Lecture 6 Inverse Trigonometric Functions Sections 1.5,3.

■ Inverse Trigonometric Functions

When we try to find the inverse trigonometric functions, we have a slight difficulty: because the trigonometric
functions are not one-to-one, they don’t have inverse functions. The difficulty is overcome by restricting the
domains of these functions so that they become one-to-one.

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Lecture 6 Inverse Trigonometric Functions Sections 1.5,3.6

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Lecture 6 Inverse Trigonometric Functions Sections 1.5,3.6

𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥, −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞,

The graph of y = tan x The graph of y = tan-1 x
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 (− , ) , 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 (−∞, ∞) 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 (−∞, ∞), 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 (− , )
2 2 2 2

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Lecture 6 Inverse Trigonometric Functions Sections 1.5,3.6

Practice Problems
1 −√3
1- Find 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 0, 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 , 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 ,
√2 2

2- Find tan(sin−1(2/3)).

Solution
2 2
From graph, if 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 = 3 , then 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼 =
√5

3- Find (if possible): sin(sin−1 (/4)), sin−1(sin ), cos(cos−1 (3/2)), cos−1(cos )
𝜋
4- Show that for all 𝑥 ∈ [−1,1], sin−1 𝑥 + cos−1 𝑥 = .
2

Solution
𝜋
From graph if 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 = 𝑥, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 2

5- Show: For all 𝑥 ∈ [−1,1], cos−1 𝑥 + cos−1(−𝑥) = 𝜋

Solution

𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 → 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 = 𝑥,
𝑖𝑓 𝜃 = 𝜋 − 𝛼, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = cos(𝜋 − 𝛼) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 = −𝑥
Then 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (−𝑥) = 𝜃, 𝛼 + 𝜃 = 𝜋
Or cos −1 𝑥 + cos−1(−𝑥) = 𝜋

𝑥
6- Find 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1, 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 √3, sec (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ), lim 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥
3 𝑥→∞
𝜋
7- Show that tan−1 𝑥 + cot −1 𝑥 = 2
𝑥
8- Find sec (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 3)

Solution
𝑥 𝑥
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 3 → tan 𝜃 = = 3.
Then from the triangle
√𝑥 2 +3
𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ = 3

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Lecture 6 Inverse Trigonometric Functions Sections 1.5,3.6

Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

The origin of the name arc

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Lecture 6 Inverse Trigonometric Functions Sections 1.5,3.6

Practice Problem
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
1- Prove that a) 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 = b) 𝑑𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 = 1+𝑥2
√1−𝑥 2

Solution

𝑑 1 1/2 1
2- 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑎) 𝑑𝑥 (cos−1 𝑥) 𝑏) ∫−1/2 𝑑𝑥
√1−𝑥 2

𝑑 tan−1 𝑥 1 𝑥2
3- 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑎) 𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑥
) 𝑏) ∫−1 𝑥 2 +1 𝑑𝑥

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Lecture 6 Inverse Trigonometric Functions Sections 1.5,3.6

■ Hyperbolic Functions and their Derivatives

Certain combinations of the exponential functions ex and e2x arise so frequently in mathematics and its applications
that they deserve to be given special names. In many ways they are analogous to the trigonometric functions, and they
have the same relationship to the hyperbola that the trigonometric functions have to the circle. For this reason they are
collectively called hyperbolic functions and individually called hyperbolic sine, hyperbolic cosine, and so on.

Definition of the Hyperbolic Functions

Practice Problem
Use the definition to prove the first and last identities.

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Lecture 6 Inverse Trigonometric Functions Sections 1.5,3.6

EXAMPLE 1
Prove (a) cosh2x - sinh2x = 1 and (b) 1- tanh2x =sech2x.
Solution

Circular versus Hyperbolic Functions

Derivatives of the Hyperbolic Functions

The derivatives of the hyperbolic functions are easily computed from definition. For example,

𝑑 𝑑 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 ( ) = = 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 2

𝑑 𝑑 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
(𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 ( ) = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥,
𝑑𝑥 2 2

and so on.

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Lecture 6 Inverse Trigonometric Functions Sections 1.5,3.6

EXAMPLE 2
𝑑𝑦
If 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ √𝑥 find
𝑑𝑥
Solution
Using the definition with the chain rule,

Inverse Hyperbolic Functions and Their Derivatives

You can see from Figures 1 and 3 that sinh and tanh are one-to-one functions and so they have inverse functions
denoted by sinh-1 and tanh-1. Figure 2 shows that cosh is not one to-one, but if we restrict the domain to the interval
[0, ∞), then the function y = cosh x is one-to-one and attains all the values in its range[1, ∞). The inverse hyperbolic
cosine function is defined as the inverse of this restricted function.

The remaining inverse hyperbolic functions are defined similarly. We sketch the graphs of sinh -1, cosh-1, and tanh-1
in Figures 8, 9, and 10 by referring to Figures 1, 2, and 3.

Since the hyperbolic functions are defined in terms of exponential functions, it’s not surprising to learn that the inverse
hyperbolic functions can be expressed in terms of logarithms. In particular, we have:

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Lecture 6 Inverse Trigonometric Functions Sections 1.5,3.6

EXAMPLE 3

Solution
Let y = sinh-1x. Then

Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

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Lecture 6 Inverse Trigonometric Functions Sections 1.5,3.6

EXAMPLE 4

Solutin1
Let y = sinh-1x. Then sinh y = x. If we differentiate this equation implicitly with respect to x, we get,

EXAMPLE 5

Solution
Using Table 6 and the Chain Rule, we have

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