Introduction to the World of Computers Computer: « A programmable, electronic device that accepts data, performs operations on that data, and stores the data Follows instructions, called programs, which determine the tasks the computer will perform Basic Operations: ¢ Input: Entering data into the computer * Processing: Performing operations on the data © Output: Presenting the results * Storage: Saving data, programs, or output for future use © Communications: Sending or receiving data 24507 EUEE verte | may] comtrats | | coarse | emp car et 2and’. results (utp). output fo future use Data: © Raw, unorganized facts © Can be in the form of text, graphics, audio, or video Information: © Data that has been processed into a meaningful form Information Processing: © Converting data into informationHardware: The physical parts of a computer © Internal hardware: Located inside the main box (system unit) of the computer « External hardware: Located outside the system unit, Connect to the computer via a wired or wireless connection Input Devices: ¢ Used to input data into the computer « Keyboards, mice, scanners, cameras, microphones, touch pads, touch screens, fingerprint readers, etc Processing Devices: © Perform calculations and control computer’s operation * Central processing unit (CPU) and memory Output Devices: ¢ Present results to the user * Monitors, printers, speakers, projectors, ete. Storage Devices: * Used to store data on or access data from storage media © Hard drives, CD/DVD discs and drives, USB flash drives, etc. Communications Devices: © Allow users to communicate with others and to electronically access remote information © Modems, network adapters, routers, etc. WwtesCOud Spm nt see por sup sey ceo ‘apes oomeser beac” popamssasmotee. Steer ema tro ie evoann — lars Scemvencrs, mat tn etc, ‘psp me ‘erp ora prey ot Sout ot moeSoftware: The programs or instructions used to tell the computer hardware what to do ¢ System Software: © Operating system starts up the computer and controls its operation o Without OS, computer cannot function © Windows, Mac OS, Linux, Android, ete Application Software © Performs specific tasks or applications © Word processing programs, Multimedia programs, Web browsers, E-mail programs, ete Computer Users and Professionals: ¢ Computer Users (end users): People who use a computer to obtain information ¢ Computer professionals include: © Programmers: Write programs computers use ©. Systems analysts: Design computer systems o Computer operations personnel: Manage day-to-day computer operations © Security specialists: Secure computers and networks against hackers Six basic categories of computers: ¢ Embedded Computers: Embedded into a product and designed to perform specific tasks or functions for that product « Mobile Device: A very small device with some type of built-in computing or Internet capability Personal Computer (PC): Small computer designed to be used by one person at a time © Desktop Computers: On or next to a desk © Portable Computers: Designed to be carried around easily "Notebook (laptop) computers: Typically use a clamshell design * Tablet computers: Usually use a digital pen/stylus or touch screen Server: A medium-sized computer used to host programs and data for a small network ¢ Mainframe Computer: Powerful computer used by many large organizations to manage large amounts of centralized data ¢ Supercomputer: Fastest, most expensive, most powerful type of computerThe Systems Unit: Processing and Memory System Unit: © The main case of a computer «Houses the processing hardware for a computer Motherboard: The main circuit board inside the system unit to which all devices must connect PoweR suPPLY Faw HARO DRIVE Converts standard Coos the CPL ‘Memon (nan MODULES ‘Store data temporary wile you ar working wit Processors — CPU (Central Processing Unit): © Consists of a variety of circuitry and components packaged together and connected directly to the motherboard © The brain of the computer and the most important element of a computer system Processing Speed: © CPU clock speed is one measurement of processing speed © Rated in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz) «Higher CPU clock speed = more instructions processed per secondpical CPU Components: * Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic involving integers and logical operations © Control Unit: Coordinates and controls activities within a CPU core «Registers and Internal Cache Memory: Store data and instructions needed by the CPU «Bus Interface Unit: Allows the core to communicate with other CPU components ‘CONTROL UNIT PREFETCH UNIT 's in charge ofthe entre process, making sure Requests instructions and data from cache or RAM and makes. everything happens atthe right time. It instructs sure they are in the proper order for processing: it attempts to the ALU, FPU, and registers what to do, based on fetch instructions and data ahead of time so that the other instructions from the decode unt. components don't have to wait ARITHMETIC/LOGIC UNIT AND FLOATING POINT UNIT ee Performs the arithmetic and Cu Cu logical operations, as directed Err aes Se — oe UN DECODE UNIT REGISTERS Takes instructions from the Hold the results of prefetch unit and transates ‘processing, them into a form that the control unit can understand, BUS INTERFACE UNIT INTERNAL CACHE MEMORY The place where data ‘Stores data and instructions and instructions enter or 5 before and dur leave the core. : | A | ] processing, Word Size: © The amount of data that a CPU can manipulate at one time © Typically 32 or 64 bits Cache Memory: Special group of very fast memory chips located on or close to the CPUMemory: © Refers to chip-based storage located inside the system unit © Each location in memory has an address * Each location typically holds one byte Random Access Memory (RAM): © Computer’s main memory © Stores essential parts of operating system, programs, and data the computer is currently using © Content lost when the computer is shut off (Volatile) The memory DESKTOP RAM (DIMM) module contains memory chips. NOTEBOOK RAM (SO-DIMM) This part of the memory module is plugged into a memory slot on the motherboard. * Read-only Memory (ROM): © Non-volatile chips located on the motherboard ©. Retrieved by the computer when needed © Registers: © High-speed memory built into the CPU © Used to store data and intermediary results during processing © Fastest type of memory «Flash Memory: Nonvolatile memory chips that can be used for storage Bus: An electronic path within a computer over which data travelsPort: A connector on the exterior of a computer’s system unit to which a device may be attached Power connector Firewire VGA monitor Network, USB Audio HDMI CONNECTORS Monitor (WGA) id usB € Audio (2.5mm) SIM card it Headphone VeApot“ —HOMIpot jack Min-HOMI port Headphone jack NOTEBOOK COMPUTERS MOBILE DEVICES