Electrical Circuits (1)

By:
Dr. Aya Hossam
Lecture 1
“Components, Quantities, and Units”
RULES OF LECTURE

Description of Subject, Rules, References and Value

 Instructor:
❑ Lectures:
• Dr. Aya Hossam
• Time: Monday @ 9:00 AM
• [email protected]
• [email protected]

❑Sections:
• Eng/ Reem

3
 Rules

Don’t be late to come in my classroom

Presence will be good for you
Please, do all your assignments
 COURSE
SPECIFICATIONS
 Course Specifications : Principles of Electrical Engineering
• Course Code: ELE141
• Semester work 20
• Lab / 20% Examination 40
• Final Examination 40
• Total Degrees 100

Textbooks :
• Floyd: Principles of Electric Circuits (Edition: 7th)
• James W. Nilsson and Susan A. Riedel “ Electric Circuits” 10th Edition.
• Richard C. Dorf and James A. Svoboda, Introduction to Electric Circuit, 2019
 Electrical Components

Electrical Quantities and Measurements.

Voltage, Current, and Resistance in Electric Circuits.

Ohm’s law, Energy, and Power.

Course Kirchhoff's Laws
Outline Series Circuits.

Parallel Circuits, and Series Parallel Circuits.

Theorems: Norton, Thevenin and superposition.

Delta-Star Networks.
 Today’s Menu
• Electrical Components and Measuring
Instruments.
• Passive/Active Components.
• SI Units.
• Scientific Notation and Metric System of
Units.
 1. Electrical Components :
• An electrical circuit is an interconnection of electrical circuit elements.
• These circuit elements can be categorized into two types, namely
1. Passive Components.
Those devices or components can store or maintain Energy in the form of Voltage or
Current.
For Example: Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor etc…
2. Active Components.
Those devices or components can produce energy in the form of Voltage or Current.
For Example: Transistor, Voltage and Current Sources.
 Passive Components

1. Resistors: resist, or limit current in a circuit.

 Passive Components

2. Capacitors: Foil
Mica
• Also named, condensers. Foil
Mica Mica capacitor_
Foil
• Store electric charge. Mica
Foil

• Used in a variety of application.

Tantalum electrolytic
capacitor (polarized)
 Passive Components
3. Inductors:
• Also Known as Coils.
• Used to store energy in an electromagnetic field.
 Passive Components
4. Transformers:
They are sometimes used to couple ac voltage from one point in a circuit to
another, or to increase, or decrease the ac voltage.
 Active Components

• Passive components are used in conjunction with active components to form an electronic
system such as:

• Transistors • Integrated Circuits

• In a complete circuit Voltage or current source are most active elements which deliver power in the
circuit.

Two type of sources:-

1. Independent {voltage & current }source.
2. Dependent {voltage & current } source.
 Voltage and Current Source
- An ideal independent source is an active element that provides a specified voltage or current that
is completely independent of other circuit elements.

- An ideal dependent source is an active element in which the source quantity is controlled by
another voltage or current.
 Independent voltage source
• An ideal independent source provides a specified voltage or current that is
completely independent of other circuit elements.
Examples: Generators, batteries are the ideal voltage sources in circuits.
• Figure (a) shows dc voltage source and figure (b) shows the symbol of time
varying voltage source
 Independent voltage source
• The Electronic Power Supply converts the ac voltage from
a wall outlet to a dc voltage that can be varied over a specified range.
An ideal voltage source has zero internal resistance.
An ideal voltage source gives a constant voltage.
Practical voltage source has an internal resistance connected in series with an ideal voltage.
 Independent Current source
• An ideal independent current source is also an active element which
supply a specified current to a circuit.
• The figure shows the independent current source symbol where arrow sign
indicates the direction of flowing current (i)
 Independent current source
- An ideal current source gives a constant current. An ideal current source has infinite internal resistance

- Practical current source has an internal resistance connected in parallel with ideal current source
 Dependent Source
• Dependent source of voltage or current is controlled by other element in the
circuit.
There are four types of possible dependent are:
❑A current controlled voltage source (CCVS),
❑A voltage controlled voltage source (VCVS),
❑A current controlled current source (CCCS),
❑A voltage controlled current source (VCCS).
 Dependent Source
• A current controlled voltage source (CCVS)
,,,,,,,,,where ix is controlling parameter
 Dependent Source
• A voltage controlled voltage source (VCVS)
,,,,,,,where Vx is controlling parameter
 Dependent Source
• A current controlled current source (CCCS)
,,,,,,,,where ix is controlling parameter
 Dependent Source
• A voltage controlled current source (VCCS)
,,,,,,,where Vx is controlling parameter
 Dependent Source
• Here the voltage is 5i depends on current (i) through element (C). The
value of dependent voltage source is in 5i Volt.
• Voltage source has polarities (+ -) symbols. But current source contains
arrow indicating the direction of current.
 2. Measuring Instrument
1. Digital Multimeter (DMM):
An important
multipurpose
instrument is the
DMM, which can OFF VH
Hz

measure voltage, VH

current, and V
mV H

resistance. May A

VV

include other
10 A

40 m A COM

measurement
options.
 2. Measuring Instrument
2. Power Supply:

An important
instrument for
providing voltage
and current.
 2. Measuring Instrument
3. Oscilloscope:

An important
instrument for
observing and
measuring AC
circuits.
 3. The International System of Units
SI• Fundamental Units

Quantity Unit Symbol

length meter m
mass kilogram kg
time Second s
electric current ampere A
temperature Kelvin K
luminous intensity candela cd
amount of substance mole mol
 • Some Important Electrical Units
Except for current, all electrical and magnetic units are derived from the
fundamental units. Current is a fundamental unit.

Quantity Unit Symbol

current ampere A
charge coulomb C
voltage volt V
resistance ohm 
power watt W
 4. Scientific and Engineering Notation:
• Very large and very small numbers are represented with scientific and
engineering notation.

p l e - 1 47,000,000 = 4.7 x 107 (Scientific Notation)

Exam = 47 x 106 (Engineering Notation)

l e - 2 0.000 027 = 2.7 x 10-5 (Scientific Notation)

Exa mp
= 27 x 10-6 (Engineering Notation)

p l e - 3 0.605 = 6.05 x 10-1 (Scientific Notation)

Exam = 605 x 10-3 (Engineering Notation)
 Large
Engineering Metric Prefixes

• Can you name the prefixes and their meaning?

P peta 1015

T tera 1012

G giga 109

M mega 106

k kilo 103
 Small
Engineering Metric Prefixes

• Can you name the prefixes and their meaning?

m milli 10-3

 micro 10-6

n nano 10-9

p pico 10-12

f femto 10-15
 Quiz Of Lecture 1

1. A resistor is an example of
a. a passive component
b. an active component
c. an electrical circuit
d. all of the above
 Quiz Of Lecture 1

2. The electrical unit that is fundamental is the

a. volt
b. ohm
c. coulomb
d. ampere
 Quiz Of Lecture 1

3. In scientific notation, the number 0.00056 is written

a. 5.6 x 104
b. 5.6 x 10-4
c. 56 x 10-5
d. 560 x 10-6
 Quiz Of Lecture 1

4. In engineering notation, the number 0.00056 is written

a. 5.6 x 104
b. 5.6 x 10-4
c. 56 x 10-5
d. 560 x 10-6
 Quiz Of Lecture 1

5. The value 68 k is equal to

a. 6.8 x 104 
b. 68, 000 
c. 0.068 M
d. All of the above
 Quiz Of Lecture 1

6. The metric prefix pico means

a. 10-3
b. 10-12
c. 10-9
d. 10-6