IAT

1. The initial potential energy of the object at point A is given by:

UA “ mgh “ p0.1, kgqp9.81, m{s2 qp5, mq “ 4.905, J

When the object reaches point B, all of its potential energy is converted to kinetic energy,
which is given by:

KB “ UA “ 4.905, J

When the object stops on the flat track beyond point B, all of its kinetic energy is converted
to work done against friction, which is given by:

Wf “ KB “ 4.905, J

The work done against friction is also equal to the force of friction multiplied by the distance
over which the friction acts. So, we have:

Wf “ f d “ µk N d

where f is the force of friction, d is the distance over which the friction acts, µk is the coefficient
of kinetic friction, and N is the normal force acting on the object.
The normal force acting on the object is equal to its weight, which is given by:

N “ mg “ p0.1, kgqp9.81, m{s2 q “ 0.981, N

Substituting the values, we get:

µk N d “ 4.905, J

4.905, J 4.905, J
d“ “ « 10, m
µk N p0.5qp0.981, Nq

Therefore, the object will stop after a distance of approximately 10 meters on the flat track
beyond point B

1
2. we need to use the conservation of momentum and conservation of energy principles. Initially,
the momentum of the system is given by:

pi “ m1 v⃗i ` m2⃗0 “ m1 v⃗i

After the collision, the momentum of the system is given by:

pf “ m1 v⃗f ` m2⃗0 “ m1 v⃗f

Since momentum is conserved, we have:

m1 v⃗i “ m1 v⃗f

which implies:

v⃗i “ v⃗f

This means that the final velocity of both particles is the same and equal to the initial velocity
of the first particle. Now, we can use the conservation of energy principle to find the energy
lost in the collision. The initial kinetic energy of the system is given by:

1 1 1
Ki “ m1 vi2 ` m2 p0q2 “ m1 vi2
2 2 2

The final kinetic energy of the system is given by:

1 1 1
Kf “ m1 vf2 ` m2 vf2 “ pm1 ` m2 qvf2
2 2 2

The energy lost in the collision is given by:

1 1
∆E “ Ki ´ Kf “ m1 vi2 ´ pm1 ` m2 qvf2
2 2

Substituting v⃗i “ v⃗f , we get:

ˆ ˙
1 m1
∆E “ m1 vi2 1 ´
2 m1 ` m2

2
NEST: Session-I
1. In an elastic collision, the total mechanical energy of the system is conserved. Since the
container is initially at rest, the total initial mechanical energy is zero. When the molecule
hits the wall and rebounds with the same speed, its kinetic energy changes sign but its
magnitude remains the same, so the total mechanical energy of the system is still zero after
the collision. Therefore, the container cannot pick up any net kinetic energy from the collision
with the molecule. The momentum of the molecule changes sign during the collision, so there
is a transfer of momentum from the molecule to the container. However, since the molecule
has a very small mass compared to the container, the change in momentum of the container
is also very small and can be neglected for practical purposes.

2. In an inelastic collision, the two objects stick together after the collision and move with a
common velocity. The total momentum is conserved, but the total kinetic energy is not.
Before the collision, the first block of mass m1 has a velocity v1 and kinetic energy K1 =
0.5m1 v12 . The second block of mass m2 is at rest, so it has a velocity of zero and kinetic
energy K2 = 0. After the collision, the two blocks move with a common velocity v, so the
total momentum is conserved:
m1 v1 ` m2 ˚ 0 “ pm1 ` m2 q ˚ v
Solving for v, we get:
v “ pm1 ˚ v1 q{pm1 ` m2 q
The total kinetic energy after the collision is:
K “ 0.5 ˚ pm1 ` m2 q ˚ v 2
Substituting the expression for v, we get:
K “ 0.5 ˚ pm1 ` m2 qpm1 v1 q2 {pm1 ` m2 q2
Simplifying, we get:
K “ 0.5m1 m2 ˚ v12 {pm1 ` m2 q
The ratio K/K1 is:
@ ˇ D @ ˇ D
K{K1 “ 0.5m1 m2 v12 {pm1 ` m2 qˇ0.5m1 m2 v12 {pm1 ` m2 q { 0.5m1 ˚ v12 ˇ0.5m1 ˚ v12
Canceling the common factor of 0.5 ˚ pm1 ˚ v12 q we get:

K{K1 “ m2 xm1 ` m2 |m1 ` m2 y

3
 Therefore, the ratio K/K1 depends on the masses of the two blocks. It is always less than or
equal to 1, and it approaches 1 as m2 becomes much larger than m1. If m2 is much smaller
than m1, the ratio K/K1 approaches 0.

3. To solve this problem, we need to use the principles of rotational equilibrium. Since the bar
is in equilibrium, the net torque acting on it must be zero. We can choose any point as the
axis of rotation, but it is convenient to choose point P as the pivot since the force acting at
this point has zero torque.
Let’s consider the forces acting on the bar. The weight of the bar and the mass M acts at
their respective centers of mass, which are located at the midpoints of their lengths. The
tension T in the cable acts at point A, which is 0.05 m from point P.
The forces acting on the bar produce a counterclockwise torque about point P, while the
tension in the cable produces a clockwise torque. At the maximum tension the cable can
withstand, the bar will be just on the verge of tipping over, which means the torque due to
the tension in the cable will be equal in magnitude to the torque due to the weight of the bar
and the mass M.
The torque due to the weight of the bar is:
τ 1 “ p5kgqp9.81m{s2 qp0.15mq “ 7.3625N m
The torque due to the mass M is:
τ 2 “ M gp0.30m ´ 0.05mq “ 0.25M g
where g is the acceleration due to gravity.
At the maximum tension, the torque due to the tension in the cable is also τ1 ` τ2 , so we
have:
τ 1 ` τ 2 “ T p0.05mq
Substituting the expressions for τ1 and
τ2 , we get:
7.3625N m ` 0.25M gN m “ 0.05T
Solving for M, we get:

M “ p0.05T ´ 7.3625N mq{p0.25N m{kgq

Substituting T = 1050 N, we get:

M “ p0.05x1050N ´ 7.3625N mq{p0.25N m{kgq “ 399kg

4
 Therefore, the maximum mass M that can be hung from the end of the bar is 399 kg.

4. We can use the principles of impulse and momentum to solve this problem. Since the coin
stays in contact with the side for a finite amount of time, there will be an impulse acting on
the coin in the normal direction that causes it to change its momentum.
Let’s first calculate the initial momentum of the coin. Since the initial speed is 1 m/s and the
mass is 5 g, the momentum is:
p1 = mv1 = (0.005 kg)(1 m/s) = 0.005 kg·m/s
Let’s now consider the collision of the coin with the side of the board. Since the collision is
not head-on, we need to resolve the initial velocity vector into components along the normal
and tangential directions. The velocity component along the normal direction is v1n = v1
cos 30°, and the velocity component along the tangential direction is v1t = v1 sin 30°.
During the collision, the coin stays in contact with the side for 0.103 s, so the average impulsive
force acting on the coin in the normal direction is:
Favg “ δp{δt
where ∆p is the change in momentum in the normal direction and ∆t is the duration of the
collision.
The change in momentum in the normal direction can be calculated using the conservation
of energy and the fact that the final speed is less than the initial speed:

p1{2qmv1 n2 “ p1{2qmv2 n2

where v2n is the final velocity component along the normal direction. Substituting the given
values, we get:
p1{2qp0.005kgqp1m{scos30q2 “ p1{2qp0.005kgqp0.7m{scos45q2 ` ∆p
Solving for δp we get
δp “ p1{2qp0.005kgqp1m{scos30q2 ´ p1{2qp0.005kgqp0.7m{scos45q2 “ 0.00014kgm{s
Substituting the values of ∆p and ∆t, we get:
Favg “ ∆p{∆t “ p0.00014kgm{sq{p0.103sq “ 0.00136N
Therefore, the average impulsive force acting on the coin in the normal direction is about
0.00136 N.

5. Let’s first find the potential energy of the ball when it is raised to a height of L/6. The
potential energy of the ball is:

5
 U = mgh = (M/2)g(L/6)
where m is the mass of the ball, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and h is the height to
which the ball is raised.
When the ball is released, it begins to fall and the string starts to unwind from the pulley.
As the string unwinds, the block starts to move to the right. Let’s assume that the speed of
the block at the instant the string gets taut is v. At this instant, the potential energy of the
ball is converted into the kinetic energy of the ball and the block. Therefore, we can write:
U “ p1{2qpM {2qv 2 ` p1{2qM ˚ v 2
where the first term on the right-hand side is the kinetic energy of the ball and the second
term is the kinetic energy of the block. Substituting for U, we get:
pM {2qgpL{6q “ p3{4qM v 2
Solving for v, we get:
b
v “ 2gL 9

6.

NEST: Session-II
1. Since the box slides down the wall with a constant speed, we know that the force of gravity
acting on the box is balanced by the force applied by the person pushing it up the wall.
Let’s first find the force of gravity on the box:

2
Fg “ mg “ p4.0 kgqp9.81 m/s q “ 39.24 N

where F is the force applied by the person, Fg is the force of gravity, and the angle between
the wall and the vertical is 45˝ . The force of friction acting on the box is perpendicular to
the normal force, which is equal and opposite to the force of gravity.
The force equation in the vertical direction is:

F sinp45˝ q ´ Ff ´ Fg cosp45˝ q “ 0

where Ff is the force of friction, and we have used the fact that the box is moving with
constant speed, so the net force in the vertical direction is zero. Substituting in the values:

6
 ? ?
2 2
F ´ µk FN ´ Fg “ 0
2 2

where µk is the coefficient of kinetic friction, and FN is the normal force. Solving for F :

?
2
µk FN ` 2 Fg 0.41pFN q ` 0.5p39.24 Nq
F “ ? “ « 28.7 N
2 0.707
2

where we have used FN “ Fg cosp45˝ q “ ?1 Fg . Therefore, the magnitude of force applied by

2
the person is close to 28.7 N .

2. When the weight is placed between the fulcrum and the force, it is in the position of a second-
class lever. In this type of lever, the force arm is shorter than the weight arm, which means
that a larger force is required to lift the weight to the same height.
The force must always be applied in the direction of lift, otherwise, the lever will not be able
to lift the weight.

KVPY
1. The total mechanical energy of the particle is given as the sum of its kinetic and potential
energy:

E “K `U

Since the energy is small and negative, we know that the particle is bound to the potential
and cannot escape to infinity.
To determine the motion of the particle at a later time, we can use the conservation of energy
principle. Since the energy is conserved, we have:

E “ K ` U “ constant

At time t “ 0, the particle is at x “ ´0.5 m. We can use this information to determine the
constant of motion:

1
E “K `U “ mv 2 ` U p´0.5q “ U p´0.5q
2

7
where v is the velocity of the particle at t “ 0.
The potential energy at x “ ´0.5 m is:

p´0.5q4 p´0.5q2 1 1 3
U p´0.5q “ ´ “´ ´ “´ J
4 2 16 8 16

Therefore, the constant of motion is:

3
E“´ J
16

At a later time, the particle will still have this constant of motion. We can use this information
to find the position and velocity of the particle at any time t.
Let’s consider a general position x and velocity v at time t. Then, the conservation of energy
equation becomes:

1 3
mv 2 ` U pxq “ ´
2 16

We can rearrange this equation to solve for v:

d ˆ ˙
´2 3
v“˘ U pxq `
m 16

The particle will move in the direction of the velocity with positive or negative sign based on
its initial velocity.
Now, we can find the position of the particle as a function of time by integrating the velocity
equation:

żx
dx1
b
´2
` 3
˘ “ ˘t
´0.5
m U px1 q ` 16

This integral cannot be solved analytically, but we can plot the potential and use it to make
some qualitative statements about the motion of the particle.
The potential energy curve has two minima at x “ ˘1, and a maximum at x “ 0. The
particle will oscillate between the two minima, but since its energy is small, the amplitude
of the oscillation will be small. Therefore, the particle will move slowly and will take a long
time to reach the extrema of the potential. The period of oscillation can be estimated as:

8
 d
m
T « 2π ˇ d2 U ˇ
2 ˇ
dx 2
ˇ
x“1

ˇ 2 ˇ
where ˇ ddxU2 ˇ is the magnitude of the second derivative of the potential at x “ 1. This gives
ˇ ˇ
x“1
us:

c
m
T « 2π
6

So, the particle will take a long time to complete one cycle of oscillation.

2. When an impulse J is given to the rod, it will start to move with some initial velocity. Since
there is no friction, the rod will continue to move with a constant velocity in the absence of
any external forces. At any time t, the kinetic energy of the rod can be expressed as the sum
of the translational kinetic energy and rotational kinetic energy.
Let’s consider the rod as two point masses located at its ends, connected by a weightless rod.
Let’s assume that the impulse is given at the end of the rod located at x “ ´L.
The velocity of the center of mass of the rod just after the impulse is given by the momentum
conservation law:

mvcm “ J

where vcm is the velocity of the center of mass.

The angular momentum of the rod about its center of mass just after the impulse is given by:

mL
Irod ω “ vcm
2
1 2
where Irod “ 12 mp2Lq is the moment of inertia of the rod about its center of mass and ω is
the angular velocity of the rod about its center of mass.
Since there is no external torque acting on the rod about its center of mass, the angular
momentum of the rod is conserved. Therefore, the angular velocity of the rod about its center
of mass just after the impulse is:

L
ω“ J
2Irod

The total kinetic energy of the rod just after the impulse can be expressed as:

9
0.1. ANSWER KEYS

1 1
KE “ mv 2 ` Irod ω 2
2 cm 2

Substituting the expressions for vcm and ω, we get:

ˆ ˙2 ˆ ˙ˆ ˙2
1 J 1 1 L
KE “ m ` mp2Lq2 J
2 m 2 12 2Irod

Simplifying this expression, we get:

J2
ˆ ˙ˆ ˙
1 1
KE “ 1`
2 m 3

J2
ˆ ˙
2
KE “
3 m
´ ¯
2 J2
Therefore, the total kinetic energy of the rod just after the impulse is 3 m .

0.1 Answer keys

Answer Key (IAT)

1 (C)
2 (B)

Answer Key (NEST ses-

sion I)
1 (C)
2 (B)
3 (C)
4 ()
5 (A)
6 (D)

10
0.1. ANSWER KEYS

Answer Key (NEST ses-

sion II)
1 (B)
2 (A,B)

Answer Key (KVPY)

1 (C,D)
2 (B)

11