Chapter1: Computer System

What is a computer?
A computer is an electronic computing device which performs operations such as,
• Accept the data
• Process or manipulate the data
• Output the result in the form suitable for human understanding
• Stores the input data, instructions and results.

Computer System:
A computer along with additional hardware and software together is called a computer
system.
Hardware: The physical electronic components of a computer are called hardware.
Example: Keyboard, CPU, Monitor, Printer etc.
Software: Software is set of programs and has a set of instructions to carry out a specific
task.

Categories of Software:
1. System software
2. Application software
• System software is the collection of system programs that controls the overall activities of
the computer. Examples: operating system software’s like windows-XP, UNIX etc.,
• Application software is software used by user to perform specific task.
For example, Banking software, Educational software, etc.,

Functional components of Computer [BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A COMPUTER]:

INPUT DEVICE:

▪ Using the Input device, the user can enter the data or program to the computer system.
▪ Data entered through input device is temporarily stored in the main memory (also called
RAM) of the computer system.
▪ Examples: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, OMR, OCR, Bar code reader, Touch Screen etc.,
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) (Processor) :

▪ CPU is also popularly known as microprocessor or processor.

▪ The CPU is the brain of the computer, which actually executed instruction one after the
other. This activity is performed with the help of its main components Control unit &
Arithmetic logic unit.
▪ CPU can be placed on one or more microchips called integrated circuits (IC). The ICs
comprise semiconductor materials.

CONTROL UNIT:
▪ The control unit controls and co-ordinates the activities of all the units by issuing proper
commands.
▪ The various responsibilities of the control unit are:
✓ Fetches an instruction
✓ Decode the instruction
✓ Executes the instruction.
✓ It stores the results to the memory.

ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC UNIT(ALU):

▪ ALU performs Arithmetic Logic Operations.

▪ The Control unit issues signals to ALU to perform the following activities:
✓ The ALU to perform to us basic arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction,
division, and multiplication.
✓ ALU also perform logical operations

REGISTERS:

▪ The CPU consists of a number of temporary storage units called registers.

▪ The registers are used to store instructions and intermediate data, which may be
generated during processing.

PRIMARY MEMORY:

▪ Primary memory is an temporary memory, the presently executed instructions or data are
stored in primary memory.
▪ The CPU interacts directly with the primary memory to perform read or write operation.

OUTPUT DEVICES:

▪ The Output unit display or print results only when the control unit sends the signals to
Output unit.

Examples: Monitor, Printer, Projector, Headphone, Speakers

Monitor:
▪ A monitor is an electronic visual display for computers.
▪ A braille display monitor is useful for a visually challenged person.
Printer:

▪ A printer is an output device that is used to print the text and graphical information on a
physical medium such as paper.
▪ The commonly used printers are: Inkjet printer, Laser printer, Dot matrix printer
▪ The new type, 3D-printers are print the 3-dimensional objects i.e., machine design.
▪ Printer are used in medical field, to print body organs.

Evolution of Computer

The study of computer history is called evolution of computer.

Abacus:
ABACUS was the first recorded computer, this device allows the users to make computations
using a system of sliding beads arranged in a rack.
John Napier:
In 1614, the concept of logarithms was introduced by a Scottish Mathematician Jhon Napier.
He used a set of bones to perform multiplication.
Willam Oughtred:
In 1960, Willam Oughtred developed the slide rule which consists of two scales on of which
slides over the other to give the basic arithmetic operations.
Blaise pascal:
▪ First mechanical adding machine was invented by Blaise pascal in 1642.
▪ Pascal’s device used a base of ten to perform calculations. The drawback of Pascal’s
device was limitation of addition.
Gottfried von Leibnitz:
In 1671, a German Mathematician, Gottfried von Leibniz invented an Electro-mechanical
computer as rotating wheel calculator.
Joseph Marie Jacquard:
In 1802, Joseph Marie Jacquard who was a French textile manufacturer invented a machine
to control weaving loom.
Charles Babbage:
▪ In 1823, Charles Babbage developed Difference Engine. It could perform calculations and
print the results automatically.
▪ In 1833, Charles Babbage developed first general-purpose computer, which he called
Analytical Engine, whose architecture resembles the modern digital computer. So he is
called as the Father of Computer.
Howard H. Aiken:
1943, an American Mathematician, Howard H. Aiken, invented an electro-mechanical
computer named Mark-I. It performs a sequence of arithmetic operations.
John Mauchly and Presper Eckert:
▪ In 1946, John Mauchly and Presper Eckert developed the first ever electronic computer
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) by adopting the semiconductor
technology.
▪ It consists of very short memory and various components had to be manually wired to
perform different computations.
Remington Rand:
In 1951, Remington Rand developed the first commercial computer called UNIVAC
(UNIVersal Automatic Computer).
John Von Neumann:
▪ John Von Neumann proposed new concept of large internal memory to store instructions
and data known as stored program concept.
▪ The first developed based on this concept is EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable
Automatic Computer).

Von Neumann architecture:

✓ It consists of a CPU for processing ALU operations.

✓ Memory is used to store the data ad programs.
✓ Input device is used to send the data to the computer.
✓ Output device is used to receive the data from the computer
✓ ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) is the first binary
programmable computer based on Von Neumann architecture.

More Knowledge about History of computer:

❖ LSI (Large Scale Integration): fit hundreds of components into one chip
❖ VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration): fit squeezed hundreds of thousands of components
onto a chip.
❖ ULSI (Ultra-Large Scale Integration): fit millions of components into one chip. This
helped to minimize the size and price of computers. It also increased their, efficiency
and reliability.
❖ SLSI (Super Large Scale Integration: High density of transistors and approximately 106
components fabricated on single chip.
❖ The next wave of computing devices includes the wearable gadgets, such as smart
watch, lenses, headbands, headphones, etc. Further, smart appliances are becoming
a part of the Internet of Things (IoT), by leveraging the power of Artificial Intelligence
(AI)
COMPUTER MEMORY:

Memory is defined as the place or locations where the data and instructions are stored.
Units of Memory:

The storage capacity of a computer measured in terms of bytes. One byte includes a total
of 8 individual units called as bits (also called Binary Digit). One bit can store either a 0 or
a 1 in it. The table below gives the storage capacities,

Unit Description Power

Byte 1 Byte = 8 bits 20

KB (Kilobyte) 1 KB = 1024 Bytes 210

MB (Megabyte) 1 MB = 1024 KB 220

GB (Gigabyte) 1 GB = 1024 MB 230

TB (Terabyte) 1 TB = 1024 GB 240

PB (Petabyte) 1 PB = 1024 TB 250

EB (Exabyte) 1 EB = 1024 PB 260

ZB (Zettabyte) 1 ZB = 1024 EB 270

YB (Yottabyte) 1 YB = 1024 ZB 280

Volatile and Non-volatile Memory:

Volatile Memory Non-Volatile Memory

The memory that loses its contents The memory that retains its
when the computer is turned off is contents, even after the computer
called volatile memory. is turned off is called non-volatile
Ex: RAM memory.
EX: ROM, PROM, EPROM, Flash
memory

Types of Memory:

Computer memory is classified into three types:

1) Primary memory
2) Secondary memory
3) Cache memory

PRIMARY MEMORY: [Internal memory/Main memory]

▪ Before processing, program and data are loaded into the primary memory.
▪ The CPU interacts directly with the primary memory to perform a read or write operation.
Types of Primary memory:

1. RAM (Random Access Memory)

2. ROM (Read Only Memory)
RAM [Random Access Memory]:
▪ The data and programs that are entered from the keyboard are stored temporarily in RAM.
▪ The data or program can be stored in the RAM as long as the computer is on. Once the
computer is off, the data stored in the RAM will be lost and cannot be retrieved. So, RAM
is a volatile memory.

ROM [Read Only Memory]:

▪ ROM is a Non-volatile memory (permanent memory) i.e., the memory that retains its
contents, even after the computer is turned off.
▪ ROM allows only read operations.
▪ ROM contains start-up of instructions called BIOS(Basic Input Output System).

Compare RAM and ROM:

RAM (Random Access Memory) ROM (Read Only Memory)

1. RAM allows both read and write 1. ROM allows only read operation.
operations.
2. RAM is a volatile memory. 2. ROM is a non-volatile memory.
3. Temporary storage medium. 3. Permanent storage medium.
4. User can write the data into RAM 4. User cannot write the data into ROM

Secondary memory [Auxiliary memory]

▪ The data stored in the secondary memory are not lost even when the computer is turned
off. So, it is a non-volatile memory.
▪ The secondary storage is used to store the large amount of data and instructions
permanently.
▪ The data and instruction are loaded from secondary memory to main memory so that the
CPU can process the data.
▪ Some of the secondary memory devices are: Floppy diskette, Hard disk, CD-ROMs,
Magnetic tape, memory card, pen drive etc.,
▪ Secondary storage devices like SSD which support very fast data transfer speed as
compared to earlier HDDs.

Difference between Primary and Secondary memory:

Primary memory Secondary memory

1. Primary memory is internal memory 1. It is an external memory of the
and is also called main memory. computer.
2. Accessing the data is much faster. 2. Accessing the data is slower.
3. Expensive. 3. Less expensive.
4. Temporary storage. 4. Permanent storage.
5. Huge amount of data can not be 5. Huge amount of data can be stored.
stored.
6. Semiconductor memory. 6. Magnetic memory.
Cache memory:

▪ To speed up the operations of the CPU, cache memory is placed between CPU and RAM.
▪ Compared to RAM it is very fast and small memory.
▪ Cache memory is used to store the frequently used data and instructions during
processing.
▪ Since cache memory is several times faster than main memory (RAM), using cache
memory we can save the time needed to load the data from RAM thereby increasing the
efficiency of CPU and execute the program as fast as possible.

How Cache memory Works?

When a program is running and the CPU needs to read data or program instructions from
RAM, the CPU checks first to see whether the data is in cache memory. If the data is not
there, the CPU reads the data from RAM into its registers, but it also loads a copy of the data
into cache memory. The next time the CPU needs that same data, it finds it in the cache
memory and saves the time needed to load the data from RAM.

Data Transfer between Memory and CPU:

▪ Data need to be transferred between the CPU and primary memory as well as
between the primary and secondary memory.

▪ Data are transferred between different components of a computer system using

physical wires called bus.
▪ Types of buses [System bus]
1) Data bus
2) Address bus
3) Control bus

Data bus:
Data bus facilitates the exchange of information between various components on a mother
board.
Address bus:
Address bus connects CPU and RAM, which carries address to store and retrieve the data.
Control bus:
Control bus is used to control the access and the use of the data and address lines.

▪ Data bus is bidirectional while control bus and address bus are unidirectional.
▪ Memory controller manages data flow to and from the computer’s main memory. It
communicates with the CPU and other devices.
Microprocessors:

❖ A processor (CPU) which is implemented on a single microchip is called

microprocessor.
❖ Microprocessors have increased processing capability, decreasing physical size and
reduced cost.
❖ microprocessors are capable of processing millions of instructions per millisecond.

Generation of Microprocessor:

Microprocessor Specifications:

Microprocessors are classified on the basis of different features which include

✓ Chip type,
✓ Word size,
✓ Memory size,
✓ Clock speed

Chip type:

▪ A computer chip, also known as a microchip or integrated circuit, is a small electronic

device made primarily of silicon that contains millions of components including
transistors, resistors, and capacitors.
▪ Different Chip types are LSI, VLSI, ULSI, SLSI

Word Size:

▪ Word size is the maximum number of bits that a microprocessor can process at a time.
▪ Earlier, a word size was of 8 bits.
▪ Now 16 bits, 32 bits and 64 bits word size is available.

Memory Size:

▪ Depending upon the word size, the size of RAM varies.

▪ Initially, RAM was very small (4MB) due to 4/8 bits word size.
▪ As word size increased to 64 bits, it has become feasible to use RAM of size upto 16
Exabytes (EB).
Clock Speed:

▪ Computers have an internal clock that generates pulses (signals) at regular intervals of
time.
▪ The clock speed indicates the speed at which the computer can execute instructions.
▪ Clock speed now measured in Gigahertz (GHz) i.e., billions of pulses per second.

Cores:

▪ Cores is a basic computation unit of the CPU (Processor).

▪ Processor with one computation unit means capable of performing only one task at a
time.
▪ Processor with multi computation units means capable of performing multiple tasks at a
time.
▪ CPU with - two cores called as dual-core, four cores called as quad-core and eight cores
called as octa-core.

Microcontroller:

▪ The microcontroller is a small computing device which has a CPU, a fixed amount of
RAM, ROM and other peripherals all embedded on a single chip.
▪ Microcontroller are designed to perform a specific functionality, hence their size as
well as cost is reduced.
▪ For example, the microcontroller in a fully automatic washing machine is used to
control the washing cycle without any human intervention.
▪ Microcontrollers are also used in Keyboard, mouse, digital camera, pen drive, remote
controller, microwave.

Comparison of Microprocessor and Microcontroller:

Microprocessor Microcontroller

▪ Microprocessor that has ▪ Microcontroller has a CPU, a fixed amount of

only a CPU on the chip. RAM, ROM and other peripherals all embedded
on a single chip.

▪ Microprocessor are ▪ Microcontroller are designed for specific task

designed for different task. only.
DATA and INFORMATION:

Data Information
1. Data is a representation of facts or 1. Information is the result of processing
concepts in an organized manner. the data.
2. Data do not convey any meaning. 2. Information conveys meaning.
3. The letter, digits and symbols 3. The program obtained from letters, digits
…. represent data. and symbols represent information.
4. Computer work with data 4. Computer do not work with
…..information.

Types of Data:

1. Structured Data
2. Unstructured Data
3. Semi-structured Data

1. Structured data:
▪ Structured data is organized and formatted in pre-specified tabular format

▪ It is organised in row - column format and is easily understandable.

▪ Structured data may be sorted in ascending or descending order.

▪ Examples:

✓ Sales transactions, online railway ticket bookings, ATM transactions, etc.

✓ Student attendance data is sorted in increasing order on the column ‘month’.

REG.No. Name of the student Attendance Month

121 Arvind 85% June
122 Chinmay 95% June
123 Preetham 100% June
121 Arvind 90% July
122 Chinmay 85% July
123 Preetham 97% July

2. Unstructured Data:
▪ Data which are not organised in a pre-defined record format is called unstructured data.
▪ Examples:
✓ Audio and video files, graphics, text documents, social media posts, satellite
images, etc.
✓ Student report card with monthly attendance record details sent to parents.
3. Semi-structured Data:
▪ Data which have no well-defined structure but maintains internal tags or markings
to separate data elements are called semi-structured data.
▪ Examples:
✓ E-Mail documents, HTML page
✓ Student’s month-wise attendance details.

Data Capturing, Storage and Retrieval:

Data Capturing:

▪ The process of gathering data from different sources in the digital form called as data
capturing.
▪ Some of the capturing devices are:
✓ Barcode reader used in shopping malls
✓ Remote sensors on an earth orbiting satellite
✓ Optical character recognition (OCR)
✓ Optical mark reading (OMR)
✓ Magnetic Ink character recognition (MICR)

Data Storage:

▪ Data Storage is the processes of storing the captured data permanently for future use.
▪ Some of the storage devices are: Hard disk, SSD (Solid State Drive), CD/DVD, Pen drive,
Memory card and etc.,

Data Retrieval:

Fetching data from the storage devices, for its processing as per the user requirement is
called data retrieval.

Data Deletion and Recovery:

▪ Data is simply deleted, its address entry is marked as free, and that much space is
shown as empty to the user, without actually deleting the data.
▪ Deleting digitally stored data means changing the details of data at bit level, which can
be very time consuming.
▪ Data recovery is a process of retrieving deleted, corrupted and lost data from secondary
storage devices.
▪ Recovery of the data is possible only if the contents or memory space marked as deleted
have not been overwritten by some other data.
▪ By giving the password and using proper tools, to protect valuable data from
unauthorized user to delete or recovery.

Software:

Software is a set of instructions for a computer to perform specific operations.

Need of Software:
▪ We need both hardware and software for a computer system to work.
▪ We cannot instruct the hardware of a computer directly. Software acts as an interface
between human users and the hardware.
▪ The sole purpose of a software is to make the computer hardware useful and
operational.
▪ A software knows how to make different hardware components of a computer work
and communicate with each other as well as with the end-user.

Categories of Software:
1. Application software
2. System software

Application software:
▪ Application software is a software used by user, to perform specific task.
▪ Examples:
✓ Banking software,
✓ Insurance software,
✓ Educational software, etc.,

System software:
▪ System software is the collection of system programs that controls the overall activities of
the computer.
▪ Examples:
✓ Operating system software’s like windows-XP, UNIX, Linux etc.,
✓ System utilities,
✓ Device drivers

System Utilities:

▪ System Utilities are the software’s used for maintenance and configuration of the
computer system.
▪ Some of the utility’s software are the part of operating system. For example,
✓ Disk defragmentation tool,
✓ Formatting utility,
✓ System restore utility, etc.
▪ Some of the utilities are not present in the operating system but are required to
improve the performance of the system. For example,
✓ Anti-virus software,
✓ Disk cleaner tool,
✓ Disk compression software, etc
Device Drivers:

A device driver, or driver, is a special kind of software program that controls a specific
hardware device attached to a computer.

Need of device drivers:

▪ When new devices are added to computer system, the operating system cannot
handle the new device, because each device has diverse characteristics. So, user
must install device driver software to the computer system.
▪ The device driver acts as an interface between the device and the operating
system.

Programming language:
Programming language is a set of rules to follow, to instruct the computer.

Classifications of programming language:

1. Low level language
(a) Machine level language
(b) Assembly language
2. High level languages
(a) Specific purpose languages
(b) General purpose languages

Machine language:
Machine language is the basic language of the computer representing data as1’s and 0’s.
Example:
0000011100000001111001111 load the data
1110000001111100000011100 add the contents
001111101100000000100000 store the results
0000000001110000011000110 print the result
0000000000000000000000000 stop
In machine language,
• Computer understands only 0’s and 1’s without using a translation program.
• The instructions provided in machine language are immediately understood and
converted into electrical signals to run the computer.
An instruction given in the machine language has two parts:
1. OPCODE [Operation code]
“The operation code denotes the operation, which is to be performed”
[For example add, multiply, divide, move data and so on]
2. OPERAND [Address / Location]
“The operand part of the instruction code gives the specific location or address of the data
to which the operation code to be applied.”
Note: memory is divided into thousands of identifiable address (Locations).
Advantages of machine language:
1. Machine languages make efficient use of storage.
2. Instructions of a machine language program are immediately executed. They require no
compilation or translation.
3. Machine language instructions can be used to manipulate the individual bits in a byte of
computer storage.
Disadvantages of machine language:
1. Machine languages are machine dependent.
2. Machine language is difficult to program. It is necessary for the programmer to memorize
the large set of operation code numbers.
3. It is difficult to correct or modify machine language programs. (error checking)
4. 0’s and 1’s are allowed but letters are not allowed.

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE: [symbolic language/symbolic program]

Assembly language is a low-level programming language that allows a user to write programs
using letters and symbols which are more easily remembered.
For example,
• STA A Load the data to accumulator
• ADD B Add the contents of B to accumulator
• STR C Store the results in locations C
• PRT C Print the results
• HLT Stop
Assembly code/symbolic program:
A program written in symbolic language is called as assembly code or a symbolic program.
Assembler:
Assembler is a system programs that converts an assembly code into machine code.
Source program and Object program:
▪ The program code written in assembly or high-level language is called source code.
▪ The source code is converted by a translator into the machine understandable form called
object (machine) code.

High level languages:

▪ In High level languages, have an extensive vocabulary of words and symbols which are
English like and are used to instruct a computer to carry out the necessary procedures.
▪ High level languages are machine independent.
Classifications of High level languages:
High level languages are classified into two types.
1. General purpose high level languages:
▪ General purpose languages can be used to solve a wide variety of problems such as
business problems, scientific problems, graphical applications and so on.
▪ Example: BASIC, Pascal and C
2. Specific purpose high level languages:
▪ Specific purpose languages can be used to solve only certain types of problems.
▪ Example: COBOL AND FORTRAN
Advantages High level languages
1. Machine independence
2. Easy to learn and use
3. Fewer Errors and easier modifications
4. Better documentation.

Disadvantages High level languages

1. Lack of flexibility
2. Slower in execution
3. Requires a translator or complier
4. Lower efficiency.

Program development tools:

▪ Translators
▪ Text editors
▪ Debugger
Language Translator:
“Language translator performs the translation of high level/assembly language into machine
language”.
Types of Language Translator:
1. Assemblers
2. Compilers
3. Interpreters
1. Assemblers:
Assembler is system software which translates an assembly language program into its
equivalent machine language.

2. Compilers:
▪ Compiler is a translator that translates high level language to its equivalent machine
language.
▪ The process of translation is called as compilation.
▪ Complier occupies more storage space and takes more processing time than an
assembler.
3. Interpreters:
▪ Interpreter is a language processor that translates statement of a high-level language
and immediately executes it, before translating the next high-level language
statement”.
▪ In other words, the interpreter takes one statement of a high level language and
translates it into a machine instruction, which is immediately executed.
Comparison of Interpreters & Compilers:
Interpreters Compilers
1. Translates the program line by 1. Translates the entire program.
line.
2. Requires less main memory. 2. Requires more main memory.
3. Each time the program is 3. Converts the entire program to
executed every line is checked for machine code, when all the
syntax and then converted to syntax errors are removed and
equivalent object code directly. executes the machine code.

4. Source program and the 4. Neither source nor the

interpreter are required for compilers are required for
execution. execution.
5. Good for fast debugging and at 5. Slow for debugging and testing.
testing stage.

6. Execution time is more. 6. Execution time is less

7. No security of source code. 7. Security of source code.

Text editor:

▪ An editor is a software that allows us to create a text file where we type instructions
and store the file as the source code.
▪ In order to simplify the program development, there are software called Integrated
Development Environment (IDE) consisting of text editor, building tools and debugger.
▪ A program can be typed, compiled and debugged from the IDE directly.
▪ Python IDLE, Netbeans, Eclipse, Atom, Lazarus are few other examples of IDEs.

Debugger: Debugger is the software to detect and correct errors in the source code.
Free and Open Source Software:

Free and Open-Source Software means software is freely accessible. It can be freely used,
modify, copied, improved and distributed without any payments.

It refers to four kinds of freedom

1) Freedom to run the program
2) Freedom to learn the program
3) Freedom to redistribute copies
4) Freedom to improve the program

Example: Ubuntu, Python, Libreoffice, Openoffice, Mozilla Firefox, etc.

Freeware:

Freeware software is available free of cost and which allows copying and further
distribution, but not modification and whose source code is not available.

Example:
✓ Skype,
✓ Adobe Reader, etc.

Proprietary Software

▪ Proprietary Software use is regulated and further distribution and modification is either
forbidden or requires special permission by the supplier or vendor.
▪ Source code of proprietary software is normally not available.
▪ Example:
✓ Microsoft Windows,
✓ Tally,
✓ Quickheal, etc.

Operating system:

▪ An operating system is a computer program, which act as an intermediary between

the user of the computer and the computer hardware.
▪ An operating system is a collection of system programs that together control the
operation of a computer system.
▪ Without OS other software cannot work.
▪ Examples: Windows, Unix, Linux, Macintosh, Ubuntu, Fedora, Android, iOS, etc.
Main objectives of operating system:
1. Managing the computer hardware
2. Managing the application programs
3. Provides a user interface
Types of user Interface of Operating System:
1. Command-based interface
2. Graphical user interface
3. Touch-based interface
4. Voice-based interface
5. Gesture-based interface
1. Command-based interface [CUI]:
▪ A command-based interface, is a form of user interface that allows user to interact
with the computer system through commands.
▪ User must learn/remember the commands before using computer system.
▪ The primary input device for command-based interface is Keyboard.
▪ Command-based interface perform single task at a time.
▪ Examples (OS): MS-DOS and UNIX operating system.
2. Graphical user interface [GUI]:
▪ A graphical user interface, is a form of user interface that allows users to interact
with the computer system through graphical icons.
▪ GUI interface perform multi task at a time.
▪ The primary input devices for GUI are Mouse and Keyboard.
▪ Examples (OS): Microsoft Windows, LINUX, Ubuntu, Fedora and Macintosh,
3. Touch-based interface [TUI]:
▪ A Touch-based interface, is a form of user interface that allows user to interact with
the system through touch input.
▪ TUI interface performs multi task at a time.
▪ Example (OS): Android and iOS
4. Voice-based interface [VUI]:
▪ A voice-based interface, is a form of user interface that allows user to interact with
the system through voice or speech commands.
▪ VUI interface performs multi task at a time.
▪ Example: Siri, Android (Google Now or “OK Google”), Microsoft Windows 10 (Cortana)
5. Gesture-based interface [GUI]:
▪ Gesture-based interface, is a form of user interface that allows user to interact with
the system through waving, tilting, eye motion and shaking.
▪ In the field of gaming and medicine they are using Gesture-based interface.
▪ Examples: Android and iOS

Functions/Purposes of Operating system:

1) User interface: Facilitates the user to interact with the computer. For example, Windows
operating displays various icons on the screen using which the user can interact with
computer.
2) Process management: Even though there is only one CPU, it allows the users to execute
more than one program at a time.
3) Memory management: Loading the appropriate program into memory, executing and
removing from memory.
4) Device management: Allow the user to utilize the resources such as printer, keyboard,
memory etc.
5) File management: Allows the user to copy, create, delete, rename a file etc.
6) Security management: Protects the system from unauthorized users. It will not allow
the unauthorized users to share or access the information on the system.