MBEYA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (MUST)

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY.

DEPARTMENT : ELECTRICAL AND POWER ENGINEERING.

COURSE : BACHELOR OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING.

MODULE NAME : ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS I.

MODULE CODE : EE 8211

FACILITATOR : MR .BROWN

LEVEL : UQF 8 THIRD YEAR.

SEMISTER :I

TASK :GROUP ASSIGNMENT.

GROUP NUMBER 02
S/N NAME REG. NUMBER SIGNATURE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Question One
Find the 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷 parameters of a 3- phase 80 𝑘𝑚 50𝐻𝑧 Transmission line with series
impedance of 0.15 + 𝑗0.78 ohms per km and shunt capacitance of 𝑗50 𝑥 10−6 mho per km.
SOLUTION
Data given:
3-phase, 𝐿 = 80𝑘𝑚, 𝑓 = 50𝐻𝑧
Impedance (𝑍) = 0.15 + 𝑗0.78𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑚
Shunt capacitance(𝑌) = 𝑗50 × 10−6 𝑚ℎ𝑜 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑚
Now,
Total series impedance of a line
𝑍 = (0.15 + 𝑗0.78) × 80
= (12 + 𝑗62.4)
Total shunt capacitance of a line (Admittance)
𝑌 = ( 𝑗50 𝑥 10−6 ) × 80
= 𝑗4 × 10−4 𝑚ℎ𝑜
In nominal-T configuration
1
𝐴 = 𝐷 = 1 + 𝑌𝑍
2
1
= 1 + 2 (12 + 𝑗62.4) × (𝑗4 × 10−4 )

= (𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟕𝟓𝟐 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟒)

𝑌𝑍
𝐵 = 𝑍 × (1 + )
4
1
= (12 + 𝑗62.4) [1 + (𝑗4 × 10−4 ) × (12 + 𝑗62.4) ]
4
= (12 + 𝑗62.4)(0.99376 + 𝑗0.0012)
= (𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟓𝟎𝟐𝟒 + 𝒋𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟐)ohms
𝐶 = 𝑌 = 𝑗4 × 10−4
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒 𝑺
∴ 𝑨 = 𝑫 = (𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟕𝟓𝟐 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟒)
𝑩 = (𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟓𝟎𝟐𝟒 + 𝒋𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟐)ohms
𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒 𝑺
Question Two
The 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷 constants of a three- phase transmission line are 𝐴 = 𝐷 = 0.936 + 𝑗0.016,
𝐵 = 33.5 + 138 Ohms and 𝐶 = (−0.9280 + 901.223) × 10−6 . The load at the
receiving end is 40 MW at 200𝑘𝑉 with pf of 0.86 lagging. Find the magnitude of the
sending-end voltage, current, power and voltage regulation. Assume that he magnitude of
sending end voltage remains constant.

SOLUTION
Data given,
𝐴 = 𝐷 = 0.936 + 𝑗0.016
𝐵 = 33.5 + 138 Ohms
𝐶 = (−0.9280 + 901.223) × 10−6
𝑃𝑅 = 40𝑀𝑊 and 𝑉𝑅 = 200𝑘𝑉
Receiving-end phase voltage,
200 × 1000
𝑉𝑅 = = 1𝟏𝟓, 𝟒𝟕𝟎𝑽
√3
Receiving-end current,
40 𝑥 106
𝐼𝑅 = = 𝟏𝟑𝟒. 𝟐𝟕𝑨
√3 𝑥 200𝑥103 𝑥 0.86
Power factor,cos 𝜑 = 0.86
Phase angle, 𝜑 = cos−1 0.86 = −30.68°
sin 𝜑 = 0.51
𝐴 = 𝐷 = 0.936 + 𝑗0.016 = 0.93614∠0.98°
𝐵 = 33.5 + 𝑗138 = 142∠76.355° Ω
𝐶 = (−0.9280 + 𝑗901.223)𝑥10−6
= 901.2235∠90.06° 𝑥10−6 Ω
Taking receiving-end phase voltage as reference phasor, we have
𝑉𝑅 = 115,470(1 + 𝑗0) = 115,470∠0° 𝑉
𝐼𝑅 = 134.27∠−30.68° 𝐴

Sending-end phase voltage,

 𝑉𝑆 = 𝐴𝑉𝑅 + 𝐵𝐼𝑅
= (0.93614∠0.98° 𝑥 115,470∠0° ) + (142∠76.355° 𝑥 134.27∠−30.68° )
= 108,096∠0.98° + 19,066∠45.675°
= (108,080 + 𝑗1848.8)(13,322 + 𝑗13,639.6)
= (121,402 + 𝑗15,488.4)
= 𝟏𝟐𝟐, 𝟑𝟖𝟔∠𝟕. 𝟐𝟕° 𝑽
Sending-ending line voltage,

𝑉𝑆𝐿 = √3 𝑥 𝑉𝑆 = √3𝑥122,386
= 211,979𝑉 𝑜𝑟 211.98𝑘𝑉
Sending-end current,
𝐼𝑆 = 𝐶𝑉𝑅 + 𝐷𝐼𝑅
= (901.2235 𝑥 10−6 ∠90.06° 𝑥 115,470∠0° ) + (0.93614∠0.98° 𝑥 134.27∠−30.68° )
= 104.064∠90.06° + 125.696∠−29.7°
= (−0.109 + 𝑗104.064) + (109.18 − 𝑗62.28)
= (𝟏𝟎𝟗. 𝟎𝟕𝟏 + 𝒋𝟒𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟒) = 𝟏𝟏𝟔. 𝟖∠𝟐𝟎. 𝟗𝟔° 𝑨
Sending-end phase angle,
𝝋𝑺 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟗𝟔° − 𝟕. 𝟐𝟕° = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟔𝟗° = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟏𝟔(𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈)
Sending -end power

= √3 𝑉𝑆𝐿 𝐼𝑆 𝑥 cos 𝜑𝑆 × 10−6 𝑀𝑊

= √3 × 211.98 × 103 × 116.8 × 0.9716 ×× 10−6

= 𝟒𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟔MW
Voltage regulation
𝑽𝑺𝑳 − 𝑽𝑹𝑳
= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑽𝑹𝑳
𝟐𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟖 − 𝟐𝟎𝟎
= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟎𝟎
= 𝟓. 𝟗𝟗%
Question Three
Find the following for a single circuit transmission line delivering a load of 50 MVA at 110
kV and pf 0.8 lagging.
i. Sending-end Voltage
ii. Sending-end Current
iii. Sending-end power
iv. Efficiency of transmission

Data given.
Load = 50MVA
Received Voltage (𝑉𝑅 )=110𝑘𝑉
cos 𝜃𝑅 =0.8 𝜃𝑅 =cos −1 0.8 =36.87°
Solution

P=√3 𝑉𝑅 𝐼𝑅 cos 𝜃𝑅
50×10 6
𝑃⁄ = ×110 ×103 ×0.8
√3 𝑉𝑅 𝐼𝑅 cos 𝜃𝑅 √3

𝐼𝑅 =328.044A
𝐼𝑅 =328.044(𝑗 sin 𝜃𝑅 )
𝐼𝑅 = 328.84 × 𝑗0.6 = 𝑗196.82 𝐴
The receiving current = 196.82<90° A
110000
The receiving end voltage = 110kv = = 63509 V
√3

From.
i. Sending end voltage.

𝑉𝑆 =A𝑉𝑅 + B𝐼𝑅 = A (63509) + B (196.82) V

ii. Sending end Current
𝐼𝑆 = C𝑉𝑅 + B𝐼𝑅
𝐼𝑆 = C (63509) + D (196.82) A

iii. Sending-end Power

P = 𝐼𝑆 𝑉𝑆 cos 𝜃𝑆 , since 𝑉𝑅 , is a reference then, 𝜃𝑆 = 0°

𝑃𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑
iv. Efficiency = × 100%
𝑃𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑑
Question 04
A 3-phase, 50Hz 300𝐾𝑚 long transmission line has the following parameters 𝑟 =
0.15 Ω/𝑘𝑚; 𝑥 = 0.5 Ω/𝑘𝑚; 𝑦 = 3 × 10−6 Ω/𝐾𝑚. if the line represented by nominal-π,
determine
i. The ABCD constants for the line (derive the formula you might have used)
ii. The power at unity power factor that can be received if the voltage at each end is
maintained at 220𝑘𝑉
iii. The sending end voltage required if a load of 200𝑀𝑊 at 0.85lagging power factor is
to be delivered with the receiving end voltage remaining at 220𝑘𝑉

Solution
Total line parameters are;
Resistance, 𝑅 = 𝑟 𝑥 𝑙 = 0.15 𝑥 300 = 45Ω
Reactance, 𝑋 = 𝑥 × 𝑙 = 0.5 𝑥 300Ω
Susceptance, 𝑌 = 𝑦 × 𝑙 = 3 × 10 − 6 × 300 = 9 × 10 − 4𝑠
For nominal-π equivalent

Let

𝑉𝑆 = Sending end voltage to neutral

𝑉𝑅 = Receiving end voltage to neutral

𝐼𝑆 = Sending end current

𝐼𝑅 = Receiving end current

𝐼𝐶1 = Capacitance current at the receiving end side

𝐼𝐶2 = Capacitance current at the sending end side

R = Resistance of transmission line, resistance to the neutral in the three-phase line

X = Reactance of transmission line, reactance to the neutral in the three-phase line

𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗 𝑋 = Total impedance

𝑌 = 𝑗𝑋𝐶 = Admittance

𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷 = Constant

Generalized Constant of the transmission line is given by sending end voltage and sending
end current equation

𝑉𝑆 = A𝑉𝑅 + B𝐼𝑅 ………………………………………………………. (1)

𝐼𝑆 = C𝑉𝑅 + D𝐼𝑅 …………………………………………………..….... (2)

ABCD parameters of Nominal π method

Nominal π method: ABCD Parameters

Apply KCL at point Q,

𝐼1 = 𝐼𝑅 + 𝐼𝐶1

𝐼1 = 𝐼𝑅 + (Y/2) 𝑉𝑅 ……………………………………………………………(3)

Apply KCL at point P,

𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼𝐶2

𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼1 + (Y/2) Vs ………………………………………………………… (4)

Substitute value of I1 from equation (3)

𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼𝑅 + (Y/2) 𝑉𝑅 + (Y/2) Vs ……………………………………………… (5)

Sending end voltage 𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑅 + I1(Z)

Substitute value of I1 from equation (3)

𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑅 + {𝐼𝑅 + (Y/2) 𝑉𝑅 } (Z)

= 𝑉𝑅 + Z 𝐼𝑅 + (ZY/2) 𝑉𝑅

= 𝑉𝑅 + (ZY/2) 𝑉𝑅 + Z 𝐼𝑅

= (1 + ZY/2) 𝑉𝑅 + Z 𝐼𝑅

𝑉𝑆 = (1 + ZY/2) 𝑉𝑅 + Z 𝐼𝑅 ……………………………………………….…. (6)

Compare equation (6) and (1)

𝑉𝑆 = A𝑉𝑅 + B𝐼𝑅

𝑉𝑆 = (1 + ZY/2) 𝑉𝑅 + Z 𝐼𝑅

Therefore A = (1 + YZ/2) and B = Z

From equation (5)

𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼𝑅 + (Y/2) 𝑉𝑅 + (Y/2) 𝑉𝑆

Substitute value of 𝑉𝑆 from equation (6)

𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼𝑅 + (Y/2) 𝑉𝑅 + (Y/2) {(1 + ZY/2) 𝑉𝑅 + Z 𝐼𝑅 }

𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼𝑅 + (Y/2) 𝑉𝑅 + (Y/2 + Y2Z/4) 𝑉𝑅 + (YZ/2) 𝐼𝑅

𝐼𝑆 = (Y/2) 𝑉𝑅 + (Y/2 + Y2Z/4) 𝑉𝑅 + 𝐼𝑅 + (YZ / 2) 𝐼𝑅

𝐼𝑆 = {Y/2 + Y/2 + Y2Z/4) 𝑉𝑅 + {1 + (YZ / 2)} 𝐼𝑅

𝐼𝑆 = {Y + Y2Z/4) 𝑉𝑅 + {1 + (YZ / 2)} 𝐼𝑅

𝐼𝑆 = {1 + (YZ / 2)} 𝐼𝑅 + Y (1 + Y2Z/4) 𝑉𝑅 ……………………………………... (7)

Compare equation (7) and (2)

𝐼𝑆 = C𝑉𝑅 + D𝐼𝑅

𝐼𝑆 = Y (1 + YZ/4) 𝑉𝑅 + {1 + (YZ / 2)} 𝐼𝑅

Therefore C = Y (1 + YZ/4) and D = 1 + (YZ / 2)

From the above value of A, B, C and D

𝒀𝒁
A = (1 + )
𝟐

B=Z
𝒀𝒁
C = Y (1 + )
𝟒

𝒀𝒁
D=1+ 𝟐

i. 𝐴 = 𝐷 = 1 + 1⁄2 𝑌𝑍

= 1 + 1⁄2 × 𝑗9 × 10−4 × (45 + 𝑗150)

 = (0.9325 + 𝑗150) Ω 𝑜𝑟 0.9327∠1.4⁰ 𝑎𝑛𝑠

𝐵 = 𝑍 = (45 + 𝑗150) Ω = 156.6∠73.3⁰ Ω 𝑎𝑛𝑠

1
𝐶 = 𝑌 (1 + 𝑌𝑍)
4
1
= 𝑗9 × 10 − 4 ⌊1 + × 𝑗9 × 10−4 (45 + 𝑗150)⌋
4

= 𝑗9 × (0.96625 + 𝑗0.010125)
= 8.67 × 10−4 ∠90.6⁰
ii. Taking receiving end phase voltage as the reference phasor

We have,
220
VR = × 1.000 (1 + j0) = 127.000∠0⁰ V
√3

Load current IR = IR∠0⁰ 𝐴

Sending- end phase voltage,

VS = AVR + BIR

=0.9327∠1.24⁰ × 127.000∠0⁰ + 156.6∠73.3⁰ × 𝐼𝑅 ∠0⁰

=118.425 + 𝑗2.563 + 45𝐼𝑅 + 𝑗150𝐼𝑅

=(118.425 + 45𝐼𝑅 ) + 𝑗(2.563 + 150𝐼𝑅 )

𝑉𝑆 = √(118.425 + 45𝐼𝑅 )2 + (2.563 + 150𝐼𝑅 )2

16,133 × 106 = 14,024.5 × 106 + 6.67 × 106 + 10,658 × 106 𝐼𝑅 +

0.7689 × 106 𝐼𝑅 + 0.024525 × 106 𝐼𝑅 2

−11.427 ± √(11.427)2 + 4 × 0.024525 × 2.102

𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑅 =
2 × 0.024525

= 𝟏𝟒𝟏. 𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝑨

Power received,

𝑃 = √3𝑉𝑅𝐿 𝐼𝑅 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 × 10−6 𝑀𝑊

= √3 × 220,000 × 141.175 × 1.0 × 10−6 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟖𝑴𝑾 𝑨𝒏𝒔

𝑖𝑖𝑖. 𝑉𝑅 = 127,000 𝑉
 200 × 106
𝐼𝑅 = = 617.5 𝐴
√3 × 220000 × 0.85

Phase angle, ∅ = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝟗° 𝑙agging

Taking receiving end phase voltage as the reference phasor we have:

𝑉𝑅 = 127,000 < 00 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐼𝑅 = 617.5 < −31.790 𝐴

Sending- end phase voltage,

𝑉𝑆 = 𝐴𝑉𝑅 + 𝐵𝐼𝑅

= 0.9327∠1240 × 127,000∠00 + 156.6∠73.30 × 6175∠ − 31.790

= 118,441 + 𝑗2,563.72 + 72,413 + 𝑗64,088

= 190,854 + 𝑗66,652 = 202,158∠19.25⁰ V

Sending-end line voltage,

𝑽𝑺𝑳 = √𝟑 × 𝟐𝟎𝟐, 𝟏𝟓𝟖 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎, 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝑽 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝟓𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝒌𝑽 𝑨𝒏𝒔

Question 05
Two 3-phase transmission lines have the generalized constants:
𝐴1 =𝐷1 =0.98∠2° ,𝐵1=28∠69° Ω,𝐶1 =0.0002∠88° S,
𝐴2 =𝐷2 =0.95∠3° , 𝐵2=40∠85° Ω, 𝐶2 =0.0004∠90° S
They are connected in series and delivers a load current of 200A at 0.95pf lagging at 110KV.
Determine the sending end voltage and sending end current.
solution
Data given:
𝐴1 =𝐷1 =0.98∠2° ,𝐵1=28∠69° Ω,𝐶1 =0.0002∠88° S,
𝐴2 =𝐷2 =0.95∠3° , 𝐵2=40∠85° Ω, 𝐶2 =0.0004∠90° 𝑠
𝑉𝑅 =110kV,
𝐼𝑅 =200A,
Cos𝜃𝑅 = 𝑝𝑓 = 0.95𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔,
i. Sending end voltage:
from,
A=𝐴1 𝐴2+ 𝐵1 𝐶2

A= (0.98∠2° )( 0.95∠3° )+( 28< ∠)( 𝐶2 =0.0004∠90° )

A=0.931∠5° +0.0112∠159°

A= 0.917+ j0.O85

A=0.921∠5.3°

Also;

B=𝐴1 𝐵2+ 𝐵1 𝐷2

B= (0.98< 2° )( 40< 85° ) +( 28< 69° ))( 0.95 < 3° )

B=39.2∠87° +26.6∠72°

B=10.2715+j64.444

B=65.26∠80.94° Ω

Then;

C=𝐶1 𝐴2+ 𝐷1 𝐶2

C= (0.0002∠88° )( 0.95∠3° ) + (0.98∠2° ))( 0.004∠90° )

C=0.00019∠91° +0.000392∠92°

C=-0.00001668+j0.000582

C=0.000582∠91.67°S

Then;

D=𝐶1 𝐵2+ 𝐷1 𝐷2

D= (0.0002∠88° )( 40∠85° ) +( 0.98∠2° )( 0.95∠3° )

D=0.008∠+0.931< 3°

D=0.91952+j0.0821

D=0.923∠5.1°

Now, Receiving end voltage

110000
𝑉𝑅 =110KV = =63500V
√3

Cos𝜃𝑅 = 0.95
 𝜃𝑅 =18.1949° lagging

Sin18. 1949° =0.312

Hence, 𝑉𝑅 as reference, 𝑉𝑅 =63500< 0° V,

𝐼𝑅 =200∠ − 18.195° A

From,

𝑉𝑆 =𝐴 𝑉𝑅 + 𝐵𝐼𝑅

𝑉𝑆 = (0.92∠5.3° )( 63500∠0° ) +( 65.26∠80.94° )( 200∠−18.195° )

𝑉𝑆 =58420∠5.3° +13052∠62.745°

𝑉𝑆 =64.147+j16998

𝑉𝑆 =66361∠14.84° V

∴ sending end line voltage will be 𝑽𝑺 = √𝟑 ×66361= 114940V

The sending end line voltage is 114.94KV

ii. Sending end current:

from

𝐼𝑆 = C𝑉𝑅 + 𝐷𝐼𝑅 ,

𝐼𝑆 = (0.000582< 91.67°) ×63500∠0° + (0.923∠5.1° )×(200∠−18.195° )

= 36.957∠91.67° + 184.6∠−13.095°

= -1.077 + j36.941 +179.8- j41.8241

𝐼𝑆 = 178.723 – j4.8828 = 178.8∠−1.56° A

∴ The sending end current is =178.8∠−𝟏. 𝟓𝟔° A.

Question Six
The two identical three phase transmission lines are connected in parallel to supply a load of
100 MW at 132 kV and 0.8 pf lagging at the receiving-end. The ABCD constants of each
transmission line are as follows
A = D = 0.98< 1° ; B = 100< 𝟕𝟓°Ω 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆; C = 0.0005< 90° ; S per phase. Determine
i. The ABCD constants of the combined network.
ii. The sending-end power factor.

Solution
Generalized constant of two lines combined in parallel are;
𝑨𝟏 𝑩𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐 𝑩𝟐
A= 𝑩𝟏 + 𝑩𝟐

0.98<1°×100<75°+0.98<1°×100<75°
= 100<75°+100<75°

= 0.98∠𝟏°

B1 • B2 100∠75° ×100∠75°
B= =
B1 +B2 100∠75°+100∠75°

= 50∠75°
( A1 − A2 ) ( D1 − D2 )
C = C1 + C2 − B1 + B2

C1 + C2 ⸫ A1 = A2 and D1 = D2
Hence (A1 − A2 ) = 0
And (D1 − D2 ) = 0
= 0.0005 ∠90° + 0.000 ∠90°
= 0.001 ∠90° S

𝐁𝟏 𝐃𝟐 + 𝐁𝟐 𝐃𝟏
D= = A =0.98∠1°
𝐁𝟏 + 𝐁𝟐

Receiving – end phase voltage,

132 × 1000
VR = = 76210.2 V
√3
Receiving – end current,
100 × 106
IR = = 546.7 A
√3 × 132 × 103 × 0.8
By taking receiving – end phase voltage as the reference phase,
VR = 76210.2∠1° V and IR = 546.7∠-36.8° A
∴ Phase angle, φ = 𝐂𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 𝟎. 𝟖 = −𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟕°
Sending – end phase voltage,
VS = AVR + BIR
= (0.98∠1° × 76210.2∠0°) + (50∠75° × 546.7∠ − 36.87°)
= 74685.8∠1° + 27335∠38.13°
= (74674.4 + j1303.4) + (21502 + j16877.9)
= 96176.4 + j18183.3 = 97879.8∠10.7°

Sending – end current,

IS = CVR + DIR
= 0.001∠90° × 76210.2∠0° + 0.98∠1° × 546.7∠ − 36.87°
= 76.21∠90° + 535.765∠ − 36.87°
= j76.21 + 434.15 – j313.93
= 434.15 – j237.72 = 494.97∠ − 𝟐𝟖. 𝟕° A
Sending-end phase angle,
φs = phase angle between VS and IS
=10.7° − (−28.7°) = 39.4° (lagging)
= Sending end power factor,
= Cos φS = Cos 39.4° = 0.7727(lagging)