30/09/2021, 13:59 Object Data Model

CSIT115 Data Management and Security

Object Data Model

School of Computing and Information Technology -
University of Wollongong

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Object Data Model

Outline

Graphical Notations for Conceptual Modeling

(Simplified) Class of Objects
Association
Link Attribute
Association Class
Qualification
Generalization

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Graphical Notations for Conceptual Modeling

Entity-Relationship (ER) diagrams (1976)

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Graphical Notations for Conceptual Modeling

Object Modelling Technique (OMT) diagrams (1991)

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Graphical Notations for Conceptual Modeling

(Simplified) Unified Modelling Language (UML) Object Class diagrams
(1994)

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Graphical Notations for Conceptual Modeling

Object Role Modeling (ORM) diagrams

... and many, many, ... other graphical notations

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30/09/2021, 13:59 Object Data Model

Object Data Model

Outline

Graphical Notations for Conceptual Modeling

(Simplified) Class of Objects
Association
Link Attribute
Association Class
Qualification
Generalization

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(Simplified) Class of Objects

A database suppose to contain information about people

A rectangular box with a header and a name of class (PERSON) inside a

header represents a (simplified) class of objects
A person is described by a social security number, name, date of birth
and address

The names of attributes are listed within a rectangular box one name of
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attribute Created
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(Simplified) Class of Objects

A person has from one to five email addreses and zero or more phone
numbers

Multiplicity of attribute like [1..5] (from one to five), zero or more ([*]
or [0..*]), one or more ([1..*]), optional (zero or one, [0..1]), from
"m" to "n" ([m..n]) follows a name of attribute
Default multiplicity is "one" ([1])

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(Simplified) Class of Objects

A person is described by an optional country of origin and age (/ in front
of attribute name age denotes a derived attribute)

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(Simplified) Class of Objects

A person is identified by a social security number and independently by
a triple (name, date of birth, address)

A tag IDx following a name of attribute means, that an attribute is an

identifier
If the same tag (e.g. ID2) follows the names of several attributes then it
means that an identifier consists of several attributes
If an identifier consists of several attributes then it means, that each
object in a class is identified by a tuple of values of the attributes
An identifier which consists of several attributes is called as a composite
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(Simplified) Class of Objects

A vehicle is described by a registration number, manufacturer, model,
year when manufactured and optional fuel consumption
Each vehicle has a different registration number

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(Simplified) Class of Objects

Summary

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30/09/2021, 13:59 Object Data Model

Object Data Model

Outline

Graphical Notations for Conceptual Modeling

(Simplified) Class of Objects
Association
Link Attribute
Association Class
Qualification
Generalization

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Association
A person owns a vehicle

A solid line that connects two classes represents an association

A name above a line is an association name
An association name if followed (preceeded or located above or below)
by a small solid triangle, that represents a direction of interpretation of
an association

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Association
A vehicle has an owner

Locations of classes and associations in a diagram are immaterial

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Association
A person owns zero or more vehicles

A vehicle has one owner

Multiplicities of association are located at both ends of a line that

TOP
represents an association
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Association
One-to-one association
- A department has a manager
- A department has exactly one manager
- A person who is a manager manages exactly one department

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Association
One-to-many association
- A company employs an employee
- A company employes many employees
- An employee works for none or one company
- It is possible that a company has no (zero) employees

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Association
Many-to-many association
- A supplier supplies a part
- A supplier supplies zero or more parts
- A part is supplied by zero or more suppliers

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Association
Summary

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Association
More examples:
A team consists of 22 players
A player belongs to only one team

A game is played by 11players plus maximum 3 substitutes

A player participates in zero or more games

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30/09/2021, 13:59 Object Data Model

Object Data Model

Outline

Graphical Notations for Conceptual Modeling

(Simplified) Class of Objects
Association
Link Attribute
Association Class
Qualification
Generalization

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Link Attribute
A link attribute is an attribute that describes an association
A student enrols a subject

An enrolment is performed on a given day, it means, that an enrolment

is described by an enrolment date

A link attribute is graphically represented by a "class-like" rectangular

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box without a name of class in a header
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Link Attribute
Why an atribute enrolment-date must be a represented by a link
attribute ?
For example, what about an attribute enrolment-date describing a
class STUDENT ?

Such design is incorrect because information about which subject has

been enrolled by a student and on what date is missing
A student is associated with a set of enrolment-dates, however ...
... there is no link between the values of an attribute enrolment-date
and the objects in a class SUBJECT
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Link Attribute
So what about another option where an atribute enrolment-date
describes a class SUBJECT ?

Such design is also incorrect because information about who enrolled in

a subject and on what date is missing again
A subject is associated with a set of enrolment-dates, however ...
... there is no link between the values of an attribute enrolment-date
and the objects in a class STUDENT
Therefore, the only option for an attribute enrolment-date is to be a
link attribute that describes an asociation between a class STUDENT and
TOP
a class SUBJECT
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Link Attribute
If an attribute enrolment-date describes an association Enrols
between the classes STUDENT and SUBJECT then its values are like
labels attached to attached to the links between the objects from the
classes STUDENT and SUBJECT

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Link Attribute
Another example of link attribute
A supplier supplies a part

A shipment of a part is performed on a given day, it means, that a

shipment is described by an attribute shipment date
A shipment contains a given number of parts and it means, that a
shipment is also described by an attribute quantity

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30/09/2021, 13:59 Object Data Model

Object Data Model

Outline

Graphical Notations for Conceptual Modeling

(Simplified) Class of Objects
Association
Link Attribute
Association Class
Qualification
Generalization

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Association Class
An association class is a class that represents an association
A student enrols in a subject

An enrolment is performed on a given day, it means, that an enrolment

is described by an attribute enrolment-date

An association class ENROLMENT is graphically represented in the same

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way as a class of objects
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Association Class
What about an identifier of an association class ?
An association class may have its own identifiers, for example
enrolment-number in a class ENROLMENT
An association class that represents many-to-many association has a
default identifier that consists of identifiers of the classes from both
sides of association, for example a pair (snumber, code) in a class
ENROLMENT

There is no need to include a default identifier into a description of a

class of objects
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Association Class
Another example of association class
A supplier supplies a part
A shipment of a part is performed on a given day, it means, that a
shipment is described by an attribute shipment-date
A shipment contains a given number of parts, it means, that a shipment
is also described by an attribute quantity

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Association Class
What can we use association classes for ?
A shipment is delivered to a customer
An association Delivered-to connects the classes SHIPMENT and
CUSTOMER

In a general case, it is possible to create associations between

association classes and other classes of objects and between association
classes and association classes
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30/09/2021, 13:59 Object Data Model

Object Data Model

Outline

Graphical Notations for Conceptual Modeling

(Simplified) Class of Objects
Association
Link Attribute
Association Class
Qualification
Generalization

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Qualification
A building at a university campus is described by a unique number,
optional name and the total number of floors
A room is described by a number and area
A building consists of rooms

What is an identifier of a class ROOM ?

Identifier of a class ROOM is a composite identifier and it consists of the
attributes bnumber from a class BUILDING and rnumber from a class
ROOM
How do we represent composite identifiers that consist of attributes
from more than one class ?
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We use a Created
qualification !
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Qualification
A building at a university campus is described by a unique number,
optional name and the total number of floors. A room is described by a
number and area. A building consists of rooms

A qualification is represented by a rectangle with one or more attribute

names
In the example above a qualification means that in a given building there
is at most one room with a given number
It also means that an attribute rnumber is a local identifier in a class
ROOM, i.e. all rooms in a given building have different numbers
A pair of attributes (bnumber, rnumber) is a default identifier of a
class ROOM
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Qualification
More examples:
A bank account is located at a bank

A campus consists of buildings and buildings consist of rooms

A company is listed at stock exchange

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Qualification
Sometimes qualification is needed for many-to-many associations
For example, if we consider a pessimistic view of students who enrol in
subjects then sometimes a student must enrol in the same subject more
than one time (well, ... you know when it happens and why it is a
"pessimistic" view of reality)
Some time ago we created the following design

But, ... if enrolment is repeated several times then a pair of attributes

(snumber, code) is no longer an identifier of a class ENROLMENT !

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Qualification
If enrolment is repeated several times then an identifier of a class
ENROLMENT is a triple (snumber, code, enrolment-date)
How is this represented graphically ?
It is represented by a qualification of the middle part of the association
Enrols

Qualification of the middle part of many-to-many association means,

that an identifier of association class consists of an identifier of a class
on the left hand side of association, identifier of a class on the right hand
side of association, and qualification attribute(s)
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Qualification
A qualification of the middle part of many-to-many-association is
equivalent to the following two single-side qualifications of one-to-many
association and many-to-one association

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30/09/2021, 13:59 Object Data Model

Object Data Model

Outline

Graphical Notations for Conceptual Modeling

(Simplified) Class of Objects
Association
Link Attribute
Association Class
Qualification
Generalization

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Generalization
A generalization hierarchy represents Is-a-subset relation between the
classes of objects
A set of all undergraduate students is a subset of a set of students, it
means, that an undergraduate student IS-A student
A set of all postgraduate students is a subset of a set of students, it
means, that a postgraduate student IS-A student

A generalization hierarchy is built with arrows pointing from a subclass

TOPto a superclass
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Generalization
Another graphical notation for generalization hierarchy:
A car IS-A vehicle and a truck IS-A vehicle

To create a nice effect the arrows can be "joined" into a single arrow

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Entity-Relationship Modeling
Entity-Relationship Modeling is another graphical conceptual modeling
notation
It is presented in your texbook
Graphically it is very similar to Object Data Model
The following concepts from the notations are equivalent:
- Class of objects = Entity type
- Object = Entity instance
- Association = Relationship
- Identifier = Primary key or Candidate key
- Qualification = Weak entity type

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References
C. Coronel, S. Morris, A. Basta, M. Zgola, Data Management and Security,
Chapters 2, 3, and 4 Cengage Compose eBook, 2018, eBook: Data
Management and Security, 1st Edition
T. Connoly, C. Begg, Database Systems, A Practical Approach to Design,
Implementation, and Management, Chapter 12 Entity-Relationship
Modeling, Chapter 13.1 Specialization/Generalization, Pearson Education
Ltd, 2015

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