Customer Satisfaction

Research has been conducted to determine what can be done to ease customer dissatisfaction
during lengthy tarmac delays.

 Providing food and beverage service, television programming, comfortable and clean
conditions, and cell phone usage made delayed passengers less angry with the airline
(Baranishyn, Cudmore, & Fletcher, 2010).

While solving the problems of delays as they occur may relax some frustrated passengers,
determining and eliminating the problem is necessary in order toreduce the number of delay-
related complaints.

Delays

Delay types as follows:

Air Carrier: The cause of the cancellation or delay was due to circumstances within the airlines
control (e.g., maintenance or crew problems, aircraft cleaning, baggage loading, fueling, etc.).
(29%)

Extreme Weather: Significant meteorological conditions (actual or forecasted) that, in the

judgment of the carrier, delays or prevents the operation of a flight such as a tornado, blizzard or
hurricane.

National Aviation System (NAS): Delays and cancelations attributable to the national aviation
system that refer to a broad set of conditions, such as airport operations, heavy traffic volume,
and air traffic control. (24%)

Late Arriving Aircraft: A previous flight with the same aircraft arrived late, causing the present
flight to depart late. (42 % of delays caused by this according to (United States Department of
Transportation)

TAXIING
The time it takes to taxi from the end of the runway to the arriving gate can cause delays when
high aircraft traffic is present. Waiting for aircraft to pass, crossing active runways, and moving
long distances all contribute to high taxi times.
 QUEUING
An additional factor of arrival delays is the time spent waiting to land and take off. As only one
aircraft can land on a runway at a time, multiple planes arriving to the same destination airport at
the same time will have to wait to land. The occurrence is known as queueing.

RUNWAY CONFIGURATIONS
There are four main types of runway configurations: single, intersecting, parallel, and open-V
(Horonjeff, 2010).

INTERSECTING
Intersecting runways consist of two or more runways that cross paths and share ground with one
another.

 These runways are often used in locations with strong winds and/or limited expansion
space. When wind speeds are not favorable for arriving and departing aircraft, one of the
intersecting runways will go unused.
 The benefit of having intersecting runways is that one will always be available no matter
the wind direction and speed.
 In low wind conditions, both runways can be used but takeoffs and landings need to be
heavily monitored to avoid collisions at the intersecting points.
 Runways that have an intersecting point in the middle have a lower capacity than
runways that intersect near either end (Horonjeff, 2010).

Dis

Runways that intersect are presumed to experience a higher frequency of NAS delays due to
prolonged waiting. Queuing while waiting for the crossing runway to clear can cause long wait
times to occur. Waiting to cross one of the runways while taxiing can also factor into delays.

 Operational Conflicts: Potential for conflicts at the intersection points.

 Capacity Constraints: Limited simultaneous operations compared to parallel runways.

 PARALLEL
Parallel runways are defined as those in which more than one runway is present and situated at
the same angle. The capacity of parallel runways depends on the number of runways in parallel
and the spacing between them. The spacing between parallel runways is classified as close,
intermediate, or far apart in distance (Horonjeff, 2010).

Close 700 and 2500 feet between runways

Intermediate 2500 to 4300 feet apart

Far apart runways :greater than 4300 feet apart

Advantages:

 Increased Capacity: Allows simultaneous takeoffs and landings, increasing airport capacity.

 Operational Flexibility: Can handle more traffic efficiently.

Disadvantages:

 Space Requirements: Requires significant space to ensure safe separation between runways.

 Complexity: More complex air traffic control and management.

OPEN-V
Open-V runways are those that are oriented in different directions that do not intersect
(Horonjeff, 2010). If wind speeds were strong enough in one direction, the runway unfavorable
to the prevailing wind would be inoperable. The remaining runway would act as if were at a
single runway airport.

Advantages:

 Wind Adaptability: Can be used simultaneously if wind conditions are favorable.

 Efficient Use of Space: Suitable for airports with limited space.

Disadvantages:

 Operational Complexity: Requires careful coordination to avoid conflicts.

 Limited Capacity: Not as efficient as parallel runways for high traffic volumes.

INCURSIONS
Incursions are defined as a scenario in which at least two aircraft occupy or intend to occupy the
same geographical space (Singh & Meier, 2004). With runways that intersect and a plethora of
taxiways, high traffic airports have the greatest risk of runway incursions. Singh and Meier
(2004) stated that incursions can be caused by three factors:

1. Pilot Deviations— Errors committed by the pilot during movement on the airport surface

2. Operational Errors—Wrong clearances issued by the controller

3. Vehicle or Pedestrian Deviations—Causing an incursion on the runway

Statistically finding a correlation between the two can potentially lead to new standards in
evaluating runway choices, procedures in flight scheduling, and customer satisfaction.

Flight scheduling procedures and customer satisfaction significantly influence runway choices in
several ways:

Flight Scheduling Procedures:

Operational Efficiency: Airlines aim to maximize the efficiency of their flight schedules. This
includes minimizing turnaround times and ensuring timely departures and arrivals. Efficient
scheduling can lead to the selection of runways that support these goals, such as those with
shorter taxi times or less congestion1.

Maintenance Requirements: Aircraft need to pass through maintenance bases regularly.

Scheduling procedures ensure that flights are routed through airports where maintenance can be
performed, which can influence runway selection based on the proximity to maintenance
facilities1.

Customer Satisfaction:
On-Time Performance: Customers value punctuality. Airlines may choose runways that
historically support better on-time performance, avoiding those prone to delays due to congestion
or weather.

Convenience and Comfort: For long-haul and international flights, airlines might prefer
runways that facilitate smoother and quicker connections, reducing the overall travel time and
improving the passenger experience.

Runway Selection Criteria:

Wind Conditions: Runways are often selected based on wind alignment to ensure safe takeoffs
and landings. However, if multiple runways are available, those that align with operational and
customer satisfaction goals may be prioritized.

Capacity and Delay Management: During peak times, runways that can handle higher traffic
volumes without significant delays are preferred. This helps maintain the schedule integrity and
reduces passenger wait times.

The position of the Air Traffic Control (ATC) system within an aerodrome plays a crucial role in
ensuring the safety and efficiency of airport operations. Here are some key effects:

1. Visibility and Communication:

o Optimal Visibility: The ATC tower is strategically positioned to provide

controllers with a clear, unobstructed view of the entire airfield, including
runways, taxiways, and aprons. This visibility is essential for managing ground
movements and ensuring safe takeoffs and landings1.

o Effective Communication: The location of the ATC tower facilitates effective

communication with aircraft on the ground and in the air. Proximity to the
runways and taxiways helps minimize communication delays and ensures timely
instructions2.

2. Operational Efficiency:
 o Ground Movement Control: The ATC tower’s position allows controllers to
efficiently manage ground traffic, reducing the risk of collisions and ensuring
smooth taxiing operations. This is particularly important during peak traffic
periods2.

o Runway Utilization: Controllers can optimize runway usage based on real-time

observations and traffic conditions. This helps in managing departures and
arrivals more effectively, reducing delays and improving overall airport capacity 2.

3. Safety and Emergency Response:

o Quick Response: In case of emergencies, the ATC tower’s central location

enables controllers to quickly coordinate with emergency services and provide
immediate assistance to aircraft in distress3.

o Monitoring and Surveillance: The elevated position of the ATC tower enhances
the ability to monitor all activities on the airfield, ensuring compliance with safety
protocols and quickly identifying any potential hazards3.

4. Coordination with Other Services:

o Integration with Ground Services: The ATC tower’s location allows for
seamless coordination with ground services such as fire and rescue, maintenance,
and fueling operations. This integration is vital for maintaining operational
continuity and safety1.

o Approach and Departure Control: The tower’s position also facilitates

coordination with approach and departure control units, ensuring smooth
transitions between different phases of flight2.

In summary, the strategic positioning of the ATC system within an aerodrome is fundamental to
maintaining high standards of safety, efficiency, and operational effectiveness. It enables
controllers to have optimal visibility, effective communication, and quick response capabilities,
all of which are essential for managing the complex environment of an airport.
Having more terminals at an airport offers several advantages:

1. Increased Capacity:

o Handling More Passengers: Additional terminals allow an airport to

accommodate more passengers, reducing congestion and improving the overall
travel experience1.

o More Gates: More terminals mean more gates, which can handle a higher
number of flights simultaneously, enhancing operational efficiency2.

2. Improved Passenger Experience:

o Reduced Wait Times: With more terminals, passenger processing times for
check-in, security, and baggage claim can be reduced, leading to shorter wait
times2.

o Enhanced Amenities: Newer terminals often come with modern amenities such
as better dining options, shopping, lounges, and rest areas, improving passenger
comfort1.

3. Operational Flexibility:

o Dedicated Terminals: Airports can designate terminals for specific airlines or

types of flights (e.g., domestic vs. international), streamlining operations and
improving service quality2.

o Maintenance and Upgrades: Having multiple terminals allows for easier

maintenance and upgrades without disrupting airport operations1.

4. Economic Benefits:

o Job Creation: The construction and operation of new terminals create jobs and
stimulate the local economy1.

o Increased Revenue: More terminals can lead to increased revenue from retail,
dining, and other services offered within the airport2.

disadvantage of not having more terminals

Copilot

Sent by Copilot:

Not having more terminals at an airport can lead to several disadvantages:

1. Congestion and Delays:

o Overcrowding: Limited terminal space can lead to overcrowding, making it

difficult for passengers to move through check-in, security, and boarding areas
efficiently.

o Increased Delays: With fewer gates available, aircraft may have to wait longer
for a gate to become available, leading to delays in departures and arrivals.

2. Reduced Passenger Experience:

o Limited Amenities: Fewer terminals mean fewer amenities such as restaurants,

shops, and lounges, which can negatively impact passenger comfort and
satisfaction.

o Longer Wait Times: Passengers may experience longer wait times for services
such as check-in, security screening, and baggage claim.

3. Operational Inefficiencies:

o Gate Shortages: A shortage of gates can lead to inefficient use of available

resources, with aircraft spending more time on the ground waiting for a gate.

o Limited Flexibility: Airports with fewer terminals have less flexibility to handle
peak traffic periods, special events, or emergencies.

4. Economic Impact:

o Lost Revenue: Limited terminal space can restrict the number of flights an airport
can handle, leading to lost revenue opportunities from landing fees, passenger
spending, and other sources.

o Reduced Competitiveness: Airports with fewer terminals may struggle to attract

new airlines or retain existing ones, impacting their competitive position.
 5. Safety and Security Concerns:
 Crowded Conditions: Overcrowded terminals can pose safety risks, making it harder to
manage passenger flow and respond to emergencies.
 Strain on Security: Limited space can strain security resources, potentially leading to
longer screening times and increased risk of security breaches.

 Factors to Consider When Determining the Best Runway

Evaluating the quality of a runway involves several critical factors that influence safety,
operational efficiency, and overall performance. Here are the key considerations:

 1. Runway Dimensions

 Length and Width: The runway must be long and wide enough to accommodate the
types of aircraft that will use it. Longer runways are essential for larger aircraft,
especially during takeoff and landing phases.

 Surface Type: The material (asphalt, concrete) affects durability and performance under
various weather conditions.

 2. Safety Areas

 Runway Safety Area (RSA): This area surrounding the runway should be clear of
obstacles and designed to minimize damage in case of an overshoot or undershoot. ICAO
recommends a minimum RSA of 90 meters beyond each end of the runway

 Runway End Safety Area (RESA): Similar to RSA, RESA is specifically at the ends of
the runway and aims to reduce the consequences of overruns or undershoots3. Surface
Conditions

 Friction Levels: The runway surface must provide adequate friction to prevent skidding,
especially during wet conditions. Regular friction measurements should be conducted to
ensure compliance with safety standards
 Maintenance Standards: Ongoing maintenance is crucial for preserving surface
integrity and safety features.

 4. Environmental Factors

 Weather Resilience: The runway should be designed to handle various weather

conditions, including rain, snow, and ice, which can affect traction and visibility.

 Noise Management: Consideration for noise pollution in surrounding areas is also

important for community relations.

 5. Navigational Aids

 Approach and Departure Systems: Availability of modern navigational aids (e.g., ILS -
Instrument Landing System) enhances safety during low visibility operations.

 Signage and Lighting: Clear signage and adequate lighting systems are essential for safe
operations, particularly during nighttime or adverse weather conditions.

 6. Emergency Response Features

 Accessibility for Emergency Services: Runways should allow easy access for
firefighting and rescue vehicles in case of an incident.

 Emergency Procedures: Established protocols for handling emergencies can

significantly enhance safety outcomes.

 7. Regulatory Compliance

 Compliance with international standards set by organizations such as ICAO (International

Civil Aviation Organization) ensures that the runway meets global safety and operational
benchmarks

 8. Capacity and Usage

 Traffic Volume: The ability to handle peak traffic without delays is crucial for
operational efficiency.

 Type of Aircraft Served: Compatibility with a range of aircraft types affects overall
usability.
In summary, determining the best runway involves a comprehensive assessment of its
dimensions, safety features, surface conditions, environmental considerations, navigational aids,
emergency response capabilities, regulatory compliance, and capacity to handle traffic
effectively.

## Advantages of Having Multiple Rapid Exit Taxiways

Multiple rapid exit taxiways (RETs) provide several operational benefits that enhance runway
safety and efficiency. Here are the key advantages:

### **1. Reduced Runway Occupancy Time**

- **Faster Exits**: RETs allow aircraft to exit the runway at higher speeds, significantly
reducing the time they occupy the runway after landing. This is crucial during peak operational
periods at busy airports, as it enables quicker transitions between arrivals and departures[1][3].

- **Increased Arrival Rates**: By minimizing runway occupancy time, multiple RETs can
increase the number of aircraft that can land in a given timeframe, thereby enhancing overall
airport capacity[2][3].

### **2. Improved Safety**

- **Minimized Risk of Runway Incursions**: With more exit options, the likelihood of runway
incursions can be reduced. Aircraft can vacate the runway more quickly, decreasing the chances
of conflicts with departing or arriving aircraft[2].

- **Enhanced Pilot Situational Awareness**: Properly designed RETs improve visibility and
navigational clarity for pilots, making it easier to transition from landing to taxiing without
confusion[1][4].
### **3. Flexibility in Operations**

- **Accommodating Different Aircraft Types**: Different aircraft have varying performance

characteristics; multiple RETs can be strategically placed to cater to a diverse fleet, allowing for
optimized exit paths based on specific aircraft requirements[2][3].

- **Adaptability to Traffic Fluctuations**: During high traffic volumes or adverse weather

conditions, having multiple RETs allows for better management of arrivals and departures,
facilitating smoother operations overall[3].

### **4. Enhanced Ground Traffic Management**

- **Efficient Taxiing**: With several exit points available, ground traffic can be managed more
effectively, reducing congestion on taxiways and improving overall airport flow[3].

- **Separation of Arrivals and Departures**: Multiple RETs help maintain separation between
arriving aircraft and those preparing for departure, further enhancing safety and efficiency on the
airfield[1].

### **5. Optimized Airport Design**

- **Strategic Planning**: The placement of multiple RETs can be optimized using models like
the Runway Exit Design Interactive Model (REDIM), which analyzes runway data and aircraft
performance to determine ideal exit locations[1][2]. This strategic planning ensures that airports
can accommodate future increases in traffic.

In summary, multiple rapid exit taxiways significantly enhance runway safety and operational
efficiency by reducing occupancy times, improving safety measures, providing flexibility in
operations, facilitating better ground traffic management, and allowing for optimized airport
design.
1. What factors influence runway configuration?

o Wind Direction and Speed: Runways are typically aligned with prevailing winds
to ensure safe takeoffs and landings.

o Traffic Volume: The number of arrivals and departures can dictate which
runways are used to manage congestion.

o Weather Conditions: Adverse weather, such as fog or snow, can affect runway
selection.

o Noise Abatement: Runways may be chosen to minimize noise impact on

surrounding communities1.

2. What is a crosswind runway?

o A crosswind runway is an additional runway oriented to accommodate wind

directions that are not aligned with the primary runway. This helps ensure safe
operations when winds are not favorable for the main runway2.

3. Why do some airports have intersecting runways?

o Intersecting runways can maximize the use of available land and accommodate
different wind directions. They also provide operational flexibility during varying
weather conditions2.

4. How do airports manage runway incursions?

o Airports implement various safety measures such as clear signage, lighting, and
ground radar systems to prevent unauthorized aircraft or vehicles from entering
active runways1.

5. How do airports handle runway maintenance?

 o Runway maintenance is scheduled during off-peak hours to minimize
disruption. Temporary closures and NOTAMs (Notices to Airmen) are issued to
inform pilots and operators of maintenance activities1.

where parallel instrument runways are intended for simultaneous use:

1. 1035 m for independent parallel approaches

2. 915 m for dependent parallel approaches

3. 760 m for independent parallel departures

4. 760 m for segregated parallel operations