IX ICSE FORMULAS MATHEMATICS IX ICSE FORMULAS MATHEMATICS

RATIONAL AND IRRATIONAL NUMBERS 1

Ex :  0.33333......
1. Number system is divided into two types: 3
 Real numbers(R) Non terminating recurring decimals are rational numbers.
 Imaginary numbers(C) If the denominator of a rational number can be expressed as 2 m  5n , where m and n are whole
2. Real numbers divided into five types: numbers, the rational is convertible into a terminating decimal.
Natural numbers(N) ={1,2,3,........................................} 13. The square root , cube root etc.. of natural numbers are irrational numbers, if their exact values
cannot be obtained.
2, 3 7...
Whole numbers (W) = {0,1,2,3....................................} 14. Non terminating , non recurring decimals are called irrational numbers.
Ex: 0.42434445………..
circumference
 of a circle
Real number(R) Integers(I or Z) = {..........-3 ,-2,-1 ,0,1,2,3...................} diameter
=3.14159265358979323846………… is an irrational number
15. Real numbers: The union of the set of the set of rational and the set of irrational numbers is called
a set of real numbers i.e, R  Q  Q1 .
Rational numbers (Q) = { : a ,b  Z , b  0}
b 1
16. Surds: If x is a positive rational number and n is a positive integer such that x n i.e n
x is irrational
1
Irrational numbers ( Q ) = { 3, 5,  8, 2  7...... 1
, then x is called a surd or a radical.
n
& non –terminating and non recurring decimals}
17. Every surd is an irrational number, but every irrational number is not a surd.
a
3. A number which can be expressed in the form , where a and b are integers and b is not equals to  is irrational , but not a surd
b
18. The process of rationalizing a surd by multiplying it with its rationalizing factor is called
zero , is called a rational number
rationalization.
a
4. is a rational number , b  0, a and b have no common factors other than 1 ( co- primes). COMPOUND INTEREST
b
5. Every integer and every decimal number is a rational number.
19. Amount = Principal + Interest.
a c
6. Two rational numbers and are equal iff a d = b c. principal  rate  time
b d 20. Simple Interest (S.I) = .
100
ab
7. For any rational numbers a and b , is also a rational number which lies between a and b. P T  R
2 21. I = .
100
8. The sum , difference , product and division of rational numbers is always a rational number.
100  I
9. Every rational number can be expressed as either as a terminating decimal or a non terminating 22. R= %
decimal. P T
×
10. If the division gets remainder zero such numbers are terminating decimals. i.e, 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 = %
×
1 23. Compound Interest = Final amount – Original Principal.
Ex:  0.125
8 24. When the interest is compounded yearly , the principal changes every year. When the interest is
11. Some of the divisions never ends , such numbers are called non terminating decimals compounded half - yearly , the principal changes every six months.
3 25. The period (time),after which the principal changes is called the conversion period.
Ex:  0.428571428.....
7  r 
n

12. In the quotient a non terminating decimal some of the digits repeats , such decimals are called non 26. When the interest compounded yearly amount A  p  1   .
 100 
terminating , recurring decimals

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IX ICSE FORMULAS MATHEMATICS IX ICSE FORMULAS MATHEMATICS

46.  a  b   a  3a b  3ab  b .
2n 3 3 2 2 3
 r 
 2 
27. When the interest compounded half yearly amount A  p  1   . 47.  a  b   a  b  3ab(a  b) .
3 3 3

 100 
  48.  a  b   3ab( a  b)  a 3  b 3
3

4n

 
 r  2

49.  a  b  a  ab  b  a  b
2 3 3

28. When the interest compounded quarterly yearly amount A  p  1  4  .
 100  50. a  b  c  3abc  (a  b  c)(a 2  b 2  c 2  ab  bc  ac)
3 3 3

  If a  b  c  0 then a 3  b 3  c 3  3abc
29. Growth rate is the annual change(increase) as percent.
 a  b  b  c   c  a 
2 2 2
n
51. a 2  b 2  c 2  ab  bc  ac =0 then  0 then a = b = c.
 r 
30. Present production A  p  1   . 52.  x  a  x  b   x 2  x(a  b)  ab
 100 
31. Rate of depreciation is Annual change (decrease)as percent. 53.  x  a  x  b   x 2  x(a  b)  ab
54.  a  b  c   a  b  c  2ab  2bc  2ac
n 2 2 2 2
 r 
32. Present value of the machine= Its value n years ago value x  1   .
 100 
55.  a  b  c   a  b  c  2ab  2bc  2ac
2 2 2 2

Expansions
56.  a  b  c   a 2  b 2  c 2  2ab  2bc  2 ac
2
33. An equation which is true for all values of its variables , is called an identity.
34.  a  b   a  2ab  b .
2 2 2 57.  x  a  x  b  x  c   x3  x 2 (a  b  c )  x(ab  bc  ac)  abc
Factorisation
35.  a  b   a  2ab  b .
2 2 2

58. When a polynomial is expressed as the product of two or more terms , each of the term is called a
36.  a  b    a  b   2 a 2  b 2 .
2 2
  factor of the polynomial.
59. The process of finding the factors is called factorization.
37.  a  b    a  b   4ab .
2 2

Simultaneous(linear) equations
2
 1 1 60. An equation of the form ax + by + c = 0 is called a linear equation, in which a ,b ,c are real constants
38.  a    a  2  2 .
2

 a a and x , y are variables.

2 61. Methods of solving linear equations are i. elimination by substitution
 1 1 ii. elimination by equating the coefficients
39.  a    a 2 2 .
2

 a a iii. cross multiplication method.

 1 
2
1
2
 2 1 b1c2  b2 c1
40.  a     a    2 a  2  . 62. If a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 , a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 are two simultaneous equations then x  and
 a  a  a  a1b2  a2b1
2 2 c1a2  c2 a1
 1  1 y .
41.  a    a    4. a1b2  a2b1
 a  a
Indices(Exponents)
42.  a  b   a  3a b  3ab  b .
3 3 2 2 3
m
63. If m is a positive integer , then a  a  a  a  a...... …….upto m terms , is written as a ; where ‘a ‘
43.  a  b   a  b  3ab(a  b) .
3 3 3
is called the base and m is called the power or exponent or index.
m
44.  a  b   3ab(a  b)  a  b . 64. a is read as ‘ a power m ‘ or ‘a raised to the power m’.
3 3 3

am

45.  a  b  a  ab  b  a  b .
2 2 3 3
 65. a m  a n  a m  n
an
 a mn a 
m n
 a mn

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IX ICSE FORMULAS MATHEMATICS IX ICSE FORMULAS MATHEMATICS

m
am AB , BC , AC are the sides of triangle ABC.
a
66.  a  b   a  b
m
 b   b m
m m
84. If all the sides of a triangle are of different lengths, its angles are also of different measures in such
a way that , the greater side has greater angle opposite to it.
1
67. If a  0 and n is a positive integer , then n
a  an 85. If any two sides of a triangle are equal, the angles opposite to them are also equal. Conversely if any
m two angles of a triangle are equal, the sides opposite to them are also equal.
68.
n
a m  a n where a  0 . 86. If all the sides of a triangles are equal , then all it’s angles are also equal. Conversely , if all
1 1 the angles of a triangles are equal , all its sides are also equal.
69. a n   n & a n  n
a a 87. Median: In a triangle, if a line segment joins vertex and midpoint of the opposite side is
70. a 0  1
71.  a   a ,If m is an even number &  a    a
m m m m
If m is an even number.
72. a  a  x  y.
x y

Logarithms called median.

73. Definition: If a, b and c are three real numbers such that a  1 and a  c then b is called b In a triangle three medians are possible.The point of concurrence of the three medians is
logarithm of c at the base ‘a ‘ and is written as log a c = b called centroid of the triangle. It is denoted by G.
Centroid divides the median in the ratio 2:1 from the vertex.
ab  c  log a c  b .
88. Altitude : In a triangle an altitude is the perpendicular drawn from vertex to opposite side . In a
ab  c is exponential form and log a c  b logarithm form. triangle three altitudes are possible. The three altitudes are concurrent . The point of concurrence
34  81  4  log3 81
Ex:
x 0  1  0  log x 1
74. log a mn  log a m  log a n
75. log a mnp  log a m  log a n  log a p of altitudes is called orthocenter. It is denoted by O or H.
m 89. The sum of the angles of a triangle is equals to two right angles. i.e 1800.
76. log a    log a m  log a n
n 90. If one side of a triangle is produced, the exterior angle so formed is equals to the sum of the two
interior opposite angles.
77. log a m n  n log a m
91. The triangle cannot be more than one right angle.
78. Logarithm to the base 10 are known are known as common logarithms.
92. Congruent triangles: If two triangles are said to be congruent, they are exactly same shape and
1 1 same size.
79. log b a  and log a b 
log a b log b a 93. Conditions for congruency of triangles:
80. log b a  log a b  1 i. If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are equal to two sides and the
81. log a a  1 and included angle of the other triangle , the triangles are congruent.(S.A.S CONGRUENCY)
log a a x  x
ii. If two angles and the included side of one triangle are equal to two angles and the
log p a included side of the other triangle , the triangles are congruent.(A.S.A CONGRUENCY)
82. log b a  .
log p b iii. If two angles and one side of one triangle are equal to two angles and the corresponding
Triangles side of the other triangle , the triangles are congruent.( A.A.S CONGRUENCY).
83. A plane figure bounded by three line segments , is called a triangle. Every triangle has three vertice iv. If three side of one triangle are equal to the three sides of the other triangle each to
and three side. each the triangles are congruent.(S.S.S CONGRUENCY).
A v. Two right angled triangles are said to be congruent , if the hypotenuse and one side of
Where A, B , C are the vertices. triangle are equal to the hypotenuse and a side of the other triangle .(R.H.S
B C CONGRUENCY)

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IX ICSE FORMULAS MATHEMATICS IX ICSE FORMULAS MATHEMATICS

94. A triangle with at least two sides are equal is called an isosceles triangle. iii. All its exterior angles are also equal to each other.
95. If all the sides of the triangle are equal to each other ,it is called equilateral triangle. 119. Some of the interior angles of ‘ n ‘ sided Polygon is equals to  2 n  4  rt.angle .
96. If two sides of a triangle are equal , the angles opposite to them are also equal.
120. Sum of its exterior angles is equal to 4 right angles.
97. If two angles of a triangle are equal, the sides opposite to them are also equal.
121. At each vertex of every Polygon ,exterior angle + interior angle = 3600..
98. The bisector of the angle at the vertex of an isosceles triangle bisects the base at right angle.
99. The line joining the midpoint of the base of an isosceles triangle and the opposite vertex is 122. Each interior angle of a regular Polygon is equal to
 2n  4   900
perpendicular to the base and bisects the angle at vertex. n
100. If the equal sides of an isosceles triangle are produced, the exterior angle is so farmer or equal. 3600
123. Each exterior angle of a regular Polygon = .
101. The perpendicular bisector of the base of an isosceles triangle passes through the vertex of the n
triangle. 124. A closed figure bounded by four lines segments is called a quadrilateral. The points. A,B,C, D
Inequalities are it's four vertices.
102. If two sides of a triangle are unequal ,the greater side has the greater angle opposite to it. 125. The line segment joining opposite vertices of a quadrilateral are Called It's a diagonals.
103. If two angles of a triangle are unequal , the greater angle has the greater side opposite to it. 126. A quadrilateral ABCD has two diagonals namely AC and BD.
104. The sum of the lengths of two sides of a triangle is always greater than the third side. 127. Sum of the angles of a quadrilateral is 3600.
105. The difference between the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is always less than the third 128. Trapezium: A trapezium is a quadrilateral in which one pair of opposite sides is parallel but the
side. other pair of opposite sides is non parallel.
106. In this triangle, sum of the two sides is greater than the two times of Median. i.e AB+AC > 2AD. 129. If the non parallel sides AD and BC Of the trapezium ABCD are equal, It is called an isosceles
107. The line segment joining the midpoints of any two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side
and is equal to half of it.(Midpoint theorem)
108. The straight line drawn through the midpoints of one side of a triangle is parallel to other,
bisects the third side( converse of midpoint theorem). trapezium.
109. The figure obtained by joining midpoints of the adjacent sides of a quadrilateral is a In isosceles trapezium D  C and A  B , AC = BD
parallelogram. If the diagonals intersect at O, O A = OB and OC = OD.
110. The line segment joining the midpoints of the diagonals of a trapezium is parallel to the parallel 130. Parallelogram: A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which opposite sides are parallel.
side of the trapezium and is equal to half the difference between the parallel sides. In a parallelogram ABCD :
111. In a right angle triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the i. Opposite sets are parallel , i.e AB is parallel to DC and AD is parallel to BC.
remaining two sides(Pythagoras theorem).
112. In a right angle triangle, the hypotenuse is the largest side.
If AB is the largest side of a triangle ABC, then AB  AC  BC .
2 2 2
113.
114. The sum of the squares on the diagonals of a parallelogram is equals to the sum of the squares
ii. Opposite sides are equal. i.e , AB equal to DC and AD equal to BC.
on its sides. i.e AB  BC  CD  DA  AC  BD .
2 2 2 2 2 2
iii. Opposite angles are equal, i.e A  C and B  D .
Rectilinear Figures iv. Consecutive angles are supplementary.
v. Diagonals bisect each other.
115. A plain figure bounded by straight line is called a rectilinear figure. vi. Each diagonal divides the parallelogram into two congruent triangles.
116. Convex Polygon: If each angle of a Polygon is less than 1800, the Polygon is called a convex vii. Diagonals divides the parallelogram into four triangles of equal area.
Polygon. 131. Rectangle: A rectangle is a parallelogram in which ,
117. Concave Polygon : If at least one angle of a Polygon is greater than 1800 , It is called a concave i. Diagonal are equal, i.e AC = BD.
Polygon.
118. The regular Polygon means a Polygon with
i. All its sides are equal to each other.
ii. All its interior angles equals to each other.

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IX ICSE FORMULAS MATHEMATICS IX ICSE FORMULAS MATHEMATICS

143. A circle is the locus of a point which moves in a plane in such a way that its distance from a
fixed point, in the same plane, always remains constant.
144. The perimeter of a circle is called the circumference
ii. Diagonal bisects each other i. e OA = O C And OB = OD; 145. The fixed point is called the centre of the circle and the fixed distance is called the radius of
iii. Each angle is a right angle. i.e A  B  C  D  90 0 the circle.
132. Rhombus: A rhombus is a parallelogram in which, 146. The line segment is joining any two points on the circumference of the circle, is called a chord.
i. All the sides are equal i. e AB = BC= CD = DA. 147. A chord which passing through the centre of the circle is called a diameter. It is the largest
ii. Diagonals bisect each other at 90 degrees , OA = OC ;OB = OD and chord of a circle.
148. Diameter is twice the radius.
149. Concentric circles: Two are more circle are said to be concentric , if they have the same centre
but different radii.
150. Equal circles: Circles are said to be equal if they have equal radii. Equal circles are also called
congruent circles.
AOB  BOC  COD  DOA  900 151. Arc: A part of the circumference of a circle is called its arc.
iii. Each diagonal bisects the angle at the vertices i. e the diagonal AC bisects angle A and 152. If both the arcs are equal, each is called a semicircle.
angle C and diagonal BD bisects angleB and D. 153. A minor arc is always smaller than the semicircle.
133. Square: A square is a parallelogram in which , 154. A major arc is always bigger than the semi circle.
i. All the sides are equal. 155. Segment: The part of the circle, bounded by an arc and a chord, is called a segment.
156. A straight line drawn from the centre of a circle to bisects a chord, Which is not a diameter , Is
at right angle to the chord.
157. The perpendicular to a chord, from the center of the circle bisects the chord.
158. Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the center.
ii. Each angle is 90 degrees. 159. Chords of a circle , equidistant from the center of a circle , are equal.
iii. Diagonals are equal. 160. There is one and only one circle , which passes through three given points not in a straight line.
iv. Diagonals bisect each other at right angle and Each diagonal bisect angle at the 161. Perpendicular bisector of every chord of a circle always passes through its center.
vertices. 162. Perpendicular bisectors of any two chords of a circle always intersect at the. Center of the
Area theorems circle.
1 163. Line joining the center and midpoint of the chord is perpendicular to the chord.
134. Area of triangle is equals to half the product of length and breadth . i.e A  base  height
2 164. The line joining the midpoints of two parallel chords of a circle passing through the center.
135. Area of rectangle is equals to product of base and height. i.e A  length  breadth . Statistics
136. Area of parallelogram is equals to product of base and height. A = b X h. 165. A quantity which can vary from one individual to another is called a variable.
137. Parallelograms on the same base between the same parallel lines are equal area. 166. Continuous variable: A variable which can take any numerical value, within a certain range is
138. The area of a triangle is half that of a parallelogram on the same base and between the same called a continuous variable. Example. Wages of persons, heights of children's.
parallels. 167. Discrete variable: A variable which is incapable of taking all possible numerical values is called
139. Area of a triangle is half the area of the parallelogram, if both are on equal bases and between a discrete variable. Example. Number of children in family.
the same parallels. 168. Raw data: The data obtained and presented as the same , It is called raw data.
140. Two Triangles are equal in area if they are on the equal bases and between the same parallels. Example: The marks obtained by the students: 8 , 15 , 23, 16 ,46 , 32, 50 17 , 28,19.
141. If two triangles how equal area and stand on the same base then their corresponding altitudes 169. Class size: The difference between the actual lower limit and the actual upper limit of a class
are equal. interval is called It's class size.
142. A median divides a triangle into two triangles of equal area. Example: 10.5 – 20.5 class size is 10
CIRCLES

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IX ICSE FORMULAS MATHEMATICS IX ICSE FORMULAS MATHEMATICS

170. Class mark:The class mark of the class interval is the value midway between its actual lower abc
semi perimeter s  .
limit and actual upper limit. 2
10.5  20.5 Area of triangle = s ( s  a )( s  b )( s  c ) .
171. Class mark of the class 10.5 – 20.5 is  5.5 .
2
182. Equilateral triangle: The length of each side of an equilateral triangle is a units ,
172. If x1, x2, x3, x4, ........xn are n observations in an ungrouped data, then their mean is denoted by x . then it's a perimeter is 3a.
n
3a 2
x  x  x  x  ........  xn x i It's area = .
x 1 2 3 4  x i 1
. 4
n n 1
183. Area of an isosceles triangle =  b  4a 2  b 2 .Where a is length of each equal side, b is
173. If x is the mean of n number of observations x1, x2, x3, x4, ........xn , then the sum of deviations of 4
length of base.
x from the observations x1, x2, x3, x4, ........xn is zero.
184. Right angled triangle: The area of a right angled triangle is equals to half the product of
i.e  x  x  0 .
i the sides containing the right angle.
1
174. If x is the mean of n number of observations x1, x2, x3, x4, ........xn , then the mean of Area of ABC  AB  AC
2
observations x1  a, x2  a, x3  a,..............xn  a is x  a . 185. Rectangle: Area = length x breadth
i.e If each observation under consideration is increased by quantity a,then their mean is also = l b
increased by the same quantity a. Perimeter = 2( length + breadth) = 2( l + b )
175. If x is the mean of n number of observations x1, x2, x3, x4, ........xn , then the mean of Length of a diagonal d = l 2  b2
Square: area =  side   a
2 2
observations x1  a, x2  a, x3  a,..............xn  a is x  a . 186.
i.e If each observation under consideration is decreased by the quantity a, then their mean is Perimeter = 4  side = 4a
also decreased by the same quantity a. Diagonal = a 2  a 2 = 2a
176. If x is the mean of n number of observations x1, x2, x3, x4, ........xn , then the mean of 187. Parallelogram: Area = base x height
188. Rhombus: Perimeter = 4 x side
observations ax1 , ax2 , ax3 ,..............axn is ax .
1
i.e If each observation under consideration is multiplied by quantity a, the mean is also Area = x product of the diagonals
multiplied by the same quantity a.
2
1
177. If x is the mean of n number of observations x1, x2, x3, x4, ........xn , then the mean of =  AC  BD
2
x1 x2 x3 x x 2 2
observations , , ,.............. n is . d  d 
 side 
2
a a a a a Side =  1   2 
2  2
i.e If each observation under consideration is divided by quantity a, the mean is also divided by
1
the same quantity a. 189. Trapezium: Area   a  b h
2
Area and Perimeter of plane Figures 1
Area = (sum of parallel sides) x (distance between parallel sides)
178. Perimeter: The perimeter of a plane figure is the length of its boundary. 2
179. Area:The area of a plane figure is the measure of the surface enclosed by its boundary. 190. Circumference of a circle: The length of the boundary of a circle is called circumference.
1 Circumference =  X diameter
180. Area of triangle = base  height .
2 circumference
 =
181. Heron's formula: If a ,b and c are the three sides of a triangle , then diameter
it's perimeter 2s = a+b+c. 191. Aarea of a circle:

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IX ICSE FORMULAS MATHEMATICS IX ICSE FORMULAS MATHEMATICS

The measurement of a surface , enclosed by the perimeter of a circle is called its area . perpendicular
tan  
Area =  r2 sq.units. base
Solids 203. Cotangent is defined as the ratio between the lengths of base and perpendicular.
192. Solid: Anything which occupies space and has a definite shape is called a solid. base
cot  
193. Volume:The space occupied by a solid is called its volume perpendicular
194. Cuboid: A rectangular solid which has six faces each of which is a rectangle , is called cuboid.
Volume = length x breadth x height 204. Secant is defined as the ratio between the lengths of hypotenuse and the base.
Total surface area = 2 (l x b + b x h +l x h ) hypotenuse
Lateral surface area = 2 (l + b) X h sec 
base
Length of diagonal = l 2  b 2  h 2 . 205. Cosecant is defined as the ratio between the lengths of hypotenuse and perpendicular.
Cube: A rectangular solid , in which each face is a square , is called a cube. hypotenuse
cos ec 
If length of each edge is a units perpendicular
Lateral surface area (LSA) = 4a2 sq.unit
Total surface area (TSA) = 6a2 sq.unit 206. Each trigonometrical ratio is a real number and has no unit.
Volume = a3 cubic .unit
207. Reciprocal Relations:
Length of each diagonal of the cube = 3aunits
1 1
195. Cross section: The cut , which is made through a solid perpendicular to its length is called it's  sin    cos ec 
cos ec sin 
cross section.
1 1
Volume = area of cross section x length.  * cos    sec  
sec  cos 
Surface area = Perimeter of cross section x length. 1 1
 tan    cot  
cot  tan 
196. Flow of water: If water is flowing through a pipe or a canal etc.. of uniform cross section. The
208. Quotient trigonometric ratios:
volume of water that flows in unit time = Area of cross section x speed of flow of water.
sin  cos 
 * tan   * cot  
Trigonometrical Ratios cos  sin 
 Table of values of trigonometric ratios:
197. In a right angled triangle, the side opposite to the acute angle is called perpendicular. 00 300 450 600 900
198. The side adjacent to it is called the base, And the side opposite to right angle is called the
hypotenuse. sin  0 1 1 3 1
199. The ratio between the lengths of a pair of two sides of a right angled triangle is called 2 2 2
trigonometrical ratio.
200. Sine is defined as the ratio between the lengths of perpendicular and the hypotenuse. cos  1 3 1 1 0
perpendicular 2 2 2
sin  
hypotenuse
201. Cosine is defined as the ratio between lengths of base and the hypotenuse. tan  0 1 1 3 N ot Defined
base 3
cos  
hypotenuse
cos ec Not Defined 2 2 2 1
202. Tangent is defined as the ratio between the lengths of perpendicular and base. 3

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IX ICSE FORMULAS MATHEMATICS IX ICSE FORMULAS MATHEMATICS

sec 1 2 2 2 N ot Defined 216. The position of each point in the coordinate plane is denoted by the order pair (x, y). Here x is
3 called x – co-ordinate or abscissa and Y is called Y- co-ordinate or ordinate.

cot  Not Defined 3 1 1 0

3

209.Trigonometric Identities:
Trigonometric Identity: An equation is called an identity. When it is true for all values of the
variable involved. Similarly, an equation involving trigonometric ratios of an angle is called
a trigonometric identity.
Sin2  cos2  1 1  tan2  sec2 1  cot 2  cosec2
217. i. In the first quadrant , XOY , both abscissa and ordinate are positive.
Sin2  1  cos 2 sec   1  tan 2  cosec   1  cot 2  ii. In the second quadrant , X’OY , abscissa is negative and the ordinate is positive.
Iii . In the third quadrant , X ‘O Y ‘ , both abscissa and ordinate are negative.
sin  1  cos 2  Tan2  sec2  1 Cot 2  cosec2  1 Iv . In the fourth quadrant , XOY ‘ , abscissa is positive and the ordinate is negative.
218. Equation of X – axis Y= 0 ,
Cos2  1  sin2 tan  sec 2   1 cot  cos ec 2  1 219. Equation of Y – axis X = 0.
220. Equation of a line parallel to X – axis is Y=a.
cos  1  sin 2  Sec2  tan2  1 Cosec2  cot 2  1 221. Equation of a line parallel to Y – axis is X=a.

210. Complementary angles: If two acute angles are said to be complementary if the sum of
222. Inclination: A straight line which makes an angle  0 0
   1800  with positive X – axis in
anti clock wise direction is called inclination of the line.
their measure is equal to 900
223. Slope : If  is the inclination , then tangent of the inclination is called slope. It is denoted by m.
 Sin(90-θ)= cosθ Cos(-θ)= cosθ
 Cos(90-θ)= sinθ Sin(-θ)= -sinθ  Slope(m) = tan  .
 Tan(90-θ)= cotθ 224. Slope of X – axis is 0. Slope of a line parallel to X axis is 0
 Cosec(90-θ)= secθ 225. Slope of Y – axis is not defined and the slope of a line parallel to y – axis is not defined.
 Sec(90-θ)= cosecθ 226. If a straight line meets Y- axis at a point , the distance of this point from the origin is called Y –
 Cot(90-θ)= tanθ intercept and is denoted by C.
Co–ordinate Geometry 227. The equation of the form y  mx  c is called slope intercept form. Where m is called slope and
c is called y – intercept.
211. The numbers are written in a specific order , separated by a comma , and enclosed by the small
228. If A  x1 , y1  and B  x2 , y2  are two points, then distance between them AB =  x2  x1 2   y2  y1 2
brackets is called an ordered pair.
212. In the order pair ( a,b) ; a is called its first component and b is called its second component. 229. The distance any point (x ,y) from origin is x2  y2
213. Two ordered pairs are equal if and only if their corresponding components are equal.
230. The point P , which is equidistance from all the vertices of the triangle is called circumcentre.
i.e , ( a, b) = (c , d)  a = c and b = d.
214. A Cartesian plane consists of two mutually perpendicular number lines intersecting each other
at their zeros.
215. The horizontal line XOX ‘ is called the X- axis , the vertical line YOY ‘ is called Y – axis and the
point of intersection ‘ O ‘ is called the origin ,which is zero for both the axes.

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