“x STUDY OF COMPONENTS OT ee 1 Definition of Electronics : Q Ans. Electronics is a branch of physics and technology which deals with design of circuits using transistors and integrated circuits also with the behaviour of electrons in the solid semiconductor materials, conductor, vaccum or gas. Q2 What do you mean by active and passive components? Give examples. Ans. Active Components : These components can be used for amplification, rectification, or do change energy from one form to another. The semiconductors, electron tubes and display devices are active components. The diode and transistors are semiconductor devices. Passive Components : These components cannot be used for amplification or rectification etc. Resistors, capacitors and inductors are passive components. These components are used along with active components, because their electrical characteristics are necessary to form a complete circuit with current and voltage sources. RESISTORS Q3 Whatis a resistor? State the ratings and types of resistors. Ans. Resistor is a device which provides electrical resistance i opposition to flow of electrons through it. Specifications or Ratings of resistors are its resistance R in ohms and its power Tating is watts (W). The resistors with higher R values usually have smaller wattage ratings because they have less current,‘Types of Resistors = a 1. Fixed resistors: (a) wire wound, (b) carbon composition, (©) Film 1 praeeked ALL 0 roscrimsll P Write a note on Fixed Resistors. Fixed Resistors are of three types : (1) Wire wound, (2) composition, (3) Film type. } Wire Wound Resistors : In these resistors, resistance wire Manganin of constantan is wound around an insulating cor Porcelain, backelite or plain pressed Paper. Wire is bare, but it Kept in case of an insulator. The length of wire used and Specific resistance determine resistance of it. Such Tesistors used for low resistance, high power applications. The resj tang may be from fraction of ohm to some KQ . Power rating may from 5 Watt to more than 100W. Resistance is generally pri on such resistors and they have radial leads. Carboon Composition Resistors : These resistors are made of. come straight out from ends of res) are called as ‘Axial leads’, Fig.6.1 ine bi > olfe mdash yi 90 MO. The power rating is 10's 2 ' resistance is written by colour code. ; 3, Film Type Resistors : There are two types. thes ha tithe 1, Carbon film type : There is a thin coating of carbon on an insulator like alumina. ¢ if 2, Metal film type : There is metallic oxide coating on ceramic substrate (base). The film type resistors use metal end ip for the terminal leads. They provide more accurate resistance values. Riya Metal Film Lead Ceramic Epoxy coating . Fig. 6.2 : Metal film resistor Q5 Explain colour code of resistors with suitable examples. Ans, 1234 Lead 4st digil t Tolerance 2nd digit! \Multiplier Fig. 6.3 : Colour code of Resistors As carbon composition resistors are physically small they are colour coded to indicate resistance value in ohms. As shown in Fig. four colour bands are printed at one end of resistor body. ing from left to right, the first colour band gives first digit 8nd second colour band gives second digit in value of resistance. band is multiplier which gives number of zeroes af igits, The fourth colour band gives the tolerance. i te amount by which the actual resistance can be diffe - ing 0.0ur coded value. This is given in percentage. If it is +5 %, silver + 10 % and no colour indicates + 20 % onan n ewesis silver, multiply by 0.01 and silver, R = 25 x 0.1 = Colour code chart of resistors. Value of 1" | Value of 3 ring and 24 ring Multiplier 1 a o, 4 5; 6 7 8 Y‘disc of carbon - fit . pre ends, two soldering terminals is turned, variable arm moves the sper. to “make different points on resistor element. Variable Resistor : ; Bi " Types : (1) Rheostats, (2) Potentiometers, (3) Preset do 1. Rheostats : It is a variable resistance with two terminals. It is connected in series with a load. It is used to change value of current. Mostly rheostate are of wire wound type and their power rating is high. 2. Potentiometer : A potentiometer (pot.) has three terminals. The fixed maximum resistance present across two ends is applied across a voltage source. Then variable arm is used to change voltage between center and two ends. A pot can be used as Rheostat by keeping any one end terminal open or any one end terminals of pot can be connected to central terminal. In Linear Potentiometers , value of R changes in direct proportion to rotation. In a Non - linear (Log) Potentiometer, R can change slowly at one end ard it shows bigger changes at opposite end. This effect is obtained by using carbon of different densities. the "2, 5 1 1 1 Variable Tapped Potentiometer Pot used as 2. a Rheostat with terminal 3 open. 4ayescrew driver. Q7 Explain the types of Non-linear resistors, Ans. Non linear resistors : These resistors do not follow ohms 1, Thermistors’: According to the type, PTC or NTC the show an increase or decrease in their resistance with i increa temperature respectively 2. Varistors : Voltage Dependent Resistor (VDR) : In this resistance changes with change in applied voltage. 3. Light Dependent Resistors (LDR) : The resistance chang according to the light incident on the LDR. In dark resistance high and R decreases when light fails on it. eee eo Fig. 6.6 : Symbols of non-linear resistors CAPACITORS Q.8 Whatis a capacitor? Define capacitance, Ans. A capacitor (Condenser) is an electronic device which consis two metal plates, separated by an insulator called as ‘dielectt Ability of a dielectric to store electric ‘capacitance’ or capacity (C). Q 9 State and define the unit of capacitance. charge is ¢ Ans. The unit of capacitance is Farad (F). When one Coulomb= 8.85 x 10° F/m & = Ke= Relative permittivity : A = Areaofplate(m2) d = Distance between plates | (m) factors affecting capacitance: 1. Dielectric constant (e, ) : For larger val i ant, capacitance increases. 2. Area of plates (A) : For larger plate — m ' pass through the dielectric between the age decreases. Therefore more charge ca e applied voltage. Thus capacitance \ increases. i baakig se i between pla es (d) : If the dielectric become entalFlectrolytic (Polar) Non-electrolytic (Non-polar) (i) Air gang capacitors (ii) Trimmers and p, @ Aluminium (i) Mica Gi) Tantalum, (ii) Paper or plastic film (iii) Ceramic (iv) Air Q. 13 Explain different types of non-electrolytic capacitors. Ans. In non-electrolytic capacitors, polarity is not fixed. The pola of charging source determines the polarity of the: capacitor voltage. —— — Symbol (Non-polar capacitor) 1. Mica capacitors ; Thin mica sheets are placed between tin foil sections which used as conducting plates, Alternate strips of tinfoil connected together and brought out as one terminal for of plates. Other set of plates is connected to second tel This unit is then kept in backelite case. Mica cap can provide capacitance upto 5000 pF, Breakdown V = 20,000 V. i, ic dielectric materials are made from earth fires extreme heat. Higher values of dielectric constant obtained by using titanium dioxide or other types of sili disk type, thin layer of silver present on both side of forms conductor plates. For disk type C varies from 0,002 0.1 pF with breakdown voltage of 500 to 20,000 V. 4 In tubular type, there is silver coating on inside and o surfaces of a hollow ceramic tube. This provides C upto 1600. pl Five colour bands are used to indicate temperature coefficient capacitance etc. temperature. The temperature coefficient is given in part million (ppm) per degree Celsius, Advantages of ceramic capacitor are small size, low cost, hig frequency performance and stability, ; 4, Air capacitor : ao Fixed value air dielectric capacitors are used as labor standards for calibration and measurement. They can pt greater stability.sal ‘ with electrolyte 8 <—§ Oride film Positive electrode (Al) fa). Construction of electrolytic capacitor Fig. 6.9 e ranges from 5 to 1000 UE. Breakd eakage current is 0.1 to 0.5 mA/E. °hee pasties are useful | ore capac ca be gang ally fitted 2. Trimmers and padders : a ny can be "capacitor, for fine tuning. ee Fe aie ae 2. yi ‘i i jus * pe ccane miecaRactance "4 Variable capacitors SymbolGanged capacitors Moving Fixed va ae Trimmer ©) eee Telmungs capacitor (a) MicaTrimmer (e) Fig. 6.10 Uses : 1. For trimming i.e. capacitor is set to a given value and left. 2. For fine tuning, where continuous adjustment is n Range - 3 to 150 pF or 1 to 10 pF. Operating voltage - 500 to 1: INDUCTORS (COILS) Q. 16 Define inductance and state the factors affecting inductat Ans. Inductance is the ability of a conductor voltage when the current changes, The voltage is induced because of change im through the circuit or because of chan in neighbouring circuit with which it is magnetically li Ki to producetors Affecting inductance : Toe Nn? ith increase in are: Number of turns : . ‘Area ; L increase wil f core: L & Hr 3. permeability of 1 | 4, Length : Ipoh y: M7 Explain the types of co! ns. Types of cores : 4. Air core inductors : In this type air acts as a core. na hollow tube. There are no losses from eddy cu wound o1 __ or hysteresis. But due to loss of magnetic flux inductan jimited to mH or pH. i £0 ls 2.1ron care : In this typ | is ferromagnetic material mi _ this type inductance is more are eddy current losses. Ed decrease eddy current losses, Jaminated iron core is ations are insulated by a very thin coating of res used for inductors. e iron is placed in a form of coil. agnetic flux leakage dec than air core inductors. But #Air-core Iron-core Ferrite-core Fig. 6.11 TRANSFORMERS Q.18 Explain the principle of action of a tran! transformer equation. Ans. Transformer: | It works on the principle of Mutual Inductance. A transfo has the primary winding Lp connected to a voltage source produces alternating current, while the secondary winding Li connected across the load resistance R.. The induced voltage can produce current in the load resistance. sformer. V a The primary and secondary are not connected to each other. B power in the primary is coupled into the secondary by magnetic field linking the two windings. ; The transformer can step up or step down the primary volt to provide the required amount of secondary voltage. N v9 | | R, Fig, 6.12 : Iron-code ‘TransformerPepa Turns ratio rad a)Step-up Transformer * Vp | | Vv, N,> Np 7 V.> Vp a I, ein eeeD. Vin where D = Duty cycle. voltage is fedback to the pulse e feedback, Duty cycle is inversely p put voltage can be power IC chips like fairchild »A78S40 can be iversal switching regulator. output ides negativ' output voltage. A stable out, ‘I)In series regulators for large currents, large amou! pated in pass transistor. But in SMPS, there is le ipation in the pass transistor. family? Give different types © 2001, 2011, OCTOBER 2002,)TPS Comp. Sci. Electronic Components Types of logic families : A) Unipolar Logic families - 1) PMos, 2) NMOS and 3) CMOS B) Bipolar Logic families - a) Saturated Bipolar Logic families - 1) Resistor - Transistor Logic (RTL) 2) Direct - Coupled Transistor Logic (DCTL) 3) Intergrated - Injection Logic (I2L) 4) Diode-Transistor Logic (DTL) 5) High-Threshold Logic (HTL) 6) Transistor-Transistor (TTL) Logic b) Non-saturated Bipolar Logic (TTL) , 1) Schottky TTL, 2) Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL) _ Q. 43 Explain parameters (characteristics) of ICS. Ans. 1) Noise Margin - Stray electric and magnetic fields may unwanted voltages, known as Noise, on the co: i between logic circuits. This may cause the voltage at the inpu a logic circuit to drop below Vii or rise above Vn and Produce undesired operation. The circuit's ability to toler noise signals is referred to as the Noise Immunity. qualitative measure of noise immunity is called Noise Marg 2) Fan out - The ‘fan in’ tating of a gate corresponds t0 number of inputs to the gate. ‘Fan out’ is the number of siff gates which can be driven by a gate. 3) Power dissipation - This is the amount of power in dissipated in an IC. It is desirable to have low power d because it reduces the cost of cooling and power supply: may lead to increased Propagation delay time due to inct resistance in circuit. It is measured in (mw) milli watt. 4) Figure of Merit - Figure of merit of a digital IC is the pt of speed and power. Figure of Merit (pico joules) = Pro delay time (nanosecond) x Power dissipation (mW).OR Se evicee work reliab y eS T Se een lfc as igh fp A floatiing TTL input has ___— rr dete The maximum number of TTL loads a called the — ‘ : 9) In tri-state logic, third state is a____— ae 10) Inopen-collector TTL NAND gate, a ___— shoul eu 11) *In______, p-channel and n-channel MOSFETs are co1 series. . 12) In CMOS. Fanout may exceed. 13) In tristate logic when enable is equal to logic zero, output is - | (a) Low (b) high (c) high impedance (d) low impedance 14). In any logic family when speed of operation is incre: r. total amount of power dissipated in it - (a) increases (b) decreases (c) does not change (d) none . 1) less than 12 2) SSI and MSI 4) multiple emitter input and totem-pole 5) low output 6) 0 to 70°C and 4.75 to 5.25 V. 8) fanout 10) pull-up resistor i 12) 50,