 𝑦 √ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2
√
( ) 2
−

2
√
( ) 2
−

2
√
( ) 2

2 √

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 2

2 √

𝒇′′ ( ) 𝟑 𝟐
2
′
− − −
− ′′ ′′′ ..…
! ! !
2
( − )
√ √ ( − ) ( √ )
!
2
√ ( − )
√ √ ( − )

FORM II

′
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝒓
𝒙𝒓
𝒇 𝒙 𝒂 𝒇 𝒂 𝒇 𝒂 𝒙 𝒇′′ 𝒂 𝒇′′′ 𝒂 ..… 𝒇 𝒂
𝟐! 𝟑! 𝒓!

WORKED EXAMPLES
Examples of function where we can apply form II
use
use Tanx
use

Example 1
𝜋
Use Taylor method to express 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 ) in ascending power of 𝑥 upto and including the term in 𝑥

We using are the function

𝑓 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

To find
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 )

𝜋
𝑎

𝑛 since we need a polynomial upto and including 𝑥

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Finding first four derivatives Evaluating the derivatives at
of the function
√
( ) ( )

′ ′( ) ( )

′′ ′′ √
− ( ) − ( ) −

′′′ ′′′
− ( ) − ( ) −

′
( ) ( ) ( ) ′′ ( ) ′′′ ( ) ..… ( )
! ! !

2
√ √
( ) (− ) ( )
! !
√ √ 2
−

Example 2
Zimsec 2020 June P2
𝜋 𝜋
Use Taylor’s theorem to obtain a series expansion for 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 ) about 𝑥 upto and including the
term in 𝑥
Hence evaluate 𝑐𝑜𝑠 leaving your answer in exact form [8]

We using are the function

𝑓 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

To find
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 )

𝜋
𝑎

𝑛 since we need a polynomial upto and including 𝑥

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Finding first four derivatives Evaluating the derivatives at
of the function

√
( ) ( )

′ √
− ′( ) − ( ) −

′′ ′′ √
− ( ) − ( ) −

′′′ ′′′ √
( ) ( )

′
( ) ( ) ( ) ′′ ( ) ′′′ ( ) ..… ( )
! ! !

2
√ √ √ √
( ) − (− ) ( )
! !
√ √ √ 2 √
−

Hence evaluate , giving your answer in exact form

𝜋 Note:
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠
Taylor Series is valid for
𝜋 𝜋 angles in radians
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 )

𝜋 𝜋
∴ 𝑥
Substituting
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 )

𝜋 √ √ 𝜋 √ 𝜋 2 √ 𝜋
( ) ( )− ( ) ( )

√ √ √ 2 √
𝜋− 𝜋 𝜋
99

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EXAMPLES OF TAYLOR SERIES [ evaluated 𝒙 𝟎]
Note:
If close point is the Taylor’s series tends to become Maclaurin’s series
Maclaurin’s series

′
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝒓
𝒙𝒓
𝒇 𝒙 𝒇 𝟎 𝒇 𝟎 𝒙 𝒇′′ 𝟎 𝒇′′′ 𝟎 ..… 𝒇 𝟎
𝟐! 𝟑! 𝒓!

Example 1
i) The variable satisfies the differential equation

,express y as series in ascending power of upto and including the term in

Close point
Take note so we are using Maclaurin’s series

since we need the polynomial upto the term in

At

𝒇 𝟎 𝟐

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 𝑒𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

So here, we can find first derivative at

𝒇′ 𝟎 −𝟏

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Finding the second derivative at 𝑥
By differentiating
2 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 𝑒𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥
And substituting
2

2
− 𝑑𝑦
− 𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2

𝒇′′ 𝟐

Finding the third derivative at 𝑥

By differentiating
2 𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
𝑒𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
And substituting
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
−
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
− 𝑦 𝑥

𝒇′′ ′ −𝟏

2
′
′′ ′′′ ..…
! ! !
2
− −
! !
2
− −

Example 2
Use Taylor’s theorem to find the series solution for
2

2
, in ascending power upto and including the in

Close point

since we need the polynomial upto the term in

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At

𝒇 𝟎 𝟏

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝒇′ 𝟏 𝟐

So here, we can find second derivative at

2

2
−

𝒇′′ 𝟎 −𝟏

Finding the third derivative at 𝑥

2
By differentiating
2
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑦
2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2 And substituting
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
− 𝑥
− 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑥

𝒇′′′ 𝟎 −

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Finding the fourth derivative at 𝑥

2 2

2 2
By differentiating
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
− − − And substituting
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
− − 𝑥
− − 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑥

𝒇𝒊𝒗 𝟎

2
′
′′ ′′′ ..…
! ! !
2
− −
! ! !
2
−

ADDITIONAL WORKED EXAMPLES

Example 1
Zimsec November 2015 P1
′ 2
Given that . By expressing, as show that

a) Obtain the expressions for ′′ and ′′′

b) Show that the series expansion for is , if is small enough to for terms terms in
and higher are to be neglected
c) State one reason why can Maclaurin’s expansion for cannot be obtained

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By using Quotient rule
If

2
[ − ]

𝑙𝑒𝑡
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥

2
[ − − ]

2 2

2 2
Remember

2 2

′ 2

′′
[ ]

′′ 2 2
[ ]
′ ( )

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 2 2
[ ]
( )
2 2 2

b) Show that the series expansion for is , if is small enough to for terms terms in
and higher are to be neglected

′ 2

′′

′′′ 2 2 2

2
′
′′ ′′′ ..…
! ! !
2
…
! !

c) State one reason why can Maclaurin’s expansion for cannot be obtained

The function of and its higher derivative evaluated they are invalid

Example 2
Zimsec November 2003 P1
Given that
( − ) −

By finding the second derivative or otherwise show that the series of in ascending powers of
2
up to and including the term of is − − [5]

* − +

−
−
−

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But

( − )

( )
2

 ( − 2)

Also

 2

By substituting the value of ( − 2)

−( )

− ( )

− −

− −

− −

− −

2
− (− )

Evaluating derivatives at

( − ) ( ) −

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 2
′ − ( )

−
2

2
− (− )

𝑓 ′′ − (− 2
− )

−
2
′
′′ ′′′ ..…
! ! !
2
− − −
!
2
− − … as required

Example 3
Zimsec Nov 2005 P1
Write down the first five terms of and − [2]

( ) ( )
−

[2]

By substituting

Show that

( ) ( ) [ ]
−

Hence, write down

( )
−

in ascending powers of [2]

2
( ) [ ]
−
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 2
− − −

By replacing with −
2
− − − −
− − − −
2
− − − − −

( ) ( )
−

( ) − −
−

2 2
( − − ) − (− − − − − )

( )

( ) ( )
−

By substituting

Show that

( ) ( ) [ ]
−

( ) ( )
−

By substituting

( ) (( ) ( ) ( ) )
−

( ) ( )
−

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Hence, write down

( )
−

in ascending powers of [2]

But
( ) ( )
− −
𝐼𝑛 ( 𝑁) ( )
−𝑁 𝑁 𝑁 𝑁

[ ( )]

( 2
)

2
( ) [ ]
−

𝑁⟶∞

( ) ( 2
)
− ∞ ∞

( ) ( )
− ∞ ∞ ∞

( )
−

2
( )
−

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Example 4
Zimsec November 2006 P1
i) By expanding, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑥 prove that 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 [3]
ii) Using the series expansion of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 given in the list of formulae to express 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
in terms of powers of 𝑥 upto and including the term in 𝑥

Hence, show that

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑥2 𝑥 − 𝑥 [𝟒]

iii) Calculate the relative error in using

𝜋
− 𝑥2 𝑥 − 𝑥 pp 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑥

giving your answer to 1 significance figure [3]

i)

2
−

2
− −
2
− −

2 2
2
− − −
− −
−

ii) From data booklet

𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − −
! ! !
𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ( − − )
! ! !
𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥
− −
! ! !

− 𝑥2 𝑥 − 𝑥

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 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − − 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
! ! !
9𝑥 2 𝑥 9𝑥
− −
! ! !
9
− 𝑥2 𝑥 − 𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

Making 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 subject and substitute relevant expansion

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

9
[( − 𝑥 2 𝑥 − 𝑥 ) ( − 𝑥2 𝑥 − 𝑥 )]

[( − 𝑥2 𝑥 − 𝑥 )]

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑥2 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑

iii)
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Actual value
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) 𝑜𝑟 ( ( )) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )

Estimated value
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑥2 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑤𝑖𝑡 𝑥
𝜋 2 𝜋 𝜋
− ( ) ( ) − ( )

− .
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 . 9 9

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 FOLLOWUP EXERCISE
1) Zimsec November 2020 P2
𝑥
i) Given that 𝑓 𝑥 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 use Maclaurin’s theorem to find the series expansion of 𝑓 𝑥
upto and including the term in 𝑥 [4]
ii) Hence or otherwise evaluate 𝑓 . to decimal places [2]

2) Zimsec June 2020 P1

It is given that 𝑦
+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Find
𝑑2 𝑦
i) when 𝑥 , [5]
𝑑𝑥 2
ii) the Maclaurin’s series of 𝑦 up to the term in 𝑥 [4]

3) Zimsec November 2021 P1

i) Find the first three terms Maclaurin s series expansion of 𝐼𝑛 𝑥 [3]
ii) Write down the first terms of the Maclaurin series of 𝐼𝑛 −𝑥 [1]
+𝑥 2𝑥
iii) Hence or otherwise show that when𝑥 is small 𝐼𝑛 ( ) [2]
𝑥

4) Zimsec November 2019 P1

i) Obtain, in terms of the constant 𝑎, an expression for the first simplified terms of the series
expansion of 𝑦 𝑒𝑎 𝑥
[3]
ii) If the coeffient of 𝑥 in the series expansion in (i) is − , find the exact value of a [2]

5) Zimsec November 2015 P1

Given that 𝐼𝑛𝑦 𝑥𝑦 where 𝑦 >

𝑑𝑦 𝑦2
i) 1. Show that
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦

𝑑2 𝑦
2. Find
𝑑𝑥 2
ii) Hence or otherwise , obtain the Maclaurin series for 𝑦 upto and including the
term in 𝑥 2 [8]

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6) Zimsec November 2017 P1
𝑑𝑦
a) Given that 𝑓 𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Find
𝑑2 𝑦
1. [2]
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑3 𝑦
2. [2]
𝑑𝑥 3
b) Hence or otherwise obtain the Maclaurin series for 𝑦 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 upto the term in 𝑥 [3]

7) Zimsec November 2013 P1

If 𝑦 𝑒−𝑥
Find
𝑑𝑦
i) at 𝑥 , [3]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
ii) Show that 𝑦 −𝑦 [2]
𝑑𝑥
iii) By further differentiating , use the Maclaurin’s theorem to find the series expansion for 𝑦 in
ascending powers of 𝑥 upto and including the term in 𝑥 2 [4]

8) Zimsec November 2019 P2

a)i) Find the Maclaurin’s series expansion of for 𝑦 upto and including the term in 𝑥 given that
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 𝑥 8 and 𝑦 at 𝑥 [8]
𝑑𝑥
ii) Evaluate 𝑦 when 𝑥 . [2]

b) Use the Taylor ‘s theorem to obtain series expansion about 𝑥 for 𝑓 𝑥 𝑒 √𝑥 , upto and including the
term in 𝑥 − [6]

9) Zimsec June 2018 P1

𝑑𝑦
Given that =𝑥 𝑦 and that 𝑦 when 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦
a) Show that [3]
𝑑𝑥 2
b) Obtain the Maclaurin series for 𝑦 in ascending powers of 𝑥 as far as the term in 𝑥 [3]

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10) Zimsec November 2018 P2
a) i)Use the series expansion of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 to expand 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 upto and including the term in 𝑥 [𝟒]
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
b) Given that 𝑦 where 𝑦 at 𝑥 and at 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Use Taylor series theorem to find the first three terms of 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 [4]

11) Find the first three derivatives of 𝑥 2 𝐼𝑛 𝑥 , hence or otherwise find the series expansion
of 𝑥 𝐼𝑛 𝑥 upto and including the term in 𝑥

12) Show that for small values of 𝑥 , 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥

𝑥 𝑥 2
2

13) Show that 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
14) Find the series of in ascending powers of as far as the term in 𝑥
𝑥 2
15) Find the series expansion of 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 upto and including the term in 𝑥

16) Find the series expansion of − 𝑥 𝐼𝑛 𝑥 upto and including the term in 𝑥

𝑥
17) Show that 𝑒 𝑥2 −𝑥 𝑥2

18) a) Write down the first five terms of and −

+
Hence deduce that ( )≈ ( )

+
b) Hence deduce the series expansion of √( )

c) Using expansion in b) evaluate

19) Find the Taylor’s expansion of in ascending power of ( − ) upto the term in ( − )
Hence evaluate , giving your answer in terms of

20) Find the Taylor’s expansion of in ascending power of upto the term in

21) Find the Taylor’s expansion of in ascending power of ( − ) upto the term in ( − )
Hence evaluate , giving your answer in terms of

22) Find the Taylor’s expansion of in ascending power of upto the term in

23) Find the Taylor’s expansion of in ascending power of − upto the term in −
Hence evaluate . giving your answer correct to decimal places

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24) Find the Taylor’s expansion of in ascending power of − upto the term in
2
−

𝜋 𝜋
25) Use Taylor’s theorem to obtain a series expansion for 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 ) about 𝑥 upto and
including the term in 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
26) Use Taylor’s theorem to obtain a series expansion for 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 − ) about 𝑥 − upto and
including the term in 𝑥
𝜋
27) Use Taylor’s theorem to obtain a series expansion for 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑥) upto including the term in 𝑥

28) Use Taylor’s theorem to obtain a series expansion for𝐼𝑛 𝑥 upto and including the term in 𝑥

29) Use Taylor’s theorem to find the series solution for y given
2

, in ascending power upto and including the in

30) Use Taylor’s theorem to find the series solution for y given
2
2
2

, in ascending power upto and including the in

31) Use Taylor’s theorem to find the series solution for y given
2
2
2

, in ascending power upto and including the in

32) Use Taylor’s theorem to find the series solution for y given
2

2
, in ascending power − upto and including the in −

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