1OX22MC068 RAINFALL ANALYSIS

ABSTRACT

This mini-project focuses on analyzing the rainfall data of Cherrapunji spanning from
1923 to 2021 using Python. Cherrapunji, located in Meghalaya, India, is renowned
for its exceptionally high rainfall. The project involves processing the rainfall data,
conducting statistical analysis, visualizing trends, and drawing meaningful
conclusions about the rainfall patterns over nearly a century. Concise summary of the
project goals, methodology, and findings.Key insights and implications of the
analysis. Cherrapunji, located in the state of Meghalaya, India, holds a remarkable
place in meteorological records for its extraordinarily high rainfall. This region has
long been known for its unique climatic conditions, which result in some of the
highest annual precipitation levels on Earth. Understanding the historical rainfall
patterns in Cherrapunji is crucial for various sectors, including agriculture,
infrastructure planning, and environmental conservation. This mini-project aims to
delve into the rainfall data spanning nearly a century, from 1923 to 2021, utilizing
Python for data analysis.

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1OX22MC068 RAINFALL ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION

Cherrapunji holds the record for the highest average annual rainfall on Earth. Understanding its
rainfall patterns is crucial for various purposes, including agriculture, infrastructure planning, and
environmental studies. This project endeavors to explore the historical rainfall data to uncover
trends and patterns that could provide valuable insights into the region's climate
dynamics.Introduction to Cherrapunji and its significance in meteorological records.Importance of
analyzing historical rainfall data for understanding climate dynamics.Overview of the project
objectives and structure.In this mini-project, we embark on a journey to explore and analyze the
rainfall data of Cherrapunji from 1923 to 2021. Our primary objective is to uncover insights into
the precipitation trends of this region, identify patterns, and understand the implications of these
patterns over time. Through data analysis and visualization techniques, we aim to gain a deeper
understanding of the climatic dynamics of Cherrapunji and provide valuable insights for various
stakeholders Rainfall analysis involves examining historical rainfall data to identify patterns, trends,
and anomalies. This mini-project aims to analyze a dataset containing rainfall measurements over
a period of time. The dataset may include information such as the date of measurement, location,
and amount of rainfall. You can use publicly available rainfall datasets or generate synthetic data
for this project. The dataset should include relevant information such as date, location, and rainfall
measurements. You can use publicly available rainfall datasets or generate synthetic data for this
project. The dataset should include relevant information such as date, location, and rainfall
measurements. Steps:

1)Data Loading: Load the dataset into Python using Pandas.

2)Data Exploration: Explore the dataset by checking its dimensions, data types, and summary
statistics. This step helps in understanding the structure and contents of the data.

3)Data Cleaning: Handle missing or inconsistent values in the dataset. This may involve
imputation, removal of outliers, or other data preprocessing techniques.

4)Data Analysis: Analyze the dataset to identify patterns, trends, and anomalies. Calculate
descriptive statistics, such as mean rainfall, maximum rainfall, minimum rainfall, etc. Explore
temporal patterns (e.g., seasonal variations) and spatial patterns (e.g., regional differences).

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1OX22MC068 RAINFALL ANALYSIS

5)Data Visualization: Visualize the data using plots and charts to gain insights. Create time series
plots, histograms, box plots, scatter plots, etc., to visualize different aspects of the data.

6)Summary and Conclusion: Summarize the findings from the analysis. Draw conclusions based
on the observed patterns and trends. Discuss any insights or implications of the analysis.

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1OX22MC068 RAINFALL ANALYSIS

REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

The project requires historical rainfall data for Cherrapunji spanning from 1923
to 2021. Python programming language will be utilized for data processing,
analysis, and visualization. Libraries such as Pandas, Matplotlib, and NumPy will
be employed for data manipulation, plotting, and statistical analysis.With a clear
understanding of the literature and research landscape, we proceed to acquire the
historical rainfall data for Cherrapunji spanning from 1923 to 2021. This data is
then preprocessed to handle any anomalies, missing values, or inconsistencies,
ensuring the integrity and reliability of our analysis. Once the data is cleaned and
formatted appropriately, we move on to the analysis .

1.Data Source: Identify or create a dataset containing historical rainfall data. Ensure the
dataset includes relevant information such as date, location, and rainfall measurements.
The dataset should be in a structured format such as CSV, Excel, or a database.

2. Data Loading: Develop functionality to load the dataset into Python. Utilize libraries
like Pandas to handle data loading and manipulation. Implement error handling to deal
with invalid or missing datasets.

3. Data Exploration: Display the dimensions of the dataset (number of rows and
columns). Examine the data types of each column to understand the structure. Calculate
summary statistics (mean, median, standard deviation, etc.) for numerical columns.
Identify unique values and frequency distributions for categorical columns. Visualize
basic statistics and distributions using histograms, box plots, etc.

4. Data Cleaning: Handle missing or invalid values in the dataset. Implement techniques
such as imputation, removal of outliers, or interpolation. Ensure consistency in data
formats and units. Document any modifications made to the dataset for transparency.

5. Data Analysis: Calculate descriptive statistics for rainfall measurements (e.g., mean,
median, maximum, minimum). Analyze temporal patterns by aggregating rainfall data
over time (e.g., daily, monthly, yearly). Explore spatial patterns by comparing rainfall

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1OX22MC068 RAINFALL ANALYSIS

across different locations or regions. Detect trends or anomalies in the data using
statistical methods or machine learning algorithms. Perform correlation analysis to
identify relationships between rainfall and other variables (e.g., temperature, humidity).

6. Data Visualization: Create visualizations to present analysis results effectively.

Generate time series plots to visualize temporal trends in rainfall. Plot histograms or
density plots to show the distribution of rainfall measurements. Use heatmaps or
choropleth maps to visualize spatial variations in rainfall. Customize plots with
appropriate labels, titles, and legends for clarity. Consider interactive visualization tools
for exploring data dynamically.

7. Documentation and Reporting: Document the code with clear comments and
docstrings to improve readability. Provide an overview of the project objectives,
methods, and findings. Include visualizations and summary statistics in the project
report. Discuss any challenges faced during the analysis and how they were addressed.
Draw conclusions based on the analysis results and suggest areas for further research.

8. User Interface (Optional): Develop a user-friendly interface for interacting with the
rainfall analysis tool. Allow users to upload their own datasets or select predefined
datasets. Provide options for customizing analysis parameters and visualizations.
Incorporate features for saving analysis results or exporting plots.

9. Testing and Validation: Test the functionality of the rainfall analysis tool with
sample datasets. Validate the accuracy of analysis results against known benchmarks or
ground truth data. Handle edge cases and error scenarios gracefully to ensure robustness.
Solicit feedback from users or stakeholders to improve the tool's usability and
performance.

10. Deployment: Package the rainfall analysis tool into a standalone application or
library. Provide clear instructions for installing and using the tool. Consider hosting the
tool on a web platform or cloud service for broader accessibility. Monitor usage metrics
and address any issues or bugs reported by.

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1OX22MC068 RAINFALL ANALYSIS

LITERATURE SURVEY

Prior studies on Cherrapunji's rainfall have documented its significance and

variations over time. Various research papers and articles explore factors influencing
Cherrapunji's rainfall, such as monsoon dynamics, topography, and climate change.
This project aims to contribute to the existing body of knowledge by providing a
comprehensive analysis of the historical rainfall data.Review of existing literature on
Cherrapunji's rainfall patterns Insights from previous studies regarding factors
influencing rainfall.Summary of methodologies and findings from relevant research
papers. To achieve our objectives, we begin by conducting a thorough literature
review to understand the existing research on Cherrapunji's rainfall patterns. This
literature review serves as the foundation for our analysis, providing insights into
factors influencing rainfall, historical trends, and methodologies employed in
previous studies. By building upon the existing body of knowledge, we aim to
contribute new insights and perspectives to the field of climatology. Discuss the
importance of rainfall analysis in various fields such as agriculture, hydrology, and
climate science. Review key concepts and terminology related to rainfall
measurement, including rainfall intensity, frequency, and duration. Summarize
traditional methods for collecting and analyzing rainfall data, such as rain gauges and
weather stations. Explore modern techniques for remote sensing of rainfall using
satellites, radar, and other technologies. Review statistical methods and models
commonly used for analyzing rainfall data, including time series analysis, regression
analysis, and spatial interpolation techniques. Discuss the advantages of using Python
for data analysis and scientific computing. Review popular Python libraries for data
manipulation and analysis, such as Pandas, NumPy, and SciPy. Explore data
visualization libraries like Matplotlib, Seaborn, and Plotly for creating informative
plots and charts. Survey existing Python packages and tools for rainfall analysis, such
as pandas, numpy, matplotlib, and seaborn. Review research papers, tutorials, and
blog posts related to rainfall analysis in Python. Identify relevant case studies projects
that demonstrate the application of Python for rainfall analysis. Identify gaps or
limitations in existing approaches to rainfall analysis. Discuss challenges and

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1OX22MC068 RAINFALL ANALYSIS

obstacles faced in implementing rainfall analysis techniques using Python. Highlight

areas for future research and development to address these gaps and challenges.
Present case studies or real-world applications where Python has been used for
rainfall analysis. Discuss the methodologies, datasets, and results of these case
studies. Explore potential applications of rainfall analysis in areas such as climate
change research, flood prediction, and agricultural planning. Summarize key findings
from the literature survey. Provide recommendations for researchers or practitioners
interested in conducting rainfall analysis using Python. Suggest future directions for
research and development in the field of rainfall analysis. Provide a list of references
cited in the literature survey, including research papers, articles, books, and online
resources. Follow a consistent citation format (e.g., APA, IEEE) for all references.
Discuss the methodologies, datasets, and results of these case studies. Explore
potential applications of rainfall analysis in areas such as climate change research,
flood prediction, and agricultural planning. Summarize key findings from the
literature survey. Provide recommendations for researchers or practitioners interested
in conducting rainfall analysis using Python. Suggest future directions for research
and development in the field of rainfall analysis.

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1OX22MC068 RAINFALL ANALYSIS

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

Hardware:

• Personal computer or laptop

• Sufficient RAM for data processing Software:

• Python programming environment (e.g., Anaconda)

• Python libraries: Pandas, Matplotlib, NumPy

• Overview of data sources and formats.

• Steps involved in loading and preprocessing the rainfall data.

• Handling missing values, outliers, and formatting issues.

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1OX22MC068 RAINFALL ANALYSIS

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

1.Data Acquisition: Obtain historical rainfall data for Cherrapunji from reliable
sources.

2.Data Preprocessing: Cleanse the data, handle missing values, and format it
for analysis.

3.Statistical Analysis: Calculate descriptive statistics, including mean,

median, variance, and standard deviation.

4.Visualization: Plot time series graphs, histograms, and other relevant

visualizations to illustrate rainfall patterns.

5.Trend Analysis: Apply statistical techniques to identify long-term variations.

6.Correlation Analysis: Explore correlations between rainfall temperature

humidity, etc.

In the analysis phase, we employ various statistical techniques to analyze the

rainfall data, including calculating descriptive statistics such as mean, median,
variance, and standard deviation. Additionally, we utilize time series analysis to
visualize annual rainfall trends and identify any long-term patterns or anomalies.
Seasonal decomposition analysis is also performed to understand the seasonal
variations in rainfall over the years.Furthermore, we explore correlations between
rainfall and other meteorological variables if available, to gain insights into the
complex interactions within the climate system of Cherrapunji. Through
visualizations and statistical analyses, we aim to uncover hidden trends
relationships within the data, providing valuable insights into the climatic
dynamics of this region.

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1OX22MC068 RAINFALL ANALYSIS

IMPLEMENTATION

import pandas as pd import numpy as np import

matplotlib.pyplot as plt import seaborn as
sns file_path =
"CherrapunjiRainFall.xlsx" df
= pd.read_excel(file_path) df
df.info() df.isnull().sum()
df.isnull().sum().sum() df.shape
df.head(3) jan_mean =
df.Jan.mean() feb_mean =
df.Feb.mean() mar_mean =
df.Mar.mean() apr_mean =
df.Apr.mean() may_mean =
df.May.mean() jun_mean =
df.Jun.mean() jul_mean =
df.Jul.mean() aug_mean =
df.Aug.mean() sep_mean =
df.Sep.mean() oct_mean =
df.Oct.mean() nov_mean =
df.Nov.mean()
dec_mean = df.Dec.mean() df.Jan.fillna(jan_mean, inplace=True)
df.Feb.fillna(feb_mean, inplace=True) df.Mar.fillna(mar_mean,
inplace=True) df.Apr.fillna(apr_mean, inplace=True)
df.May.fillna(may_mean, inplace=True) df.Jun.fillna(jun_mean,
inplace=True) df.Jul.fillna(jul_mean, inplace=True)
df.Aug.fillna(aug_mean, inplace=True) df.Sep.fillna(sep_mean,
inplace=True) df.Oct.fillna(oct_mean, inplace=True)
df.Nov.fillna(nov_mean, inplace=True) df.Dec.fillna(dec_mean,
inplace=True) df.isnull().sum().sum() df['Jan'].describe()

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1OX22MC068 RAINFALL ANALYSIS

df.plot(x='Year', y='Jan', figsize=(15,6)) plt.grid()

df.iloc[0:10].plot(x='Year', y='Jan',
figsize=(15,6)) plt.grid() df['Feb'].describe()
df.plot(x='Year', y='Feb', figsize=(15,6))
plt.hlines(y=df.Feb.mean(), xmin=1924,
xmax=2021) plt.grid()
df['Apr'].describe() df.plot(x='Year', y='Apr', figsize=(15,6))
plt.hlines(y=df.Apr.mean(), xmin=1924, xmax=2021) plt.grid()
df.plot(x='Year', y='May', figsize=(15,6)) plt.hlines(y=df.May.mean(), xmin=1924,
xmax=2021) plt.grid()
df.plot(x='Year', y='Jun', figsize=(15,6)) plt.hlines(y=df.Jun.mean(), xmin=1924,
xmax=2021) plt.grid()
plt.figure(figsize=(15,10)) sns.heatmap(df.corr(), annot=True)
df[['Jul','Sep','Oct']].corr() sns.scatterplot(x='Jul', y='Sep',
data=df) sns.lmplot(x='Jul', y='Sep', data=df)
sns.lmplot(x='Jul', y='Oct', data=df) sns.lmplot(x='Sep',
y='Oct', data=df) sns.lmplot(x='Dec', y='Feb', data=df) df.Jan
df['Jan_MA'] = df.Jan.rolling(window=2).mean() df[['Year',
'Jan','Jan_MA']] plt.figure(figsize=(15,6)) plt.plot('Year','Jan',
data=df,
label='Actual') plt.plot('Year','Jan_MA', data=df, label='MA')
plt.legend() plt.grid() df['Jan_MA3']
= df.Jan.rolling(window=3).mean() df['Jan_MA6']
= df.Jan.rolling(window=6).mean()
plt.figure(figsize=(15,6)) plt.plot('Year','Jan',
data=df,
label='Actual') plt.plot('Year','Jan_MA6', data=df, label='MA3')
plt.legend() plt.grid() df[['Year',
'Jan','Jan_MA']] df['Errors'] = df['Jan'] -
df['Jan_MA'] df['Errors'].plot()
plt.hlines(0,xmin=0, xmax=100,

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1OX22MC068 RAINFALL ANALYSIS

TESTING

1)SCREENSHOTS
This table displays yearly rainfall data for Cherrapunji (1923-2020) across different months.

Yea Fe
Jan Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov
Dec r b
192 1234.
0 0.0 1308. 50.0 822.2 32240. 21511. 924.3 10041. 98.3 4.6 0.0
3 4

192 2914. 3601. 1795. 1500. 191. 356.

1 9.4 23.1 7.9 881.1 599.4 0.0
4 6 2 5 1 5 4

192 174. 2067. 1349. 1873. 1502. 1083. 149.

2 17. 0 41.1 847.6 11.7 0.0
5 2 6 0 8 4 1 1

192 191. 3117. 2979. 1285. 833.9 675. 243.

3 26. 2 22.9 359.9 448.3 1.5
6 5 3 4 7 6 8

192 2921. 1972. 1321. 2525. 719.

4 41. 9 30.2 42.4 958.8 521.2 41.1 0.0
7 5 3 8 0 1

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

201 597. 1884. 2339. 1948. 2093. 1252. 807.

94 0.0 4806. 569.6 17.6 51.0
7 7 8 5 2 0 1 8
95 2018 0.0 21.2 1142. 342.1 981.8 15913. 20536. 11913. 957.0 1528. 5.2 14.4
201 1262. 2196. 2946. 1184. 655.
96 0.0 48.8 40.1 360.3 881.4 25.4 4.0
9 9 2 3 4 2

202 1866. 3236. 3811. 1398. 2438. 687.

97 30. 2 41.0 27.2 428.6 29.2 0.0
0 1 9 0 5 5 1

202 160. 2471. 306.

98 12. 2 5.0 811.3 25466. 12117. 226.3 0.0 7.8
1 8 342.6 6 0
99 rows × 13 columns

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1OX22MC068 RAINFALL ANALYSIS

Plotting January data over years with grid for clarity.

Plotting January data for first 10 years with grid

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Plotting February data with mean line and grid for clarity.

Plotting April data with mean line and grid for clarity.

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1OX22MC068 RAINFALL ANALYSIS

Visualizing correlations between variables using heatmap with annotations.

Scatterplot showing relationship between July and September data.

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Linear regression plot illustrating correlation between July and October.

Calculating 2-month moving average for January and displaying

Year Jan Jan_MA

0 1923 0.0 NaN

1 1924 9.4 4.70

2 1925 17.0 13.20

3 1926 26.2 21.60

4 1927 41.9 34.05

... ... ... ...

94 2017 0.0 10.55

95 2018 0.0 0.00

96 2019 0.0 0.00

97 2020 30.2 15.10

98 2021 12.2 21.20

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1OX22MC068 RAINFALL ANALYSIS

Plotting January actual data against its 2-month moving average.

Plotting January actual data against its 6-month moving average.

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Plotting errors between January and its 2-month moving average.

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CONCLUSION

Through this project, we gain insights into the rainfall patterns of Cherrapunji over
nearly a century. The analysis reveals long-term trends, seasonal variations, and
potential correlations with external factors. Understanding these patterns is crucial for
various stakeholders, including policymakers, researchers, and local communities, to
make informed decisions regarding water resource management, agriculture, and
disaster preparedness in the region.
•Summary of key findings from the analysis.

•Implications of the results for agriculture, water resource management, and

environmental studies.
•Suggestions for future research and improvements in data analysis methodologies.

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