Questions to be prepared for Interview

Function of fan in system / if it’s stopped how to solve this

Symptoms of Fan Failure

1. System continuously reboots and doesn't start unless the power button is pressed to reboot the system.
2. System occasionally reboots or crashes.
3. System stops booting completely.
4. Temperature of the system (chassis) is warm to hot
5. Noisy fan (grinding noises when fan spins, knocking, ticking, like a fan blade is hitting something).

Troubleshooting Fan Failure

These tips might help in the case of fan failure:

1. Check the power cord that is connected from the fan to the motherboard. Processor’s fan might be incorrectly installed.
2. Try plugging the fan heatsink cable into a different header on the motherboard.
3. Clean up the dust. When the system is used for a long time, sometimes in dry and hot conditions, the fan can accumulate
dust.
4. Check to see if the fan stopped working. Fans do have lifespans that may end when used for a long time. Poor quality fans
can also stop working.
5. Check to see if the fan is drawing air in the same direction as the overall system airflow.
6. Check to ensure the processor is properly installed in the system. The fan will start but will shut down shortly, causing the
system to shut down to protect the processors from the heat damage.
7. Check the hotspots of the chassis that are significantly warmer than the rest of the chassis air. Such areas can be created
by improper positioning of the exhaust fan, adapter cards, cables, or chassis brackets and subassemblies. These can block
the airflow within the system. To avoid hotspots:
o Place exhaust fans as needed.
o Re-position full-length adapter cards or use half-length cards.
o Reroute and tie cables.
o Ensure space is provided around and over the processor
8. Try using another working fan if you have one.

BIOS

BIOS (basic input/output system) is the program a computer's microprocessor uses to start the computer system after it is powered
on. It also manages data flow between the computer's operating system (OS) and attached devices, such as the hard disk, video
adapter, keyboard, mouse and printer.

Uses of BIOS

The main use of BIOS is to act as a middleman between OSes and the hardware they run on. BIOS is theoretically always the
intermediary between the microprocessor and I/O device control information and data flow. Although, in some cases, BIOS can
arrange for data to flow directly to memory from devices, such as video cards, that require faster data flow to be effective.

How does BIOS work?

BIOS comes included with computers, as firmware on a chip on the motherboard. In contrast, an OS like Windows or iOS can
either be pre-installed by the manufacturer or vendor or installed by the user. BIOS is a program that is made accessible to the
microprocessor on an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) chip. When users turn on their computer, the
microprocessor passes control to the BIOS program, which is always located at the same place on EPROM.

When BIOS boots up a computer, it first determines whether all of the necessary attachments are in place and operational. Any
piece of hardware containing files the computer needs to start is called a boot device. After testing and ensuring boot devices are
functioning, BIOS loads the OS -- or key parts of it -- into the computer's random access memory (RAM) from a hard disk or
diskette drive (the boot device).

The 4 functions of BIOS

BIOS identifies, configures, tests and connects computer hardware to the OS immediately after a computer is turned on. The
combination of these steps is called the boot process.

These tasks are each carried out by BIOS' four main functions:

1. Power-on self-test (POST). This tests the hardware of the computer before loading the OS.

2. Bootstrap loader. This locates the OS.

3. Software/drivers. This locates the software and drivers that interface with the OS once running.

4. Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) setup. This is a configuration program that enable users to alter
hardware and system settings. CMOS is the name of BIOS' non-volatile memory.

Accessing BIOS

With BIOS, the OS and its applications are freed from having to understand exact details, such as computer hardware addresses,
about the attached I/O devices. When device details change, only the BIOS program needs to be changed. Sometimes, this
change can be made during system setup.

Users can access BIOS and configure it through BIOS Setup Utility. Accessing BIOS Setup Utility varies somewhat depending on
the computer being used. However, the following steps generally enable users to access and configure BIOS through Setup Utility:

 Reset or power off the computer.

 When the computer turns back on, look for a message that says "entering setup" or something similar. Accompanying
that message will be a key that the user should press to enter system configuration. Here's an example message a user
might see: "Press [key] to enter BIOS setup." Some keys often used as prompts are Del, Tab, Esc and any of the
function keys (F1-F12).

 Upon seeing the prompt, quickly press the key specified.

Once in BIOS Setup Utility, users can change hardware settings, manage memory settings, change the boot order or boot device,
and reset the BIOS password, among other configuration tasks.

BIOS security

BIOS security is a somewhat overlooked component of cybersecurity; however, it should still be managed to prevent hackers from
executing malicious code on the OS. Security group Cylance, in 2017, showed how modern BIOS security flaws could enable
ransomware programs inside a motherboard's UEFI and exploit other PC BIOS vulnerabilities.

Another unique exploit involving the manipulation of BIOS was Plundervolt. Plundervolt could be used to mess with a computer's
power supply at the time data was being written to memory, causing errors that lead to security gaps. Intel released a BIOS patch
to defend against it.

BSOD
What is Bsod and how to fix it?

The BSOD is a warning you see when your computer interrupts operations and displays this warning on a blue screen. Officially,
it’s called a “Stop error.” The warning informs you of a critical issue that’s forcing Windows to reboot. Before rebooting, Windows
usually saves a “minidump” file on your computer, carrying data about the error. To fix BSOD, it's best to get your device checked
for software and hardware issues.

What is the main cause of BSOD?

It can be anything from hardware issue to a virus, overheating and a bigger malware exposure. Get your computer check in case of
BSOD.

OP devices/Input devices/ I/P devices:-

what is an input and output (IO) device?
An input/output (I/O) device is any hardware used by a human operator or other systems to communicate with a computer. As the name suggests,
input/output devices are capable of sending data (output) to a computer and receiving data from a computer (input).

Input devices allow users to interact with a computer by providing data or commands. Some common input devices include keyboards, mice,
microphones, webcams, and scanners.

Output devices allow users to see, hear, or otherwise perceive the results of the computer's processing. Some common output devices include
monitors, printers, speakers, and headphones.

I/O devices are essential for the operation of any computer system. They allow users to interact with the computer and provide the computer with the
data it needs to function.

CMOS- Central Memory Allocation System

What Is CMOS and What Is It For?
CMOS (short for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) is the term usually used to describe the small amount of memory on a
computer motherboard that stores the BIOS settings. Some of these BIOS settings include the system time and date as well as hardware
settings.

A CMOS sensor is different—it's used by digital cameras to convert images into digital data.

Other Names for CMOS CMOS (pronounced see-moss) is sometimes referred to as Real-Time Clock (RTC), CMOS RAM, Non-Volatile RAM
(NVRAM), Non-Volatile BIOS memory, or complementary-symmetry metal-oxide-semiconductor (COSMOS).

CMOS is also an abbreviation for other terms that are unrelated to what's talked about on this page, like cellular management operation system
and comparison mean opinion score.
Clearing CMOS Most talk of CMOS involves clearing CMOS, which means to reset the BIOS settings to their default levels. This is a really
easy task that's a great troubleshooting step for many types of computer problems.
For example, maybe your computer is freezing up during the POST, in which case clearing the CMOS to reset the BIOS settings to factory
default levels, might be the easiest solution. Or maybe you need to clear CMOS to reset misconfigured BIOS settings to fix certain hardware-
related error messages, such as Code 29 errors.
Other CMOS errors revolve around low battery voltage, CMOS checksum, battery failure, and read error.
How BIOS and CMOS Work Together
The BIOS is a computer chip on the motherboard like CMOS except that its purpose is to communicate between the processor and other
hardware components like the hard drive, USB ports, sound card, video card, and more. A computer without a BIOS wouldn't understand how
these pieces of the computer work together. The BIOS firmware is also what performs the Power On Self Test to test those pieces of hardware,
and what ultimately runs the boot loader to launch the operating system.

What Is the BIOS?

CMOS is also a computer chip on the motherboard, or more specifically a RAM chip, which means it would normally lose the settings it's storing
when the computer is shut down (just like how the contents of RAM aren't maintained each time you restart your computer). However, the
CMOS battery is used to provide constant power to the chip. When the computer first boots up, BIOS pulls information from the CMOS chip to
understand the hardware settings, time, and anything else that's stored in it. The chip typically stores as little as 256 bytes of information.

What Is a CMOS Battery?

The CMOS is usually powered by a coin-sized CR2032 cell battery, referred to as the CMOS battery. Most CMOS batteries will last the lifetime
of a motherboard, up to 10 years in most cases, but will sometimes need to be replaced depending on how the device is being used.
Incorrect or slow system date and time, and loss of BIOS settings, are major signs of a dead or dying CMOS battery. Replacing them is as easy
as swapping out the dead one for a new one. More About CMOS & CMOS Batteries
While most motherboards have a spot for a CMOS battery, some smaller computers, like many tablets and laptops, have a small external
compartment for the CMOS battery that connects to the motherboard via two small wires.
Some devices that use CMOS include microprocessors, microcontrollers, and static RAM (SRAM). It's important to understand that CMOS and
BIOS are not interchangeable terms for the same thing. While they work together for a specific function within the computer, they are two
entirely different components. When the computer is first starting up, there's an option to boot into BIOS or CMOS.
Opening the CMOS setup is how you can change the settings it's storing, like the date and time and how the different computer components
are first started up. You can also use CMOS setup to disable/enable some hardware devices. CMOS chips are desirable for battery-powered
devices like laptops because they use less power than other types of chips. Although they use both negative polarity circuits and positive
polarity circuits (NMOS and PMOS), only one circuit type is powered on at a time. The Mac equivalent to CMOS is PRAM, which stands for
Parameter RAM. You can also reset your Mac's PRAM.
IP

OP devices
Primary and secondary storage devices:-
Difference between Primary and Secondary Memory – Comparison Table
Primary memory is used for temporarily storing data that is actively being used by the computer's CPU, while secondary memory
(storage) is used for long-term data storage, such as files and programs that are not currently in use. Listed below are some other
primary and secondary memory differences.

Comparison
Primary Memory Secondary Memory
Parameters

Primary memory is the main memory Secondary memory is the external memory and stores data
Storage validity
and stores data temporarily. permanently.

Access The CPU can directly access the data. The CPU cannot directly access the data.

Primary memory is volatile. It loses Secondary memory is non-volatile; data is stored even
Volatility
data in case of a power outage. during a power failure.

Data is stored inside costly Data is stored on external hardware devices like hard
Storage
semiconductor chips. drives, floppy disks, etc.

They do not have such a classification. Secondary

Division It can be divided into RAM and ROM memories are permanent storage devices like CDs, DVDs,
etc.

Speed Faster Slower

It saves the data that the computer is It can save various types of data in various formats and
Stored data
currently using. huge sizes.

What is Primary Memory?

Primary memory is a computer system's internal memory. It stores and retrieves data, instructions, and information. The CPU
directly and randomly accesses primary memory, also called Random Access Memory (RAM). Primary memory is volatile and
loses data and instructions when the power turns off.

Types of Primary Memory:

RAM (Random Access Memory)

Random Access Memory, or RAM, is usually provided as the computer system’s main memory. It is also regarded as temporary or
cache memory constantly being written to and read. Information saved in primary memory will be lost when the computer or
laptop's power supply turns off. Simply put, RAM is a primary memory from which you can only read information.

ROM (Read-Only Memory)

ROM is a non-volatile memory containing data that we cannot change. In this case, information is not lost when the power supply is
turned off. The computer manufacturer determines ROM information. It is permanently stored at the time of manufacture so that the
user cannot overwrite it.

Primary Memory Characteristics

 The computer cannot function without primary memory.

 Primary memory is also known as the main memory.

 You may lose data in case the power is off

 Also known as volatile memory

 It is the working memory of the computer.

 It is faster as compared to secondary memory.

 Examples: RAM, ROM, cache, PROM, EPROM, registers, etc.

What is Secondary Memory?
Secondary memory is a permanent storage device that the CPU cannot access directly.
The CPU accesses these devices through an input/output channel. Data is first transferred to primary from secondary storage
before its assessment. Modern computers often use hard drives and optical storage devices (CDs, DVDs) as secondary storage
devices.
A secondary storage device organizes data into files and directories based on a file system. It also allows the user to access or use
additional information like access permissions, owner, last access time, etc. Also, secondary memory keeps less used data
temporarily when primary memory gets full.
Secondary memory devices are less expensive and can store vast amounts of data, audio, video, and multimedia files.
Organizations can store the equivalent of a roomful of data on disks that consume dramatically and significantly less physical
space.
Types of Secondary Memory
 Solid-state storage devices, such as USB memory sticks.

 Optical storage devices, such as CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs.

 Examples: Magnetic storage devices include zip, floppy, and hard disk drives.
Secondary Memory Characteristics
 These are magnetic and optical memories.

 It is a type of non-volatile memory.

 Data is permanently stored even when the computer is turned off

 It helps store data on a computer

 The computer can function without secondary memory

 Slower than primary memory

 Examples: magnetic tapes, optical discs, floppy disks, flash memory [USB drives], paper tape, punched cards, etc.

Causes of BSOD
What causes the blue screen of Death?
Blue Screen of Death can be occurred due to several reasons related to the operating system.
Some of the related and common main reasons or causes for Blue Screen of Death are:
 Hardware malfunctioning can cause this error
 Faulty memory
 Improper written device drives
 Components getting overheated
 Hardware crossing the limits of specifications
 Lack of memory protection
 Overcrowded memory
 Errors in the software of the system
 Not updating the hardware program can cause stop errors
 Improper installation of any hardware program
 Hardware changes that you made didn’t register which can cause blue screen
 Issues regarding power supplies
 Blue Screen of Death in Windows 9X era can be caused due to bugs or incompatible DLLs in the kernel operating
system.

Fixes for Blue Screen of Death

The blue screen of death is caused due to system failure. To fix it, firstly you need to find out the possible reason and then go for a
relatable solution. The blue screen of death can be caused either by an error in software or default in hardware, or sometimes it can
also be caused due to the mistake of a user.

Fixing the blue screen of death is caused by software errors

Most of the common reasons for the blue screen of death is usually due to software programming errors.
 Sometimes the software is not compatible with the updated Windows version and if the troubleshooting gives you a hint
that the cause of the error might be due to the updated software program. In this case, try installing the version of the
software which is compatible with your Windows system. If your program is already updated then reinstall it and go for a
clean version of your software program.
 Even after updating and reinstalling the software doesn’t work, then a better option is to change the software program
and install a new one.
 List down all the error warnings that you got before which could help you find the particular defected area.
 Make sure that the internal storage of your device is not full and there is ample space.
 Uninstall any additional app that is unnecessary.
 Go for startup repairs. The startup repair is already installed in your system then restart the system and wait till works.
And if the startup repair is not pre-installed then go for the inbuilt startup repair in your computer and restart.
 Check out the antivirus protection program in your system. Some kind of viruses can interrupt the system settings and
can lead to system crashing.
 Uninstall the updates because it can also cause errors and then restart the computer using advanced startup.

Fixing Blue Screen Error if caused by hardware errors

After checking out all the software program for errors, but still, the problem is not solved then go for hardware. In most cases,
hardware’s are not the cause behind the Blue Screen.
 Test the hardware in order to get to the root of the error. Find out any damaged pieces in hardware and upon finding
one, then replace that particular part.
 Check out the memory and hard drive. If there is an error in it, then fix it.
 Avoid all unnecessary hardware in your PC.
 Start your device with minimum hardware and if it works then the removed hardware will be the culprit for the system
failure.
 Like software, make sure that the hardware is compatible with the Microsoft Windows version of your computer.
If the hardware you are using is old and outdated, not working, then the best option is to replace it. Hardware devices might be
costly, but it’s an effective remedy in most of the system crashes and even for Blue Screen of Death.
 Update the firmware.
Even after following all the steps in your troubleshooting list, don’t try anything else if you do not have much knowledge about it as it
will mess up with your system programs. Don’t take any rash steps in a hurry. If you are not able to fix MN, then it’s better to ask
the help of experts for a better and reliable solution.

No post(caused & fix fit)

Firmware
Types of firmware.

OS installation.
Why learn operating systems?

Troubleshooting and identifying issues with an operating system are essential for many IT professional companies and can be a valuable
skill for anyone in the tech sector. Furthermore, knowing operating systems and how to use them can give you an edge in the competitive
field of software development and engineering. Learning operating systems can help you stay ahead of the curve in an ever-evolving
technological world.

Applications of Operating System

 Desktop Operating systems: These are designed for use on personal computers. They contain all the utilities and applications that
the users might need. They are usually updated with the latest software versions to provide a better user experience.

 Mobile Operating systems: These are designed for use on cellular phones and other portable devices. They contain only the
essential software and minimalistic utilities. The advantage of using a mobile OS is that it is easier to update and maintain.

 Server Operating systems are updated with the latest software versions, versioning to support multiple users, and security
features. They run applications such as email servers, file sharing servers, and web servers.

Why use Operating System?

 Operating systems provide a platform on which the users can carry out their various activities.

 Operating systems are essential for the security and stability of the computer. They contain the latest security patches and
updates to protect the computer from malicious threats.

 For executing the programs

 Without an operating system, you can’t access hardware.

 Error Detection and Handling

 Keeping account of the functionality happening in the computer system.

What does an Operating System do?

The operating system of a computing device helps it run different applications. Many times, several different programs run simultaneously
on your device and they all need to access your computer's central processing unit (CPU), memory, and storage. The operating system
coordinates all of this to make sure each program runs properly.

Types of Operating Systems (OS)

The table below lists the different types of operating systems that are commonly used.

Operating System Description

Jobs with similar types of needs are batched together and run as
Batch operating system
a group on a computer without manual interventions.
 Many users share the computer resources at the same time. The
Time-sharing operating system
processor time (CPU) is shared among multiple users.

Uses many processors located in different machines to provide

Distributed operating system
very fast computation.

Allows to connect and communicate various autonomous

Network operating system
computers over a network.

It is used for real-time application that process data as it comes

Real-time operating system
in, without buffer delay.

Mobile operating system

Designed for smartphones, tablets, and wearables devices.

What are the two types of OS installation ?

Single user operating system
Single user operating system is also known as a single-tasking operating system, and a single-user
operating system is designed especially for home computers. A single user can access the computer
at a particular time. The single-user operating system allows permission to access your personal
computer at a time by a single user, but sometimes it can support multiple profiles. It can also be
used in official work and other environments as well.
So this operating system does not require the support of memory protection, file protection, and
security system. The computers based on this operating system have a single processor to execute
only a single program at all times. This system provides all the resources such as CPU, and I/O
devices, to a single user at a time.

Single-user operating system

The operating system for those computers which support only one computer. In this operating
system, another user can not interact with another working user. The core part of the single-user
operating system is one kernel image that will run at a time i.e there is no other facility to run more
than one kernel image.

Features of the Single-User Operating System:

 Interpreting user’s commands.

 File management.
 Memory management.
 Input/output management.
 Resource allocation.
 Managing process.

Advantages:

 This OS occupies less space in memory.

 Easy to maintain.
 Less chance of damage.
 This is a single-user interface it allows only one user’s tasks to execute in a given time.
 In this operating system only one user work at a time, so there will be no interruption of
others.

Disadvantages:

 It can perform only a single task.

 The main drawback is, the OS remains idle for most of the time and is not utilized to its
maximum.
 Tasks take longer to complete.
 It has a high response time.

Types of Single-user Operating Systems:

This operating system is of two types:-

1. Single User Single-Tasking
2. Single User Multi-Tasking
Single-User Single-Tasking: Operating system allows a single user to execute one program at a
particular time. This operating system is designed especially for wireless phones and two-way
messaging. Some functions such as printing a document, and downloading images and videos are
performed in one given frame.
Example: MS-DOS, Palm OS (Used in Palm-held computers).

Single-User Single-Tasking

Advantages:
 Uses less area in memory
 Cost efficient
Disadvantage:
  Less Optimized
Single-User Multi-Tasking: Operating system allows a single user to execute multiple programs at
the same time, the single user can perform multiple tasks at a time. This type of operating system is
found on personal desktops and laptops. The most popular single-user multi-tasking is Microsoft
windows. This single-user multi-tasking can be pre-emptive or cooperative.
 Pre-emptive: The operating system shares the central processing time by dedicating a
single slot to each of the programs.
 Co-operative: This is attained by relying on each process to give time to other methods in a
defined manner. Some example taking photos while capturing video, a user can perform
different tasks such as making calculations in excel sheets.
Example: Windows, Mac
Advantages:
 Time-saving
 High productivity in less time frame
 Less memory is used
Disadvantage:
 Require more space
 More complexity

Multi-User Operating System

An operating system is software that acts as an interface between the user and the computer
hardware which does multiple functions such as memory management; file management and
processor management. The operating system should have to meet the requirements of all its users
in a balanced way so that if any problem would arise with a user, it does not affect any other user in
the chain.
In a multiuser operating system, multiple numbers of users can access different resources of a
computer at the same time. The access is provided using a network that consists of various personal
computers attached to a mainframe computer system. A multi-user operating system allows the
permission of multiple users for accessing a single machine at a time. The various personal
computers can send and receive information to the mainframe computer system. Thus, the
mainframe computer acts as the server and other personal computers act as clients for that server.

Multi-user Operating system

Components of the multi-user operating system:

1. Memory: Consists of main memory (RAM). Main memory is determined as an important
part of the operating system because it specifies how many programs may be executed
simultaneously. The system can correct data that is present in the main memory, therefore
every program that is executed must be copied from physical storage.
The types of physical storage:
 Hard disk: Hard disk can hold a huge amount of data and also determines how
many programs can be run at a single time.
 Floppy disk: It is more inexpensive, but it is potable
  Optical disks: They use a laser to read and write data. They can hold large data and
portable
 Tapes: They are expensive but they can hold a huge amount of data.
2. Kernel: This component is embedded in the computer system’s main memory and may
interact directly with the system’s hardware. The multi-user operating system uses the
kernel component at a low level, it is written in a low-level language.
3. Processor: The core of the computer is called the central processing unit (CPU).
4. Device handler: The device handler’s primary goal is to provide all requests from the whole
device request queue. The device handler operates in continuous cycle mode, first discarding
the I/O request block from the queue side. The concept that is behind the handler is a queue
where we follow the first in first out (FIFO) principle.
5. Spooler: Simultaneously peripheral output on line. The spooler runs all computer processes
and outputs the results at the same time.
6. User interface: Create a simple environment for all users for using the computer system. It
is the point of communication between users and hardware (or) software. The main frame is
one of the systems which works on the concepts of multi-user programming concept. It is
widely used in banks, to store bank account and transaction details. This mainframe helps in
various ways: security and scalability.
Types of Multi-user Operating Systems:
The multi-user operating systems is of the following types:
1. Distributed System
2. Time sliced system
3. Multiprocessor system

Distributed system:

The distributed operating system also known as distributed computing is a collection of multiple
computers located on different computers. Communicate and coordinate their actions by passing
messages to one another from any system. These all systems emulate a single coherent system to
the end user. The end user will communicate with them with the help of the network. This system is
divided in a way that multiple requests can be handled and in turn, the individual request can be
satisfied eventually.
Examples: Electronic banking, Mobile apps

Time-sliced system:

It is the system where each user talk is allocated to a short span of cpu time. A small time duration is
allotted to every task. CPU time is divided into small time slices, and one time is assigned to each
other. The decision to run the next piece of the job is decided by the schedule. This schedule
executes the run instructions that need to be executed. The user can take turns and thus the
operating system will handle the user’s request among the users who are connected. This feature is
not applicable in the single-user operating system. They use the mainframe system concurrently
Example: Mainframe, a partial exam of the time-sliced system.

Multi-processor system:

It involves multiple processors at a time. Enhance the overall performance. If one processor fails
other continues working. Example: Spreadsheets, Music player
Features:
The multi-user operating system has the following features:
 Resource sharing: This maps to time slicing, multiple peripherals such as printers can be
shared different files or data.
 Time-sharing
 Background sharing
 Invisibility: Many functions of multi-user operating systems are invisible to the user.
Advantages:
 It helps in the sharing of data and information among different users.
 It also helps in the sharing of hardware resources such as printers.
 It avoids disruption if any one computer fails it does not affect any other computer present
on that network.
 Users can share their work with other users.
 The multi-user operating system is very helpful in economic improvement.
  Backing up data can be done in the multi-user operating system.
 The services of the multi-user operating systems are very stable and systematic.
Disadvantages:
 It requires expensive hardware to set up a mainframe computer
 When multiple users log on or work on the same system it reduces the overall performance
of the system.
 Information is shared with the public so privacy becomes a concern here.

VPNs vs. firewalls

Firewalls, on the other hand, aim to protect your

VPNs are designed to improve privacy and security
Primary function
when transmitting data.
network from malicious traffic and unauthorized
access.
Firewalls monitor and regulate network traffic and
Level of protection VPNs offer end-to-end encryption, securing data in transit
don't offer end-to-end encryption.
You can count on VPNs to secure online privacy or bypass geo- Firewalls are suitable for protecting your network
Usage:
restrictions. from cyber threats.
Firewalls can be a built-in feature of your router or
operating system. You can also purchase firewalls
Cost VPNs usually involve monthly or annual subscriptions
as individual hardware or software solutions with
varying costs.
Protecting your home or office network
Situations where They are For maintaining privacy while browsing the internet or
from unauthorized access and potential cyber
more appropriate: using public Wi-Fi networks.
threats.
Controlling and monitoring network traffic,
Accessing geo-restricted content or bypassing
allowing or blocking specific data packets
censorship.
based on predefined rules.
Protecting your data while transmitting it over the Enforcing network security policies for your
internet. organization or personal network.
Accessing company resources securely as a remote
worker.

VPNs vs. antivirus

Antivirus vs. firewalls
What is WinRE (Windows Recovery) used for?
hard disk drive (HDD
SSD (Solid State Drive )
difference between a WiFi and Ethernet connection
virtualisation
Device manager
2 type of ip address
Types of usb port

PLEASE PREPARE THESE TOPICS AND ALSO PLEASE DO SELF STUDY AS QUESTIONES MIGHT BE ASKED OUTSIDE THESE
TOPICS TOO....
what is harddrive &functions of hard drive
what is storage device and functions of storage devices
what is OS
what is LAN & WAN
what is BIOS & functions of bios
what are the input output components of comp
what is brain of computer
What is CPU and what are the functions
cust scenario - laptop / desktop not powering up - what is the 1st resolution u will give to the cust
laptop not getting connected to television - what is the first resolution - screen sharing
what would u do if every time u switch on the computer and date and time shows incorrect on ur computer
what is "no boot" process - Ans -No Boot means the computer powers on, successfully completes the Power-On Self-Test, and displays the
Dell logo onscreen but cannot access the operating system.
If computer does not boot up it could be several reasons if it is getting stucked at blue screen than bsod comes in picture or else it can be a
black screen issue as well

what is harddrive &functions of hard drive

A hard drive is the hardware component that stores all of your digital content. Your documents, pictures, music, videos, programs,
application preferences, and operating system represent digital content stored on a hard drive. Hard drives can be external or internal.

Everything stored on a hard drive is measured in terms of its file size. Documents (text) are generally very small whereas pictures are large,
music is even larger, and videos are the largest. A hard drive determines the size of digital files in terms of megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB),
and terabytes (TB).
what is storage device and functions of storage devices
A storage device is a piece of computer hardware used for saving, carrying and pulling out data. It can keep and retain information short-
term or long-term. It can be a device inside or outside a computer or server. Other terms for storage device is storage medium or storage
media.
A storage device is one of the basic elements of any computer device. It almost saves all data and applications in a computer except for
hardware firmware. It comes in different shapes and sizes depending on the needs and functionalities.

what is OS
Operating system
An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for
computer programs. Nearly every computer program requires an operating system to function. The two most common operating systems are
Microsoft Windows and Apple's macOS.

what is LAN & WAN

A Local Area Network (LAN) is a private computer network that connects computers in small physical areas. Example: A small office, A
Single building, Multiple buildings inside a campus etc. Wide Area Networks (WAN) is type of computer network to connect offices which are
located in different geographical locations.

what is BIOS & functions of bios

BIOS (basic input/output system) is the program a computer's microprocessor uses to start the computer system after it is powered on. It
also manages data flow between the computer's operating system (OS) and attached devices, such as the hard disk, video adapter,
keyboard, mouse and printer.

what are the input output components of computer?

Input/Output Devices
A computer is an electronic device that operates data or information and can store, retrieve, and process data. Computers can be used to
create documents, play games, send emails, and browse the web. They are also used to edit or create spreadsheets, presentations, and
videos. To perform such useful operations on a computer, we need input and output devices to give instructions to the system and receive
information. Commonly used input and output devices include the keyboard, mouse, scanner, printer, monitor, and speaker.

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The computer system is designed to perform tasks given by the user and produce results efficiently. It takes in the instructions (in the form of
inputs), performs the computing tasks (also known as processing) and gives back results (in the form of outputs). The computer’s software is
designed to do this task with the help of components of a computer, including an input unit, a processing unit, and an output unit. The
computer performs the tasks with the combination of input and output devices to give instructions to the computer and receive the respective
results of the operations performed.

Computer Systems and Their Components

Before we learn about input and output devices, we must understand what a computer is and its components and functionality. A computer is
an electronic device designed to make human tasks easier by taking instructions from the user through input devices, processing them using
a processing unit, and giving results using output devices. It is used for storing and processing data and performing calculations. A
computer’s functionality is based on the combined usage of its input, processing, and output units. Hence, it becomes essential to know the
working of these units.

Input Devices
An input device is a hardware device that takes instructions from the user and passes it to a processing unit, such as a CPU. Input devices
can transmit data to other devices by taking it from one device but cannot receive data—for example, the keyboard or the mouse.

List of Input Devices

Some commonly used input devices are listed below:

Keyboard: It is a hardware device with keys with alphabets and numbers on it and is used to take alphanumeric input. It is the most
commonly used input device.
Mouse: It is a hardware device that takes input by clicking on keys on the surface of the mouse. The mouse is a pointing device that points
to icons on the screen to select them.
Microphone: It takes sound as a form of input and can convert it to a digital or electrical form.
Joystick: It is usually used to play games. It has a stick that is inclined to angle to control movement in video games.
Light Pen/stylus: It is a device used to give input by touching the device. A stylus is a light-dependent tool.
Scanner: It is used to scan images, text, or documents to convert them into digital form.
Output Devices
Output devices are hardware devices that receive data from the processing unit and other devices and return the result of the data—for
example, monitors and speakers.

List of Output Devices

Some commonly used output devices are listed below:

Monitor: It is a device through which we see and operate our software. All icons, text, and images are displayed here. We see all the outputs
on this screen.
Printer: It produces hard copies or prints of images, text, or documents on the computer.
Speakers: They yield output in the form of audio and allow users to listen to music, game sounds, etc. Speakers can be wired and wireless.
Projector: It produces output by projecting images and videos on a big screen. When connected to a computer, the image on the monitor will
only be displayed on the screen.
Headphones: These devices also produce audio outputs but are only for personal use.
Input/Output Devices
An input/output device can perform the job of both input and output devices. In other words, it can receive data from other devices or users
(input) and send it to other devices (output).

Examples of input/output devices include:

CD/DVD drives: They copy data received from the computer and store it. They can also transfer data on the drive and pass it to the
computer’s storage
USB/Flash drives: They receive and send data from the computer to the drive and vice-versa
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what are the input output components of comp

what is brain of computer

Central Processing Unit (CPU) ... The CPU is the brain of a computer, containing all the circuitry needed to process input, store data, and
output results.

What is CPU and what

are the functions
CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. CPU performs all types of data processing operations. It stores data, intermediate results,
and instructions (program). It controls the operation of all parts of the computer

cust scenario - laptop / desktop not powering up - what is the 1st resolution u will give to the cust
laptop not getting connected to television - what is the first resolution - screen sharing

What would u do if every time u switch on the computer and date and time shows incorrect on ur computer ?
>>To troubleshoot this issue, you can try the following steps:

Check the time zone settings on your laptop to make sure they are correct. To do this, right-click on the clock in the taskbar and select
"Adjust date/time". Then, make sure the correct time zone is selected.
Check the time synchronization settings in Windows. To do this, go to "Settings" > "Time & Language" > "Date & Time". Make sure that "Set
time automatically" is turned on, and that the correct time server is selected.
Check the CMOS battery (CR2032) on your laptop's motherboard. This battery is responsible for keeping the date and time settings even
when the laptop is turned off. If the battery is dead or dying, it could be causing this issue. You may need to replace the battery to fix the
problem.

what is "no boot" process - Ans - If computer does not boot up it could be several reasons if it is getting stuck at blue screen than bsod
comes in picture or else it can be a black screen issue as well

Post - power on self test

Bios basic input output system
Hardware components in a cpu

Shortcut keys to get 1.task manager

2. To get the upside down screen to normal

Basic unit of traffic

NIC network interface card/controller

What does MAC address refer to??

A MAC address (short for medium access control address) is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface controller (NIC) for use as a
network address in communications within a network segment.
What type of optical device that can read DVDs and CDs but can write only CDs?
-->>CD-R or CD-RW drives are also called CD writers, CD burners, or CD recorders can read the same formats as CD-ROM drives CD-DA,
CD-ROM, and CD-R/RW discs but can also write data to inexpensive CD-R (write-once) and CD-RW (rewritable) discs.
Which component functions as temporary storage??
>>An accumulator acts as a temporary storage location to hold an intermediate result in mathematical and logical calculations.
Accumulator is a type of register present in a CPU (Central Processing Unit).
It works as a temporary storage location that keeps an intermediate value in logical and mathematical calculations.
Intermediate results of execution are progressively stored to the accumulator, replacing the previous value.

Apart from redX symbol the device manager may also display yellowX symbol what does that indicate??
>>>A red X indicates the device is not installed correctly or disabled by the user or administrator.
A yellow exclamation point indicates a problem with the device.

Which device does not store data permanently? ans- RAM

What is vpn and its functions?

A VPN, or Virtual Private Network, is a service that helps protect your online privacy and security. It does a few things:
Encryption: It encrypts your internet traffic, which means your data is turned into a code that is unreadable without a decryption
key. This protects your information from hackers and other malicious entities.

Masking IP Address: A VPN masks your IP address, making your online actions practically untraceable. This is especially useful
for accessing content that might be geo-restricted.

Secure Connection: It creates a secure connection between your device and the VPN server. This means your browsing activity is
protected even when you're using public Wi-Fi.

it as a tunnel between your device and the internet, shielding you from prying eyes. How do you feel about online privacy?

Exactly, it’s like having your own secret passage on the internet. Online privacy, in my view, is like a fundamental right. With so
much of our lives being lived online, it’s critical to have some control over who gets to see our personal information and activities.
Do you take any other steps to protect your online privacy, like using strong passwords or two-factor authentication? I promise not
to snoop if you share!