Ya

:
'

-←q id D
-

Gain
woman
Compression
Ain 1dB
• Small-signal gain usually assumes harmonics are negligible.
,

However, varies greatly as A becomes large.

• 1-dB compression point: output falls

:
•

below its ideal value by 1 dB.

• Most RF circuits are compressive.

11
 Gain Compression Effect

• FM signal carries no information in its amplitude and hence

tolerates compression.
• AM contains information in its amplitude, hence distorted by
compression.
12
 Desensitization
• Desensitization: the receiver gain is reduced by the large deviation
produced by the interferer even though the desired signal itself is
small. It can reduce SNR of a receiver greatly.

c-

13
 X
Aml f )

I
* →
f
f

Cross Modulation
• Cross modulation: when a weak signal and a strong interferer pass
through a nonlinear system and transfer the interferer to the signal.

Wc : carrier
frequency
XBB : baseband
signal
on :
modulation
• Suppose that the interferer is an amplitude-modulated signal index

( XB pfe ) )
Itm
cos wot =

A
.
.

Thus
e-
• Fame )

• Desired signal suffers from amplitude modulation.

14
 *)
I
× ) -_ A zoos ( watt
poult =

)=A cos wit

Xiu
Xpm
,

-122×7-4+2 nice ,
WI

947=4×47
,

→
lust Xpmce )
ADA
X

( -1324 , wite
-
-

cos
-

= L ,
,

-
 Intermodulation (1/2)

• Nonlinearity discussed so far

– Desensitization (a signal with one large interferer)
– Harmonic distortion (a single tone)
• Intermodulation: one desired signal with two
interferers.
– Interferers at !" and !# produces “intermodulation”
components.

15
 Intermodulation (2/2)
Assume
Thus

Intermodulation products:

Fundamental components:

:÷:
" "

-
16
Intermodulation Product on Desired Signal

Interferers
Desired
signal

2.41GHz
11 It

2.42 2.43GHz
bluetooth GHZ

2. 42×2-2.43=2.41 GHz

17
 Nonlinearity
Harmonics

compression
Gain
Desensitization

u u

Intermediation

18
Two-Tone and Harmonic Tests

Two-Tone Test Harmonic Test

19
 VIV
Example: Gain Compression and
to
A✓ =

I••
D- Intermodulation

µy,qa
- '

a-

-41=10
2.41 • A Bluetooth receiver employs a low-noise amplifier having a gain of
10 and an input impedance of 50 Ω. The LNA senses a desired signal

qodbm.o.gg
level of -80 dBm at 2.410 GHz and two interferers of equal levels at
2.420 GHz and 2.430 GHz. For simplicity, assume the LNA drives a
50-Ω load.-

(a) Determine the value of α3 that yields a P1dB of -30 dBm.

(b) If each interferer is 10 dB below P1dB, determine the corruption L ,A
experienced by the desired signal at the LNA output.
(a) 3odBm=
- to
mvp ( 3odBm=l0log÷soxio3 ) -

'
Aontg '

-3443A
zoeogfdil
-
1=20 log It 't I
Ain

A=l0mVp ⇒
43=14500 V ?
,

20
 -40dB on -40dB m
- -

-40dB "
= 3.16 mvp

-80,0113M
9
/ / From p .
16
,

-
)
( 24 wz zwz :
w
at
- -
,
2.43 IM 3
2. 41GHz 2.42 ,

}
( )
343 AYAZ 3×14500
x 3. 16M
=
-

a- 4

59,3 DBM
0,343 mvp = -

-120dB bo dBm
80dB
-
=
m
:
output
-

itself at
Signal ( gain )
 Third Intercept Point ( Ip 3)

• Characterize intermodulation
– Two-tone test with two sinusoids of equal amplitude

•
=

output 3rd

intercept
I
point
-

F
A lips -

Fa
-

. o 145
.

I I

21
 Third Intercept Point, an Estimate
1dB
1dB

lap
3dB
i
t

• For a given input level (well below P1dB), the IIP3 can be calculated by
halving the difference between the output fundamental and IM levels and
adding the result to the input level, where all values are expressed as
logarithmic quantities. 22
 Example: Third Intercept Point
• A low-noise amplifier senses a -80-dBm signal at 2.410 GHz and two
- 30 -20-dBm
I interferers at 2.420 GHz and 2.430 GHz. What IIP3 is
required if the IM products must remain 20 dB below the signal?

30dB
For simplicity, assume 50-Ω interfaces at the input and output.
Ail log 1¥43 A :/ Iga ?
14741=-1
⇒
log It
-
20 = w
zo , I

) 31.6 Mvp
( 80dB =
A ,
- m

Az ( -
on ) =
20
mvp

Is 1=1.89 Vp
Ii 59
A
=
⇒ I I
,
, ,pz=

23
 Intermodulation in Cascaded Stages (1/4)
C O

Considering only the first- and third-order terms, we have:

-
-

Thus,

24
Intermodulation in Cascaded Stages (2/4)

÷;
I

.si/.tHa.....-.sFEi---/ff-ZI-
A-sps.at#y--a*..+Eei-a...l=a.:.+*:l

25