Managing Input and Output Operations

Managing Input and Output operations
The I/O functions are classified into two types:

 Formatted Functions
 Unformatted functions
Input and Output functions
Formatted Functions Unformatted Functions
printf() getch()
scanf() getche()
getchar()
gets()
putch()
putchar()
puts()
Unformatted Functions:
They are used when I/P & O/P is not required in a specific format.
C has 3 types I/O functions.
a) Character I/O
b) String I/O
c) File I/O
a) Character I/O:
1. getchar() This function reads a single character data from the standard input.
(E.g. Keyboard)
Syntax :
variable_name=getchar();
eg:
char c;
c=getchar();
2. putchar() This function prints one character on the screen at a time.

Syntax :
putchar(variable name);
eg
char c=‘C’;
putchar(c);
Example Program
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int i;
char ch;
ch = getchar();
putchar(ch);
}
Output:
A
A
3. getch() and getche() : getch() accepts only a single character from keyboard. The
character entered through getch() is not displayed in the screen (monitor).
Syntax
variable_name = getch();
Like getch(), getche() also accepts only single character, but getche() displays the
entered character in the screen.
Syntax
variable_name = getche();
4 putch(): putch displays any alphanumeric characters to the standard output device.
It displays only one character at a time.
Syntax
putch(variable_name);
b) String I/O
1.gets() – This function is used for accepting any string through stdin (keyboard)
until enter key is pressed.
Syntax
gets(variable_name);
2. puts() – This function prints the string or character array.

Syntax
puts(variable_name);
3. cgets()- This function reads string from the console.
Syntax
cgets(char *st);
It requires character pointer as an argument.

4. cputs()- This function displays string on the console.
Syntax
cputs(char *st);
Example Program
void main()
{
char ch[30];
clrscr();
printf(“Enter the String : “);
gets(ch);
puts(“\n Entered String : %s”,ch);
puts(ch);
}
Output:
Enter the String : WELCOME
Entered String : WELCOME
Formatted Input & Output Functions

When I/P & O/P is required in a specified format then the standard library functions
scanf( ) & printf( ) are used.
O/P function printf( )
The printf( ) function is used to print data of different data types on the console in a
specified format.
General Form
printf(“Control String”, var1, var2, …);
Control String may contain

1. Ordinary characters
2. Conversion Specifier Field (or) Format Specifiers
They denoted by %, contains conversion codes like %c,
%d etc.
and the optional modifiers width, flag, precision, size.
Conversion Codes
Data type Conversion Symbol
char %c
int %d
float %f
Unsigned octal %o
Pointer %p
Width Modifier: It specifies the total number of characters used to display the value.
Precision: It specifies the number of characters used after the decimal point.
E.g: printf(“ Number=%7.2\n”,5.4321);
Width=7
Precesion=2
Output: Number = 5.43(3 spaces added in front of 5)
Flag: It is used to specify one or more print modifications.
Flag Meaning
- Left justify the display
+ Display +Ve or –Ve sign of value
Space Display space if there is no sign
0 Pad with leading 0s
E.g: printf(“Number=%07.2\n”,5.4321)
Output: Number=0005.43
Size: Size modifiers used in printf are,

Size modifier Converts To
l Long int
h Short int
L Long double
%ld means long int variable
%hd means short int variable
3. Control Codes
They are also known as Escape Sequences.
E.g:
Control Code Meaning
\n New line
\t Horizontal Tab
\b Back space
Input Function scanf( )
It is used to get data in a specified format. It can accept data of different data types.
Syntax
scanf(“Control String”, var1address, var2address, …);
Format String or Control String is enclosed in quotation marks. It may contain

1. White Space
2. Ordinary characters
3. Conversion Specifier Field
It is denoted by % followed by conversion code and other optional modifiers
E.g: width, size.
Format Specifiers for scanf( )
Data type Conversion Symbol

char %c
int %d
float %f
string %s
E.g Program:
#include <stdio.h>
void main( )
{
int num1, num2, sum;
printf("Enter two integers: ");
scanf("%d %d",&num1,&num2);
sum=num1+num2;
printf("Sum: %d",sum);
}
Output
Enter two integers: 12 11
Sum: 23

Managing Input and Output Operations

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Managing Input and Output Operations

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Managing Input and Output Operations

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Managing Input and Output operations

The I/O functions are classified into two types:

Input and Output functions

Formatted Functions Unformatted Functions

2. putchar() This function prints one character on the screen at a time.

2. puts() – This function prints the string or character array.

It requires character pointer as an argument.

Formatted Input & Output Functions

printf(“Control String”, var1, var2, …);

Control String may contain

Size: Size modifiers used in printf are,

Format String or Control String is enclosed in quotation marks. It may contain

Data type Conversion Symbol

You might also like