30/09/2021, 13:56 Introduction

CSIT115 Data Management and Security

Introduction
School of Computing and Information Technology -
University of Wollongong

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Introduction
Outline

Data ? What is it ?
Electronic Storage Devices
Persistent Storage Devices
File Systems
Database Systems
Database Management Systems

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Data ? What is it ?
Data is a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables;
The pieces of data are the individual elements of information
Data can be measured, collected and reported, and analyzed,
whereupon it can be visualized using graphs or images
Data as a general concept refers to the fact that some existing
information or knowledge is represented or coded in some form
suitable for better usage or processing
A bit is the smallest unit of Data
A bit is the basic unit of information in computing and digital
communications
A bit can have only one of two values, and may therefore be physically
implemented with a two-state device
These values are most commonly represented as either a 0 or 1
A byte is a sequence of 8 bits
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Introduction
Outline

Data ? What is it ?
Electronic Storage Devices
Persistent Storage Devices
File Systems
Database Systems
Database Management Systems

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Electronic Storage Devices

Electronic storage devices provide read/write access to the sequences of
bytes
Transient (volatile) storage device is computer memory that requires
power to maintain the stored information; it retains its contents while
powered on but when the power is interrupted the stored data is lost
very rapidly or immediately
Random-access memory (RAM) device allows data items to be accessed
(read or written) in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the
physical location of data inside the memory

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Electronic Storage Devices

Persistent storage (nonvolatile) device is any method or apparatus for
efficiently storing data structures such that they can continue to be
accessed using memory instructions or memory APIs even after the end
of the process that created or last modified them
Persistent storage (nonvolatile) devices include:
- Hard Disk Drives (HDD)
- Solid State Drives (SSD)
- Non-Volatile Memory (NVM)
- Optical Disk Drives (ODD)

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Introduction
Outline

Data ? What is it ?
Electronic Storage Devices
Persistent Storage Devices
File Systems
Database Systems
Database Management Systems

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Persistent Storage Devices

Hard Disk Drive (HDD) is a data storage device used for storing and
retrieving digital information
Hard disk drive consist of one or more rapidly rotating disks covered
with magnetic material and one or more disk heads located on the
movable arms
A moveable arm with the disk heads is visible below just above disk
platters

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Persistent Storage Devices

A simple model of HDD consists of a number of disk platters and
read/write disk heads that can change positions over the platters

A disk platter consists of a number of tracks and each track consists of a

sequence of sectors
All tracks located on different platters and equally distant from a center
of platters is called as a cylinder
A concept of cylinders can be considered as a logical data model at the
TOPlowest level ofbyabstraction
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Persistent Storage Devices

Physical parameters of HDD:
- Seek time: time needed to move disk arm to a given cylinder position (from ~15
to ~2 msec)
- Rotational latency: time needed to rotate a platter to a given position (~ 4 msec)
- Transfer time: time needed to read/write data from/to a platter (~13 Mbytes per
sec)
- Average disk access time: an average time needed to transfer a block of data
(~10msec = 0.001 sec)
- For a comparison main memory access time, time needed to read 1 byte from
RAM (~10nanosec = 0.000000001 sec)
- Operations: read sector, write sector, move disk head

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Persistent Storage Devices

Solid State Drive (SSD) uses nonvolatile memory, i.e., NAND flash as its
storage media

SSD has no moving parts and it only uses silicon as its media (it is "solid-
state")
SSDs are common today in mobile devices such as smartphones and
digital cameras; SD (Secure Digital) and CF (CompactFlash) memory
cards are smaller and less complex versions of an SSD
Both HDDand SSD are part of a class of storage called block devices
Block devices use logical addressing to access data and abstract the
physical media, using small, fixed, contiguous segments of bytes as the
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addressable unit
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Persistent Storage Devices

Physical parameters of SSD:
- Random access time: time needed to retrieve data from various locations in
memory (under 0.1 msec)
- Transfer time: reading up to 400 Mb/sec, writing at only 10-20 Mb/sec because
all bits must be set to 0 before setting to 1, transfer is slower when a lot of
individual blocks are accessed
- Capacity: 16Gb per chip, SSD consists of from 8 to 226 chips
- For a comparison main memory access time, time needed to read 1 byte from
RAM (~10nanosec = 0.000000001 sec)
- Operations: read a sequence of bytes, write a sequence of bytes

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Persistent Storage Devices

Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) is the name for a group of new technologies
such as Phase-Change RAM, Magnetic RAM and Resistive RAM that
enable non-volatile (persistent), memory chips that require low energy,
and have density and latency closer to current DRAM chips
NVM has 4 times faster input/output operations per second than SSD
and seek time for data and is ten times faster than SSD
NVM supports byte-addressable accesses and stores with a lower
latency than SSD
The important properties of NVM include:
- byte-addressability, NVM supports byte-addressable loads and stores, no need
to transfer data in blocks
- high write throughput, NVM delivers more than an order of magnitude higher
write throughput compared to SSD
- read-write asymmetry, in certain NVM technologies, write take longer to
complete when compared to read and excessive writes to a single memory cell
can destroy it
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Persistent Storage Devices

Optical Disk Drives (ODD)is a disk drive that use laser light or
electromagnetic waves within or near the visible light spectrum as part
of the process of reading or writing data to or from optical discs.

Compact discs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs are common types of optical
media which can be read and recorded by such drives
DVD writer drive is the most common for desktop PCs and laptops

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Persistent Storage Devices

Logical model of persistent storage:
- Persistent storage is a sequence of fixed size data blocks

A data block is a contiguous sequence of 2 Kbytes, or 4 Kbytes, or 8

Kbytes, or 16 Kbytes, or 32 Kbytes
A data block is identified by a block address
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30/09/2021, 13:56 Introduction

Introduction
Outline

Data ? What is it ?
Electronic Storage Devices
Persistent Storage Devices
File Systems
Database Systems
Database Management Systems

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File systems
A data block-based logical model of persistent storage is too simplistic
for adavanced data processing applications
A sequence of data blocks is partitioned into variable subsequence of
data blocks called as files and the names associated with the files
uniquely identify each file
A file is a collection of records
A record can be stored in one or more data blocks and data block can
contain a number of records
A record is a sequence of fields
A field is a pair [address, value] where value is implemented as
sequences of bytes located in a data block and address consists of file
name, block number, offset within a block
A file definition determines the names of fields and the length of each
field
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File systems
Operations on files:
- open file
- close file
- read/write a record at a given address
- read/write the next record
An example of a simple file system:
- STUDENT file
A file with information about students
STUDENT(number, firstname, lastname, date-of-birth, degree)
- SUBJECT file
A file with information about subjects
SUBJECT(code, title, credits)
- ENROLMENT file
A file with information about enrolments
ENROLMENT(student-number, subject-code, enrolment-date, status)
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File systems
Limitations of file systems
- Separation and isolation of data
- Data dependence
- Incompatible formats of files
- Fixed queries/proliferation of application programs
- No provision for security or integrity
- No recovery from hardware or software failures
- No provision for shared access

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30/09/2021, 13:56 Introduction

Introduction
Outline

Data ? What is it ?
Electronic Storage Devices
Persistent Storage Devices
File Systems
Database Systems
Database Management Systems

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Database systems
Database systems eliminate the following important limitations of file
systems:
- Database systems store the definitions of data stored together with data
- Database systems provide a universal query language that can used for quick
implementation of ad-hoc access to data
- Database systems implement a standard and unified collection of different types
of data, like for example, integer, float, string, date, and the others
- Database systems provide the mechanism to enforce security and integrity of
data
- Database systems implement the mechanism to automatically restore data after
hardware or software failures
- Database systems implement the mechanism for shared and concurrent access
to data by many different users

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Database systems
A database is a shared collection of logically related data designed to
meet the information needs of an organization
We can also say that at a higher level of abstraction a database is a
description of selected fragment of the reality
A database may have different views at a conceptual (abstract) level and
at a logical level
Usually, at a conceptual level (abstract level) a database is a collection of
objects (entities) described by the values of properties (attributes) and
related to each other through associations (relationships)
A diagram below represents “suppliers” and “parts” (objects) and an
association “supplies” that links “suppliers” and “parts”

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Database systems
Usually, at a logical level a database is a collection of tables that consist
of headers, rows, and columns
It is also possible that at a logical level a database is a collection of
records linked with pointers or it is a collection of hierarchical structures
Example of a conceptual view of a database:
- A database contains information about suppliers, parts, and shipments of parts
done by suppliers
- A conceptual schema:

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Database systems
Example of a conceptual view of a database:
- A database contains information about suppliers, parts, and shipments of parts
done by suppliers
- An instance diagram:

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Database systems
Example of a logical view of a database:
- A database contains information about suppliers, parts , and shipments of parts
done by suppliers

- A logical view above is also called as a tabular view of data

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Database systems
Another example of a logical view of a database:
- A database contains information about suppliers, parts , and shipments of parts
done by suppliers

- A logical view above is also called as a hierarchical view of data

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Database systems
Yet another example of a logical view of a database:
- A database contains information about suppliers, parts , and shipments of parts
done by suppliers

- A logical view above is also called as a network view of data

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Database systems
Abstraction levels:
- Hardware level: bit, byte, sector, track, cylinder

- Physical level: byte, data block, sequence of data blocks

- File level: field, address of field, record, file

- Logical level: attribute, value, row, column, link, table, hierarchy, network

- Conceptual level: object, property, value, link, class of objects, association

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30/09/2021, 13:56 Introduction

Introduction
Outline

Data ? What is it ?
Electronic Storage Devices
Persistent Storage Devices
File Systems
Database Systems
Database Management Systems

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Database Management Systems

Database Management System (DBMS) is a software system that allows
its users to define, create, maintain, and control access to a database
DBMS implements the following languages:
- Data Definition Language (DDL) allows the users to specify database structures
at either conceptual or logical levels
- Data Manipulation Language (DML) allows the users to insert, modify, delete
the contents of a database at either conceptual or logical levels
- Query Language (QL) allows the users to retrieve the contents of a database at
either conceptual or logical levels
- Access Control Language (ACL) allows the users to determine many different
levels of access to data at either conceptual or logical levels
- Database Administration Language (DAL) allows the users to administer
database at either logical or physical levels

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Database Management Systems

All people of Database Management Systems
- System analyst
- Database designer
- Application developer
- Database administrator
- Security administrator
- End-user

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Database Mangement Systems

Advantages of Database Management Systems
- Control of data redundancy
- Control of data consistency
- Sharing of data
- Improved security
- Improved performance (not always)
- Increased productivity

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Database Management Systems

Disadvantages of Database Management Systems
- Complexity
- Size
- Running and maintenance costs
- Performance
- Incompatibilities between different systems
- High cost of failure

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References
C. Coronel, S. Morris, A. Basta, M. Zgola, Data Management and Security,
Chapter 1, Cengage Compose eBook, 2018, eBook: Data Management
and Security, 1st Edition
T. Connoly, C. Begg, Database Systems, A Practical Approach to Design,
Implementation, and Management, Chapter 1 Introduction to
Databases, Pearson Education Ltd, 2015

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