Sketch of solutions 2016 Calculus 1-3

1. Let a1 , . . . , a100 be real numbers such that

a1 + · · · + a100 = 0.

Then prove that

√ √ √
lim (a1 ` + 1 + a2 ` + 2 + · · · + a100 ` + 100) = 0.
`→∞

solution.
√ √ √
lim (a1 ` + 1 + a2 ` + 2 + · · · + a100 ` + 100 − 0)
`→∞
√ √ √ √
= lim (a1 ` + 1 + a2 ` + 2 + · · · + a100 ` + 100 − (a1 + · · · + a100 ) `)
`→∞
√ √ √ √ √ √
= lim ((a1 ` + 1 − a1 `) + (a2 ` + 2 − a2 `) + · · · + (a100 ` + 100 − a100 `))
`→∞
 
a1 2a2 100a100
= lim √ √ +√ √ + ··· + √ √
`→∞ `+1+ ` `+2+ ` ` + 100 + `
= 0

2. Find the values of p for which the series is convergent.

∞
X np + n2p
n=3
(ln n)2p + (ln n)3p

np +n2p
solution. Let an = (ln n)2p +(ln n)3p .

(i) Case I : p > 0. For n ≥ 3, we have

np + n2p np
an = 2p 3p
≥
(ln n) + (ln n) (ln n)3p
and
np
lim =∞
n→∞ (ln n)3p
n
since limn→∞ (ln n)3 = ∞ by L’Hopital’s Rule or the inequality ln n ≤
1/6
n for large n. This yields

lim an = ∞(6= 0)
n→∞

Hence by Test for Divergence, the series diverges for all p > 0.
(ii) Case II : p = 0. In this case,

n0 + n0 1+1
an = = = 1 for all n,
(ln n)0 + (ln n)0 1+1
which gives
lim an = 1(6= 0)
n→∞

Thus by Test for Divergence, the series diverges for all p = 0.

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 (iii) Case III : p < 0, Check
. np np (1 + np ) . np
an 2p
= →1
(ln n) (ln p) (1 + (ln n) ) (ln n)2p
2p p

as n → ∞ since np and (ln n)p → 0 as n → ∞ for p < 0. By

following Limit Comparison Test, we just determine the convergence
of the series
∞ ∞
X np X (ln n)2q
=
n=3
(ln n)2p n=3
nq
Here, for a convenience, we set p = −q where q > 0.
First, for 0 < q < 1(⇔ −1 < p < 0) we have

(ln n)2q 1
≥ q
nq n
P∞ 1
and further, diverges for 0 < q < 1(i.e., −1 < p < 0) by
n=3 nq
P∞ 2q
p-series test(or Integral test). Hence n=3 (lnnn)
q also diverges by
Direct Comparison Test.
Second, we consider the case of q > 1. We notice that for any c > 0
there exists a number M s.t.

ln n ≤ nc

for all n ≥ M . Using it, we can derive

(ln n)2q n2qc 1

≤ = q−2qc ,
nq nq n
and then we choose c > 0 such that q − 2qc > 1, i.e., 0 < c <
(q − 1)/(2q) such that
∞
X 1
n q−2qc
n=3
P∞ 2q
converges by p-series test. Hence n=3 (lnnn)
q converges by Direct
Comparison Test for q > 1(i.e., p < −1).
3. Determine whether the series is convergent or divergent. Give reasons for
your answers.
∞
X enπ
n=0
π ne

solution. Since the given series is geometric one with the ratio eπ /π e ,
we must determine whether eπ /π e < 1 or not. Consider function f (x) =
ln(ex /xe ) = x − e ln x for x > 0. We know that

eπ /π e < 1 ⇔ f (π) < 0.

Further it is easy to see that f (x) has the minimum f (e) = 0, since
f 0 (x) = 1 − e/x. Thus f (π) > 0(i.e., eπ /π e > 1), and hence the series is
divergent.

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4. Determine whether the series is convergent or divergent. Give reasons for
your answers.
∞
X (1 − cos(n2 + 1))2
n=1
n2 (e1/n − 1)6/7

solution.
(1 − cos(n2 + 1))2 22
0< ≤ ,
n2 (e1/n − 1)6/7 n2 (e1/n − 1)6/7
and
22 22
  
lim = 1,
n→∞ n2 (e1/n − 1)6/7 n2 ( n1 )6/7
moreover,
∞ ∞
X 22 X 22
1 6/7 =
n=1
2
n (n) n=1
n8/7
∞
X 22
converges since 8/7 > 1 (by p-series test). Thus con-
n=1
n2 (e1/n − 1)6/7
∞
X (1 − cos(n2 + 1))2
verges by Limit Comparison Test. Hence converges
n=1
n2 (e1/n − 1)6/7
by Direct Comparison Test.
5. Determine whether the series is convergent or divergent. Give reasons for
your answers. We denote by d ab e the smallest integer bigger than or equal
to ab .
∞ n
X (−1)d 4 e+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + − − − − + + ···
n=1
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

solution. Consider the partial sum

   
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
s4n = + + + − + + +
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 
1 1 1 1
+ · · · + (−1)n−1 + + + .
4n − 3 4n − 2 4n − 1 4n
Let  
1 1 1 1
an = (−1)n−1 + + +
4n − 3 4n − 2 4n − 1 4n
then we have
n
X ∞
X
s4n = an = (−1)n−1 bn
n=1 n=1
where
1 1 1 1 2(8n − 3)(16n2 − 12n + 1)
bn = + + + = .
4n − 3 4n − 2 4n − 1 4n (4n − 3)(4n − 2)(4n − 1)4n
P
Check an is alternating series,
2(8n − 3)(16n2 − 12n + 1)
lim bn = lim = 0,
n→∞ n→∞ (4n − 3)(4n − 2)(4n − 1)4n

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 and bn < bn−1 for all n ≥ 2 since
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
bn = + + + < bn−1 = + + + .
4n − 3 4n − 2 4n − 1 4n 4n − 7 4n − 6 4n − 5 4n − 4
P∞
Hence n=1 an converges by Alternating Series Test, that is to say, s4n →
s as n → ∞ for some s.
Furthermore, we have
1
s4n+1 = s4n + (−1)n → s,
4n + 1
1 1
s4n+2 = s4n + (−1)n + (−1)n → s,
4n + 1 4n + 2
1 1 1
s4n+3 = s4n + (−1)n + (−1)n + (−1)n → s,
4n + 1 4n + 3 4n + 3
as n → ∞. Consequently sn converges to s, which means that the given
series converges.

6. Determine the interval of convergence for the following power series.

∞ ∞   
X X 1
(a) (csch n)xn (b) tan−1 √ xn
n=1 n=1
n

solution.
(a) Let an = (csch n)xn and use Ratio Test,
2
an+1 (csch(n + 1))xn+1 en+1 −e−n−1
= = 2 |x|
an (csch n)xn en −e−n
en − e−n 1−e −2n
|x|
= |x| = |x| →
− e−n−1
en+1 e − e−2n−1 e

as n → ∞. Thus, if |x| an converges absolutely; and if |x|

P
e < 1, e >1
the series diverges. Finally check the case of x = e and x = −e.
(i) x = e

2en 2
lim (csch n)en = lim = lim = 2 6= 0,
n→∞ n→∞ en − e−n n→∞ 1 − e−2n

n
P
so that n→∞ (csch n)e diverges by Test for Divergence.
(ii) x = −e

2en 2
lim |(csch n)(−e)n | = lim −n
= lim =2
n→∞ n
n→∞ e − e n→∞ 1 − e−2n

which implies limn→∞ (csch n)(−e)n cannot be 0. Thus n→∞ (csch n)(−e)n
P
diverges by Test for Divergence.
Synthetically the interval of convergence is |x| < e.

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(b) Let an = tan−1 √1n xn and use Ratio Test,
  
an+1 tan−1 √n+11
xn+1 tan−1 √n+1
1
= = |x|
tan−1 √1n
  
an tan−1 √1n xn
√
.
tan−1 √n+1
1 √1
n+1 n+1
= . √ |x| → 1
tan−1 √1 √1 n
n n

tan−1 h 1
as n → 1 since limh→0 h = limh→0 1+h2 = 1 by L’Hopital’s
√
n+1
Rule and limn→∞ √ n
= 1.
Hence if |x| < 1, the series converges absolutely, and if |x| > 1 the
series diverges.
Finally for |x| = 1, first for x = 1 check
1 . 1
tan−1 √ √ →1
n n
P∞
as n → ∞. But n=1 √1n diverges by p-series test. Consequently
P∞ −1 √1
n=1 tan n
diverges by Limit Comparison Test.
P∞
second x = −1, the sum n=1 tan−1 √1n (−1)n is alternating series,
check tan−1 √1n decreasing and tan−1 √1n → 0 as n → ∞. Conse-
quently the interval of convergence is −1 ≤ x < 1.
7. Let Z x
f (x) = ln(1 + 2t2 ) dt.
0

Then find f (99) (0).

solution. Recall that

∞
x2 x3 x4 X xn
ln(1 + x) = x − + − + ··· = (−1)n−1 , |x| < 1
2 3 4 n=1
n

and by substitution we have

∞
(2t2 )2 (2t2 )3 (2t2 )4 X (2t2 )n
ln(1+2t2 ) = 2t2 − + − +· · · = (−1)n−1 , |2t2 | < 1
2 3 4 n=1
n

Integrating ln(1 + t2 ) term by term, we have

Z x " ∞
#x ∞
n 2n+1
2
X
n−1 2 t
X 2n x2n+1
f (x) = ln(1 + 2t ) dt = C + (−1) = (−1)n−1
0 n=1
(2n + 1)n n=1
(2n + 1)n
0

for |2x2 | < 1. Note that if f (x) can be represented by a power series with
center 0 for |2x2 | < 1, then the power series is Maclaurin series. Thus, we
have
f (2n+1) (0) 2n+1 2n x2n+1
x = (−1)n−1
(2n + 1)! (2n + 1)n

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 Consequently, for n = 49,

249
f (99) (0) = 99! .
49 · 99

8. For each t ∈ [0, π], let P (t) be the parallelepiped determined by the fol-
lowing three vectors:

 u(t) = (2 + sin t, 3 + cos t, 0)
v(t) = (2 + sin t, 0, 3 + cos t)
w(t) = (3 − cos t, 0, 0)


Then find the area of the boundary of P (t) when the volume of P (t) is
minimum.

solution. The volume of P (t) is the triple product |u(t) · (v(t) × w(t))| =
|(3 − cos t)(3 + cos t)2 | = (3 − cos t)(3 + cos t)2 which has minimum 16 at
t = π using differentiation as following:

cos t = x, t ∈ [−1, 1], f (x) = (3 − x)(3 + x)2 ,

f 0 (x) = 2(3 + x)(3 − x) − (3 + x)2 = (3 + x)(3 − 3x).

The area of the six boundary faces is twice of the area of three parallelo-
grams determined by vectors u and v, v and w, and u and w, respectively.
Check u(π) = (2, 2, 0), v(π) = (2, 0, 2), w(π) = (4, 0, 0) and the area is

2(|u × v| + |v × w| + |w × u|)
= 2(|(2, 2, 0) × (2, 0, 2)| + |(2, 0, 2) × (4, 0, 0)| + |(4, 0, 0) × (2, 2, 0)|)
√
= 32 + 8 3.