Web Programming

01 MySQL Introduction
Dr. Mostafa Elgendy
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Agenda

❖ Introduction

❖ MySQL Introduction

❖ SQL Introduction

❖ Summary

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Introduction

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Introduction

❖ Database: A collection of records or data stored in a computer system and

organized in such a way that it can be quickly searched and information can be
rapidly retrieved.

❖ Database Management System (DBMS): A software facilitate the creation and

maintenance of a database.

❖ Database System: The DBMS software together with the data itself. Sometimes,
the applications are also included.
❖ Software + Database

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Introduction

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Introduction

❖ MySQL is probably the most popular database management system(DBMS) for web
servers.

❖ Developed in the mid-1990s.

❖ Free to use

❖ MySQL is very friendly to PHP, the most appreciated language for web development.

❖ MySQL is also highly scalable

❖ It can grow with your website.

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Introduction

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Introduction

❖ Database: The overall container for a collection of MySQL data

❖ Table: A subcontainer within a database that stores the actual data

❖ Row: A single record within a table, which may contain several fields

❖ Column: The name of a field within a row

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MySQL Introduction

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Accessing MySQL

❖ There are three main ways you can interact with MySQL:

❖ Using a command line

❖ Web interface such as phpMyAdmin

❖ Through a programming language like PHP

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Using a command line

❖ From your XAMPP installation directory, you will be able to

access the MySQL executable from the following directory :

❖ C:\xampp\mysql\bin

❖ By default, the initial MySQL user is root, and it will have a

default password of mysql which is nothing.

❖ mysql -u root

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Using a command line

❖ To be sure everything is working as it should be

❖ SHOW databases;

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Using a command line

❖ The semicolon is used by MySQL to separate or end commands.

❖ Forgetting to enter it,

❖ MySQL will issue a prompt and wait for you to do so

❖ There are six different prompts that MySQL may present you with.

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Using phpMyAdmin

❖ It is simpler to use a program

such as phpMyAdmin to
manage your databases and
tables.

❖ To do this, type the following

to open the program
❖ https://localhost/phpmyadmin

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MySQL Commands

❖ Remember a couple of points about MySQL commands:

❖ SQL commands and keywords are case-insensitive.

❖ CREATE, create, and CrEaTe all mean the same thing..

❖ Table names are case-sensitive on Linux and macOS but case-insensitive

on Windows.

❖ So, The recommended style is to use lowercase for table names.

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MySQL Commands

❖ Creating a database:

❖ The following command to create a new database called

publications:
CREATE DATABASE publications;

MySQL

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

output

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MySQL Commands

❖ Using database:

❖ The following command to use the database:

USE publications;

MySQL

Database changed
output

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MySQL Commands

❖ Creating users:

❖ To create a user, issue the following command:

CREATE USER 'username'@'hostname' IDENTIFIED BY 'password’;

MySQL

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.002 sec)

output

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MySQL Commands

❖ Table:

❖ A table is a thing that exists and is distinguishable -- an object, something

in the environment. CREATE TABLE classics (
author VARCHAR(128),
❖ Examples : book, item, student title VARCHAR(128),
type VARCHAR(16),
year CHAR(4))
MySQL

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.028 sec)

output

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MySQL Commands

❖ Renaming a table:

❖ Used to change the name of the table

ALTER TABLE classics RENAME pre1900;

MySQL

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.028 sec)

output

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MySQL Commands

❖ Attribute:

❖ An entity has a set of attributes which defines property of an entity.

❖ Attribute has :

❖ Name, Data type, and value.

❖ Example : classics entity has the following attributes (TITLE, TYPE,

AUTHOR, YEAR)

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MySQL: describe table

❖ To check whether your new table has been created:

DESCRIBE classics;
MySQL

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MySQL: Data Types

❖ VARCHAR and CHAR:

❖ Both accept text strings and impose a limit on the size of the field

❖ The difference is that every string in a CHAR field has the specified size.

❖ If you put in a smaller string, it is padded with spaces.

❖ A VARCHAR field does not pad the text; it lets the size of the field vary to fit the text.

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MySQL: Data Types

❖ Numeric data types:

❖ MySQL supports various numeric data types, from a single byte up to

double precision floating-point numbers

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MySQL: Data Types

❖ Numeric data types:

❖ To specify whether a data type is unsigned, use the UNSIGNED qualifier.

❖ You can also pass an optional number as a parameter

CREATE TABLE tablename (fieldname INT UNSIGNED);

CREATE TABLE tablename (fieldname INT(4));
MySQL

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MySQL: Data Types

❖ DATE and TIME types:

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MySQL: attributes

❖ AUTO_INCREMENT attribute:

❖ Allows a unique number to be generated automatically when a new record

is inserted into a table.

❖ By default, the starting value for AUTO_INCREMENT is 1, and it will

increment by 1 for each new record.

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MySQL: attributes

❖ Primary_Key attribute:
❖ an attribute of an entity type for which each entity must have a unique value; e.g.,
SSN of EMPLOYEE

❖ Foreign Key attribute:

❖ Attributes that define relationships between entities.

❖ The attributes of a foreign key in one entity are the attributes of a primary key in
another entity;

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Relationships

❖ A connection between entity classes.

❖ One-One Relationship: (citizen – passport)

❖ One-Many Relationship: (student-Advisor, Customer-Order)

❖ Many- Many Relationship: (Student-Organization, Order-Products)

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MySQL Commands

❖ Changing the data type of a column:

ALTER TABLE classics MODIFY year SMALLINT;

MySQL

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.028 sec)

output

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MySQL Commands

❖ Adding a new column:

ALTER TABLE classics ADD pages SMALLINT UNSIGNED;
MySQL

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MySQL Commands

❖ Renaming a column:

❖ Note the addition of VARCHAR(16) on the end of this command.

❖ That’s because the CHANGE keyword requires the data type to be

specified, even if you don’t intend to change it,
ALTER TABLE classics CHANGE type category VARCHAR(16);

MySQL

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MySQL Commands

❖ Removing a column:

❖ to remove a column, use the DROP keyword.

❖ Remember that DROP is irreversible so, use it with caution

ALTER TABLE classics DROP pages;

MySQL

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MySQL Commands

❖ Deleting a table:

CREATE TABLE disposable(trash INT);

SHOW tables;
DROP TABLE disposable;
SHOW tables;
MySQL

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SQL Introduction

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What is SQL?

❖ SQL stands for Structured Query Language.

❖ SQL lets you access and manipulate databases.

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What Can SQL do?

❖ Can execute queries against a database.

❖ Can retrieve data from a database.

❖ Can insert records in a database.

❖ Can update records in a database.

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What Can SQL do?

❖ Can delete records from a database.

❖ Can create new databases.

❖ Can create new tables in a database.

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SQL Statements

❖ Most of the actions you need to perform on a database are done

with SQL statements.

❖ Ex: select all the records in the "Person" table.

❖ SELECT * FROM Person.

❖ Keep in Mind That SQL is not case sensitive.

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SQL Statements types

SQL

DML DDL DCL Transaction control

• Select • Create • Grant • Commit
• Insert • Alter • Revoke • Rollback
• Update • Drop
• Delete

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Types of SQL statements

❖ The Data Manipulation Language (DML):

❖ SELECT: extracts data from a database.

❖ UPDATE: updates data in a database.

❖ DELETE: deletes data from a database.

❖ INSERT INTO: inserts new data into a database

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SQL: INSERT INTO

❖ The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in a table.

❖ The first form doesn't specify the column names, only their values:
❖ INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)

❖ The second form specifies both the column names and the values to
be inserted:
❖ INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,...)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)

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SQL: INSERT INTO example

INSERT INTO Person VALUES (4,'Nilsen', 'Johan', 'Bakken 2', 'Stavanger')

INSERT INTO Person (P_Id, LastName, FirstName) VALUES (5, 'Tjessem', 'Jakob')
INSERT INTO Person (LastName, FirstName) VALUES ('Tjessem', 'Jakob')

SQL

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SQL: UPDATE

❖ The UPDATE statement is used to update existing records in a table.

❖ SQL UPDATE Syntax

❖ UPDATE table_name
SET column1=value, column2=value2,...
WHERE some_column=some_value

❖ Note: The WHERE clause specifies which record or records that should be
updated. If you omit the WHERE clause, all records will be updated!

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SQL: UPDATE example

UPDATE Person SET Address='Nissestien 67', City='Sandnes‘ WHERE

LastName='Tjessem' AND FirstName='Jakob’
SQL

Before

After

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SQL: UPDATE Warning

UPDATE Person SET Address='Nissestien 67',

❖ If you omit the WHERE clause like this: City='Sandnes‘
SQL
Before

After

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SQL: DELETE

❖ The DELETE statement is used to delete rows in a table.

❖ Syntax

❖ DELETE FROM table_name WHERE some_column=some_value

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SQL: DELETE example

DELETE FROM Person WHERE LastName='Tjessem' AND FirstName='Jakob’

SQL

Before

After

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SQL: Delete All Rows

❖ It is possible to delete all rows in a table without deleting the

table.

❖ DELETE FROM table_name or DELETE * FROM table_name

❖ Note: Be very careful when deleting records. You cannot undo

this statement!

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SQL: SELECT

❖ The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.

❖ Syntax:

❖ SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name

❖ SELECT * FROM table_name

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SQL: SELECT example

SELECT * FROM Person

SQL

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SQL: SELECT example

SELECT LastName,FirstName FROM Person

SQL

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SQL: WHERE Clause

❖ Is used to filter records.

❖ Syntax

❖ SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name

WHERE column_name operator value
SELECT * FROM Person WHERE City='Sandnes'

SQL

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SQL: Allowed Operators

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SQL: LIKE Operator

SELECT * FROM Person WHERE City LIKE 's%'

SQL

SELECT * FROM Person WHERE City LIKE '%s'

SQL

SELECT * FROM Person WHERE City LIKE '_andnes'

MySQL

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SQL: IN Operator

SELECT * FROM Person WHERE LastName IN ('Hansen','Pettersen')

SQL

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SQL: AND & OR Operators

❖ The AND & OR operators are used to filter records based on

more than one condition.

❖ The AND operator displays a record if both the first condition and the
second condition is true.

❖ The OR operator displays a record if either the first condition or the

second condition is true

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SQL: AND & OR Operators

SELECT * FROM Person WHERE FirstName = 'Tove‘

AND LastName = 'Svendson'

SQL

SELECT * FROM Person WHERE FirstName = 'Tove‘

OR FirstName = ‘Ola'

SQL

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SQL: AND & OR Operators

SELECT * FROM Person WHERE LastName = 'Svendson

AND ( FirstName = 'Tove‘ OR LastName = ‘Ola’ )

SQL

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SQL: ORDER BY Keyword

❖ The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set by a specified

column.

❖ The ORDER BY keyword sort the records in ascending order by

default.

❖ Syntax
❖ SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name(s) ASC|DESC

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SQL: ORDER BY example

SELECT * FROM Person ORDER BY LastName

SQL

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SQL: Select from two tables

SELECT Person.LastName, Person.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo FROM

Person,Orders where Person.P_Id=Orders.P_Id

SQL

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Summary

❖ Introduction

❖ MySQL Introduction

❖ SQL Introduction

❖ Summary

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