6(a) Define the term ‘relative molecular mass’.

Answer:
Relative molecular mass is the sum of the relative atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule,
compared to 1/12th the mass of a carbon-12 atom. (1 mark)

16(b) An organic compound has a relative molecular mass of 156. A mixture of

0.11 g of the organic compound and 1 g of solvent X depressed the melting point
of the compound by 28.2°C. Determine the freezing point depression constant
(KfK_fKf) for solvent X.

Answer:

The formula for freezing point depression is:

ΔTf=Kf×m\Delta T_f = K_f \times mΔTf=Kf×m

Where:

 ΔTf=28.2°C\Delta T_f = 28.2°CΔTf=28.2°C

 mmm is the molality of the solution, which can be calculated by:

m=moles of solutekg of solventm = \frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{kg of

solvent}}m=kg of solventmoles of solute

1. Calculate the moles of solute (organic compound):

Moles=0.11 g156 g/mol=0.000705 mol\text{Moles} = \frac{0.11 \, \text{g}}{156 \,

\text{g/mol}} = 0.000705 \, \text{mol}Moles=156g/mol0.11g=0.000705mol

2. Calculate the molality: Since the solvent is 1 g (or 0.001 kg),

m=0.000705 mol0.001 kg=0.705 mol/kgm = \frac{0.000705 \, \text{mol}}{0.001 \, \text{kg}} =

0.705 \, \text{mol/kg}m=0.001kg0.000705mol=0.705mol/kg

3. Calculate KfK_fKf: Rearrange the equation to solve for KfK_fKf:

Kf=ΔTfm=28.20.705=40.0 °C\cdotpkg/molK_f = \frac{\Delta T_f}{m} = \frac{28.2}{0.705} =

40.0 \, \text{°C·kg/mol}Kf=mΔTf=0.70528.2=40.0°C\cdotpkg/mol

Thus, the freezing point depression constant (KfK_fKf) for solvent X is 40.0 °C·kg/mol. (4
marks)
16(c) Table 1 shows data obtained during the determination of melting points of
varying amounts of compound Y in solvent X.

(i) Given that the melting point of pure camphor is 177°C, copy and complete the table for
values of freezing point depression.

Answer:
The freezing point depression (ΔTf\Delta T_fΔTf) is calculated by subtracting the melting point
of the mixture from the melting point of pure camphor (177°C).

Molarity (kg/1000g) Melting Point (°C) Freezing Point Depression ΔTf\Delta T_fΔTf (°C)
0.00 177.0 0.0
0.02 169.8 177.0 - 169.8 = 7.2
0.04 162.6 177.0 - 162.6 = 14.4
0.06 155.4 177.0 - 155.4 = 21.6
0.08 148.2 177.0 - 148.2 = 28.8
0.10 141.0 177.0 - 141.0 = 36.0

(6 marks)

(ii) Plot a graph of molality against freezing point depression.

Answer:
To plot the graph, use the values from the table above:

 X-axis: Molarity (kg/1000g)

 Y-axis: Freezing Point Depression ΔTf\Delta T_fΔTf (°C)

The graph should show a straight line, as freezing point depression is directly proportional to
molality.

(6 marks)

Let me know if you need assistance with graph plotting or further clarification on any of the
answers!

4o

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PROVIDE ANSWERS
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Here are the answers to the questions from the image:

9. 5 g of a food sample was completely burnt in a bomb calorimeter. The

temperature of the water in the calorimeter rose by 10°C. Determine the energy
content in the food sample in calories (Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2
J/g/K).

Answer:

The formula to calculate energy is:

q=mcΔTq = mc\Delta Tq=mcΔT

Where:

 qqq = heat energy (in joules),

 mmm = mass of water (assumed 1 g = 1 mL),
 ccc = specific heat capacity of water (4.2 J/g/°C),
 ΔT\Delta TΔT = change in temperature (10°C).

The energy in calories is calculated as follows:

1. Convert the specific heat capacity to calories (1 J = 0.239 cal):

c=4.2 J/g/°C×0.239=1 cal/g/°Cc = 4.2 \, \text{J/g/°C} \times 0.239 = 1 \,

\text{cal/g/°C}c=4.2J/g/°C×0.239=1cal/g/°C

2. Assuming the mass of water used is the same as the heat absorbed by 1 g of water:

q=mcΔT=1×1×10=10 caloriesq = mc\Delta T = 1 \times 1 \times 10 = 10 \, \

text{calories}q=mcΔT=1×1×10=10calories

Thus, the energy content of the food sample is 10 calories. (4 marks)

10(a). List any two chemical techniques that can be used to purify a mixture of
common salt and water.
Answer:

1. Evaporation – to remove water and obtain solid salt.

2. Distillation – to separate water from salt by boiling and condensation.
(2 marks)

10(b). List any two filtration techniques.

Answer:

1. Vacuum filtration – a faster method using suction to separate solids from liquids.
2. Gravity filtration – uses gravity to filter out solids from a liquid.
(2 marks)

11. Highlight four factors that influence the choice of a stationary phase in
column chromatography.

Answer:

1. Polarity of the stationary phase – must complement the polarity of the mobile phase for
effective separation.
2. Particle size of the stationary phase – smaller particles offer better separation but
slower flow rates.
3. Surface area – a larger surface area provides more interaction with the analyte,
improving separation.
4. Chemical inertness – the stationary phase should not react with the sample or mobile
phase. (4 marks)

12. Describe how a Lovibond comparator is used to estimate the concentration of

a coloured sample.

Answer: A Lovibond comparator is used by:

1. Placing a sample in a glass tube.

2. Comparing the colour intensity of the sample with a series of coloured glass standards.
3. Matching the closest standard to the sample colour.
4. The concentration is then read directly from the comparator corresponding to the matched
standard.
(4 marks)
13. Calculate the number of Faradays of electricity required to deposit 6.3 g of
copper at the cathode during electrolysis of molten copper (II) chloride (Cu =
63.5).

Answer:

1. Moles of copper (Cu):

Moles of Cu=MassMolar mass=6.3 g63.5 g/mol=0.0992 mol\text{Moles of Cu} = \frac{\

text{Mass}}{\text{Molar mass}} = \frac{6.3 \, \text{g}}{63.5 \, \text{g/mol}} =
0.0992 \, \text{mol}Moles of Cu=Molar massMass=63.5g/mol6.3g=0.0992mol

2. Copper requires 2 moles of electrons (since Cu2++2e−→Cu\text{Cu}^{2+} + 2e^- \to \

text{Cu}Cu2++2e−→Cu).
3. Faradays of electricity required:

Faradays=0.0992 mol Cu×2=0.1984 Faradays\text{Faradays} = 0.0992 \, \text{mol Cu} \

times 2 = 0.1984 \, \text{Faradays}Faradays=0.0992mol Cu×2=0.1984Faradays

Thus, 0.1984 Faradays are required. (4 marks)

14. Determine the standard reduction potential for the Cd(aq)2+∣Cd(s)\

text{Cd}^{2+}_{(aq)}|\text{Cd}_{(s)}Cd(aq)2+∣Cd(s) electrode given the
following information:

Answer:
To solve this question, the exact values for standard reduction potentials would typically be
provided. Without the exact details from the text, I can guide you on how to approach it:

1. Write the half-reactions for Cd2+\text{Cd}^{2+}Cd2+ and any other species involved.
2. Use the standard reduction potentials from a reference table to calculate the overall
potential based on the reaction equation.