Welded.

SteelTanks for
Oil Storage

Downstream Segment

API STANDARD650
TENTHEDITION,NOVEMBER1998

A D D E N D U M1 , JA N U A R Y2 OOO
ADDENDUM2, NOVEMBER2OO-I
A D D E N D U M3 , S E P T E MB E R2OO3

4 American
Petroleum
Institute

Helping You
Get The Job
Done RightY
 Sra4iafrTesl\
Eniwtat Pars$is

A P I E N V I R O N M E N T A L ,H E A L T H A N D S A F E W M I S S I O N
a F Iocu iolNG PRINcIPLES
Tbe members of ah" e^..i."r, Petrolermr Instinre ae dedicated to condnucus efforts to
r.be environntent while economically
improve rhe comparibility of our opcratioos *ith
and supplying bigb qualiq'producs and senices to consum-
dcveloping enelgy *t*r**
q'ork wirh the public, rhe goverDment- and others to
ers. 11e recognize our rcsponsiUiUtyii
sound manaer wbiJe protectiag
devclop and ro r* o"ai resourccs ia an enriro.mentally
public To meet these responsibilities' API
tre hcalh and safecy of our employeas and tlre
businesses according to the following principles using
members pledge to manage our
scund science io prioritizekks and to implement cosr-cffective management practices:

ahut our rarv materials, prod-

r To recognize and to re^1oond1s sommu-uity coaccnrs
ocrs and oPerations
materials :'nd products in a
o To operate our plants and facilicies, and to bandle our raw
and tbe safery and healt'h of our employees
rDanner that prctects tbe envimnment,
aad the public-
a prioriry i:r our planning,
r To malie safcfy, hcalth and environmenal considerations
aad our development ofnew producs and processcs'

rToadvisegmmprly,apgropriateofficials,eaployees'customersa-ndthepublicof
informatioa oo Sgh-"t iod*tty-."1.,"d safcty, bcalrh and enr-ironmental hazards'
and to recommend protcctive measures'
rTocotmselcrrgomers,traDsPorteNandorhcrsinthesafeuse'ransportationanddis.
posal of our raw materials' groducts and waste materials'
and to consen-e those
o To econooically deveiop and produce naanral rcsources
rasources by using energy effciently'
on tie.safery' health. and
o To extend knowledge by conduai:rg or zupponiag rcsearch
environmenaleffectsofourawmaterials,products'Processesancl*'astematenals'
e To co mit to reduce overall emissions and waste generation'
rToworkrrrirhotberstoreso]veproblemrcrearedbyhandlrnganddisposalofhazard-
ous substances irom otrr opcrations'
la'-vs' regulations
r To participate ,*-ith governslent and others i-n clearing responsible
qqmmuairy' r"'odcplace and environment-
ald standards to saleguard the
and ofrering assis-
r To promote ttrcsc principlas and practices by sharing experiences
dispose of simi}ar rew materi-
€nce to ettp6 *tro ptodu""' handle, use' transport or
als, petroler..:urproducts and wastes'
 SPECIAL NOTES

API Publications necess:.ily'address problenrsof a Seneralnarure.\\/ith respectto panic-

ular circumstances, locd, gate. :rnd federalla*.s and rcsulationsshouldbe re'ie,,r.ed.
API is not undertakingto meet the duties of emplo5'ers,manufacrurers,or suppliersro
u'am and properly rrain and equip their emplol,ees,and othensexposed,concerninghealh
and saferyrisks and-precautiontnor undertaliingtheir obligadonsunderlocal, stare,or fed-
eral lar*,s.
Information conceming safet;-and health risks and proper precautions*'ith respecrto par-
ticular materialsand conditionsshould be obtainedfrom rhe emptoyeqrhe manufactureror
supplier of that material, or the marcrial safety dau sheet.
Nothing contained in any API publication is to be constn:ed as -erandngany right, by'
implication or otherwise,for ttre manufacture,sale,or usd of any'method, apparatus,or prod-
uct coveredby lenerspatent.Neither should anlthing containedin the pubticationbe con-
strued as insuring anyoneagainsrliabiiity for infringement of leners parenr.
This publicarion wil.l no longer be in effect five yeas after irs publicaciondate as an oper-
adveAPI s.andardor, where an extension has been granted, upon republicarion-Starusof rhe
publication can bi ascenainedfrom the API StandardsDeparrnrnent [telephone(202) 682-
80001.A catalog of API publicarions and materials is published annually and updaredquar-
terly by API, 1220 L Stect, N.W- Washingron,D.C. 20005.
This document was produced tmder API standardizationproceduresrhat ensureappropri-
ate notification and participation in the developmental processand is designaredas an API
standard. Questions conccming rhe interpretation of the content of rhis standard or com-
ments and questions conceming the procedures under which ihis standard was developed
should be directed in writing to the director, Sandards Departrnenr,American Peftoleum
Institute, 1220 L Street,N.w., \vashington, D-c. 20oo5, [email protected] for
permissionto reproduceor translateall or any pan of the materialpublishedhereinshouldbe
addressedto the publicarionsmanagerat [email protected].
API sandardsare publishedto facilitatethe broadar:ailabilicyof proven,soundensineer-
ing and operatingpractices.These sandardsare not inrendedto obviaterhe need for apply-
ing sound engineeringjudgment regarding when and where these standardsshould be
utilized. The formulation and publication of API standardsis not inrendedin any !\,ay ro
inhibit anyonefrom usingany other practices.
Any manufacturermarking equipment or materia-lsin conformanceq.ith the marking
requirementsof an API standardis solely responsiblefor complying uirh all the applicable
requirementsof that srandard.API doesnot represent,*'arrant,or guamnteethat such prod-
ucts do in fact conform ro rhe applicableAPI standard.

AII righrs reserv'ed.No pan of this vorkntny be reproQuced,srored itL a rerrieva/ e,.stenr,or
transmined b.van,rtnrcans, elecrronic, nrccltanical, pl+crocopling, recording, or othenu.ise.
*'ithour prior wrinen pennissionfrom rlte publisher Conract rite Publisher
A P I Publishing Services, 1220 L Srre er, N.*t, lVasltinqton, D. C. 20005.
Copyright@ 199& 1000,20O1,20Oi-Lmaican PetroleumInstiiuie
 NOTICE

INSTRUCTIONS F O R S U B M I T T I N GA P R O P O S E DR E V I S I O NT O
T H I S S T A N D A R DU N D E R C O N T I N U O U SM A I N T E N A N C E

This standardis nrainained under conrinuousmaintenanceproceduresby,r-lreAnrerican

PetroleumInstitutefor r+'hicht,heStandardsDeparunenr.Theseproceduresestablisha docu-
mentedprogramfor regular publicarionof addendaor revisions,including rinrely and docu-
mentedconsensusaction on requestsfor revisions to an), pa.t of the standard.Proposed
revisionsshall be submined to the Director, StandardsDepanment, Anrerican Petroleum
Instirute,1220L Street,N\'. Washingron,D.C. 20005-4070,[email protected].
 FOREWORD

This snndard is based on dre accunrularedknou,led,ecand e_rperienceof purchasersand

ntanufacrurers of welded sreel oil storage tanks of various siz:s and capacities for intemal
pressures not nlore than ?l/l pounds per square inch *rauge. This standard is meant to be a
purchase specification to facilirate rhe manufacrure and procurenrent of slorage tanks for the
petroleum industry. -
If the tanls are purchased in accordance *.ith this srandard- rhe purchaser is required to
sgtecify cenain basic requircmens. The purchaser ma), want ro modify, delete, or amplify
sections of this standard, but reference to this srandard shalt nor be made on the nanreplares
of or on the manufacturer-s cerrification for tanls rhat do nor fulfill rhe minimum require-
ments of this standard or that exceed is limiations. It is srongly recommended that any
modificarions, deletions, or amplifications be made by supplementing this standard rather
than by reuriting or incorporating sections of it into another complete sundard.
The design rules given in this standard are minimum requirements. N{ore stringent design
rules specified by the purchaser or fumished by the manufacturer are accepable when muru-
ally agreed upon by the pr.rrchaser and the manufacnrrer. This standard is not to be inter-
preted as approving, recommending, or endorsing any specific design or as limiting the
method of design or consrucdon. 00
This standard is not intended to cover storaqe lanks tiat are to be erected in areas subject
to reguladons more stringeot than rhe specifications in this srendard. When rhis standard is
specified for such tanks, it shou.ld be follo'*'ed insofar as it does nor conflict with local
requirements.
After revisions to this standard have been issued, they ma1;be applied to tanlcs that are
to be compieted after tJre date of issue. The tank nameplate shall srare the date of the edi-
tion of the standard'and any rerision to that edition to which the tank has been designed
and consructed.
Each edition, revision, or addenda to this API standard ma1' be used beginning with the
date of iss.rance shown on the cover page for thar edirion, revision, or addenda. Each edition,
revi5ien, or addenda to rhis -{PI *andard becomes effective six months after dre date of issu-
ance for equipment that is cenified as being rerated, reconstrucred, relocate4 repaired, mod-
ified (altered), inspected and tested per this srandard- Durin_e rtre six-month rime between
the date ofissuance ofthe edidon, revision, or addenda and the effective date, the purchaser
and manufacrurershall sircify to * hich edition, revision, or addenda rhe equipment is to be
rerated, reconstmcted, relocared- repaired, modified (altered), inspected, and rested.
API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Ev'ery effon has been made by
the lnstirute to assurethe accuracy and reliabiliry of rhe data conained in them; however,the
Institute makes no represenr.Lion.\\'3rranty,or guaranteein connection *ith t}tis publicetion
and hereby expressly disclaims any liabitity or responsibility tor loss or da-mageresulting
from ia useortbrthe violadon of any federal, state,ormunicipal reguladon wirh rvhich rhis
publication mey conflicr-
[Para_rraphdeleted.] 03
Suggesredrevisionsare inrited and should be submined to the American Perroleum Insti-
rute, l2?0 L Street,N.\\r., \\ashinsron. D.C. 20005. [email protected]_
 I M P O R T A N TI N F O R M A T I O NC O N C E R N I N GU S E O F A S B E S T O S
OR ALTERNATIVE M ATERIALS

Asbestosis specitledor refercncedfor cenainconrponents oi r-heequrpnrenr descnbedin

sonleAPIstandards. It hasbeenof extrenreusefulness in minimizinefire hrzardsassociated
x'ith petroleumprocessing.It has also been a universalsealinSnrarerial,compariblew.ith
mostrefiningfluid services-
Cenain serious'ad"'glssheahh effects are associatedu'irh asbesros,among rhern the
seriousand often fatal diseasesof lung cancer.asbesrosis, and nresorhelioma (a cancerof
the chestand abdomina.lIinings). The de,greeof exposureto asbestosvariesu'irh the prod-
uct and the r*,orkpracticesinvolved.
Consult the most recent edition of the OccupationalSafety and Health Administration
(OSHA), U.S. Depanmentof I-abor, OccupationalSafetyand HeairhSundard for Asbesros,
Tremolite, Anthophyllite, and Actinolite, 29 Code of Federal Regulations Section
1910.1001;the U.S. EnvironrnentalProtecnonA-eency,Natio:ral Ernission Suadard for
Asbestos.40 Code of Fedeml RegulationsSections61.140 through 61.156: and the U.S.
Enri:cnmental kotection Agency (EPA) rule on labelingrequiremenrsand phasedbanning
of asbestosproducrs(Sections753. I 60-I 79).
There are culrently in use and under developmenta number of subsrirutematerialsto
replaceasbestosin certain applicadons. Manufacturers and usersare encouragedro develop
and use effective substitute materials tiat can meet the specifications for, and operating
requirementsof, the equipmentto which they would apply.
SAFETY AND I{EALTH D{FORMANON WTIH RESPECT TO PARTTCLILAR
PRODUCTS OR MATERLA.IJ CAN BE OBTAINED FRO)'I TF{E EilIPLOYER, THE
NIAIYUFACTURER OR SUPPLIER OF THA| PRODUO OR IvLtfERtAL. OR THE
NIAIERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET.
 CONTENTS

Page
SCOPE .....1-l
l.l General ........1_l
1.2 Limiradons ....1_2 00
1.3 Comjrliane ...1_3
1.4 Referenced
Publications . . .. -. . l_3

MATERJALS ........2_l
2.1 General ........2_l loc
2 . 2 P l a t e s. .. . .... .2_t | 0.,
2.3 Shees. .. . . ... .2_5 I ^^
2 . 4 S t r u c r u rS
ahl apes .......2-5 l"'
2.5 PipingandFoqrngs .....2_9
2.6 Flanees ..... -.2_10
2.7 Bolting .. . .. ..2_IO
2.8 WeldingElecrodes ....Z-le

J DESIGN. ......3_l
3.1 Joints.. .........3-l
3.2 DesignConsiderations....
3.3 SpecialCoosidcradons.....
.....34
....3_5
l"'
3.4 BonomPl"rts- ........3-5
3.5 AnnularBocomPlates. .......3_5
3.6 Shell.Desi_sr .....3-6 o3
3.1 ShellOpenings-... ....3-l0 o1
3.8 ShellAnachmentsand TankAppurtenances . .3-33
3.9 Top and InrcrrnediateWind Girders . . .3-34
o?
3.10 Roofs . .3-44
3.1I Windl-oadonTanks(OvernrmingSrability) ........3-5I
3.12 Tank Anchora.se 3 - 5l

FABRICATION 4 l

t;:
4.1 Genera-l
. 4-I
4.2 Shop lnsoectioo A I

j EREC|ION... ......5_l
5.1 Ceneral .......5_l
5.2 Detailsof Relding
5.3 Inspecrion,Tesring,
5.1 Repairsto \\'elds .
5.5
rnd

DimensionalTolerances.

NTETHODS OF I\'SPECTD{G JOL\TS

6.1 Radio_eraphic\lethod
Po^ci-

.......5-j
5-3
5-5

o-I
6-l lo:
1,"
6.2 Magnedc Panicle Examinarion 6-3
63 Ultrasonic Exrminarion 6-4 loc
64 Liquid Penerrant Examination. o-+
6.5 Visual Examinsion . . 6--1 | oo
6.6 VacuumTesu-ns 6 5 lot
WELDNG PROCEDUREAND WELDER QUALIFICATIONS . . . ... ..7-1
7.1 Definirions ....1-I
 r.tgl

7.2 Q u a l i l i c a t i o n o \f \ ' e l d i n _ s P r o c e d u r e s . .....1-l UJ

Qualitication of \\'e lders . .1-2

7.4 Identificarionof\\'eldedJoints. ....1-2

i\{ARKING ....S-I
S.l Nameplates .. ...S-l
S . 2 D i v i s i o no f R e s p o n s i b i l i t y . . . .. .8-2
S.3 Cenification .......8-2

APPENDX A OPTIO\-.{L DESIGN BASIS FOR SNIA.LLTANKS . . . . . . . . A-I o3

APPENDD(B RECOILUENDATIONS FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
OFFOU.\DATIONS FOR ABOVEGROUND OIL STORAGE
TANKS ... B-I
APPENDD( C EXTEfu'\ALFLOATINGR.OOFS ....C-I
APPENDX D TECHNICALINQLTIRIES .... D-l
APPENDD( E SEISMICDESIGNOFSTORAGETANKS... ...... E-I UJ

APPENDD( F DESIGN OF TANKS FOR SMALL iNTERNAL PRESSURES . . . . . F- I

o'1
APPENDD( G STRUCTI'RALLY SUPPORTED ALUN'IINLI,VIDOME ROOFS.. . . G-I
APPENDX H INTER\.{LFLOATING ROOFS. .. .. H-I
APPENDD( I TINDERTANK LEAK DEIECTION AND SI'BGRADE
P R O T E C n O N. . . .....: ......I-l
APPB\DD( J SHOP-ASSEMBLED STORAGETANKS .....J-I
APPENDD( K SAMPLE APPLI CATION OF THE VARIAB LE-DES I G N- POb{T
..METHODTO DETERMINE SHELL-PLATETI{CKNESS. . ... . .. K-I
APPE\DD(L API STA.\DARD 650 STORAGE TANK DATA SHEETS . . . L- 1
APPENDD( M REQUIRBVIE\TS FORTANKS OPERATING AT ELEVATED
TEMPER{TURES..... . ......NI-I
APPB\DD( N USE OF \:EW MATERI,ALS T}T{T ARE NOT IDENTIFIED N-l
APPENDD< O RECO}L\ {ENDATiONS FOR UI( DER-B OTTO \,I
COi.I.\IECTIONS o-l
APPA\DD( P AILOW.ABLE EXTERNAL LOADS ON TANK SFGLL
OPNL\'CS. D I

APPB\IDX S AUSTA]NC STAINLESS STEEL STORAGE TA}{KS s-l

APPL\DD< T NiDE REQLIIREMENTS SL ,[!L{RY T-l
APPENDD( U ULTRASONIC EXAMNATION tN LiEU OF RADIOCR\PFIY . . . U- t

Figures
2-l NllinimumPermis-ibleDesignMetal Temperaturefor Nlarerials Used
in Tank Shells\l'irhout IrnDactTestins 1-)
2-2 IsothermelLinesof Lo*est One-Dry Mear Tenrperarur-s. 1 0

2-3 GoveminsThiclaness for ImpactTestDetermination

of ShellNozzle
andlvlanhole\{aerials ........2-tl
J- I Typical Venical Sirell Joints 1 a

1 a TypicalHorizonel ShellJoins
J- -) a\ TvoicalRoof and Bonom Joins
3-38 Method for Preparilg l-ap-Welded Bonofi Plates Under Tank Shell J.J

J-.1L Detailof Doubl: Frllet-Groove Weld forAnnular Bonom Plates*'ith a

N o m i n aT
. l h i c k r r e sG ll mm (l/2in.)....
s reaterThan
J-+.r\ Shell Manhole. 1 t 1

vill
f_lB Deails of Shell lr{a-nholesand Nozzles . . . - 3- 15 lor
3-5 ShellNozzles . - 3- 16
i-6 NtlinimunrSpacingof \\/elds andExrent of RelaredRadio_srraphic
Examination . .3-22
3-'l ShellNozzleFlangs. ........3-24
i-S Area CoefficientforDerermining \{inimum Reinfbrcementol
Flusf-TypeCleanourFinings . .3-24
3-9 Flush-TypeCleanor-a Finings . .3-2j lo:
ilO Flush-TypeCleanotn-FiningSuppons ........3-28
3-ll Flush-TypeShellConnection... ......3-30
3-12 Rotationof Shell Ccxrnection . .3-32
i-13 RoofManholes..-- ...3-35 lo:
i 14 Recrarrgular Roof @nings with FlangedCovers. . . .3-31
3-15 RecangularRoof Opcrings with Hinged Cover . . . - - 3-38
3-16 FlangedRoof Nozzbs . .3-39
3-17 ThreadedRoofNozzles ........3-41 l03
3-I8 DrawoffSump. ........342
3-19 ScaffoldCableSupprcrr..-.. ..343
3-20 Typical Stiffening-Ring SectionsforTanl: Shells . . . .345 101
f-"1 StairwayOpeningThroughStiffeningRing. . .34i
3-1') Minimum Weld Reguirementsfor Openings in Shells Accordin.s
toSecrion3.T-3.. ....349
Gl RadiographicRequirementsforTankShells. .........6-2
8-l Manufacrurer'sNameplate ....8-l |:,
8-" Manufacturer'sCenif cacionIJner . . . .8-2
A-1 Flush-iypeBoltedDoorSheet .......A-ll
A-2 Suppoff for Flush-T5peBolted Door Shcer . A- 13
A-3 Raised-Ty'peBoltedDoorSheet ......A-15
B- I Example of FoundarionWith ConcreteRingwall . . . . . B-3
B-2 Exampleof FoundarionWith CrushedStonefungwall . . . . . . B-4

F-i;?il':"?X;;
E-3 Centroids of Seismic Forces
:3
. . .E-5
EJ Factort ......-..E-5
E-5 CompressiveForceD- -.-E-6
F-I AppendixFDecisiooTree.. ...F-2
F-2 PermissibleDetails of Compression Rings . . . .F-3
G- 1 Data Sheet for a Smrcn:rally Supponed A-luminum Dome Added ro an
ExistingTank.. ........ G-2
G-2 T y p i c a tR o o f N o z l e ... G-6
I- l Concrete Ringwall uith Undertank Leak Detection at the Tanl: Perimeter. . . . . I- I
I-r Crushed Stone Rin_svall q'ith Undenan_tiLeak Detection ar the Tan.li perinieter I-?
I-l Earthen Foundation qith Undenank Leak Detection at rhe Tank Perimerer. . . . I-?
I--i Double Steel Bonom qith Leak Detecrion ar rhe Tanli Perimeter - . . . - I- j lo:
I-5 Double Steel Bonom with Leali Derecrion 3r the Tank Perimeter. . . . . i-3
I-6 Reinforced Concret: SIab '.iirh Leak Derection ai rhe Perimerer . . . . . I-4
I-7 Reinforced Concrer: Slab u.irh Radial Grooves for Leak Detecrion . I-4
I-S T l p i c a l D r a * . o f fS u i a p . ....I-5
I-9 Center Sump for Doqr,,vard-Slopcd Bocom . . . I-j
i- 10 Typical Lea]: Detection Wells . . . I-6
i-l1 TanksSupponedbl-GrillageMembers ........I-8
O- I Example of Under-Bonom Connecrion u-irh Concrete RingrvaLl Foundation. . O-?
 l'.rgc
O-2 Exanrple oi Undcr-Bononr Conncction trith Concrete funqu,all
Foundationand ImprovedTank Borromand Shell Suppon . . . O_3
\J- J Exampleof Undcr-BononiConncctionrrith Eanh-1j.peFoundarion. . . . . ...O-4
P-l Nomenclarureibr Piping Loadsand Detbrmarion . . . . p-j
P.2A StiffnessCoefficientforRadial l-oad: Reinforcentenron Shell . . . . . . p{
P-28 StiffnessCoefficienrforLoneitudinal lr.Iomenr:Reint-crcemenr on Shell . . . . . p-4 lor
P-2C Stiffnesscocfficient for CircumfcrentialMomenr: Reinforcementon Shell. . . p-5
P-2D StiffnessCoefficienrfor RadialL-oad:Reinforcemenron Shell . . . . . . p-5
P-2E Stiftress coefficient for LongirudinalN{omenr:Reinforcementon Shell . . . . . p-6
P-2F Stiffrresscoefficient for circumferentialMomenr:Reinforcemenron Shelt. . . p-6
P-2C Stiffnesscocfficient for RadialI-oad: Reinforcemenrin Nozzle Neck only. - . p-7
P-2H StiffnessCoefficientfor LongirudinalMomenr: Reinforcementin Nozzle
NeckOnly .....p-7
P-2I StiJfnessCoefficient for Circumferential Moment: Reinforcemenrin
NozzleNeckOnly ..... p-g
P-ZJ Stiffness coefficient for Radial I-oad: Reinforcemenrin Nozzle Neck only. . . p-g
P-2K Stiffness Coefficicnt for Longirudinal Moment: Reinforcement in Nozzle
NeckOnly .....p_9
P-2L Stiffness coefficicnt for circumferential Momenr: Reinforcemenrin
NozzleNeckOnly .-..p_9
P-3A Constructionof Nomogramfor br Lr, ct, c2 Boundary . . . . . p_I I
P-38 Construcrionof Nomogram for bi, ca Boundary . . . . p_I I
P-4A ObtainingCoefficientslpa Yn2d-- . . ....... p_12 l o :
P-48 ObtainingCoefficientYc... ..p-13
P - 5 A D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f A l l o w a b l e l , o a d s f r o m N o m o g rFapma:n d l r t t . . . - . . . . . . p_14
P - 5 B D e t e r i n i n a r i o n o f A l l o w a b l e l - o a d s f rN oo mm o _ e - r aFmp:a n d M 6 . . . . . . . . . . p _ 1 4
P-6 Low-Type Nozrle wirh Reinforcemenrin Nozzle Neck Only . . . . . . p- 15
P-7 Allowable-I-oadNomogramsfor Samplekoblem. . . p_16
P - 8 A S t r e s s F a c r o r ; f p D u e t o R a d i a l T h r u s t F p ,1 d0 / t.n. = ...... p-3j
P - S B S t r e s s F a c r o r r f ; D u e t o R a d i a l T hFnpr ,sdt / r n = 3 0. . ...... p-j3
P - S C S t r e s s F a c r o r . , f p D u e t o R a d i a l T hF r ups, d
t /tn=50.. ...... p-34
P - S D S t r e s s F a c t o r / p D u e t o R a d i a l T h r uFspt , d / t n = l 0 O . ...... p-3.1
P - S E S t r e s s F a c r o r / s D u e t o R a d i a l T hF mps,td / t n =I 0 . . ...... p-35
P - S F S t r e s s F a c r o r l f 6 D u e t o R a d i a l T hFrpu,sdt/ t n = 3 0. . ...... p_3j
P - S G S t r e s s F a c t o r / g D u e r o R a d i a l T hFr ups, dt / t n = 5 0. . ...... p-36
P - S H S t r e s s F a c r o r / o D u b r o R a d i a l T h r uFspt, d / r n =1 0 0 . ...... p_36
P-9A SrressFactorf, Due to CircumferentialMoment r\.{6,d/rn = 10. . . . . p_3j
P-9B StressFacror/) Due to Circumferentialir{omenril16.d/tn = 30 . , , . . p_3j
P-9C StressFactorf, Due to CircumferendalMomenr il6, iltn = 50. . . . . p-jg
P-9D StressFacror/) Due to CircumfercndalMomenr LI6, d/rn= 100. 03
. p-jg
P-9E StressFactor/gDue to Circumferentia.l Momenr [[g, d/in = lO. . . . p_39
P-9F SrressFactor/g Due to CircumferenrialN{omenril6, d/rn = 30. . . . . p-j9
P-9G StressFacror/oDue to CircumferentialNlomenr,lt 6, dir, = j0. - . . . p-jO
P-9H StressFactor/6 Due to Circumferendalivloment,\l 6. t!/rn = lCrl . . . p-40
P - l O A S t r e sFs a c r o r / ) D u e t o L o n g i r u d i nNa l{ o m e nttl l2 , d / r , , = l 0 . . . . . . . p _ 4I
P - I O BS t r e s s F a c r o rD f u e r o L o n g i t u d i n a l i v l o m et nl f1
t , d / r n =l 0 . . . . . . . p - , 1I
P-lOCStressFacrorf,DuetoLongitudinallvlomenrit(2. d/rn= jO . . . . . . . p42
P - l 0 D S r r e s s F a c r o r f , D uteo L o n g i r u d i n a l l v l o m ernt {t7 , d / r , , =1 0 0 . . ... p42
P-IOE StressFactor/oDueroLongirudinal.Uglientfi12,d/r,,= l0 . . . . . . . p-41
P-lOF SnessFacror/pDuetoLongirudinalMomentlv|z,dlrn= l0 . . . . . . . pJj
P-lOCSuessFacrorf1DuetoLongirudinalMomenrlvl7, d/r,,= 50 . . . . . . . p_+1
P-lOHStressFacror/BDuetoLongirudinalMomentM2, dltn= 100 . . . ... p_JJ
P-11 StressReductionFactor .....p_4j
 r'JSa

Tibles
I-l Satus of Appencijxes ro Apl Srandard 650
l-2

l.;
t r lr4aximunr Permirsible Al loy Conrenr
2-3
2-2 -AcceptableGrades of Plare lr{arerialproduced ro Narional srandards
. .. 4 . 1
?_3a lr4arerialGroups-SI Unis
?_3b
. . . .2_6
lr4aterialGroups.US Cusronran,Uniu.
.2-'l
-:-+ r\4inimunrImpactTest Requiremensfor plares- . . . . -2_g
->- I AnnularBorrom-PlareThicknesses .. ......i_6
->-a PermissiblePlerellarerialsandAllorvableSrresses .........f_g
T h i c k n e sosf S h e l l] r { a n h o l C
e o v e r p l a r e a nB
lo:
J-J
d o h i n gF l a n g e . ... .. -.3_12
.H Dimensionsfor Shell lr{anholeNeck Thickness - - . . .3_12
;5 Dimensionsfor Bolt Circle Diamerer D5 andCo.er plareDiamererD.
for Shell Manholes . . - 3_13
i6 DimensionsforShellNozzles. ........3_lg l 0 3
.>- I Dimensionsfor Sheil Nozzles:pipe, plare,and\\'eldin,eSchedules . .3_I9
3-8 D i m e n s i o n s f o r S h eNl lo z z l e F l a n g e s . ........3_20
3-9 D i m e n s i o n s f o r F l u s h - T l p e C l e a n o u r F i n i r g s ....... -3_21
3-r0 Minimum Thictsess of Coverplare,Boking Flanse,and Bonom

J-t I

>-tl
>-lJ
il4
Reinforcing Plarefor Flush-Tl,pe Cleanout Finin,es
ThicknessesarudHeighrs of Shell Reinforcing plares for Flush_Type
CleanourFinings
DimensionsforFlush-TypeShell
DimensionsforRoof Manholes .
DimensionsforFlanged Roof Nozzles
Connections-.
. .3_23

....._3_26
....3_29
" " " "3-36
' ' '3-36
l.;
3 - 1 5 DimensionsforTtreaded Roof Nozzles
il6 D i m t n s i o n s f o r D r a w o f f s u m. p. .s. .. .. . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ; 1 3
J-t I Requiremens for Platforms and WaU<u,ays. . . - . '1 Al

i ] 8 RequirementsforStairways .........3_4 I
i ] 9 Rise,Run, and-Algle Relationshipsfor Srairway.s
3-20 SectionModu[ of Stiffening-RingSecdorsonTan]<Shells.

1,.
.. . . . ..346
)-! ta U p l i f t I - o a d s ( S l U n i t s )
.....3_52
i 2 l b UpliftLoads([.rSCusromaryUnirs). ... ... .3_53
A - l a Typical Sizesand CorrespondingNominal Capacidesfor Tanks
u'irh 1800mm Courses .......A-2
A - l b Typical Sizesard Correspondin_e Nomind Capacitiesfor Tanks
with 72-in. Cotn-ses . .. . . . .A _ 3
A-2a Slrell-PlareThiclgressesfor Typical Sizes of Tants rv.irh
l8O0 mm Courss
A-2b Shell-PlareThict:ressesfor Typical Sizesof Tanks*,irh
7?-in.Courses---..
A-3a Tlpical Sizesard CorrespondingNominar capacitiesfor Tanks
u'irh2400mmCourses
.-... 4_6
A-3b Typical SizesarrdCorrespondingNominal Capaciriestbr Tan-ks
wirh 9Gin. Couses
. .. A_1
A-4a Shell-PlareThicirressesfor Typical Sizesof Tan_\sri.irh
24O0mmCours:s .._.A_S
-A-4b Shell-PlareThicknessesfor Typical Sizesof Tanksrvirh
9Gin.Courses---.. ...--.. ..A_9
. - \ - 5 F l u s h - T y p e B o l i = d D o o r S h e. .e. t. s. :
... A_12
A-6 Raised-TypeBohed Door Shees . . . A_ 14
SeismicZoneTebulation forAreas OursidetheUniredSures . . . .. ...E_4
L-! Seismic TnneFer-ror
 Site Coefficienrs
(J-l Bols and Fasrenen . G-i
I I
loo
Jr{aximum Roof Depi}rs for ShoprAssembled Donre-Roof Tanks. . . . . . . . . I ' )

K-t Shell-PlareThicLrressesBased on rhe \.ariable-Design-poinri\4erhodUsine

.)4O0
nrm (96 in-) Courses and an Allo*zble Srress of 159 jr4pa
( 2 3 , 0 0l0b f / i n . 2 ) f o r r h e T Ce sotn d i r i o n
.... ........ K_9
K-2 Sheil-PlareThicknessesBasedon rIe \rariable-Design-poinr lr{er.hod
Using 2400 mm (96 in.) Counes and an Allorrzble Srressof ,08 jr{pa
(30,000lbf/in.2)for rhe Test Condition . . . . . . K- l0
K-3 Shell-PlareThicLrresses Basedon rhe \tariable-Design-pointj\4erhod
Using 2400 mm (96 in.) Coursesand arr -Allouable Stressof 236 ir{pa
(34,300lbf/in-z)forrheTestCondition ... -.. K-l I
L- I rndex of Decisions or Actions \\trich tr{ay be Re4uired of rhe purchaser . . . . -L-'7 os
|
M-l XeldSrenghReductionFacrors ....--M-2
M-2 lr{odulus of Elasdciry at rhe lr{aximum OperaringTemperarure . . . . . . 1v1-4
O - l D i m e n s i o n s oUf ; d e r - B o n o m C o n n e c t i o n s . . - -....-. O-l
P- I Jr{odulusof Elasdcityand rhermal Expansioncoefficienr at rheDesign
Temperature. ....-p-2
P-2 Equationsfor StressFactorsDue to Radial Thrust Fp. - - . . - _p-21
P-3 Equadonsfor SuessFactorsDue to Circumferendal Moment Irlc . . . . . . . . . -p-Zz
P-4 Equations for SuessFacrorsDue ro Longitudinal Momenr M1. . . . . _p-23
P-5 StressFactors .--p-24
P-6 StressFactorsfor Sample Problem No. I . P-26
P-'l SnessFacrorsfortheReinforcingP_ l a. r e ... -.p-Zg
S -l a A S T M N { a t e r i a lf so r S r a i n l e sSs r e eCl o m p o n e n r(sS I u n i r s ) . ...... -..S-l
s - r b ASTM N{aterialsfor SrainlessSreelComponenrs(tJS Cusromaryunits). . . . . - S-2
s-2 A l l o u ' a b l eS t r e s s e s f o r T a n k S h e l l s . .... -S-5
s-3 Allowable Srressesfor PlareRine Flanses . . . . S-5 l o o
s-4 J o i n t E f f i c i e n c i e -s -. .. -.S-5
s-5 Xeld SnengrhValuesin MPa (psi). . . - -5-6
s-6 Modulus of Elasdciryat the Maximum Operarin*sTemperarure . . . . . . .5-6
u - t FIow AcceptanceCrireriafor ur IndicadonsMa;, Be us:d for AII N4aterials.U-3
los
 Welded SteelTanks for Oil Storaqe

'1 Scope '1-1-5

-AppendixA pror.idesalrernarivesimplifieddesign
requirenrenGfor ranks u'herelhe stressedcomponenE,such
1-1 GENERAL
as shell platesand reintbrcinqplales,are limired ro a maxi-
1-1.'1 This standardcoven malerial, desiSn, fabricarion, mum norninalrhicknessof l2-5 mnr (l/r in.), includingany
erection, and testing requiremernsfor venical, c5'lindricai, corrosionallou'ance.and to the mjnimum desisnmertl rem-
aboveground,closed- and open-rop, welded sreel srorage peraturessraredin rhe appendix.
ranks in various sizes and capaciriesfor inremal pressures
1-1-6 Appendix B provides recommendarions for rhe
approximaring atmospheric pressure (internal pressuresnot
d.sign and construcrionof foundationsfor flar-bonom oil
exceedingrhe weighr of rhe roof plates),but a higher inremal
sorage tanls-
pressureis permined when additional requiremenr are met
see I .1.10). This standardapplies only to raaks whose entire 1-1 .7 Appendix C provides minimum requiremenrsfor
tlonom is uniformlv supponed and ro Unks in nonrefrigerared En-t),pe, pontoon-r)?e,and doublc-cieck-rype
exterrtalfl oar-
service that have a maximum operatingtempetltue of 90"C ing roofs.
(200'D (see1.1.17).
1-1.8 Appendix D providesrequirementsfor submissionof
1-1 .2 This srandardis designed to pror.ide rhe peroleum technicalinquirieson rhis srandard.
industry with tanks of adequatesafety and reasonableecon-
omy for use in the $ocrge of petroleum,perroleum products, o 1-1-9 Appendlx E provides minimum requiremenrsfor
and other liquid products commonly handled and stored b1, tanks subject to seismic loading. An alrernativeor supple-
the various branchesof the industry- This sandard does not mental designmay be mutually agreedupon by rhe manufac-
present or establish a fixed series of allouable tank sizes; rurer and purchaser.
instead,it is intended ro permit the purchaserto select what-
1-1 .10 Appendix F providesrequiremenrs for rhe designof
ever size tar$< may best meet his needs-This sandard is
tanlis subject to a small intemal pressure.
intended to help purchasersand-manufacnrrersin ordeing,
fabricating, and erecting tanks; ir is not inended ro prohibir 1.1 .1 1 Appendix G providesrequiremensfor an optidnal
purchasersand manufacrurersfrom purchasingor fabricating aluminum dome roof-
tanks that meet specifications orher rhan drose contained in
rhis standard. 1-1.12 Appendix H provides minimum requiremenrsrhar
apply to an intemal floating roof in a tank wirh a fixed roof ar
Note:A bullert) at thebeginningof a paragraphiadicarestrat there 6e top of the tan]<sheU.
is an expressed
decisionor actionrequAedof thepurchascr. The pur-
iaser'sresponsibiliryis not limitedlo fresedccisionsor acdons a 1-'1.13 Appendix I providesacceprableconstrucriondetails
hlone.\Mtrensuch dccisionsand acrionsare uken, they are ro be
rhar may be specified by rJrepurchaserfor desiga and con-
specifiedin documents such as requisitions,
changeorders,dau
sbeets,and drawings. sruction of tank and foundation systemsthat provide leali
detectionand sub_eradeprorectionin the eventoftank bonom
1.1.3 This standard has requirements given in r*.o altemate leal<age,
and prowidesfor rankssupporredby grillage.
systems of unirs. The requiremenrs are simi[ar bur not idenri-
cal- These minor diflercnc€s are due to issu6 such as numeri- 1.1 .14 Appendix J provides requiremenrscovering rhe
cal roundin_g and marerial supply. When applying &e completeshop assemblyof ranksrhat do not exceed6 m (20
requirements of this standard to a given tanlq rhe marufacturer ft) in diameter.
shall either comply u.irh all of the requirernenrs given in SI
1.1 .15 Appendir K providesa sampleapplicarionof rhe
un-its or shall comply s'ith all of rhe requiremena given in US
rariable-d--sign-
point merhod ro determinesheIl-plare thi ck-
Customary units. The selection of u'hich set of requirements
r}esses.
(Si or US Customary') shall apply ro a given rad< shall be by
murual agreement betu'een the manufacturer and purchaser- 1.1 .16 Appendix L providesdata sheerslisrin_e required
inJormationro be usedb1,rhe purchaserin orderinga storase
1-1-4 The appendices of this srandard proride a number of
tfrli and by the manufacrurerupon complerionof construc-
design oprions requiring decisions by rhe pr:rchaser. sundard
ilon of the rank.
requirements, recommendations, and informarion that supple-
ments the basic standard. An appendix becomes a require- 1-1.17 .Appendi.rir{ pror.idesrequiremenrsfor unks speci-
ment only rvhen the purchaser specifies an option covered by fied and designed10 op€rztreat temperarures
exceeding90"C
that appendix. See Table t- I for rhe sratusofeach appendix. (20O"F)bur not exceeding260'C (500"F)
 API STANSAnD650

Tatle 1-1--Status ol Appendixes 1o Apl Slandard 650

Appendix Tltic Sutus
Optional desisn trasis for small ranks Purchasrr'sOprion
B Recommenda:ioo-s for desisrrand conso-ucrion
of foundarrons R e c o m n r cn d a ti o n s
for abovegroundoil stora_qc ranks
C External floarirs roofs Purcha-ser'sOprion
D Technical inquiris Required Procedures
E Seismicdesigaof srorageknks P u r c h a s e r ' so p t i o n
F Desien of tanks for small inrcrnal pressures Requirements
,II c
H
Strucrurally s.pponcd aluminum domc roofs
lnternal foating roofs
Purchaser's Oprion
Purchaser's Oprion
I Undenanli leat dcrection and subgradeprorecdon Purchaser's option
J Shop, <sgrn61.d<rnrageenks Requiremen6
K Sampleapplicaion of the variabledesign-poinr merhod ro informatiorr
deterrrine shcll-flare rhickness
L API Standard65O sorage rank dara shecs Requiremenr
T,I Requircmens for ranks operaring ar elerated rempemrures Requiremenr
N Use of new ma&rials trat arc nor idendfied Requirements
o o Recommcndarioofor under-bonom conneclions Purchaser's option
a P Allo*zble cxrcrnal load on rank shell openings Purchaser's oprion
s Austenitic 5reintrx steelstorageUnks Requiremenc
Definitions:
Mandarory: Required scctionsof rhe sandard become mardatory if tre srandardhas
bcenadoptcd by a l-egal Jurisdiction or if rhe purcha=r and dre manufac-
turer ci,@se ro make rcfsrence ro rhis sundari on rhe nameprareor in the
manrt'acanrer's ceni fi cation.
Requirement: The qnlined design critcria must be used unlessthe purchaserand manu-
facturgregreeupona more su-ingentalternatire design.
Recommendadon: The qr-ribed critcria provides a good acccprabledesign and
ma1,beusedar
the opion of the purchaserand manufacturer.
o Purchascr'sOprion: d1 nurchaserspecifies an oprion covered by an appendix, rhe appen_
lfc.n
dix then becomesa requAemcnl

1-1.18 Appendix N provides requiremenrsfor the use of the inspection requiremens wittLin rhis srandard. The specific
new or unused plate and pipe materialsdrai are nor com- requiremenrs lisred '*irtLin each applicable section shall be
plerely idenrifiedas complying with any lisred specificarion 01
follorled in all cases.
for use in accordanceuitr this standard.
1-1 .23 Appendix U pro,,.ides derailed rules for the use of
.1.1.19 Appendix O provides recommeDd.aionsfor the
rhe ultrasonic examination (LfT) method for rhe examinarion
designand consmrctionof under-bonomcorrnecrions
for stor_
:ge tanl<S- of tank seams.

c1.1 -2O Appendix P providesminimum recommendations 1.2 LIMITATIONS

for desi,snof shell openings rhat conform ro Table 3_6 rhar
The rules of rhis srandardare not applicablebel,ondrhe follorv_
are subjectto exrernalpipine loads.An alemadve or sup-
ing iimis of piping connecredinrernally or exremaily ro rhe roof,
plemenral design may be agreed upon by rhe purchaseror
shel], or bonom of rants consmrcredaccording ro rhis standard:
manufacturer.
a- The face of the firsr ffange in bolred flanged connecdons,
1 .1 .21 Appendix S provides requiremeais for srainless
unle$; coven or blind: are provided as permined in this srandard. 00
sreelranks.
b. The firsr sealing surlace for proprierarj, connections or
1.1 .22 Appendix T summarizes the requirements for finings-
inspection by method of examjnation and rhe reference sec_ c. The firsr rhreaded joinr on rhe pipe in a rlireaded connec_
tions within the standard- The acceptance sr:nd:gds, examjner tion to the tank wall.
qttalifications, and procedure requiremenl5 213 :lss provided.
d. The first circumferenrialjoinr in rveldinq-endpipe connec_
This appendix is not inrended to be used alone ro derermine
tions if not u elded ro a flanse.
 II':LDED Sree I Terxs FC€ OrL StoancE

o 1-3 COMPLIANCE A]SI{

Tire manufacrureris responsiblefor compl_ringu,itli all T-t92 Srcel Platc Ettgittecriug Dato Serics_ l.Jseful
provisions of rhis srandard.Inspecdon bi, ri- purchaser-s lrrJonrntiort-Dc-sigrt of Plata Structurts,
inspector(t}rerernr inspectoras usedherein)does nor negate l/oluntes I & ll
ilre ntanufacrurer'sobligation ro proride qualil. consol and ASCE5
inspectionnecessary10ensuresuch compliance_
-aSCESrd 1-93 A'littinturn Desigtt Inads for Buildings
attd otlter Structures
1.4 R E F E R E N C E DP U B L I C A T I O N S
AS\,IE6
The follou'ins standards,codes, specificarioa; and pubii-
B 1.20.1 Pipe Threads, Gcneral purpose (lnch)
carions are cired in rhis standard. The mosr recent edidon
(ANSVASN4E Bl.20.l)
shall be used unlessorherwise specified.
B r6.1 Cast lron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fir-
{PI rings (ANSVASME Bi6.i)
Spec 5L SpecifcarionJor Line pipe lJlo.l Pipe Flanges and Flanged Finings
Std 620 Design and. Coratrucrion oJ l-arye, Welded, (ANSVASI.{E B16.5)
Low- Pressu re Sto rage Tank 816.47 Large Dianeter Steel Flanges: NpS 26
Tltrouglt NPS 60 (ANSVASN{E B 16.47)
RP 65 I Carhodic Prctecrion of Abovegrouzd perroleunt
Storage Toilis B96.1 WeUed Aluminunr-Alloy Storage Tanks
(ANSyASME896.l)
RP 652 Lining of Aboveground PerroleumSrorage Tank
Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Section V,
Bononu 'Nondestructive
Examination"' Section
Std 2000 VentingArntospheic and l-ow-pressure Storage \{[[I, 'Sessure Vessels," Division l: and
Tank (Nonrefti gerated and Refrigente d) Section D(, '.\Velding and Brazing
RP 2003 Protection Against -Ignitions ArLring Out of Qualifications"
Suric, Lighming, a'nd Stray Curtazts AS\T7
Publ 2026 Sde Access/EgressInvolving Flming Roofs of RP SNT-TC.IA Personnel Qualifcation and Cenifcation
StorageTank in PetroleuntSenice i n Non-des t ruct iv e Testi tt y
RP 2350 Overfill Prcrecion for Srorage Tazks in petro_ ASTM8
leunt Faciliies
-{ 6lv1/A 6 General Requirentenrs for Rolled Steet
141 Plares, Shapes, Slrcet Piling, and Bars for
Srructural Use
I Aluntinun Design Manuol
A20WA20
I Aluminum Standards and Dan
General Requirentents for Sreel Plates
ool for Pressure Vessels
I Specifcarions for Aluminunt Shea \letal l!/ork A21WA21 Steel Cavirtgs, Carbon, for General
I in BuiAing Consrruction Applicatiort
a\\' I
- A 36N4/A36 Structural Steel
318 Building Code Requirenlenrs for Reinforced A53 Pipe, Sreel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-
Conuete (-{NSYACI 3I8) Coated ll/elded and Seantless

350 E m' i ro nme rua I En g i neeri n g Co n c re: e St r u c t u res -A.1051\,1/A

105 Foryings, Carbon Sreel, .fo, Piping
Contponerts
AISC3
r.A.merican I r o n a n d S t e e l I n s r i t u r e ,I 1 0 1 t T r h S r r e e r ,N . W . ,
Manual of Sreel Corutructiott, Allo*-able Stress
Desigrt Suiie 1300,\\rashinSron, D.C. 20036-4700,rv*,rv.513g1.61o.
rA:nericanSocieryof Civil En-gineers. lS0l Alexand:r Bell Drive,
Re.ron, VA 20 I 9 1-4J00. \\'\\'\\'.asce.ors.
rThe Aluminum Associarion Inc., ceS.rtE Inrernational,3 ParkAvenue,i'e* f,oiL.
900 lgrh Srerr- _\-w--.Washine- Nerv ysll 1gg16-
ton, D.C. 200O6,*'ww.al uminum.org. 5990, wg,*'.asme.org.
2American ConcrereInstio:re, P.O.-Box T.l.mericanSocieryfir Nondestrucrive
I9i50, Dtl-oir, Michiean Tesring.I 7l I ArlineareLane,
4E2I 9-0I 50, urrr*,.aci-inr-ors. Columbus,Ohio aj228-05 I 8, *'rv*'.asnl.ors,
3AmericanInstirureof Si:=iConsu-uaion, tA,ackerDrive- SASTM, l0O Barr Harbor Drive,\\tsr Cons-hohocken.
One E-a_<i pennsvlvania
Sui te 3 I 00, Ch icago,Il linois 6060I -200I, rsvu.-aisc_cs:_ I 9128-2959,\\1\a\..asrm,orq.
 API STA^.D;.qD A;C

A 100 Seantlcss Carbort Stce! Pilte for High- _A,370 Tcsr l'le tltod-r atd Def nitions J'or hlcclnrti-
Tcn:perature Senice cal Tcsiirtg of Stecl Products
A 13iN4/A l 3 l Structural Steel for Ships --\ 3S0 Cleotzing, Dcscaling. and Passiratiott of
A I E ] M / A I 8 I Fo4girgs, Carbon Stcel,for Gene ral-ptrr- Sraiz./ess Sreel Pans, Eguilntten, ottd
Ttose Pipittg J-\:t/€rtJJ

A 1821\4/,41E2 Forged or Rolled Allovsteel pipe -A 403N4/A 403 Wrougltr Austenitic Stainless Steel pirirtp
Flanges, Forged-Finings, and l/alres and Finings
Pans for HigbTentperature Sen-ice -A 4201\4/A 110 Piping Firtings of ll/rought Carbon Stee!
A 193N4/A 193 AUoyglsel and Sninless Steel Boltin3 arud Alloy Steel for lt)\,-lgtups7s1y7s
Materials for High-kntperature Sen ice Sen'icc

A 194N4/A 194 Carbon and Alloy Sreel NusJor Bolts for A419WA4'19 Srainless Sreel Bars ond Shopesfor LJsein
HiSh-Pressure and High-Tenqerature Boilers an_dOrlrcr Pressure \/essels
.:. Sen'ice A 480M/A 480 FIat-Rolled Srainless atuC Heat-Resisring
I sB
A 2 I 3N4/A ? 13 Sea.:r/css Fbrritic az-d Austeniric Altoy- Steei Plare, Sheet, an-d Stip
Steel Boile4 Superheare4 and Hear_ A5l6IWA 516 Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, for
ExchangerTubes
M ode rat e- an-dLowe r-TenDe ratu re Serv ic e
A216}4/A216 Standard Specifcarions for Steel Castirtgs A524 Seaniless Carbon Sreel Pipe for Arnto-
fo r H i gh-Tenp eratu re Sen ic e splrcic an-d Lower kmperalures
A234llI/A234 Piping Finings of lyrough: Carbon Steel
A 537M/A 531 Pressure Vessel Plares, Hear-Treared,
and Alloy Steel for Modemte arzd High_
Carbon- M anganes e-Sil i c on SteeI
Temperature Service
[Reference-deleted.] t 03
A 240l}y'/A 24 0 H ea t - R esi s rin g Ch rc nt i um otrd C h mmiun r
NicLel Srainless Steel Plcte, Sheer, and A 573M/A 513 Srructural Carbon Steel Plares of
Stip for Pressure iessels Imprcved Toughness

A216 Srajn]ess Sreel Ban and Shapes A 633N4/A 633 Nonnalized High-Srrength Low-Altoy
Strucrural Steel
A 283i\4/A )83 Low attd Interntediare Tensile SrrenRth
Carbon Sreel plates A662WA66) Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon-ltlanga-
nese, fo, Moderate and Low,er
A 285N4/A )85 Pressure Vessel plates, Carbon Sreel. l-ow-
Tentperalure Service
and Irue rn ted iat e-Tewile Sirengrlt
A 6'11 Electic-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for
-. 307 Carbon Sreel Bolrs and Sruds, 6O,000 psi
Arnto sp he ri c and Lnwe r Tentpe ra t u re s
Tensile Strength
A 678lWA 618 Quenclwd anl Tentpered Carbon-Sreel
A 3 l2l\tA 312 Seantless and Welded Austeniric Srainless and Higlt-Srrength Inw-Alloy Steel plates
Steel Pipes
fo r S rru ct u ral Appl i cat iorts
A 320i\4/A 320 Alloy Sreel Bolting ltlateriakJor l-ow-knt- A737}v{/A737 Pressure Vessel Plates, High-Srrengrh,
perarure Sen,ice
I-o*'-Alloy Steel
A 333i\tA 333 Seantless and Welded Steel pipe for Lo*,_
A MIM/A Ul Standard Specifcarionfor Steel Plates for
Temperature Seruice
Pressure \/essels,Produced by rhc Themro-
A 3341i\4/.A334 Seantless and Welded Carbon and Allo;-_ M ecJtanical Conrro I P roc ess (TM C p )
Steel Tubesfor Lo*,-Tentpemture Seryice
A924WA9?4 General Requirentenrs for Sreel Slteet,
A 350M/A 350 Forgings, Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel, ilI eral I ic - Coated b1,the H or-D ip p roces s
Requiing Notch Toughness Tesring for
A 992M/A 992 Sreel for Srrucrural Shapes for IJse in
Piping Contponenrs
Building Froming
A 35 lrWA 35 I Casrrngs, Austeniric, Austenitic-Feritic
itOttitAf.t 1011 Srcn-dardSpecifcarionfor Steel, Sheet
( D up I e: ), fo r P ressu re- Con:ainin g pa ns
and Srip, Hor-rolled, Carbory Srruc-
A 358\4/A 358 Elecrric-Fusion-Welded Azsreniric Chro- tural, Higbstrength Inx,-allo), and.
ntiunt-Nickel Alloy Sreel pipe for High_ H igh-srrength Inrv-alloy with Improved
Tentperature Seruice Fornnbiliry*
 \'\TELDED
Sr=rL T;-vss roa O[ S;oirc:

L ! / ) lletlnd for Slrcor Test in Flont.isc plotte CSalo

of Flat Sattdx,iclt Constntctiotu or Sand- G40.2l-I{ SrntcturalQualir,,Srcels
*'icJt Corcs
S u p p l t n t e nrro N a r i o n aBl u i l d i n gC o d eo f C a n a d a
c 509 Czllulor Elastonrcric prefonncd Gasker isoil
arzd Seoling 14ateria!
630 Structural Steels
D l62l Tesr l{etlrcd for Compressive p*n"ries of 5rpp4i2
Ri gid Ccllula r P last i cs
l l Standard for Lo*.Expansion Foani
D t622 Tesr tr:[ethod for Apparcnt Derzsiq, oJ Rigid JU Flamnrable and Combusrible Liquids Code
Cel I ula r P Ia sri cs (ANSU-ASTN 4 D I 622)
U-S- Federal Specificadonsl3
T\ 1?/ I
Rigid Uretlune Foant TT-S-00230C Sealing Cott7toun_dElasrcnrcric .Type, Sin_
D 2856 Tesr lletlod gle Contponenrfor Caulking, Sealing, and
for Open Ccll Content of Rigid
Cellulor Plastics by tls ;1;, 4-cnonteter Glazittg in Buildings an_dOrher Strucrures
7Z-R-765C Rubbet, Silicone (General Specifcation)
D 3453 Flex;blz Cellular Marerials-ILrethane
1br
Furniare and Autontoti,e Cushioning, Bed- \tG.c14
din g. and Similar Appl ica i orc Bull r97 Local Srressesin Cylindrical Shells Due to
E Q/ Extennl l-oadings--Supplentent
Test llethodfor Surface Buming Characteris- to WRC
tics of Building Mareriak Bulletin No. 107
E96 Test trlethods for lihter lbpor Transmission of
l0Canadian Srandards Association,
Materials 178 Rexdale Boulerzrd,
Rcxdale,Onrario t\'19W1R3, \\,\\'w.csa.ca.
I I InternationalOreanizrion for Sundardizadon.
AWS9 I SO publicadons
can be oblained from rhe American National SmndardsInstitute
A.5.l Specification for Carbon Steel Covered Arc- (ANSI) and nadonal srandardsorganizarionssuch as rhe Brirish
llblding Electrode1 StandardsInsrirure@SI), JapaneseIndusrial Sandards (JIS), and
DeulschesInstitut fuer Normunq [GermanInstirurefor Sundardiza-
A5 5 Specifcation foi Low-Allo1' Sreel Covered tion (DIN)1,u,urr'-iso.ch.
A rc - llb ldin g El ec t ro d e s l2Npp6 Inrernarional,I BarrerymarchPark,
euincy,,lr{A
Dl.2 Srru cntra I Weldin g Code-Altnti 02269-9I 01, grnr'.nfpa.ors.
nu nt l3SpecificarionsUnit'(\\T-SIS), ?rh and D Srreers,N-W., Washinq-
ton.D.C. 2O107.
9American Welding Sociery, 550 N.W. LeJeune IaTheU'elding ResearchCouncil, 3 Park Avenue,
Road, Miamj. FIor- 27rh Floor, Nerv
ida 33 I 35, s-ww-aws.otE. York, NY I 00 I G5902, r,,'rvrv.foren
gi neers.org.
th1 bV the American Petroleum Institule
 S E CTION2- MATERIALS
2.1 GENERAL 2.2 PLATES
. 2.1 -1 N4arerialsusedin rJieconsu-ucrion of rants shail con- 2-2-1 General
fornr ro rhe specificationslisred in rhis secdon,subjecrro rhe
2 - 2 - 1. 1 E x c e p r a s o r h e r u i s ep r o v i d e df o r i n ? - 1 , p l a r e s
nrodificarions and limirarions indicated in rhls srandard.
s h a l l c o n l b r n r r o o n e o f r l r e s p e c i f i c a r i o nlsi s r e d i n ? _ ? . 2
\4arerial producedto specifications_orJrer rhan rhose lisred in
rhrou_sh ?.r.5, subjecrro the nrodificarions and limirarionsin
ehis section ma1' be emplo;'ed, provrdedr-hart-hernaredal is
rhis srandard.
certif ed lo nreel all of the requirenientsof a marerialspecifi-
carion listed in rhis standard and the marerial's use is 2-2-1-2 Plarefor sh:lls, roofs,and bonomsmay be ordered
approved by the purchaser.The manufacrurer'sproposal shall on an ed,se-tiiickressbasis or on a u,eishr [kg/m2 Qb/ft?)]
identify the material specificationsto be used. basG,as specifiedin2.2.1-2.1through2.2.1.2.3.
o ^, 1 -2 When any new or unusedplare and pipe material can- 2-2-1.2.1 Tlie edgerhiclness orcjeredshall nor be lessrhan
. : be corrpletely identified by recordsthar are sad.sfactoryto the computed design rhickness or tlre minimum permined
rhe purchaseras material conforming to a specification lisred rhickness.
in &is srandard,r.hemarerial or product may be used in rhe
consrucdon of tanks covered by rlris standard only if the 2-2-1-2.2 The *,eight orderedshall be grearenough to pro-
material passestte tess prescribed in Appendix N- vide an edge thickrressnot less rhan rhe computed design
thich-ressor the minimum perminedrhiclsress.
2.1 -3 When a rank is designed to the requirerrcnrs of this
standard using plate material from Groupl through 2.2-1.2-3 Wherher an edge-thicloressor a weisht basis is
Group-l[A sreels, the tank manufaclurer responsible for used,an undem:n nor more rhan 0-b mm (0.01 in.) from the
any proposed material substirution ro use Group-IV computed designrhicknessor the minimum perrnined thick-
rhrou_ghGroup-VI steelsmust: nessis acccptable.

a. Mainrain all of the original d.sig" criteria for rhe lower t 2.2.1.3 All plares shall be manufacrured by the open-
stressGroup-I rhrough Group IIIA steels. heanh, electric-furnace,or basic oxygen process.Sreelsprc-
o b. Obtain the prior wrinen approval of the purcha_ser. duced by the rhermo-mechanicalconrrol process Cfi\4CP)
c. Ensure rhat all of the design, fabrication, erection and may be used,providedrhat rhe combinationof chemicai cont-
inspecrion requirements for the material being substituted position and inte,sraredconuols of rhe sreelmanufacruringis
rvill meet the lower stressGroup-I rhroughGroup IIIA speci- mutualll, accepuble ro rhe purcha-ser and lhe manufacturer,
f cationsfor irems including but not limired to: and provided that rhe specifiedmechanicalpropenies in rhe
o i. Marerial propeniesand productionprocqssnrethods. required plate thrcknessesare achieved.Copper-bearingsreel
a 2. Ailowable stresslevels. sha-llbe usedif specifiedby rhe purchaser.
o 3. Notch roughness. 2.2.1.4 Shellplatesare limited ro a moiimum thiclgressof
O 4. Welding proceduresand consumables. 45 mm (1.75 in.) unlessa lesserthickress is sured in rhis
a 5. Thermal srressrelief. standardor in tire plate specificarion-Piaresused as insertsor
o 6. Temporary and permanent attachmenr d.tails and flan_ses may be rhickerrhan 45 mm (1.75 in.). Platesrhicker
procedures- than 40 mm (l-5 il.) shallbe normalizedor quenchrempered,
7. Nondestrucrive examinations. killed, made to fine-grainpracrice,and impacttested.
d. Include rhe peninent information in rhe docurrents pro-
vided ro rhe purchaser,including a cenificarionsraemenrthar 2.2-2 ASTM Specifications
rhe subsrirutedmaterial fully complies with 2_1.3 in all Plaresthat conform ro rhe follo*.ing ASTir4 specificarions
respects,and proride all other records coveredbl the work are acceptableas long as rhe plares are rvirhin the stared
processesapplied ro the marerialsuch as impacr tsting, weld limiutions:
procedures,nondestructiseexaminations,and hearseatments-
a. ASTM A 36I'VA 36 for plaresro a ma_rimumthicknessof
2.1 .4 \\/here marerialsof constructionare usedthar are cer- 40 mm (1.5 in.). None of tre specificarions for rhe appune-
rified to t\\.o or more marerial specifications,lh3 material na?rtmaterials lisred in Table I of AS'I!1 A 36M/A 36 are
specificationchosen for the design calculadonsshall also be consideredaccepubiefor ranksconstrucledunder rhis stan-
usedconsisrentlyin rhe applicationof all orherprovisionsof dard unless it is expresslystatedin rhis sundard rhat the
rhis standard.The purchasershall be notified of rhis choice specificationsare acceprable.
and receiveconfirmationthat rhe marerialfully complies wirh b. ASTI\,1A 13ll{/A 131,GradeA. for plaresro a maximum
ure chosenmaterialspecificarionin all respecrs. t h i c k n e s so f 1 2 . 5m m ( 0 . 5 i n . ) ; C r a d eB f o r p l a r e sr o a m a x i -
 API S.IANoA;D 650

16 6'0

50 10
10 50

-1

-7 20
l

q
-12 10
E

o
o -18 -18 0

-20 -29
-29 -20

-30 -34

-40 -40
--40 --40

-50 -46
-46 -50

4 -51
-51 -€0
1- 5 19 25
O5O O.75 1-Oo
Thidaness, including corrosion allowanc€
Notes:
1. The Group ll and Groco V lines coincidea1thidoesses less than 12-5 mm (1/2in.).
2. T h e G r o u p l l la n d G r o r - p l l l A r i n e s c o i n c i d e a t t h i c k n e s s e s r e s s l h a n r e . s m m l r l 2 i n . l .
3. The materials in each g=oup are listed in Table 2_3_
4. This figure is nol appli-He to controlted-rolted dales (see 22.7.4).
5. Use the Group llA and Group VIA curves{or pipe and {langes (see 2-ss.2 and 2.5.5-3).

Figure 2-1-*\4inimum Permissible Design Metal Temperature ior Materials Used in Tank Shells
Without lmpactTesting

mum thicknessof 25 mm (l in.); GradeCS for plaresro a g. ASTM A 573\,1Crades400, 450, 485/4 573, Grades58,
maximum rhicknessof 4O mm (l-5 in.) [insen plares and 'lQ,
65, and for plaresro a maximum thicknessof 40 mnr
flanges to a maximum d.icloess of 50 mm (2 in.)]; and ( 1 . 5i n . ) .
Crade EH36 for plaresro a maximum rhicknessof 45 mm h- ASTM A 6331\4/4633, GradesC and D, for plaresto a
(i.75 in.) [insert platesand ffangesto a maximum rhickness maxirnum thicLrressof 45 mm (1.75 in.) [insertplaresto a
of 50 mm (2 in.)]. maximum thicknessof lO0 mm (4.0 in.)].
c. ASTM A 283\{/4 283- Grade C, for platesro a ma_ximum i. ASTM A 662WA 662, GradesB and C, for platesro a
thicknessof 25 mm (l in.)- maximum thickrressof 40 mm (1.5 in.).
d. ASTI,I A 285M/A 285_Grade C, for plaresro a motimum j. ASTM A 67SM/A 678, CradeA, for plaresro a marimum
thickneso s f 25 mm (1 in.)- thicknessof .i0 mm (1.5 in.) [insertplateslo a maximum
e. ASTM A 516M Crad:s 380,415.450. 48iiA 516. *ricknessof 65 mm (2-5 in.)l and Crade B for plaresro a
Grades 55, 60, 65, and 70, for plaresro a maximum maxitnum rhicknessof 45 mm (1.75 in.) [insen plaresro a
t h i c k n e s so f 4 0 m m ( 1 - 5 i n . ) [ i n s e r tp l a t e sa n d f f a n g e st o miximum rhicknessof 65 mm (2.5 in.)1.Boron addirionsare
a m a x i m u m t h i c k n e s so f I O Om m ( 4 i n . ) 1 . not permined.
f AST\'1 A 531WA 537. Class I and Class?, for plaresto a
maximum thickless of 45 mm (1-75 in.) [insen platesro a
ma.{lmumrhicknessof l0O mm (4 inches)].
 Vl=tffn Srtfr TarrS Fc- Oit S:(!iaa

,. .,-l l,1r\ tJ7j.1,/.:\ lr;-, Cracic b, 1o: platc: iL\< rtJ-\ul)i_utl la!ie 2 - . l- - _ - { : ' ! a > : r l r uPner r r r r i s s i i l i eA l i o V C o n l e n i
r i r i c l . n e sosf - 4 0n : r r ( l 5 i n . )
I ASI'N4A 84I N.VAE4I for plaresro a ,nd,:rr--j rjrick:ress I l'=tAn.:lvsis
'\ liov (p.-rccnr) Nolcs
oi40 :rrn (J.5 u:.) [ilsen plaresro a mani;,-ru::r=ich:ess of
6-5rrul (2.5ur.). Coiunbiu:rr 0.05 I r i

\'rudiunr o .l 0 1 . A
2.2.3 CSASpecifications Colur,b:unr (S 0 05%) p)us o.l0
rz::adr u nr
Plaiefi:mishedro CSA C40-21-I{ i_nGrades260W, 300\\/,
Nitroien 0 . 0 1i t.2.4
ald 3-50\4/is accepteblsu"irhin rhe limiradonss:zred belo*'.
(If impact re$s are reguire4 G:ades260W,300\V, and 350W Copper 0-35 t,2
a;e ciesipated as Grades 260UrT', 300\yI, ;-d 350\lT. Nickei 0-50 l,2
ra-p.;\,o1.,
,,,.perial urrir equiralentgradesof CSA Specifi-
\ I'n-
Chronium o-2i t,2
cauonG40.2i arealso acc€prable.
.lv{ol1'Menum 0.0s i.2
z- Tire W gradesma1'be semikilledor firll1'kille;-
b Ful1ykilled sreelmzde ro fine-grainpnclice '.m{ be qpec_ e I . lilrhen the use of *rce alloys or combinations of them is nor
i:rcluded in tle mara-izl specif carion, rheir u_seshall bc zr rhe opr.ion
ls
_ ined wben required.
of tbe plate produceq s:bjecr to the approrzl of rhe purcha_ser_These
: ; ._:.
-: Elemene addedfor grain refining or $re!$hming shell b€ elemenls sball be repcrred when requested bv the purcha_.er. Vrhen
iestricred in accordaacewitb Table 2-l- more resl-,ctive iim;rariorns aeincluded in the marerial spccification,
d. Plates 5hall !3yg lensrlg Sgergthsrhrr sB ngEmOre tban tbcse shall govern
2. Ou producr analys\ rhe marerial shall.conforrn ro these recuirc_
140 MPa (20 ksi) aborr tle miaimrlm specifiedfu.rle gnde.
DeDlsr subjecl to rbe prodr.rct arnlysis tolerances of the specifcation
e. Grades260W and 3 00W are accepi-rhlefur plz= to a max- 3. V/-hen colurnbiurn is added either singly or in combinarion u,ith
imum rbickness of 25 m:n (l iD.) if seo*illed and to a r'=o"111'm, ir shall !a resricted ro plares of I ?.5 mm (0-5O in maxi-
)
mexim,rm rhiclness of 40 rnm (1.5 iD-) if ntf\, killed aad m m rliclness unless combined r*irh 0.159/" minimum silicon.
Whca niuogen (S O-OI 5%) is added as a supp lemenr to rzrladirrn
mads 1efue-gnin practice. f-
it.h?ll b€ rEporte4 ad rhe minimum ratio of rznadium lo nitosen
f- Grade 350W is. acceprable for plate to a maxi=cum thick- sbrll be4'1.
rless of 45 rnrn (1.25 iD-) [insen prares ro a maximum _
thiclcoess of 50 mm (2 iL)l if f.rlly kiled ald r.ade to fne_
min nnc+ine 22.6 General Requirernents for Delivery

2-2-6.1 The mrtsrial fi:rnished shrtl conlorrn ro rhe

2-2-4 lSOSpecifications
applicable rcquirenens cf the Isted specif carioos but is
ss I Platefi:misbedto ISO 630 in GradesE275,-t aot restrjcted wirh respect to the locatjon of the place of
E 355 is
accept2hlewithin the followilg limitatioar mentlfucfure.

ss t z- Grade E275 tt Qualities C and D for plate ro a maximurn 2-2-62 Tbis material is iarendedro be suirable for fusion
ib-iclclessof40 mm (15 in-) and wirh a meximrlm-rnganese welding. Weldilg lgchnique is of fundamenral irnoorrance,
r:\
' :,:,
nrelt of i-5% (beat). and r*'elriing proc€duresmust provide *,elds s'hose suength
is I b- GradeE 355 i! Q.rzlities C and D for plae ro a rnaximum a::d tough:ressare consistent u"ith tbe plate marerial beilg
joiled- All welding perforrned to repair surface defecrs
ri-ichess of 45 mm (l-75 in.) [ilsert pl"'es to a ]naximum
rjriclo:essof 50 m.n (2 in-)]- sball be done rx'itb loe-h),drogenweiding elecrrodescom-
patible ir cbemistry, suength, and qualiq, u,ith rbe plate
) B1 . 2 . 2 . 5 marerial.
NationalStandards
o 2-2-6-3 \\Tren specified by the plare purchaser,the sreel
Plaresproduceda.odresredi-naccorda-uce wirh dE require_ shall be fuUy kiXed \\'hen speci.fiedby rhe plare purchaser,
ments of a recopized national stand:rd and sirhin the
fi:ily killed sreelshalJbe made ro fine-grarnpracrice.
mecbanical ald chemical limiations of one of rle grades
[sred i-nTable 2-2 arc accepable when aoprroved 'cy
$e pur_ 22.6.4 For plare rbar is ro be made to speci_ficadons liat
chaser.The reguiremeils of rhis group do nor a=aly to rhe limit rbe rnaximum manganeseconrenrro less rh:n l.fQolo,
ASTi\,I, CSA, and ISO specificanonslis-.edjn2->-2,2-2-3, the llrrit of the rnalgatese content may be increased ro
et:cd2.2.4. For the purpo*s of rhis standrd, a narbnal stan_ l-60% (hear)ar rhe oprion of r.beplareproducerto maintain
derd is a standardf131has beensalcrioneciby &e govemmenr rhe required soeng,i level, provided rh:r rhe maxjrnum car_
of rhe cou:rrryfrom u,irichthe srandardoriqinares- bontonrenr is reciue<irc 0.20o/o(lreat)a;rdthe u,elcebiliryoi

, y i l r e A m e r i c a nP e l r o l e u mI n s l i l L r t e
i 1 0 : 1 5 : 0 72 0 0 2
 AFI St i\t)iRl) Cal

rablc 2 ,: i \ L c e ? ' . a b l eG r a o e s o f p l e l e t . 4 a l e r r a p
l r o c u c e d i o i { a t i o n a l S i a i | C a r 0 S( S e e 2 2 5 )

\ {..c-ha;ri ce I }1rpea ir: C i r c n ri c : : l C o : : r p o s i r i c ;

Ir{zri:.,trr
cl Tcnsilc SLrcngrn.r lr'{ininrunr r\lrrinr urrr Pcrcr-r:t
Yicld l\'1anim u rn PcrEr.ll i)hosphorus ad
N{inimum' Jr4animunr Srn=rgth' Thicl:ness Carbon SuL-rr

.l
"
tradc NdPa ii-. i MPa \-qi N{Pa mnl Hc:t l)roduct Hcat P;cduct
r356 160 -il 510 235 3.1 ?0 075 0.20 o.21 0.04 0.0i
50 400 5s ,s30 11
250 _ro t.i 0.2-l o.2'l o.Gt 0.05
?75 430 62 560 Q I
2'75 0.25 0.29 0.04
l_) 0.05

'The location and number of test specimen-1 eloagatioo

and bend tess, aad acceprzrce 6i-ireria arc ro be in eccordance u-ir,l.rthe
appropriate national slanciard, ISO sendard or ASTITI specitrcarion.

,l bsllikiUed or filll' killed qualiq'; as rolie4 controlle,l-rolled or Ttr{CP

or TN{CP is used in placc of normalized sreel], oi nora:elized.
c\-reld strengrh: tensile
[?0 rn-'n (0.75 in ) marjmu,rn when conrro]led-rolled srecl

srrq:alh < 0.?5, ba-sedon the ninimum specified vield and ten-sile srren-qlh r:lless ecrual lest l:alues arc
required b1' the purche-ser.
c' '.nrimming
only-

t}e plare is given consicis-adooThe marerizl sh:il fs xoal-fted o 22-7.4 Subject 10 rbe purchaser,s approa?.I,cor-uolled-
a{od" foUorvhg rbe specifcation iiscing. Tbe material shall rolled plares (plaresproduced by a mechanical-'berrnelroll-
confom to fte product :ralvsis tol€rances of Tab]e B in ilg process desipe<i 1q enh:nr;s notcb rougb:ress)may be
ASIN,{A 6WA6. used r*'here lormaliz€d plaies are required. Each conqoLled_
22-6-5 The use or presence of columbi,,m, 12621[rrrn, rolied plare sbail receive Chalpy V-notch impact eneigy 1e$-
ing ir accordancewifr 2)_8,2.2-9, ald 2.2-10.Whea con_
niuogen, copper, nickel, c.bomiurn, or molyMenlsr shall not
erceed tbe lfuritations of Table 2-l for all Group VI marerials nolled-rolled srcels are used, considerationshould be given to
(seelbble2-3) andISO 630, GradeE355. tbe srvice conditions ourlined in 3.3.3.
|
22-7.5 The tensile rests sheil be performed on each plare
22.7 HeatTreatrnent of plates as heat ueared.
o 2-2-7 -1 \Yhen specifed by rhe plaie purcbasel ftlly hlled
piares shall be heat trearcd to produce graia refmement by 2-2-A lmpactTesting of Plates
either normafi2ilg or hearhg uniformly ftr hot foming. If o 22.8.1 Wben required by rhe purchaseror by 22.'7.4 and
rhe required rearmefi is rc be obuined ia co:ljuaction witl 2-2.9, a set of Cbarpy V-notcb impact specimens sh:lt fs
hot forming, the rempcran:re to *,hich de plares are hearcd tal<e:rfiom plares aier hear qeamienr (if tbe piates hare been
for hot fsrming shall be equivaleat1e 3ai <halt lot signif_ heat ueated), a:rd tle specimpnr qh:ll fuLAll rhe scatedmergy
_ e-t"ly exc€edthe nornalizing re.nFerau[e. Ifthe ueament of requiremenc. Test cot:pons sball be qfreinsd adjacent ro a
:, ) t -,lzres is not specifed ro be done ar rhe plare Droducer,s tensiol-tesr coupon. Fa"h fi:ll-size impacr specimen shall
planq resd-ngsball be caried our iD accodano **i 22.j 2. bave its ceDu-alaxis as closero the plane ofone-quarrer plzte
o 22-7 -2 \\&en a piare purchase, eleds to perfoim the thicknessas rhe plarethicknesswill permit.
rcquired normalizilg or fabricares by hor fming (see 22.8-2 \\&en ir is necessa4' to preparc test specimens
2.2-l .l), the platesshell ls accepredoa rhe basisof mill tests fiom separatecoupons or rvhen plares are fi.rnished by rtre
made on firll-rhickness scecimensbeat teared io accorda_nce plareproducerin a hor-ioUedcondition*"irh subsequenihear
u.ith rhe plare purchaser'sorder.If rhe hear_reacrnenrremper_ treatrnentby the fabricaioi ihe procedureshall conform to
atul€s are not indicated on rhe purcbaseorder,the specimens ASTMA 20.
5hall fg hear rrearedun<iercondidoDsconsid€redappropriare
for grail refinemenr and for meering rbe resr reguksmens. 2-2-8-3 A:r impacr tesr shall be performed on rbree sp€ci_
Tbe piate producer shall 1o16tnr1|e plare puch"ser of the mels raken from a silgle resr couponor resi locarion.The
procedurefollou'ed jp 6earing &e specimensar tbe seel mill- averageva]ue of &e specimels(uith no more (hauone spec_
imen wlue bei-ngless tba-nrire specifed rninimum value)
e 2-2-7-3 On rhe prnchaseorder, dre pbre purchaqershaLl
shall complv sitr rhe soeciied minimum rz'lue.lFmoie rban
hoicare to the plue producerrvberberrbe picldu€, 5hall prgl_ one vdue is lesstha_orbe speofiedminimum rzlue. or if one
fo,-rnrhe heartrearmentof rhe olares. value is less thal nvo-ihirds i.hespecified.minimumrzlue.

y the American Petroleum Insthute

10'.15.252002
 \.|,:LDED S'rEEL TAN(S Foa OIL S;carc:

bc:rssun':d to L":tl'C (ij"F) abote tltr'loue st onc-11il)'lrlcitrl

rhrecadciirioualspecinrens-shallbe tested,arid eacll c:1lllcsc
arnbient lenrper?lure of die localirl'u'lrere the rank is to be
nrusthavea valuegreaterthan or equal10rhe specifiednlini-
insnlled- Isofiermal lirtes of loq'est one-da)' nlean telllpera-
m u n r v a l u e. ?-2' The lemperalures are llot
rures aJe shor.-n in Figure
2-2-8.4 Tlre reslspecimensshallbe Chutp>'\'-notclt T1'peA related to refrigerated-ranktenlperatures (see I -l - I )'
specin.rens (seeASTIr{ A 3?0), u'idr r}re notch perpendicular
2-2-g-4 Plate used to reinforce shell openines and insen
ro ilie surfaceof rhe plate being rested'
plates shall be of rhe same material as fie shell plare to u'hich
pernrit
2-2.A-5 For a plare u'hoserhicknessis insuficient ro rhey are arrachedor shall be ofanl'appropriate nraterial listed
(10 *T x l0 mni)' resrs in Table 2-3 and Figure ?-1- ExcePt for nozzle and manwal'
preparadonof iull-size specimens
that can be necks, th. material shall be of equal or -grealerI'ield and ten-
.nujt U. made on tre largest subsizespecimens
shail have a sile stren5th and shall be compatible u'irh dle adjacent shell
prepared from the plate- Subsize sp€cimens '>.2,
.*ii*r along the norch of ar least g07o of rhe marerial thick- irem e)'
material (see 2.2-9- 1 and 3"'7
ness.
2-2.9-5 The requirements in 2-2-9-4 apply only 1o shell
l-,2-8-6 The impacr enelgy values obtained froni subsize nozzles and manholes. Materials for roof n6;zles a'nd man-
-.pecimensshall not be less than valuestat are Proportional holes do not requue sPeciaitoughness'
ro tre energy values required for full-size specimens of rhe
same material- 2.2.10 Toughness Procedure

2-2.8.7 The testing aPParatus'including rhe calibration of 2-210.1 When a material's toughness must be determined,
impact machines and the permissible variarions in the temper- it shall be done by one of the procedures describei in 2'2'1O2
arure of sp€cimens, shall conform to ASIN{ A 370 or an *nough 2).70.4, as specified in2-2'9'
equivalent testing apPararusconforming to natbnal standards
2.2-10.2 Each plate as rolled or heat treated shall be impact
or ISO sundards.
tested in.accordance wi& 2-2-8 at or below the design meral
(or rans-
temperan]re to show Chutpy V-notch longirudinal
2-2-g Toughness Requirements
verse) va-luesrhat fuIfilI rie minimum requirements of Table
and
2.2.9.1 The thiclness and desQgrmetal temJrrature of all 2-4 (see 2-2.8 for rhe minimurn values for one sPecimen
sheil plates,shell reinforcing plates,shell insen plates,bonom forsubsizespecimens)-Asusedhere,thetemplateasiolled
an
platesu'eldedro rhe shell, platesusedfor manbole and nozzle refers 1o rhe unil p)ate rolled from a slab or directly from
of sPecimens'
necks,plate-ring shell-nozzleffanges,blind flanges,and man- ingot h its reladon to tre location and numb€r

hole cover plates shall be in accordanceuitr Figure 2-l' not to the condidon of rhe Plare'
Notch roughness evaluation of plare-ring flanges, blind
"govern- 2.2.10-3 The rhickest plate from each heat shall be impact
flanges,and manhole cover plates shall be based on
. 'q rested in accordance wirh 2-2.8 and shall fuIfiIl rhe impact
thickness" as defined in 2-5-5-3.In additioo, platesmore
requirements of 2-2-10-2 at rhe design metal temperature'
-,ran40 mm (1.5 in-) thick shall be of killed $eel madeto fine-
erain practice and heat treated by normtlit;ng, normaiizing a 2.2.10-4 The manufacrurer shall submit to tle purchaser
and tempering,or quenchingand tempering'and eachplate as Iest data for plates of dre material demonstrating rhat based on
heattrearedshall be impaa tesledaccordinero ?-2'10'2'Each past production from the same mill, the material has provided
TMCP A 841 plate shall be impact tested according to rhe required toughness at the design metal temPerarure'
2.2.10.2 u'hen used at desi-snmetal temperarureslower tran
rhe minimum remPeratur€s indicatedin Figr:rer-1- . 2.3 SHEETS

. 2.2-9.2 Plates less than or equal to 40 mm (1-5 in') thick' Sheers for fixed and ffoaring roofs shall conform to ASTM
exceptcontrolled-tolledplares(see2-2] -4),ma1'be usedal or A 1 0 1 1 \ V A 1 0 1I , G r a d e 3 3 - T h e y s h a l l b e m a d e b ; ' t h e o p e n -
above the design metal temp€raruresindicared in Figure 2-1 hearth or basic oxygen process. Copper-bearing steel shall be
rviiiour being impact tested-To be usedat design metal tem- used if specified on the purchase order' Shees ma;'
be
peratureslolr'er than the minimum temp€rarurs indicatedin ordered on either a r'"'eight or a thickness basis' al the option
Figure2- 1, platesshalldemonstrate adequars norchtoughness of rhe tanI: manufacturer.
in accordance uirh 2-2-10-3unless 2-2'10? or 2-2'10'4has
been specified by rhe For
Purchaser. heat-rreared material' 2.4 SHAPES
STRUCTURAL
nolch loughness shalt be demonstrated on each plate as heat
are sp'ecified 2.4.1 steelshall conform to one of rhe follorving
Ss-ucrura.l
ueated u'hen 2.2.10.2 requiremens
a. ASTir{ A 36\tA 36'
2.2-g-3 Unless experienceor special local conditionsjus-
tify anor}er assumption,the design meral i:mPerature shall b . A s T \ 1 A I 3 1 \ t A I 3 1-
 API STANDARD650

Table 2-3a-Material Groups, Sl Units (See Figure 2-1 and Nole 1 Below)

Croup I Group II G r o u pI l l C r o u pl l l A
As Rolled. A-sRolled, -ns Rolled.Killed Normalized,Killed
Senrikjiled Killed or Semikilled Fine-Crain PracLice Fine-Grain Pracrice
ivlaterial rr-otes Mate ri=l n-otes lr{atcrial Nors Material rr-o(es
A 283N,'C 2 AI3IMB 1 A 573[1-400 A 1 3 I MC S
A ?SJN4C 2 A36M ?.6 A5r6I.1-3E0 A 573N4-400 l0
A ] 3 1 MA 2 G40-2tM-2@\\' A 516\-t-415 A 5r6N4-380 r0
A 36N4 f- -1 (Jraoe f)u 5,8 G40rli\,1-260\\/ 9 A5t6M-415 t0
Gmde 235 Grade 250 5.9 G40-2lM-260w 9. l0
Grade 250 6 G r a d e2 5 0 5,9, l0

Grcup VI
Normalized or
Group IV Group IVA Group V Quenchedand Tempered,
As Rolled. Killed A" Rolicd, KiUed Norma.Lized,Killed Ki I led Fine-Grain hacdce
Fine-Grain hacrice Fine-Grain Practice Fine-Grain Fracrice Reduced Carbon
Material Nores Material Nores Material Nores Material Notes
A 573M-450 A 662M C A 573M-485 10 A 13tM EH 36
A 573M-485 A 5?3M4E5 II A 516M450 10 A 633MC
A 516M-450 G40-2lM-3mw -
9,ll A5t6M-485 rO A633MD
A 5l6M-485 G402rM.35ow
e''
A 662M B Xil;lf]ff lll l#:::l ,3
G40-2lM-300w 9 A 678MA
G40.21M-350w 9 A 678MB 13
E215 d q A 737MB
E 355 9 A 841 1 2 .t 3
bf^^. /l) 5.9

Notes:
1- Most of rhe listed marerial specificationnumbcrs refer to ASTM specificarions(inctuding Grade or Class);rhereare, ho*,-
ever,someexceprioos:G40-2lM (includingGrade) is a CSA specificarion;GradesE 275 and E 355 (including euatig,) are
conminedin ISO 630: and Grade 235, Grade50, and Grade 275 are relared10narionalstandards(see2.2.5).
2. Must be semikilled or killed-
3. Thickness < 20 mrn
4- Maximum mangan*€ contentof l.5Vo.
5. Th.ickness20 mm maximum when controlled-rolledsteeI is usedin place of normalized steel-
6- Manganesecontenl sha-llbe 0-8O-1.2Vo by hearanaiysisfor rhicknessesgrealer rhan 20 mnl, exc.pr *rar for eachreduction
of O.OlVobelorvthe specifiedcarbonmarimura- an increase of 0.O6Vomanganes€aboverhespecifi:d manimum will be per-
mitted up to the manimum of l.35Vo.Thickne-<-<cs
S 20 mm shall have" -Le-.s" conrenlof 0-&-l-2Zo bv heatana]vsis.
7. Thickness < 25 mrn-
8. Must be killed.
9. Must be killed and nade to fine-grainpracric:-
10.Must be normalized
I I - Must havechemisu-r'(heat)modified to a mani::aumcarbonconrentof 0-201oand a manimum rn-ansan€se contentof l.6ovo
(see2.2.6.4).
1?.Producedb;'rlre thermo-mechanicalconuol pro€ss (-flvtCp).
13.See3.7.4-6for testson simulated test couporl<for material usedin stress-reiieved assemblies-
 \\'=rDED STEEL-ia\r(s ron OrL Sl c,iAce .)

latrle 2-3lH\la1eria! Grou5. US Custornary Unils (See Frgure2-1 and flole i Belov;)
r-:-, - | Grr:<-Ii GrnupIll Crcup Ill-t
As Rolled, As Roiled, As Rolled,llillcd NonualD:ri, KillcxJ
Scmikilled Kilied or S<rikilicd Finc-G:zinPnctioc Finc-Crain -Rzcricc

ir,{aierial Nois I{==Tial Notes lr{aterial Notcs ]r{zicrial Notes

A2sic , A13)E 7 A5?3-5E Al3lCS

A 2 S 5C ? A 36 2,6 A516-55 A 573-iE t0
A 1 3 1A ? G40:iI{-?60q; A 516-60 A 516-55 10
A36 ?.3 Grade50 5.8 G4O-21M-26OR' 9
.4516{0 .l0
Grzcic2.5 -i, 5 Grade250 5, 9 G40.2)M-?60q' 9, l0
Grzde250 6 Grade250 5, 9, l0

GrouP \'I
Normalizcd or
Group IV GroupnA Group \/ Quenched and Tcopered,
AsRcildIClled AsRoUed-Killed NormalizeC,Kjlled Ki i led Fine-Grain Practicc
Fine-Grain Practice Fr=e-Grain liractice Fine&zh Practice Reduced Czrbon
Marerial Noles lr{asial Notes Material Notes Material Notes

A57345 A662C }.573-70 t0 A 13i EH 36

A s't3-'to A 573-?0 , 11 A 516-65 i0 A 633 C
A516{5 G402L\{-300W 9, 1l A5t6-70 l0 A633D
A 516-70 G40 tl.lr;{-350F 9. 1I G4o2lM-300W 9, l0 A 53? Class 1
Af628 G4O:1M-350W 9, 10 A 537 Class2 13
G4O.2]M-30OW 9 - 4'678,4
G40.2IM-350W 9 ,4'6788 t3
E275 4,9 A73't B
E355 9 .4841 12.13-
Grade275 5,9

Notes:
l - Most of the listed marcrial speci-fcarioo nmhers rcfer to AST[{ gccifcatioas (includbg Grade or Class); rhere are, how-
ever, some exceptio.s G4O.21M (includi=g Grade) is a CSA spccifietiorU Grades E 275 and E 355 (iacludiry Quality) are
.: contained in ISO 630; and Grade 235, C!-ade 250,-d Grade 275 arerelaed to national standerds (see 2.15).
' ::
- Musr be semikilled or Lrtled
3- Tbicl:ress < 0.75 in-
4. ]r4zximum ulanganesc content of l-57o-
5. Thickness 0.75 in. marimum when conrolled-rolled steel is used in place of normalized steel.
6. Mangznese conteot shzll be 0.80-l t% b;'1*4 rub:sis for rhicl:ncsscs grearer than 0-75 inct\ except rhet for each reducrion
of 0.017o below rhe ?ecified erbon masrrmr, aa increase of 0.06?i, mangznese above the specified maximum will be per-
mined up to the maximum of I 35%. Thicknesscs S O.75 irr. shall bave a manganes€ contenr of 0.S-l -2% by heat anelysis.
7. Th'icknessS I inclu
3, Must b€ killed.
9. Must b€ killed and ma.de ro fine-grain practice.
10. Must be normalized-
I l.Must have chernisu'y (beat) modified to a E2ximr= carbon contenr of O.2V/o and a maximum manganese conrenr of l.6U/o
(*e2.2.6.$.
lr-Produced by rhe thermo-mechenical coo:-cl procss Clt\,{CP).
I l. See 3-7.a-6 for tests oo sirnulated test coiDorls fo; nu rgrial used in suess-relieved as,semblies.

. b y t h e A m e r i c a nP e t t o l € u mI n s t i t u t e
0 5 1 0 : 1 5 : 5 92 0 0 2
 APt Srr\D<\'o €-<3

x - - . .=
. |: . i (

LL

=-ci g)
c o 6
a r O
= 5 -
3 A-e (o
\ c a
@-i: -
-Fl4
O e 9 E
! O ;

s66
> oII C
io o
s 2t E
EE3 co
9ll*
- o o
o 9 c
9( 1 )-_ _
o o o c \
= h E
FgE o G
-co
o o o g)
(J>o ( 1 ) l
3 t-r-
o o
J -
g l l

c)
C
=
E
c)
a
\ls (.\ =
$1 ti ; I
I
c!

lit, a

o
c!
c)
)
a
iI
@

,/{ z' a .l' N

-/ (7(7'
\ \.. 3"t
t 6 +3
\sg
---_-_->.)
I N

: :
- -a-i
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,3
€ -

:t by the American Petroleum lnsljtute

0510:16:21 2002
 \ . J r L D . D S r a € l T r r u < Sr O a O [ S - T O c A G E 2 ,-r

Table 2-4-Minimum lmpactTest Requiremenls lor Plales (See Note)

Avrrasr lnrpact \/aiue ofThrec Spccinrensb

Thickness Longitudinirl Transvtrse

Plate N4ateriaF and Thickness Q) in mm (in-) fr-lbf fi-lbf

Groupsi, ll. lll. and IIL{ 20 t5 l o rl

.r
r ( maximunr thictrresses in 2.2.2 drough r s

r <40 ')'l
Groups I\/, I\4, Y ard \/I (exceptquenched rs 1.5 41 30 20
and tenrperedand TltlCP) 40<r<45 l-5<r< 1.75 rQ ?<
25
45<rS50 1.75<t<2 54 40 30
50< r < 100 2<r<4 6E 50 40
Grou;r Vl (quenchedand temperedand Tlr4CP) rS40 r< 1.5 43 35 25
40<r<45 1-5<r<1.75 54 40 30
45<r<50 ! - 7 5< t < ' ) 61 .15 4 (
35
5Ocr< lO0 ? . < t< 4 . 6 8 5 0 < 4
40
aSeeTable 2-3.
blnrerpolarion is pcrmiucd ro rhe nearesrjoute (nJbf).
Note: For plate ring ffanges, the minimum impecr rest requircmens for all rhiclsressesshall be rhose
for r < 40 mm (1.5 iD-)-

c. ASTMA 992]rl/ A992. tions listed in r.5. l-1 and 2.5.1.2 or 1o nalional suldards
d- Srructural Steels listed in AISC Specifcarion for Struc- equivalentro the specificationslisted.
rural Steel Buildings, Allowable StressDesign-
e. CSA G40.21-N{, Grades 260W 300q 350\Y 260WT, 2-5.1-1 The following specificationsare acceprable for
30O\\T, and 350I\T- lmperial unit equivalenr grades of CSA pipe and pipecouplines:
SpecificationG40 "l are also acceprable. a. API Spec5L, GradesA, B, and X42.
f. ISO 630, Grade E2'75, QualitiesB, C, and D. b. ASTN,IA 53. GradesA and B.
o *s. Recognizednadooal standards.Structtrral steel that is pro- c. ASTM A 106,GradesA and B.
duced in accordance u'ith a recognizrd national srandardand
d. AST\4 A234WA 234, GradeWPB.
rhat meets rhe requiremenrs of Table 2-2 is acceprablewhen
"oproved by the pr.rrchaser. e. ASTM A 333N{/A 333, GradesI and 6.
f. ASTM A 3341\{/A334, GradesI and 6.
t --4.2 All steel for srructural shapesshall be made by the g. ASTivI A42O.r'4/A420, GradeWPL6.
open-hearth, electric-furnace, or basic oxygen process. h. AST]U A 524, GradesI and tr.
Copper-bearing steel is acceptable when approved by rhe i. AsTlvl A 671 (see2.5.3).
purchaser.
2-5.1-2 The follorving specificarionsare acceprable for
2.4-3 Not all of rhe strucrural sreel shapeslisred in AISC forgings:'
t2 4.1 (d)l and other national standards[2-4-l G)] are u,ell
suired for weldino- -\{aterial selection for strucrural shapes a. ASTMA lO5NtA 105.
requiring welded connecrionsshall include confirmarionof b. ASTh4A l81i\tA i81.
rhe materials' weldability from the sfuctural shape manu- c. AST]\{ A 350M/A 350, GradesLFI and LP.
facrurer,orher repuuble sources,or by u'eld resdng.Smrc-
2-5-2 UnlessASTN{ A 67 I pipe is used (electric-fusion-
tural steel shapes having poor u'eldabiliq, shall only be
u'eldedpipe) (see2.5.3),materialfor sheil nozzlesand shell
usedfor bolted connectiondesigns.
manholenecksshall be seamlesspipe, seamlessforging, or
2.5 P I P I N GA N D F O R G I N G S p l a t em a t e r i a a
l s s p e c i f i e di n 2 . 2 9 . 1 . W h e n s h e l l m a r e r i a l s
a+e Group IV fVA, Y or VI, seamlesspipe shall comply
2.5.1 Unless or}er'*ise specifiedirr rhis sandard, pipe and -n'ifi ASTi\4A 106,GradeB; ASTM
A 524'.ASTM A 333M/
pipe couplings and forgings shall conform ro rhe sp€cifica- A 333, Grade6; or ASTN1A 334MiA 334. Grade 6.
? 1 0 API SrrND^aD&il

2-5.3 \\/iren ASTr\{ A 67 I pipe is usedfor shell nozzlesand 2-5-5-4 \\'lren inrpact tesl.sare required by, 2_5.5.I or
shell nranlrolenecks,it shall comply *.irh tie follou,inq.: 2-55.3, rJrel' slrall be perforrned in accordance u,irJ'rrire
requirentenLs, including the minimunr energyrequirenrenrs,
a- Jr{aterialselecrionshall be limited ro Crad* CA 55, CC
of ASTN{ A 333\tA 333, Grade 6. for pipe or ASTlvl A
60. CC 65, CC 70. CD 70, CD 80, CE 55. and CE 60.
350I1/A 350, CradeLFl, for forgings at a resrlemperalureno
b. The pipe shall be pressuretestedin accordalce u,irh 8.3 of
hisher rlranthe designmetal lemperarure.Exceprfor rhe plare
A S T N 4A 6 ' 1 1 .
specifiedin2.2.9-2,rhe materialsspecifiedin 2.5-l ar,d2.5.2
c. The plate specification for the pipe shall satisfy rhe
for shell nozzles,shell manhole necli-s,and a-llforlings used
requiremenl-sof 2-2-i.2 "-E, and 2-2.9 rharare applicable ro
on shell openin*esshall have a minimunt Ch*pf' V-notch
thar plate specification.
impact srrensrhof 18 J (13 fi-lbf) (full-sizespecimen)ar a
d- Jrnpact tests for qualiff in-ethe u,elding procedure for rhe
ternperalureno higher than rhe designmelal remperature.
pipe iongirudina.lurlds shall be performed in accordance
,*ith'7.2.2.
2.6 FLANGES
2-5-4 Weldable-quulity pipe rhat conforn:s ro ihe phl'sicai
pi: . .rtiesspecified in an1'of the sandards lisred in 23-1 rnay 2.6-1 Hub, slip-on, r",elding,and weldirq-neck flanges
be used for structura-lpurposes wlth rhe alloszble stresses shall conform to tre material requi,:enrenrs of ASN{E 816.5
sured in 3-10-3. forforged carbon steel ffanges. Plare material usedfor nozzle
ffanges shall have physical propenies bener tran or equal to
2-5-5 Except as coveredin 253, the toughnessrequiremenrs
rhoserequiredby ASME B 16.5.Shell-nozzleflange marerial
of pipe and forgings to be used for shell nozzlesand manholes
shall conform to 2-a.9.7.
shall be establishedas describedin 255-l throueb 2-55.4-
2.5-5.1 Piping m2lsrials made according to AST\4 A . 2-6-2 For nomina-l pipe sizes greater than NPS ?4, ffanges
3331\,I/A 333, A 334lWA 334, A 350N{/A 35O, and A 4?A, tlrat conform to ASME 816.41 , SeriesB, may be used,sub-
jecrro the purchaser'sapproval.Particularaftenrionshould be
Grade WPL6 may be used at design metal r€mperanues no
lower than the impaa rest remperaturcrequired by rhe ASTM given ro ensuring that maring flanges oT appurtenancesare
specif cation for rhe applicable material grade sithout addi- compatible.
tional impact lests (see255.4).
. 2.7 BOLTING
2-5.5.2 Other pipe and forging marerialsshall be classified
under the marerial sroups shown in Figure 2-l as follorvs: Bolting shail conform to ASTM A 307 or A i93i\4/A 193.
A 325NVA 325 may be usedfor structuralpurposesonly. The
a- Group iIA-APi Spec 5L, GradesA, B, and X42; ASTM
purchasershould specify on the order what shape of bolt
A 106, Grades A and B; ASTM A 53, Grades A and B:
heads and nuts is desired and whether regular or heavv
ASTN{ A 181M/A 181;ASTMA 105I\4/A105;and A234W
dimensionsare desired.
A: GradeWPB.
b. l,roup \4A-ASTM A524, GradesI andII-
2.8 WELDING ELECTRODES
2-5.5.3 The materia,lsi-n the groups lisred in 2-5-5-2 may
be used at nominal thiclrresses,including corrosion a.llow- 2-8.1 For the welding of materialswith a minimum rensile
ance, at design metal temperatures no lol*'er rhan those strengthlesstian 550 MPa (80 ksi), the manual arc-welding
shown in Figure 2-1 without impact resring(<e 2-55-4 and electrodesshall conform ro the E6O and E'70 classification
Figure 2-3). The governing thicknessesro be used in Figure series (suitable for the electric current characteristics,the
?- I shail be as follows: position of u'elding, and other conditionsof inrendeduse) in
AWS A5.1 and shallconform to 5.2.1-10as applicable.
a. For butt-weldedjoins, rlre nominal rhicknessof rhe rhick-
est u,eldedjoint- 2.4-2 For the weldingof rnaterialsu'irh a minimum tenslle
b. For comer or lap welds, rhe trinner of rheru'o pansjoined. strenslh of 550 through 585 MPa (80 throueh 85 ksi), rhe
c. For nonweldedpans such as bolted blind ffangesand man- manual arc-u,eldingelecrodes shall conform ro rhe E80)C(-
hole covers,l/a of their nominal thicl<rress. CX classificarionseriesin AWS A5-5.
 'i
l) ,- {r ! ( l - ' { i( l l i l Cn-fN6l l,qq8 f D?lae50 Dtl,trSq? ?t3 I

w€r,o€D Sr;il T*^<s :oa Ot S;oarce

---
+I
SLIP-ON FLANGE RING-TYPEFLANGE

+
-r-
I
:
l-
t
I

WELDING.NECK FLANGE LONG WELDING.NECK FLANGE

Notes:
1. Shell reinlorcing ptia.leis nci -rrdlded in lhe iilLrslrations aDove.
2. l, - s6911lhickness; ln = n@Ie neck thickne.ss: Tr = ffange lhickness: Ic = bolled cover lhic*ness
3. Ttre goveming fhickness fcr each @mponenl shail b€ as toltovrs:

Governing Thickness
Cornosrents ( l h i n n € ro f )
Noz2le neck d sflell In or ls
Slipon llange ard noz2le n€ck tnor T1
Ringtype fhr,ge and nozzle neck tnor T1
Welding-ned< fange and noz2l€ n€ck Io

Long welding-nect lbnge ln o( !s

Nonwelded botted cover l t

.4
t
t a

Figure 2-3--€overning Thickness lor lmpacl Tesl Deiermination of

Shell Noz.le and Manhole Materials (see 2.5.5.3)
 : T D . A f I / f , t T i i 0 s T D t 5 B - : N 6 l _] r e 6 f 0?34?:0 0 h i , 1 r : t r 6t T T r

S E C T I O N3 - D E S t G N

3.1 JOINTS 3.'1-3-2 Tack u,eids shall nor be consjder:d as hayjne arv
3-1.1 De{inilions suength r-aluc iri rire finished struclure-

3-1.3-3 Tbe miaimum sizc of fil]er welds siral.lbc a_sfo.llou.s:

Tire definirionsin 3.1-l-i *rougn 3-J.l-g apgi1.(o rzrrk
joint deslgns(see7.1 for definitionstbatapph,ro*.e.ldersand Ol plares 5 mm (3/16 in.) djck, rhe weld shall be a fuU-flLlct
u:ld, and o:r plates more than 5 mm (3/,6 rn-) thick, rhe *,eld
weldrngprocedures).
riickness shall nor be less *ran one-rliird rhe rhickness of the
3.1-l .1 double'welded butt joint: a joint betweenru,o dinn€r plaii: at Ge joi-nr and shal.l be ar least 5 mn.l (i/16 in.).
abuning paru lf ing in approximarelyrhe sa:neplsne rhar is 3-'1.3.4 Single-welded lap joirrrs are permbsible only on
weldrd from both sides. tronom plates and roof plates.
3.1.1-2 singlewelded butt joint wilh backing: A 3-'1-3.5 l-apwe)dedjoints,las
joint betu,een rwo abuning pans lying in agproxfuarely rhe EgLwel,jed: shall be lapped
aI least five rimes r]," nominaT6ffiGiiihe r}rir,ne,pi.t
sameplanerhat is weldedfrom one side only *irh fu useof a
Fined: however,wir.h double-weldedlap joinrs, rhe lap need
strip bar or anotbersuitablebackingmateria.l_ not exceed50 mm (2 in_),and u,i& single-weldedlap joints,
3.1.1-3 double-welded lap joint: A joinr bcween t*.o &e lap nee<inot exceed?J mm (l in ).
over)apping rnembers ir *.hich &e overlagpede.rg:s of bodi
3-1.4 Welding Symbols
membersare welded wirb fillet wclds.
Welding symbols usedon drau,ingssha_llbe rhe sl.mbois of
3.1.1.4 single-welded lap joint: A joinr ber:reen ru,o
tbe American\l'elding Sociery.
overlappingrnemben in .r'hich rhe overiap,ped
ee of one
memberis u.eldedwitb a f,ller weld-
3-1-5 TypicalJoints
3.1.1-5 butt-weld: A wdd placed in a groov€.beru,ecn 3-1-5.1 General
two abuning oembers. Grooves may be sguarc. V_shaped
(single or double), or U-shaped (single or double), o, rt*y Typicaltankjoints are shoun in Figures3-J,3-2,3-34, 3-
may be eirher single or double beveled. 38, and3-3C.The wide facesof nonsymmerrical V- or U-bun
jrcintsrnay bc on dre oursideor the inside of the tank shell at
3.1.'1.6 fillet wetd: A weld of approximarei;-triargular the option of t}re manufacrurer.Tbe tank shell sha-Ube
cross section rhat joins rrx.osurfacesat agproximerely right designed,o $31 all coursesarc truly vertical.
angles,as in a lap joint, re joirt, or cornerjoinr.

3.1.1.7 full-'fillet weld: A illet weld wircsesfe is equaJ 3-1.5.2 Vertical Shell Joints
to the drickness of the rhinner joined member- a. Venica.lshell joinrs shall be bun joinrs wirh complete pen-
eqation and complere15i6n 3nainedby double u,elding or
3.1.'1.8 tack weld: A rre]d made ro hold rhe lans of a
rveldmentin proper alignment until rhe f.nal welci-<aemade- oiher means thar wili obrain rhe same qualiry of deposired
q,eld meul on the inside and outsideu,eld surfacesro mee(
tbe requirementsof 52.i and 52.3. The suir.abiliryof rbe
3.1-2 Weld Size
plate preparadonand u,elding procedureshall be detrmined
3.1.2.1 Th€ size of a groove weld shalt be be_sedon the in accordarrceu.j'rb?.2.
joint penet-ation (thar is, tbe deprh sf ghanferiEt plus the b. Verticaljolrl6 in arljacenrsheil coursesshall not be dJgnei
mot peneralion when specified). but shall be offser from each other a minimum distanceof 5r,
'*tere l is rhe plare rhicknessof rhe thjcker coursear rhe poinr
3.1-2-2 The size of an equalJeg f,ller wetd she-Ube based
of oflset.
on the leg lengrb of the largestisoscelesright riansle thar can
be inscribed *"ithin rhe crcss sccrion of rhe fiUer rleld. Tbe
3.1.5.3 Horizontal Shell Joints
size of an unequal-legfiUer weld shall be bas€d on rhe leg
leng*rs of the largesr righr riangle rhat can b inscribed a. Horizcntalshelljoinrs sha.lJ
havecomplerepenerrationand
within rhe cross sccrionof rlre fiIlet *,eld. complereiusion, bowever,as an altemadve,top algles may
'oe
anachrd ro rhe shell by a double-r+,eldedlap joint. The
3.1.3 Restrictionson Joints suimbiliry of rle plare prepa-rion arrd welciing prc,cedure
3hellb€ derermineC in accordancewjtlr?.2.
3-1-3-1 Rescrictionson rhe t1,peand size of ,*.eiCedjo:nu ir. Unlessother*-isespecified,abi.rningsheUplaresat hori-
aregivenin 3.13: rfuoueh3 I _3j. zontaljoi.ntsshallhar.ea cofiunonver-cical
cenrerljne.
* l
 \ll)-APjlPtTR0 5TD t50 tN6L l'l:6 I! O?:-i?iD !t]'r3q3 s3t x

A;Jl sra:ci:r5 6a1

3-1-5-4 Lap'Welded Bottom Joints

l-ap*,elded bouom plates shall be rea-sonabll' rt=anqu.lat

and square edgcd-'Iluee-plare laps in tank boaou:s sball be at
least 30O mm (12 in-) from each other, fmm rlre csfl)i shell, Singie-V bun tGnl
from b-un-wJjE-E--ainular-plarc joints, and fi-em join:.s S i n g l e - U b L n li o i n t
berween annu-lar plates ard ttre bonom. r "ppirg of rr*,o bor-
rom plates on the butt-welded arinular p)ates docs mt consti-
rue a duer-platc lap weld. When annular pia:es are used or
are required by 35-l, they shall be bun-*c.lded and shaU have
a radial *'idth tlrat provirLs al least 600 rnm (24 in-) bcween
rhe inside of the sbell and any lapwilded joinr in tire remain-
der of the bottom. Bodom plates need to be u'elded on the top Double.V bull joir,l
side onJl', u.ith a continuous full-fillet s'eid on all sea:ns.
Unless annular bonom platcs are u-sed, rbe bottom plates
under the bonom sbell rbg shall have the ouer eods of the
joinu fineO and lapweldcd to form a smooth bcadng for rhe
lt as shown in Egure 3-38.
'',,,1u
3-1-5-5 Butl-Welded Bottom Joints Square-groove bu'tl ijnl Double-U bull ioinl

Bun-welded bouom plares sball bave their parallel edges

Nole: See 3-'1.52 for specif ic requiremenls {or verlical shell ioints
prepared for bun weldiag wirh eirher square or V grooves. If
square grooves are employed, the root openings <h:ll n61 !,e
Figure 3-1-Typical VerticalShell Joinls
less than 6 mm (1! in-)-Tbe bun-welds sball beEade by tack
welding a backilg snip ar leasr 3 mm (l/s in-) rhick to rhe
underside of &e plare. A Detal spacer shaj.l bc us.d 1s alain-
tain rhe root opening bctween the adjoining pla*e edges
un-less rbe nanufacrurer submits anorber me$qt of buu- -Oplional
oulside ar€{e --)
welding the bonom for rhe purchaser's approval. Thee-plate
joinu in tbe tank bouom shaU be at least 3O0 mm (12 in-)
from each other and from rhe tank sheD.

3-1-5-6 Bottom Annular-Plate Joints

Bonom annular-plare radial joins sball be bua-ercIded in
accordance with 3-155 aod shall have complere penetration nrr=l l rdilvu

angle-lo-shell ioint
and complete fusion. The backup bar shall be comparible for
*'eiding &e annular plares mgcrher. Anglelo-shell Squaregroove
bull ioinl- butrjoint-
3.1-5.7 Shell-to-Bottom FilletWelds compl€l€ p€n.lration ccmplelepenetralion

a- For bonom and annular plates with a nominal rhickness

l2J mm (ltzn.),and less, tlre anachmen( berwetn the bot-
tom eige of the lowesr course sbeU plare and rhe bouom plare
shall be a conrinuous filler weld laid on each sidc of rle strell
plate. The size of each weld shall not be more rban 125 mm
l/2
1 in.; and shall nor be less than rhe nominal tb.ickless of rhe
tbinner of the two piates icined (*rat is, rhe sbell plare or rhe
bocom plare irnrr,ediarely under ttre sheli) or less tba! rhe fol-
io*,ing values:

Nomiral Thicbrcss Minimunr Si-= of

Single-bev-J Double-.bevel
of Shell Plare Fillet r*'cld bun ioint- bun jornl-
(mrn) (in-) (mm) Crn.) compl3le penetrdhon cornplele p9r€tralion

5 0-r875 5 tl
l6 Noteisee 3.1-5.3 for sp+cilic recuiiementsloi horizontal
>5to20 > 0.1875to 0-75 1' t 1,
6 shell |oinls.
>20lo32 > 0.75ro l5 8 -t
t6
>32to15 >l25l@lll5 l0 -tt Figure 3-2-Typical HorizontalShell Joints
 3 -.,

6- Sheil plaie

ssssssssssssssss-?g I

ROOF.PI.ATE JOInrT

ROOFTGSHELL JOINTS

Figure 3-3B-MelhoC ior PreparingLapWelded

B o t t o m P l a t e s U r r d e r T a n kS h e l l ( S e e 3 . 1 . 5 . 4 )

ALTERNATTVE ROOFTO-SHFI I JOINT b- For znnulzr plares rvirb a nominal rhickoess grearer rban
(sEE NOTE 2) 12J mm (tfz in-), tbe arachrnelt welds shall be siad so rhat
eitber the legs of rhe fillet welds or the groove depth plus tle
leg of the fllet for a combircd weld is of a size egual to the
t*0" alaular-plat€ thicloess (see Figure 3-3C), but shell not
orannurar
Botrom l-l.--
bottom ptate -.., exceedthe-shellplate rhiclness.
| |
c- Shell+o-bouom fillet vrelds for sbell narsial ia Groups
rts++ ry IVA V, or \rI sh:ll !s made witi a minimum of two
passes.
BOTTOM-TO-SHELL JOIMT
3-1.5-8 Wind Girder Joints

a Oplio<tzJ a- Iull-peaetratioD bun-welds shall be used for joining n-ng

I V oroore
t - setrions.
aF-.-]--€-----\g-
t l \ ] ( s l r b- Contiluous welds <hall ls used for all horizontal topside
-v
l€ck w€ld
joims and for all renical joints. HorizoDtaiboftom-sidejoias
<h2ll b€ seal-weldedifspecified by the purcbaser.Seal-welG
Single-welded Singb-welded but joint
tull-fillet lap joird wifi backing stip ing should .be considered to minimize the potendal for
enlrapped moisrure, whicb rny causecorosioL
BOTTOM.PLATE JOINTS

3-1-5.9 Roo{ and Top-Angle Joints

Noles: a Roof plares5hall,as a mjnimurrl be rveldedon lire rop side
1. See 3.1.5.4 through 3.1.5.9 for specific rcquirerr€ns for roof and
bottom joints.
s'irb a cond:ruousfull-f.llet r*'eldon all searns.Bun-*'elds are
2. The alternative rooko-shell joint is subjec 1o the lirritatjons of also perrniued.
3 . 1 . 5 . 9 .i t e m f .
b- Roof plares sbali be anached to the top angle of a Iank
wirh a conrbuousfillet weld on ttretop side on1y,as speciied
in 3.10.2.5.
c- The topangle secdons for self-supponilg roofs strall be
Figure 3-3A-Typical Roofar'd BottomJoints joi:red by butt-*'elds bavi::g completepenerarion ald ilsion.
Jqiat effici--ncy factors need not be applied in conformilg to
rbe requirementsof 3. 10.5 ancl3. I 0.6.

t by the American Petroleum Institrrte

05 10'.17'.09
2002
 API Sr<ro<nr 6-50

,ol
I A=B{or
up to 25 mm
.- . lI ( ' 1i n . ) a n n u l a r
'minimum
I plate
I
I
l

-4.^ ^ 13 mm (1/:in.) maximum

' 6 mm (r/. in.) minimm

Annr.dar botlom Plale

A+ B minimum

Notes:
1. A = Fillet rpeld size limiled 1o 13 mm Ca irt.) rnaximr:m-
2. A + B = Thinner of shell or annular botlsn pble thbkness-
3. Groove \.fdd B rnay exceed fillet size A onty wh€n annular date b thicker than 25 rnrn (1 inch)-

Figure }3O-Detail of DoubleFiltet-GrooveWeld for AnnularBottom PlatesWrtha Norninal

ThicknessGreaterThan 13 rnm 1tl2 in'1(See 3'1-5'7, item b)

d. At tbe opdon of ths mennfrggsBx-, for self*pporting 32 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

roofs of tle cone, dome, or umbrella qpe, the edges of tbe o 32.1 Design Factors
roof plates rnay be flalrgpd horizontally to r€st ffet €ailst the
top aagle to imgto\€ welditg conditibns. The purchasel. sh:il sute lhe desip maal teryerature
(bas€d on :mbieot t€cops?rues), tie design specitrc graviq",
o e. Except as specitred for open-torptank< in 3.9, for self-suP'
rie corrosiol allowace (rf any), and the desip *'iad \€locity.
pofting rcofs.in 3.10-5 and 3.10-6, and for tads s'ith tle
flaaged rooito-shell detail described in itern f belos', tank
o 322 External Loads
sbells sh:ll be supplied wirl top angles of not less tban the
foUowing sizes: for ra:rks wirh a diarneter lesstlraa or eqnel 19 The pr:rcbasel slrall $ate tb€ mapitude and direccion of
i 1 m (35 ft), 51 x 5i x 4-8 mm (2 x2 x3l6 in-); for unla extemal lmds or res:-aia! if any, for which the sbeU or sbell
'-. :h a diamerer grcal€r'rh:n 11 D (35 ft) but less rhan or coDrlectiols mu$ be desiped* The design for sucb ioadilS
'
equa.lto 18 m (60 ft), 5 l x 5 1 x 6.4 mm Q x 2 x 14 in-); a::d shall |g a rransr of agr€men1 berw'eenthe purchaser and the
for ra::kswith a diameter geaertha! 18 m (60 fr),76x76 x manufacturer.
9.5 mm (3 x 3 x 3ls io.). At the purch:ser's option, tbe out-
sra:rdi.g leg of the ropr:ngle may extendimide or ouaide the o 32-3 Protective f,'leasures
tan-kshell. Tbe purcbasersbould give s^oecialcoosiderarionto founda-
f- For ta-nksrx'itb a diarnerer less than or equal to 9 m (30 ft) tions, corrosion allorva:rce,hardless resdng, and a-ny other
ard a supponed cone roof (see 3.10.4), rhe top edge of the protective measuresdeemednec€ssary.
shell may be ffanged i-n lieu of insalling a top algle' The
bend radius and the widrh of the ffangededgesh:ll conform 32.4 External Pressure
ro $e details of Figure 3-3A. This construction may be used
for any tan-k witn a sef-supponing rcof (see 3-10-5 and This sandard does not conain provisions for tbe design of
3.10-6) if rhe rcral cross-secdonalareaof thejur,crion fulf'll: enks zubject ro parial intemal \?cuurn, ho*'ever, en-ks tbat
the stated atea requirementsfor rhe constructionof the top meel the mi!.imu!'I teguiremeDs of this sundard may be sub-
angle.No additiona-lmember, such as a:l angle sr a bar, shall jecred to a panial rzcuum of 0-25 kPa (1 in- of 'xater) of u'ater
be addedto tbe flanged roof-ro-sbeUderai-i. prcssure.

h1by the American Petroleum lnstttrte

g 05 1 0: 17:27 2002
 vt'=r-D€D
Srerr- Talxs roa O[ S;c;roe

3-2.5 Tank Capacity o 3-3.4 Vy'eldHardness

3-2-5.1 The purcha-sr shall specifl'dre n:aximunr capacitl' \\/hen -specified by, rJrepurchaser, dre hardness of the u,elt
and rlte overfill protesrion level (or volunre) requirenrent (see nrelal foi shell materials in Group lV nA, \/, or \4 shall b.
J1 -APl Recommended Pracrice 2350). evaluated bl,one or botlt of tlre folloq'in-q nrerhods:
3-2-5.2 }r{orimunt capacity, is tJre volume of product in a a- The uelding-procedure qualification tests for all weldinl
rank u,hen rhe rank is filled to its design liquid lesel a-sdefined shall include hardness tesu of the q'eld meml and heat
in 3 6.3-2 (see APPendiri L). affected zone of rhe test plate. The niethods of resring and tlrr
3-2-5.3 The net w'orking capacity is rhe volume of avail- acceptance standards shall be agreed upon b1'rhe purchase
able producl under normal operatin-l condirjons. The ner and the marufacrurer.
u'orking capaciq'is equal 1o the maximum capaciq' (3.2-5.2) b- All u'elds deposited by an automatic process shall be hard
less the minimum ope.rating voiume remaining il rhe rank, ness tested on the product-side surface. Unless otherwisr
less tiie ove.fill protestion level (or volume) requirement (see specified, one test shall be conducted for each venical weld
':pendix L). and one tesr sha-ll be conducted for each 30 m (1O0 ft) of cir
cumferendal weld- The nrethods of testing and rhe acceptanc(
3.3 SPECIALCONSIDERATIONS srandards shall be agreed upon b1, the purchaser and tht
3-3-1 Foundation malufacturer.

The selection of the rank sire and the design and construc- 3.4 BOTTOM PLATES
tion of the foundation shall be given careful consideration, as
outlined in Appendix B, to ensureadequaretank support- The a 3.4-1 All bonom plares shall have a minirnum nomina
adequacy of the foundation is rlre responsibiliry of the pur- rhickness of 6 mm (l/4 in.) [49-8 kg/mz (lOz lbfift2) (set
chaser. 2).1-Z)), exclusive of any corrosion allowance specified b;
ttre purch-xer for rhe bonom plares.Unless otherwise agree(
3-3-2 Corrosion Allowances pla_res(bonon
ro by the purchasel all recrangu,lar_and_s,kelch
When necessary,*e purchaser,afrer giving consideration plateson '*'hich rhe shell reststhat have one end rectanguiar'
ro rhe roral effect of tlre liquid srored,rhe vapor above the liq- shall havea minimum nominalwidth of 1800mm (72 n:).
uid, and the atrnosphericenvironmenEshall specfy the corro- 3-4.2 Bonom plates of sufficient size shali be ordered sr
sion allor*,anceto be provided for each shell course, for the that, when trimm--d,at leasra ?5 mm (1 in-) width will projec
bonom, for rhe roof, for nozzles and manholes,and for struc- beyond rhe ouuide edge of rhe weld anaching rhe bonom t<
rural members. tlre shell plate.
^
3-3 Service Conditions 3.4-3 Bonom plates shall be welJed in accordancewid
3 - 1 . 5 . 4o r 3 . 1 . 5 . 5 -
When rhe serviceconditions might include the presenceof
hy'drogen sulfide or other conditions $at could promote
h1'drogen-inducedsracking, notably near the bonom of the 3.5 ANNULAR BOTTOM PLATES
shell at rhe shell-to-bos.omconnections,careshould be talien 3-5.1 \\tren the bonom shell courseis desi,snedusing tht
to ensurethat the marerialsof the tank an6l6lst:ilsof constnrc- a-llowablestressfor materialsin Group fV, WA, Y or W, bun.
don are adequareto resist hydrogen-inducedcracking. The .*'eldedannular bonom piates shall be used (see 3.1-5-6)
purchasershould consider limirs on rlre sulfur content of the \l/hen the bonom shell course is of a marerial in Group IV
base and weld metals as well as appropriateqrreliry contol IVA, Y or \4 and the morimum productsress (see3.6.2.1.
procedures in plate and tank fabrication- The hardnessof the for the first shell course is less than or equal to 160 MPi
s'elds, including the heat-affectedzones,in contactwith these (23,200 lbf/in 2) or the maximum hydrosratictest stress(set
conditions should be considered.The weld meral and adja- 3-6.2.2)for the first shell courseis lesstran or eoual to 171
cent heat-affectedzone often conuin a zone ofhardness well MPa (2a,900 lbffin-2), lap-ri,eldedbonom plates (see3.1.5.4
in excessof Rockwell C 22 utd can be exp€credto be more may be usedin lieu of butt-u'eldedannularbonom plates.
susceptibleto cracking rhan unr*'eldedmeral is- An1' hardness
criteria should be a maner of agreementber,*'eenthe pur- 9.5.2 .A.nnular b,cnomplaresshali have a radial width tha
chaserand the manufacanrerand shouldbe basedon an evalu- lro.'ides arJealt-6@ mnr (?{-il ) bettveenthe rnside of rht
adon of the expected hydrogen sulfide concenration in tie shell and an1'lap-u eldedjoinr in the remainderof rhe bonon
product the possibiliry of moisture being present on rhe and gt least a 50 mm (2 in.) projectionoutsidefie shell-I
inside metal surface,and the suengthand hardnesscharacter-. lTealer radial u'idrh of arLnularplare is required when calcu
istics of rhe basemetal ard weld meral- larcdas follo*'s.
 API S;:rcrnoL<O

ln SI units: Table i1-Annular B o t t o m - P l a 1 e f' li r c k n e s s e s

2 1 5 ro SI Units
(l'G)q' n-ominal Pl:te H v d r o s r a r i c T e s t S t r e s s bi n F i n t S h : l l C o u r s e
--#-a-;^
\\.11e
re Thiclnesss ot First t l\1 r:l )

Shell Coune
rb = rhickness of dre annular plate (see 35i), in ntnr,
(mm) < 190 <2t0 < 230 < 250
F1 = nraximum desiga liquid level (see 3-6-3-?),in nt, r< i9 o 6 1 9
G = design specific graviq'otrhe liquid ro be stored. i9<r<25 o 1 l0 ll
2 5< t < 3 2 9 t2 t4
ln US Cusromary units:
32<r<38 R ll 1 ^
t1
?oA r
38<r<45 9 l6 t9
(HG)ot
US Customary
!\,F --e
' - Nominal P]ate Hvdrosuric TestStresscin First Shell Course
i.
= thicknessof the annularplare(see35-3), (in.),
tb
--:--',.-'.* r.
( tDI/ln- )
Thiclrress! of First
H = ma;iimum design liquid level (see3-6i "), (fi), Shell Coune
(in-) <"7-OO0 <30.000 <33.000 <36.000
G - design specific Cravir'*of the liquid to be stored.
t3O-75
t , tlt 9lzr tt/lz
3.5-3 The thicknessof the annular bouom plares shail not 0 . 7 5 < r <l - O O
a , 2
't3 -t8 7/ra
be less than the thiclcresseslisted in Thble 3-1 plus any speci- tl, trln 't
l . O O c r <l - 5 16
fi ed corrosiorr allowance- -t 7trc A
' t ,t 6 -| '| I/t 6
1 . 2 5 < r <1 5 0 16
3.5.4 The ring of annular plates shall have a circular out- l - 5 0 <I < l - 7 5
l l r t/, -t8 't4

side circurnfererrce but may have a reguJarpoll'gonal shape

aNominal plaG dicloess refers to rhe unk shell as constructed.
inside the tank shell, tridr the number of sides equal to the bH5'drostatictest stressesare calcr:latedfrom [4.9D(H - OJ)]/r
number of annular plates. I}ese pieces shall be welded in (see3-6.3.2).
accordance with 3-1.5.6and 3.1-5-7,-itbm b- cH;'drostatic t-r:ststressesare calculatedfrom 12.6D(H - lllt
(see3.6-3.2).
3.5-5 In lieu of annular plates, the entire bonom may be
bun - w eIded p rov-d€dffir-ilr--rEQu irem ents for am u Iar p Iate Note: The thicknesses specified in the table, as r*'ell as $e *'idth
specifed in 3i.2, are based on t}re foundationproviding uniform
thickrress,welding, marcrials,and inspectionare met for rhe
support under t}refull u'idrh of lhe annularplate. Unless rhe foun- '
annulardisrancespecifiedin 3.5-2. dation is prop'erly compacted' panicularly at rhe inside of a con-
crete ring*'all. settlemenl r*'ill produce additional stresses in the
3.6 SHELL DESIGN annularplate.

3.u.-r General o 3.6.1 .2 Unless o&erwise a-u-eedto by the purchaser, the

3.6.1 .1 the required shell thiclness shall be dre greaterof shell plates shall have a minimum nominal width of 1800 mm
the designshell rhickness,including any corrosionallowance, (12 n.). Plates that are ro be bun-welded shall be properly'
or the hydrostatictest shell thickness,but the shell thickness squared.
shaUnot be Iessthanthe followine: o 3.6.1 -3 The desi,en shell rhickness shall be computed on
rhe basis rhar the tank is filled ro a level H (see 3-6.3.2) with a
Nominal Tank Diameer Nominal PlateThickness
liquid that has a specific -eraviry specified by tlre purchaser.
(SeeNote 1) (See Noc 2)
(m) (ft) (rnrn) (in.) 3.6.1 .4 The hydrostatic tesr shell thickness shall be com-
<t5 <50 puted on the basis rhat r}e tank is filled to a level H (see
5 /t6
l5 to< 36 50to< lt0 o rt, 3.6.3-2) with rvater.
36 to 60 1 2 0t o ? @ 8 -t 3.6.1.5 The calculared stressfor each shell course shall nor
t6
>60 > 200 'tg
l0 be greater than rhe stress permined for the panicular material
used for the course. No shell course shall be rhinner than the
Nores:
l. Unless othenvise specifr:d by rhe purcha-<er, the oominal tank cou6e above it.
diameter shall be the ceniedine diamererof *re botton shell-course o g.6^.f .0 The tan]<shell shall be checked for stabiliry againsi
platc-
?. Nominal plate thickness refers to rhe taru\ shell as consrructed buckling from the design wind velocity, as specified by the
The rhicknessesspecified are basedon ereclion requirrmenu. purchaser, in accordance *'ith 3.9.7. If required for stabilitl'.
3 wiren specified by the pu-rchaser,plare wirlr a minimum nominal inrermediare girders, increased shell-plate thjcknesses, or both
rhiclsressof 6 millimerersrnay be subsriruredfor l/a-irch plare. shall be used. lfthe design uind velocity is not specified, rhe
 Vr'-::)=-D SrEEL T,**KS ;Oa O|l- S'iOaAG:

nraxinrunralloq'ableu'ind velocitvshallbe elculered,and dre

lt shalI be reponed to rhe purchaserar r}lerinie t'rfthe bid.
re-su
,,=!j4']IJ)
J?

03l 3-6-'1.7 The manufactr:rershall furnish ro rhe porchasera r'.,here

drau'ing that lisls rhe follou,ing for eachcou6e: f l = d r s i g r s l i e l l t i r i c l : n c s si.n n t n r ,

a. The required shell thicknessesfor borh fie deSgn condi- Ir = h),drostatictest shell rhickness, in mnr,
rion (including corrosion allor,r,ance)
and rhe hl,drtrsratictest
D = n o m i n a l r a n k d i a n r e t e qi n n r ( s e e 3 - 6 . 1 - 1 ,N o t e l ) ,
condition.
. H - d e s i g r ri i q u i d l e v e l , i n m ,
b. The nominalthicknessused-
= height fronr rhe bonom ofthe course under con-
c. The material specificarion.
sideration to dre 1op of rhe shell including rhe rop
d. The allou,ablestresses-
angle, ifanl'; to rhe bonom ofany overffow rhat
3.6.1.8 Isolated radial loadson rhe tark shell,such as those limirs dre tank filling height; g1g iny_9S9l_!gI9l
:au-sedby hearl' loads on pladorms and elevarede'alkways qggcrf ed-bj_tlrgp!_rqlelgr-rrestricredbyaninrer-
jtu'een ranks, shall be distribured by rolled sn-uco:ral sec- nal ffoar.ng roof, or controlled to allorv for seis-
tions, plate ribs, or built-up members. nric *'ave action,
G - desisn specific graviry of the liquid to Lrestored,
3-6.2 Allowable Stress as specified by rhe purchaser,

3-6.2.1 The marimum allowable producr designsress, 57, CA = corrosion allou,ance, in mm, as specified by the
purchaser (see 3.3.2),
shall be as shown in Table 3-2. The net plare rhicloes5g5-rhs
acrual thicknesses less any corrosion allor*'ance-*hall be s,= alloq'able stress for the design condition. in MPa
used in the calculation. The design stess basis,d3, shall be ( s e e3 . 6 . 2 . i ) ,
either twothirds the yield strengfh or t*'o-fifrhs rlre tensile
S, = allou'ablestressfor the hydrostatictestcondition,
suength, whichever is less-
in lr{Pa (see3-6.2.2).
3-6.2-2 The maximum allowable hydrostatic test suess, .Sr,
shall be as shourr in Table 3-2- The gross plare thickrresses, In US Customar;'unirs:
including any corrosionallsvysllgs,shall be usedin *re calcu-
lation. The hydrosradc tsr basis shall be eirher rhree-fourths t,=2JPJ!:))9*6s
ud
the yield stren-vtlr or rbree-sevenrhs the tensile strength,
r*,hicheveris less.
',=t-9!) J,
3.6-2.3 Appendix A permis an alremarive shell design
'irh a fixed allo.*'able sress of 145 t*'here
MPa (21,000 lb{6n.2) and
-.1ointefficienry factor of 0.85 or 0.70.This designmay only
ta = design shell thickness (in.),
be used for tanks wirh shell thiclsressesless than or eoual to
ool
-
I / . ) m m ( ' / 2t n . ) -
. 1 , rr = hydrostatic test shell rhickness (in.),
D = nominal tank diameter, in ft (see 3.6.1. i, Note I ),
3.6-2.4 Smrctural desi_gnstressesshall conform to rhe
. H = desi*enliquid level, (ft),
allou,ableworking stress€sgiven in 3.10-3.
= height from the bonom ofthe course under con-
sideration to the top of rhe shell includin-e rhe top
3.6.3 Calculation of Thickness by the 1-Foot Method
angle, if any; to the bonom of any overflo"v that
3.6.3.1 The 1-foot metrod calculares the riricknesses limic rhe tank filling height; or lo any o*rer level
required ar desi-gnpoints 0.3 m (l f0 above the bonom of specified by the purchaser, restricted by an inter-
each shell cou6e- Appendix A permits only rhis design nal floating roof, or conrrolled ro allow for seis-
medrod. This merhod shall nor be uscd for ranks tarser rhan mic ,*'ar.eaction,
60 m (200 fr) in diameter- a G = desi_gns;'ecific graviry of the liquid to be stored,
as specified by,fre purchaser,
3.6.3.2 The required minimum rhiclness of sb:ll plates -
. CA = corrosion allo,'vance, (ir ), as specified by the pur-
shall be rhe sreater of rlre valuescompuredby the rollowing
form ulas: c h a s e r( s e e 3 . 3 . 2 ) ,
Sd = allou'able srressfor the desicn condition, 0bf/in.2)
In SI units: ( s e e3 - 6 . 2 .I ) ,
S, = allo*'able stressfor the hydrosutic test condition,
. _4gD(H-0.3)G -,
r-J - - T Lt
rt ( l b f , 6 n . ? (; s e e 3 . 6 . 2 , 2 ) -
 API SrAND:RD650

Table 3-2-Permissible Plale Materials and Allowable Slresses

Jrllinirnunr lr4inimum Product HS,drostatic

Plate )'ield Sren3rh TensileSuengr-h Desigrr SrressS,y Te-st Slrcss 5,
Specificarion Grade It4P.l(psi) N'IPa(psi) It4P.r(psi) f r 4 P e( p s i )

-4.STlt4Strcifi cations

A 2E3N4(A 283) C (C) 205 G0-0o0) 3S0(55,000) 137(10.000) r s4 (22500)

A 2E5N4(n 2S5) c (c) 205G0.000) 3S0(55.000) r37 (20.000) l5a pr.53g,
A 1 3 1 N (4A l 3 l ) A. B. CS 135 (34.000) 400 (56.000) 1571-rr,766, r7l (2J.900)
(A, B. CS)
A s6N4(A -36) 250 (36.000) 40o (58.000) r60 (23.200) r7l (24.900)
A r3rM (A l3r) EH 36 CEH36) 360(5l,OO0) 490! (7l,OOO3) I96 (28,400) 210(30300)
; t3M (A573) 40o (ss) ??0 (3zooo) 400 (58,000) t47 (2r,300) 165(24.000)
A :73N4 (A 57-3) 450 (65) 240 (35.000) 450 (65.000) r60 (?3.300) r80 (26_300)
A 573M (A 573) 485 O0) 290(41000) 485aO0,OOO3) i93 (23,000) 20E(30.000)
A5l6M (A516) 380 (55) 205 (30.000) 3S0(s5,000) 137(20,000) 154(rr-sQ6;
A 516M (A 516) 4r5 (60) 220 (3ZOO0) 415 (60,000) 147(2r.300) 165(24,000)
A5r6N{ (A 516) 450 (65) 240(35.000) 450 (65,000) r60 (23,300) 180(26.300)
A 516M (A 516) 485 O0) 260 (3&OO0) 4S5(70,000) r?3 (5,300) r95 (2S50O)
A 662M (A 662) B (B) 275(4O.0O0) 450 (65,000) 180(26.000) r93 (27.900)
A662M (A662) c (c) 295(43,000) 4S5aO0,OOOa) 194(28.000) 208 (30.OOO)
A 537M (A 537) I (t) 345 (5O.0OO) 485aOo,oooa) 194(28.000) 208(30,000)
A 537M (A 537) 2 (2) 4i5 (60,000) 5503(80,000ts) 220 (3",000) 236 (34.300)
A 633M (A 633) c. D (c, D) 345 (5O.0O0) 4&54(70,0003) 194(28.000) 208 (30.000)
A 678M (A 678) A (.4) 145 (5O.0O0) 435a(70.0003) r94 (2S.0O0) 208 (30.000)
A 678M (A 678) B (B) 415(60.000) 5503(80,0003) 220 (3ZOo0) 236 (11.300)
A 737M (A'131) B CB) 345 (5O.OOO) 4853O0,000i) r94 (28.000) 208(30.000)
''1lM (A 841) ClassI (Classl)
F 345(5O.O0O) 485aO0.000F) I94 (28.000) 203 (30.0oo)

CSA Specificarions
G0.2rM 260W ?60 (37.700) 410 (59,500) 164(U3.800) 176(5500)
G40.2tM 300w 300(43500) 450 (65.300) 1 8 0( 2 6 , r 0 0 ) r93 (2S.0OO)
G0.2rN4 350\VT 350(50.600) 4803(69,6000) 192(27.9W) 206 (29,800)
G02rM 350w 350(50.800) 450 (65.300) i80(26,100) r93 (2S.OOO)

National Snndards
235 235(34.000) 365 (52,600) t37 (20.000) 154(22500)
250 250 (36'000) 400 (58.300) ts1 (22_1W) i7l (5.000)
215 275 (4O_OO0) 430 (62.600) r 67 (24.000) 1E4(26.800)

rso 630
c-D 265(38.400) 410(59,500) l& (13.E0O) I ?5 (2i.500)
C,D 345(5O0OO) 4903(A,000n) r96(2S.4m) 2 r 0 (30,400)

aBy agteementbetrlen rhe p:rchaser and the manuiaaurer, the tensilesuenglh of rhesematerialsma;- b'eincreasedro 5 I 5 irlPa (75,000 p
minimum and 620 MPa (90.000psi) maximum [and ro 585 MPa (85,0O0poi) minimum and 690 N'IPa( 100.0O0psi) marimum for ASTM ,
i37tr4, Class2, ard A 678M- Grade Bl. \Mrcn rhis is done, the allowable suessesshall be deterrninedas suted in 3.6-2.1 and 3.6.2.2
 W E L D E DS r e e l T e l x s r o a O t S ; c a e c =

:i.6.4 Calculation ol Thickness by the Variable- 3-6.4-3 lb caicu.laredre bononr-coursedticl:nesses,prelinr

Design-Point Method irrarl, r'aluest,4and rrr for the design and hl,drosuric resrcon
dirions shall firur be ca]cularedfronr rhe formulas in 3.6.3.2.
r.'ore:This procedure
normali,vprovidesa reducrionin shell-coune
tjticl:n'.-.sses and rotal materjal s'eight, but rrrore imponant is irs
3.6.4.4 The borronr-course rhicknesses r16 and r1, for rlt,
porcnrialto permit consrrucrionof larger diamcrer ranks u,ithin rhe
ntaximunt plate thicknesslimirarion. For bacli,eroundinformation, design ald hldrostatic resr condirions shall be calculalet
seeL. P. Zick and R. V. McGrarh, "Desigr of l_argeDiameter Cylin- using rhe follo*'ing formulas:
0 3 1 d r i c a lS h e l l s . " l
In -sI unis:
o 3.6.4.1 Desi_sn by tiie rzriable-desien-poinr merhod gives
slrell rhickrresses at desi_gnpoints that resu.lr in rhe calculared
,, , = ( t 06_ o.o6e6p
lasyq.gnpc ) * r","
stresses being relativell' close to the actual circumferendal
\ # ,v.s,/\ s, )
shell suesses. This met}rod may only be used when rhe pur-
chaser has not specified drat the l-foot merhod be used and In US Customaryunits:
*" following is tnre:
..,.n-

In SI unirs: t," = ( t- oe- 0463Dlncl1zlnno) + r-".q

\ ,V
.F/ .S.i/\ S,, )
z < 1000
Note: For rhe design condirion, r17need not be greater thar, rpd.
H - 6
where In SI units:

L
D
(50OD1)os,in mm,
rank diameter, in m,
*ylil(#)
,,,=(r.oe
t = bonom-course shell rhickness,in mm,
H - maximum d.sign liquid level (see3-6.3.2),in m. In US Cusromarvunits:

In US Customaryunis: - ( t.06-
t,, =
'" ""- o' 463D
lilP' enol
\.' H ^/s,J( s, J
"I < 2
.n Note: For rhe hvdrostatictest condirion,/1, need not be 5rearer
where lhan tpr-

L - (6 Dr)05, (in-). 3.6.4.5 To calcularerhe second-course thicknessesfor borh

D - tank diamerer, (ft), the design condirion and tre hydrosutic test condirion, rhe
| = value of the following ratio shall be calcularedfor rhe bonom
bonom-courseshell thickness,(in-),
- course:
H maximum design liquid level (see3.6.3.2),(fO.
hl
3-6.4.2 The minimum plare rhiclcressesfor borh rhe desi_en
condirion and rhe hydrostaric rest condition shall be derer- (t/' )o'
mined as ourlined. Complere, independentcalculationsshall u'here
be made for all of rhe coursesfor rhe designcondition, exclu-
sive of any corrosion allowance, and for rlre hl,drostatictest ft1 - height of rhe bonom shell course, in mm (in.),
condition. The required shell thicknessfor each course shall r = nominal tank radius, in mm (in.),
be the grearer of rhe desi_grshell rhicknessplus any corrosion =
ll acrual thickness ofthe bottom shell course, less
allowanceor rhe hydrosaric tesr shell rhictrress,but the roral
any thickness added for corrosion allowance, in
shell thiclgress shall nor be less rhan the shell thickness
mm (in.), used ro calculate rr (design). The roral
required by 3.6.l.l, 3-6-l-5, and 3.6.1.6-When a grearer
thicknessis usedfor a shell course,the greaterrhicloressmay rhickness ofrhe bonom shell course shall be
be usedfor subsequentc-lsulsllqns of the rhicknessesof rhe used to calculare b (hydrostaric tesr).
shell coursesabove the course rhat has t}te grearerrhiclsress, If rhe value of rlre rario is less rhan or e.qualro 1.375,
providedrhe grearerrhicknessis shownas rhe requireddesigr
thicknesson rhe manufacrlrer'sdrawine(see3-6.1.7). 1 2 =I l

)sl l5L.P.Zick and R.V. McGrarh, .Design if the value of rhe rario is erearer rhan or equal ro 2-625,
of Larye Dianerer Cylindri-
cal Shells," Proceedings-Dirision of Refinin.. American petroleum
lnstiruie,Nerv j6r[ ]968,\'olume a8, pp. I I lLl l40. ,!-.ln
 API STANDAAO6il

'l'he
Il-dre value of dre ralio is greaterdran 1.375 bui less dran 3-6-4-7 nrininrurr tltickrress r.. 1br tire upper shell
courses shall be calculated for botlr rhe desiSn condir;on (r4.)
and rhe h)'drosradc test condition (r,..) usinq dre minimunr
t
I . = t - . + ( r , - r" .' )l l 2 . 1 -
- "' r
I valu: of -r'obrainedfronr 3-6,.1.6:
1.25(r.r,)o-'-l ln SI unirs:
rvhere
mininium designrhicknessofrhe secondshell cowse q.sn( u- .' ) c
\ r000/
excludingan1'corrosionallowance,in mm (in.), 1 V z
S.,
I2t: rhiclness of the secondshell course,in mm (in-), as
calculatedfor an upper shell courseas describedin
3.6.4.6. 4.sD(H- -r )
\ 1000/
The preceding formula for 12is based on the same allorv- s,
at -.., r:-essbeing used forthe design of the bouom and sec-
ono courses.Fbi talks *'here the ralue of the rado is ,sreater In IJS Cusromaryunits:
rhan or equal ro )-625, ttre aliou,able srressfor rhe second
course may be lower than rhe allou'able sress forthe bonom z.on(n - i-\c
course when t}re methods described in 3-6-4-6 throueh \ )2)
T L A
3.6.4-8are used. c

3.6.4-6 To calculare the upper-course rhicknessesfor both

rhe design condition and the hydrosraric test condition, a pre- 2.6DH1 -:- |
\ l2l
liminary value r, for the lryper-course thiclsress shall be cal- t"-
culatei using the formulas in 3.6-3-2,and then rhe distancer - t
of the variable desi_snpoint from rhe bonom of dre course
3-6.4.8 The stepsdescribedin 3.6.4.6 and 3.6.4-7 shall be
shall be calculated using dre lowest vglue obtained from the
repeatedusing the calculatedvalue of Iras r, until rhere is lir-
follor"irg
tle diflerence betweenthe calcularedvalues of r, in succes-
In SI unia: sion (repeating the steps twice is normally sufficient).
-rl = 0.61 (trr)05 + 320 CH Repeating the steps provides a more exact locarion of the
desi-gnpoint for the course under considerationand, conse-
-\-2 = l00O Ctl quendy,a more accurateshell thickness.
13 = 1.22 (n)os
3.6.4.9 The stepby-stepcalculationsin Appendix K illus-
trate an applicationof rhe variable-desiga-pointmerhod ro a
/a = Lhjclness of the upper couse at the _einhjoint, Etankwith a diameterof 85 m (280 ft) and a height of l9-2 m
in mm, (64 ft) Io determineshell-platethicknessesfor the firsr rhree
C = [Koi (K- i)y(l + Kli), coursesfor tlre hydrostatictest condition only.
K = tLl ttr-
rr = rhic|less of rhe lower course at the _eirrhjoint" 3.6.5 Calculation of Thickness by Etastic Analysis
in mm, For ranks whereUH is greaterrhan i000/6 (2 in U.S- cus-
.F1= desi_sn
In US Customaryunits:
liquid level (see3.6.3.2),in m- tomary unis), the selectionof shellthicklessesshall be based
on an elasticanall'sisthat shows the calculatedcircumferen-
I'
tial shell suessesto be belorvrhe allora,able
stressesgiven in
- r t = 0 . 6 1( n ) o s + 3 . 8 4 C H
Thble 3-2. The boundary conditionsfor rhe analysisshall
-r2 = 72 CH assumea fully plasticmomentcausedby yielding of rhe plate
.rt = 1-22(n)o-5 benearhthe shelland zeroradialgrorvth.
rl'here
3.7 . SHELL OPENINGS
r, = rhicknessof rhe upp€rcourseat rheginh joinr, (in.),
C = 1 4 { - ;( l ( - i ) l ( 1 + K r i ) , 3.7.1 General
K = tLl Iu, 3-7.1.1 The follorring requiremenrs for shell openingsare
rr : fiickness of the lo,*'ercourseat rhegini joint, (in.), intendedto restrictthe useof appunenances to thoseprovid-
H - rle<im linrrirl lglgl (see 3.6.3.2), (fl), ing for attachmentto fie shellby'u,elding.
 \1'rlDta S:tar Trs<s ra*l Ort S-a-ra6a

3.7 -1 -2 l-ir: sl::li oro-ni::g ciesign-sdc-scnbsi ut ii,rs s::it- ::-:l o:- jl'l :-.lq"irca!tailb:cdl:-rc::i s-:rli! :'tll ilr:
u-^l):l:i-.ij::::i)::31
c:rci aie requl'ed, ercept fo; alterrztire ciesgas allottci Lr :.irc1;al.iucr o1'thc rr:nica.l diamctcr oir-rc holc cur i:r
ir:ss r-.i:'.-r
J - , / .l b - thc shcll a:rd drc :ronli::el rllarc dticklress,but ri'i1g11 celcuil-
dons arc macic lbr dtc maximunl required drlcknr^ssconsicjcr-
3-7.1-3 I.lush-g'pe clear:out fin:-ngsald trudr-q'pc shell i.lg aU cit=.:grra]rd h;'cirostarictest load cold:t-rol-s,r-bcrcquued
courecdons sbail confomr ro die desises qoecr-fiedh 3-?.7 riickres-< may tt u-sedi:r lieu of the rominal piatc rhickness.
zrd 3-7-E. l-ne cross-sectioaal arca of the rei-uforcement qh:ll bg trrs3-
sured venjcall;,, coi,ncicientu'itI the diameter of rbc operu,ng.
3.7 .1-4 \\rhen a sizc ialsmlediarero ttre sizes lised rn
Tables 3-3 drough 3-14 is speci-fie<i b1' tle purcha.selrhe 3-7 -22 Excepr for fiush-t5'peopenilgs ard coorecnons, ail
con-stucdondemils ald reidorcemgnls sh:ll conform to lbe efiective reido;cenrelu si.:al.t be made wirhin a disia-nce
lexr larger openilg lisred il rhe tables.Tbe size of tie open- above and beio'*'tbe ssalsllins of rhe shell openbg equal ro
ilg or ta:rk comiction shell 161.b6larger thal rbe malimum tbe vercical dimension of the bole in the ta::I: shell plate.
size giren in the appropriaretable. Reidorcement rnaybe provided by an)' one or ary combi:la-
doa of rbe fol.lou'ing:
3.7 .1.5 Openingsnear the bonom sf 3 rpnksb,ellli'ill rendto
roure rvirh wnical bending of tbe shell uaderb-vdrosuticload- a The arachment flalge of rbe frrilg.
ir:g. Sbell olrnings in dJs area &a! bare as?chedpiping oL b. Tbe rchjf6lsing plare.
otrer exemal lsarlc shall be rebforced not oaly for &e staric
c. Tbe ponion of rhe neck of tbe ftcilg that mal' be consid-
condirion but also for an5,loads impo:;ai on 6e shell connec-
ered as rehfo:cemenr according to3-7 2.3.
rronsb1,fte restrairt of the auachedpiping to &e irell rotadon.
The externalloerlsshall be minimize4 or the sbell cono€tions d- b"_cess sbell-plare r_l.iclcness.Reinforcemenl m:y be pro-
shalibe reiocatedouside rbe roradonareaAppeadixP p'ovides vided by any shell-plate thickness in excess of rhe tiJcioess
required by the governiag load condition withi.n a verdcal dG-
a setbod for eraluarirg opeaingstlar coform to Table3-6.
tance above aad below the centerline of tle hole ia the sheil
3-7.1-0 Sheared or oxygen-cut slrfaces on :nanhole equal to rbe verticel dimension of the hole in tbe tank shell
necks, nozzle necks, reinforciag plares, ald sbell-plate plare as long as tbe extra sbell-plate thickness is the acara.l
openings shall be made r:.niform ad scnootl, wirb the cor- plare thickness used less tbe reguired thickaess, calculated at
aers rounded except where the surhces are fi:liy colcred by Se applicable op€nilg, considering ail load conditiols ald
anachmentwelds. de corrosion alloea:rce.
e. The marerial i:r tbe nozzle neck. The strengrh of the mate-
3-7.1-7 The periphery of the insen plates <h:ll bave a 1:4 should
rial iD de nozle neck used fsr rebforcement
upered transition to rbe thic}oess ofthe adjaceot shell plates.
preferabil' be the same as tbe stengrh of tbe ranli shell, but
3.7.'1-8 Wirh the apFo I of-rle purch:sef,,rle sbapeand lower sueagth l:at€riai is permissible as reinforcement as
dimensions of tbe shell reinforcbg piareq illusrated in Fig- long as tbe neck Eaterial heq minimurn specified yield and
ures 3-4,A, 3-4B, and 3-5 ald dimensioned in the relared rcosile suengtbs not less than 10Yo and 80%, respectively, of
tables, may be altered as long as the thiclcness,lengd, and tbe sbell-plare minimunl specifed yield and tensile srenghs.
t"idtb dimensions of the proposed <hrFes neet the area, Wben the materie-l srength is grearer than or equal to the 70%
v'elding, ald spaciry ourli:red in 3.72. Rein- and 80% minimrm values, the area in the neck arailabie for
forcement of shell openings tbat comply wi& API Standard reinforcen:rent sh:ll be reduced by tbe ratio of tbe allo*able
620 are acceptable alrcrnatives. This starernentof po:nissibie soess in the lec\ using the goveming suess fagors, to rle
a.lternadvesof shell opeaing reidqrcemest does not apply to allowable stress ia the anached sheil plate. No credit n'ny be
iush-t1pe cleanout traings and trusb-type shell connections. ral<en fsr tbe adciitiooal steDgth of any reinforcing material
dar has a higber allor+'able stress than tbat of the shell plate.
3.7.1.9 fhe ffrnge faci:ag shell be sriuble for the gasket 1.1gskm:rerial 1121h:s a yield or teDsile st'en$b less than rle
ard boltiag employed- Gaskea shell be seleccd ro meet lbe 70%oor 80% minimum values may be use4 provided that lo
sen'ice eovironrrent so rbar tbe required s€rilg load is com- neck area is cond<iered as efiective reinforcemeni
parible r*'ith rhe ffange rad:rg and facing, rhe sirengb of the
far:ge, a::d ia boiting. 3-7.2.3 The follo*'ilg portions of tlre neck of a fiting nay
be considered pan of rhe area of reinforcement, olcept s'here
3.7-2 Reinforcement and Welding prohibited by 3.7.2-2, item e:

3-7-2.1 Openiags i:r urk sheils larger then rcquir€d 1e a The ponion exrendirg ourward fiom rbe outside surface of
accommodatea NPS ) f'anged or tlreaded nozzle sh:ll be rhe aak sbell plare to a distance equal to four times the neck-
reiaforced. All sheil-openirg conaecti6a5thal requke rein- lrzli thiclncss or, if tbe neck-uall thicbress is reiuced *'itni:t
forcement (for example, nozles, 6:nhsleq and cleanout rhis disalce, ro rhe poi-nt of rransition.
openi:rgs)shall b€ anacbed by *'elcis $at fuIly peneu-ate the b. The porcion li'ilg .*itbil rle shell-plate thickness.
shell; ho'*'ever,the paniai pcneuarionillusnzre<ii:l Fi-eurc3- rtle i:rside surface of
! ft. pordon exrencii-ng ilu'ard fiom
48 for inscn-qpe reinforcemcnt is pcmincd Thc mini-mum rle ranli shell plaie ro rhe disance specified i:t ire::r a-

rt by the American Pelroleum Institste

; 0 5 1 0 : 18 . 3 12 0 0 2
 F.Pl Sr (\34cc €51)

Table 3-3-l-hiclin3ss oi Shell Menhole Cover Plaie anc F.rliinQFlatiQe

Colwrn I Colur:rl 2 Colum i Coiwu -: Colw 5 Cc{nn 6 Colsr 7 Coluru S Column 9 Cotlm l0

, \ 1 : r r .D e i t l \,lrnclu:r l}rcild c; Co\rr l,L{tri (j.) l " l r r - : : : t : : : rl - : : : i : r , ' ' ' . t , f i i o L r n : ' l ' l a r r q ' cA l r r r ] : i n r t l u c p t ( 1 )
l-iquid I:.'tl Equiralcnt
nr (fi) Prcstrc' -{@ m (20 ia.)600 rmr (2: ia)-i1 mr (.i0 in.)90O rru (-i6 in.) 5O0 mnr (20 in.) cilJ nrm (2; u ) ?50 mh (30 in.) 9C0 m (56 io.)
k-P:1psi) Man-holc llanholc Manlolc I'lralolc .lr4aru\olc .\l.qnholc .I4uholc ]r'luholc

6.r(2r) 6 l ( 9 .l ) 8 (J/re) I o (r/s) I I ().,rc) r:1r;r; 6 ('r) 6 ('/.) 6 ( 5 / rc ) I 0 ('/s)

8.2(27) 60(11.?) I 0 (r/E) I I 1?,u) 1i (i/:) l< eir6) 6 ('.i) E(j/ro) r o (iiE) I I (?/16)

e.s(r2) 96 (11.9) I o (3/s) r I (?16) r: fr,61 16e.d 6 (r/=) 6 (5/rr,) I I (r/r6) li(r/J
1 2( 4 0 ) I lE(17.4) I I (7/t6) t3(r/t 16 (J/s) lE (11/'16) 6 (-, t6J lo (r/s) l3 (r/t l< €/re)

l4 (45) li7 (19.r) l3 (r/:) t4 (e/16) r 6 (5/s) I a /j/.\ l0 (j.'J I I (i/r6) 1 3( , / 2 ) I 6 (5/s)

I6 ()-1) i5;- (23.a) l3 (r/2) la (- r t6.,

, ^ , t ! ,
rb(",16)
!
ll ("/16) l0 C'.'s) I I ( 7 il 6 ) ta filu; IE (ll/16)

20 (65) 1 9 6( ? E . 2 ) ta fi'01 l 6 (5/s) . r 9 (rl:1 zz (t"1 t I (7/16) t3 (r/1) l o (5/s) I 9 (l/:)

)i /? i\ ??( /i" 5\ l 6 (5/s) lS (r l,'16) 2l (ll,'16) 24 (rri 16) 1 2 . 5( r / 2 ) t.r fil5) l8 (r1116) 2l (l;/16)

2Equivaled presrs is bascd on qztcr lodiag.

5-For addition of omion allw.acc- se 3-f j2
Norc: Se Fisue 3-4A-

Table 3-4--Diraensions {or Shell Manhole Neck Thickness

Minim,m Neck Thickness\. rn mm (in.)

ThicLrress of Shell and
l.{an}ro le Reinforcin gP laea For ldarhole Diaoet= For Manhoie Diameter For Manhole Diameter For ir{anhole Diameter
tandl 500 mm @0 in-) 600mm e4 i,r) 750 srm G0 irr-) 9O0 mm (36 in-)
5 ('/le) 5 ('/ro) 5 (r/re) 5 ('/re) 5 ('/re)
6 (U.) 6 (tla) 6 (14) 6 (1t.) 6 (ttn)
s €/re) 6 (tla) 6 (t4) s €/ro) s €40)
I o €/s) 6 (r/4) 6 (tte)
-
8 C/:e) lo e/s)
11ct16) 6 (lla) 6 (r/n) 8 €r,u) 10 €/8)
'
7Ls (/2) 6 (rin) 6 (t4) 8 €/ie) lo e/8)
1+€/re) 6 C/n) 6 (r&) 8 €/re) lo e/8)
I 6 (5/r) 6iV.) 6 (14) 8 €/re) lo (3/s)
I 8 (r r/t6) 6 (r4) 6 (r/e) 8 €/re) 1o€/8)
I 9 (3/<) 6 (r&) 6 (r/r) s €/io) roe/s)
2t (13/r6) E €/ie) 6 (rL) s C/re) io e/8)
22 c/E) lo e/8) 8 €/re) 8 €/re) io e/8)
24 (ts/rc) l1(?16) 1l c/ro) ri (?16) 1 I (7/16)
a5 (1) 1r (|rc) tl c/$) 11cl$) r1(trc)
: t \t't 16) il c/r6) 11(/rc) 11c/ro) lr c/r6)
ld (.1
'/8/
13 (1/2) 13(v2) 13(r/t 13(r/t
30 (r 3/16) ra€/re) la €/re) 14e/r6) la €/re)
i,? i.l l/.) 16c/s) v e/rc) ia €/rs) 14ei16)
JJ (l-l16., 16€4) 16e/8) 16e/8) 16 (5/8)
34 (t3l8) I7 (lllt6) 16Or) 16 €/s) 16c/8)
36 07/rc) I 7 (l l/16) t7 (tlrc) t1 (t/t6) I 7 (r r/16)
40 Qt/) l9 (i/.1) ls e4) I 9 (3/<) 1 9( t 4 )
'lfa sheil plate thicker then required is used for tbe pioduct and hydrostatic loadilg (see 3.6), lhe excess shell-plate thickness, within a vertical
disiance both above and bclow the cezrrerline of the holc in the tanh strell plare equal to the vertical dia'ren-sion of the hole in the tank shell plate,
c.ay be cooside;ed as reinforctrneor, and the thiclness ?of tbe manhole reiaforciag plate may be decreased accordingly. In such cases, rbe rein-
forcement and the attacbment welding shall conforrn rc rhe design limia for reinforcement of shell openings sp'ecifed n3 -'7.2.
bRein-forcgment shall b'e added if the neck thiclsress is less than that sho*n in the column. The minimun neck thiclgress shell be lhe thiclrress of
ri-reshell plate or the allonable finished thiclgress of r= bolting flange (see Table 3-3), e'hichevcr is thirurer, but in no case shall thc neck in a
buih-up manhole b€ thiru)er than rhe rhicknesses eiv€?- lf rhe neck thickness on a built-up manhole i-s g:'eater tiran the required minimrcir, the
manhole reilforcing plare may be decreased accordia5lv u'ithin the iimis gecified in 3,7.2.
'For addition ofcorrosion allowance. see3.?.5.2.

,v the American Petroleum lnstitute

i 1 0 : 1E : 51 2 0 0 2
Table 3-5-Dimen-sbnslor Bolt CircleDiameterDo and tbe larges oflc.;io *'jtiout al'ircrea-se h thc sizc of t-hc
CoverPlateDbnreter D" ior Shell t",lanholes p)are,provided rlrar ii a::y'oPeuing irtersecLstbc vcrticd ccn-
tcrline of :uot.ler optnilg. Lbr- toml u'idth of t-hc linrl
Column I Column 2 Column 3
rei.nforcing plarc along rlre venical cen{crlinc of eit}rcr op,cn-
lvta-ohole Da.srcter Boh Grclc Damcrer Corer Plate Dhrrlctcr ilg is nor less rbal Itrc sI'm oi tbe uidrhs of rbe normal p)atcs
nrm (in.) D6 urur (i::.) D. rnm (in.) for r-beopcnings im olvec.
50o (?0) 656C6r/j) 720 (2S3i:) c. lf the aoroal rei-nforcilg p)aes for the smaller openings il
600 (21) 756C30r/4) E20 €?3/:) the group. considered separately, do not fall within t-bc are:
750 (il) 906G6rL) 9?0 p834) limits of de solid portion of rbe norma.l plate for the iargest
900 (3o 1056(42rl4) I r20 (443L) opening, tre gotrp rei-nforci:og-plate size and shapc shall
ilclude tbreouter limits of tbe normal reidorcilg plates for all
Nore: SecFigruc 3-4A- the ope.nins5 in &e group. A chalge in siz-c from lhe outer
1imi15qf tbe lormal plate for tbe JargestgpennrC to t-be ouler
'limits
3-7-2-4 The aggregare strengrh of tbe weld ana6fiso 3 fi1- of riat for tie smaller opeai-ngfarthest fmm t-belargest
ti-ng to the sbeli plare- aa irten ening reinforcbg plate, or both opening sball be accomplisbed by udform straigbt taper
shall at ie^sr equal rhe proportion of tbe forces passi-og unless tle normal plare for any i-ntermediate opening would
tirougb tbe entire reinforcement tbar is calo:lated to pass extend be1'ond the-se ljmits, ia r*'hich case uniform staight
tbmugh tbe fiui-ng. tapers sbal} joh rbe outer limiu of the several normal plates.
Tbe provisions of ltem b wilb respect to ope.nings on the
3-7 -2-5 The aggresac suengrb of tbe r*,elds 3rushing a!)' same or adjacent venical centerlines also apply in this case.
jllsrvgning reinforciqi plare ro the sbell plare shall ar jeast
equal rle pmponion of tbe forces parslg tbmugb the eatiie 3-7.3 Spacing of Welds Around Connections
reinforcernent that is -lcularcd to pa.ssthrcugh rhe rchforc-
ing plate. See Figr:re 3-2? for spacilg requiremena listed i.n 3.7.3.1 |
tbrougb 3;i.3.4.
3-7.2-6 Tbe attacbment weld to the shell along the outer I
peripbery of a ianged fiuing or reinforcilg plare shall be corr Norc: Additional wetd spaciag requirementsexist in this $asdard. loo
fficr paragraphsand ublcs dcaling wirh noz.lcs and marboles may I
sidered effective oo\'for tbe parts lyiag ocide rhe area spacing.
i.ucreasctbe I
bourdcd by vertical lincs drawn tangest to tbe sheU openirg, _ninimuo
however, the outerpedphcral weld shall be applied completely Note: Whcocrrcr sress reiief s t-trermal
suess rclief is uscd in this
arould tle rcinforcemeat- All of the ;nner peripheral weid sratdard,it shrll mcaa post-wcld heattreaureaL
shall be considered cfective. Ttie srengrh of rhe cfective 3-7-3.1 Fbr uonsuess-relieved ,*,elds on sbell plates over
attacbment weld sball be considered as rle weld's shear rcsis- 125 mm (l/z in-) rbick, rhe minimggl spachg between pene:
tince at ttre stess 'ralrr given for flller welds fu 3.10.3-5- Tbe !-adon comections ald adjacent shell-plate joi_nts sbali be
size of t}e outer peripberal weld shall b. "q,ul to rhe lhiclcress govemed by rhe follo*'ing:
of tle shel plate or rcinforcing plate, r*ticheycr is thianer, bur
shall not be greaterrlnn 38 -m (1Ih in-). Whcn low-qrpc noz- a- Tbe outer edge or toe offlUet around a pe.neuation around
zles are used witb a reinforcing plare rbar erends to tbe tanli the periphery of a tbickened i.nsen plate, or around tbe periph-
bouom (see Figure i), the size of rhe ponion of the peripb- ery of a rei.nforcilg plare shall be spaced at least the greater of
eral '*'eid that attachs rhe rei:rforcing plate to tbe bouom plate eigbt times tbe weld size or 250 rnm (10 i-n.) from tie center-
shall confom to 3.15-7- Tbe imer pcripheral weld shall be liae of any t'ua-q'elded sbeil joints.
large enough to sugain tle remainder of t}e loading. b. The welds around the peripbery of a thickened insert plate,
around a rei-oforciog iasen plate, or around a rei-nforci::g plate
3-7 -2.7 lMhen rwo or more openings are locared so that the sbali be spaced at ieast ttre greater of eight times t.be larger
ouer edges (toes) of rbeir norrnal reinforciag-plare f,llet s,elci size or 150 mm (6 i-n.) from each other.
welds are closer than cight timgs the size of rbe larger of the
fillet r*'ejds, r*"ilh a minimrrm of 150 m (6 il.), rhey sball be 3-7.3-2 \ltere stess-relieving of the peripbery rr'eld has
rreared and rei:rforcerl as follows: been perforrned prior to r*'eldino of the a.tjacent shell joint or
wbere a nonstress-reljeved weld is on a shel-l plate less rhan
a- AII such oprnincs shrll be included fu a singie reinforcilg or equal ro lr.5 mm (l/3 in.) thick, the spacing may be
plate that shall be prrrponioned for the largest opening in rhe reduced to 150 mm (6 jl.) from verrjcal joi-ns or to tlre
group. greaer of 75 mm (3 in.) or 2ll2 times the shell t-hici.:ness
b. If the normal rei:rlorcbg plates for de smaller openi.gs in from horizontal joi::ts. The spacilg berween t-be r*'elds
t-begroup, considered separaely, fall uirhfu rhe area limi6 ef around tbe peripbery of a lhickened insen plate or around a
the sobd ponion of rbe normal plale for rhe largest opening. reidorcirg plare sbalt be tie greater of 75 mm (3 i-n.) or 2llz
the smaller op€.ning5n"y be ilciuded in rhe normal plate for ti-nes the sheli thicloess.
 5 ta-r,--- ii.i

SCO mn pO-) and €CC mm l2:-l sheil nerhoies: tw€nl)-€ish1 ?0 mm-diam€1er (r/.-) 5ol'-s in 2.1 mm ( /:-) holes
75C mn (3C') and 9CO mm (3€-J sh€it rahole-s: lonr--ix"o 2O mm-diameler (:/,-) bol:s ir 2! mm (ri':-) hoies
(3oll ho€-s shall slrzijl€ the farqe rer:i-l cenierline.)
'1):
Gask€l (-€ Nol€
5a) nm C:5-) tlBhd.: 635 |lm f25r6') OD x 5OO mnr l2o') lD x 3 |m {'.'5') dric}.nls
6AJ frm €{'J nE|}ld€: 735 |1m (2916'} OD x 6m mn (2i') lD r 3 m ('.'6'} thicrn*
(See F!3ure *aB) ;5O mm (S-) mhde: 885 nn f35J,'-i) OD x ?5O mnr {3C') lD >: 3 t.m ('.'a') thrcrns
^ golmm glo nrnr (36') lD :.3 mn (',i') thido}s
(S') |mhole: 1035 |m ({11s') OD x

One 6 mm ('/.') l€lr.3ia Reinlorcing pad

hole in rein:mirg plare. Il shall be shaped
on horizoficl
cenlerlin€
trr I
10 suil lank
cun,alur€

I
Allemalw
circular shape
(see Nore 8)

(6')

See
delaiis
L 6 mm ('/.1 /,
/ ^
Noie 8)

II /| 125 mm (5-) minimum S€e

I L32 mm (1rl.') figure
II Rounded @mers
('l5O mm [6'] minimum radius)
I

*Arc drnension = W/2 5oo mm (20') and 60O mm (24') manhole: 750 mm (30')
750 mm (3O-) manhole:900 mm (36') (See
900 mm (36') manhole: 1050 mm (42") Note 7)
(lncrease as necessary lor ciearance)

Uniim, smoofi surlace

I
Hounoeo Rounded Manhole lD
| lrtarhote lD
com€r I I t com€rs a
l t t i

II
I
(see
Note 4) Nrcie 4)

See
Noie 5
tL-J t
r t ,
Se Note 2
l, (sa€ Nol€ 3) tr (s€e Note 3)

Detail a Delail b

trNoles: 5- The si:e o{ the weld shall equal the thickness of the thinner mem-
a 1, Gaskei rna:erial shal b€ spec.i{ieC by the prschaser-The grasket ber joined.
maieriaj shall me€i seruice requiremenis based on producl 6- The shell nozzles shc"*'n in Ta:le 3-6 may be subs-ituled lor man-
slorsd. i€mp€rature- holes-
and {ire resig.ance.
7- When the shell no:zl:s shov.r in Figure 3-5 are used. the nini-
2, The gask€iad tac€ s-.all be maciine {inished 1o :rrvide a mini-
mum cenierline heigfrs arov: ihe tank botlom girren in Table 3-6
num Easket-bs-arinc iid.h ol 20 nm ei: iR)
are a€€plable.
3. See Tabb 33,
8, For cjimensions lor D,- Da, L, and Ul seeTable 36. Columns 4,
4. SEs Table 3-4,
5 and 6.

Figure 3-4A-Shell Manhole

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(9€ etqe-L €€s)
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 Al'l f,;e..:q-:- ii'l

- Ar: cslancc
Orre 6 mm C/.-) lell2le liole
irr .einloring pLate
on horizonlal cenlerline
Da/2
6end rerntorana plate lo
radius ol lank sh€ll

Atternarive shape
lor lo+type nozzles

De/2 See Detail a or b lo(

Diamond Circuia r
FIEINFORCING PLATE

.r -*l- -1 -l.*J
l<-t
t ' il*,
"i-- ol*

I
-r- - (See Figure 3-<B) I
+_
L,*t.vr"t? (See Fiaure 348)
l -

l . /
I
Hd
l;<---.
t l
Vclaulic groove
or threads
Tank boiiom

Double Flange Special Flange

REGULAR.TYP€ FLANGED NO77LES. NPS 3 OB LARGER

(Aoh Foles shall straddle iange c€nlerlines)

See Note-1)

Chip

(See Nole 1\
I
t l ? 1 6m m ( ' / r ' ) m i n i m u m l

(See Note 5)

De{:il a Detail b

LOW-TYPE FLANGED NOZLES. NPS 3 OB LARGER

(3oll hcies shall siraddle tliange cenlerlines)
Notes:
1 . See 3-1-5.7 icr inlornaion on the size ol wetCs- a 4- D€lails o{ *'elding bevels may vary irom those shovJn if egr-d lo
2. Se: 3.8.8 lor infcrmaicn on the couplings use<i in sirell noz:les. by the purchas:r-
3. No;il:s NPS 3 or la;ger require reinforcemen'- 5, Shop weld nci attachecj ic botiom plale

Figure 3-5-Shell Nozzles(See Tables3-6. 3-7, and 3-B)

 \I,ELDCD S-r=€L Td$s s6n Orl S't({AGl- 3-1

ti.:
Dnrcnsim /. - s::r.c,1 frii€l q.elJ ;
(secNoic l)
!a:J

1.5mm ('/.o-)
1O mm P/s-) m2lnrum

t'':': (se€ Note 2)

r (s€e Note 2)

tl ct
(to*.

I "l''
|
1)
I l l

Typ€ a T3rPe b IYP€ .c

Type Type d

THRTADE}TYPE SHSLL NO:T7I FS, NPS 3/. THROUGH NPS 2

Noles:
1. See Tab{e 37. Colurnn 6.
2. tn;nshallbelgrru-n(3/4in.)orthettticknessofeitherprtjninedbythefiltetr,veld,wtricheverisless.

Filure }S-Shell Nozles (continued)

3.7.3-3 The rules ;t3-73-l ?r'd3:l 32 stnll 3l5s agply to 3-7-4-2 \Vben tbe sheil marerial is Group I, tr' m" or IIIA
the bottom-to-<trell joiat u.nless,as a! alt€Gative, the insert ail opening coDnecdonsNPS 12 or largeril nomirn'l rli:mec
plare or reinfcrrcing plate sxt€Ddsto the bmom.to-sbell joiat in a sheU D_laleor trickened i:rsen plate morc than 25 -- (
and i.atersects it ar aqrproximarely 90 degrees-A minirnrun il.) tick <hell f€. prefabricated i:rro the shell pl:te or rhick
digance of 75 -rrm (3 i:l) sh:ll 6e mainteirredbgtween &e toe eDed insert piate' and the prefabricated assembly shal-l b
of a weld around a lonreinforced peneu-arion(see 3-?2.1)
rherrnally stress-Ielieved witbil a tempe.ratureralge of 600"(
ald rle toe ofthe sbell-to-bottomweld.
to 650"C (i 100"Fto 1200"F)for t hour per 25 mm (1 in) o
o 3-7 -3.4 By agietment between the purcbaser 3ai ths rnen- thicloess prior to ilstallario!- The gress-relieving require
ufactwer, circular shell openings a::d refuf,crci:lg pl:tet (if meDtsneednot ilclude the flange-ro-neckwelds or otier noz
used) rnay b€ localed ia a horizontal or vertical bun-srelded de-leck and m:nhole'neck attachenrs, provided &,
shell ;oi-ut provided tbat minim"m spacing dimensioos are folloe'in g coaditi oas ar'- fu i6.lled
mer and a ladiogFphic examiDation of tbe qelded shell jobt
:s conducted(s Figure 3-6, Details 4 c, a:rd e). The t*tlded a- The s€lds are ouside rle rei:rforceneil (se€3-7-2-3).
'
-nell joirt shall be 100% radiognphed for a length egual to b. Tbe throat dirnension of a fillet rveld i-n a slipon flang,
rbrce times the rli*mersr of the opening, but r*cld seam being does not €xc€ed 16 tnm f /s in.), or rhe bun joim of a n'eld
removed ne€d no( be radiognphed. Radiographic ex.arni:ra- ilg-neck flange does rot exceed 19 mm f/a ia). If th,
don shall be in accordancewith 6.1-3tlrougb 6-1-8. ma.rerial is preheare<lto a minimum lemperanlre of 90"(
3.7.4 Thermal Stress Relief e00"R duri:cgweldi::g, rbe weld lirnits of 16 nm fla ;r-
and 19 mm (3/<in-) rnay be ilcreased to 32 mm ald 38 m:t
3.7 -4.1 All fiush-qpe cleanoutfittings and fusb'qpe shell (1 l/4 in. ard 1l/z il), resoecrively.
connecrions5h:il Ss Ibermatly sress-relie\€d afier assembly
prior to irstallation i:o rbe unk sbell or a-fteritsallation into 3.7.4-3 \\hen r.iieshel-lrneterial is Group IV, IVd V, or M
rhe ta-n]<shell if the eilirc tank is suess-relieved.The stress all ope.ing connections requiring rei.nforcementr-n a sbel
relef shall be czrried out u'ithin a t€rnper-aue raBge of piate or tbickened nsefi plale more than i2.5 mm (l/2 in-
600'C to 650"C (l i00"F to 1200"F) (s* 3.7.4-3 for thick shal-lbe preizbricaied into the sheil plate or rhickene'
00 t quenchedand tenpered rreteriais) for 1 bor:r per 25 mm (1 ilsen plate, and the preft.bncaredassemblysbal bethermall'
m ) of sheUrlr-ichess- The assembiysball hclude &e bonom ssessrelievedwirirrr a lemDerarure rangeof 600"C to 650"(
reinforcing plaie (or :nnql31 plate) and rbe flange-to-neck (1100"Fro 1200"F)for I hour per 25 mm (1 m-) oithicknes
u.eI<i. plior rc irstallatio;r.

by the American Petroleum Institute

l 5 ' 1 0 : 1 9 : 0270 0 2
 /rPl Srrrrxqc 65C

TaDe i6---Dirnensions fc; Sirell r.\ozzles[mm (in )]

Coiu:;ur I Co)unrn 2 Colunu: I C.olunn -{ Colunrn 5 C-oiun.:;r6 C-olunrr-,7' C-olun::tSc Colr::r:r g

Nomi;r:l Dl.mctr: of Lcngijr of Sicic l.{inimunr \lininrunrDisrancc1'mnr

ilorionr
-lank
Thickrrcrs oI Holc Lr of ReinJbroias \\'idlh ol- Ilistznce lir>nr of to Ccntcr of r.uozy-lc
NPS Outsicic FiangcdNoz.lc Redorcag Plarcb or Rcinforclrg Shcll to Flaogc
.lirall+b
(Sizc of Diameter of Pipc Plarc Dianrerer Plate Faa Rcgrlar T;pcn *.at* loo
t.\oz-zlc) Pip. lt Da L:Do T1/ J llx,

Flanged Fiuings

43 I 2 19 . 2( 4 S ) e llr (4sr./s) 2455 (9$/<) 2970(r r 7) <o0(16) t1?s r5r\ tz10 (48j/s)
46 I 1634 (46) e I l?2 (46r/s) 2355 (923/.:) 2645(1 r2) 1o0(16) r275(50) r r 80 (46ils)
'r225
11 il1 ,'.6(14) c - I12l (44!/s) 2255(ESi/..) f725 (1o?1/r) 3 7 5( r 5 ) (4s) i I "i (44rls)
42 1066-8(4?) e r0?0 (4?:.k) 2t 55 (E4i/<) f605 (l02r/2) 3 7 5 ( 15 ) I r75 (46) I 075 (42rls)
4A 1016(4o) e r0r9 (4o!ld ?0;0 (80F/<) 2455 (9?l/=) 3 7 - <( l 5 ) I l?5 i/4-4\ I02-: (+9:7.1
33 965.2 (38) c ':iss /qrl,,.)
963 €SrrJ 1950(763/j) 3 5 0( 1 4 ) r 075 (42) 9?5 GSj/s)
.36 9144 (36) e 918 G6Iis-)' i650 p23&) rrrS (8S) 3 5 0( 1 4 ) i 025 (40) 925 G6l/s)
Y E63-6(34) e S5? p4r/d l?.15(6E3/<) 21 l5 (831/:) 35 (r3) e75 (38) E?5(y3/s)
32 812.8(32) e sl6 c3?r/d 1645(613l:) le95 08r/t :."i /'l ?,1 s25 (36) s2o G23/6)
30 762.0 (3o) e 7(< F0rid 15.15(6034) rM5 O3rit 30o(r2) s75 (34) 770 Gd/s)
2E 711.2(28) e ?14 C28r,d 1440(5F/<) l?45 (683,'4) 30o(r 2) 825 (32) t lu \!o"tE)
26 660.4 (26) e 664 G61/d t34O (523/<) 1625 (64) 3m (r2) 750 (30) 670 C63/s)
21 609-6 (24) 127 (o.so) 613 C24tidf 1255(491/t 1s25 (60) 30o(r2) 70o (28) 630 C43L)
22 558-8(22) l" 7 (050) 56? e2tld I155 (451/' t4o5 (55rl<) 275(11) 6s0(2o 580 C23/4)
20 508-0(20) 127 (050) 51r eor/d 1055(41llt 1285(sor/t 2'ts (11) 600 (24) s2seFla
18 457-2 (18) 1z? (oJo) 460 (181/dt 950 G7r/t I 160(453/4) 250(i0) 550 (22) 4?5 (183/4)
16 406-4 (1O 12? (050) 4ro(161/d 8s0e3r/t ro35 (4dl<) 5 0 ( r 0 ) 500 (20) 425 (163/4)
14 355.6 (14) 127 (o.so) 359(l4rld 750(291/) er5 (36) 250(r0) 450 (t8) 3'15Q43/)
12 323.8 Q23ti 1r ? (050) 3n Qf 4) 685(27) 84o(33) "ri /a \ 42s (1'1) 345 Qstt)
r0 273_0(td /i 1z? (050) 276QO7|:J s85(23) 72D(zl,UiJ- 2 b ( e ) 3?s(]t 2 9 00 1 r / t
8 219-t (85/s) r27 (05O) 2.(a3ti 4ss (19) s90 (81/4) 20o(8) 325(13) 24Oe|t)
6 1683 (65/s) 10.97(0.432) 17t (6t) 400(15i/<) 495(l9r/t ?0o (8) 27s (1't) 2OOQ'7/8)
4 1143 (41/) 856 (OJa7) lr? (45ld 305(12) 3S5(l5rl.:) 175(7) 22sQ)J r50 (6) ,.,
3 88-9 (3rlt 7.62 (0300) 9?de/s) 26s GO1/) 345(r3r/t t75 (7) 200 (8) 135 (5ri4)
11 603 (2318) 5.54 (o-zl8) $(21t) l50 (6) 1'1s(7) i
t1/2r 483 (1.90) 5.os (o:oo) 51e) r50 (6) r50 (6) i

Threaded Frni.gF
3c 108-0(4.250) Coupling lrl-l (45isJ 2s5(l 11L) 360(t4rL) ??{ rra\ 145(t/s)
tr 76 " (3.000) '79.1
Coupli.g (31t8) 17s(7) i
,!tlzr 63.5 (2.5m) Coupling 66.? GtlE) r 50 (6) i
11 44-5 (1.?5o) Cooplitrg 47-6(t7r8) 125(s) i
3tar 35.0 (1i75) Coupling 3s-l (lrlt rm(4) i

zFor exEz-strong pipe, refer ro

ASTIr{ A 53 or A lO6 for other qall thicknesses; howevcr, piping u'rarerial must conJorm ro ?-5.
DTbe qidth of the shell plzre shall be suffcicnt to conrzio rhe
reinforcing plare end ro pror.ide claiance from rhe girrh joint of rhe shell cour-.
'Unless otherwise specified
by rhe purchaser, tie roz.le s5.all be lc.cated ar rhe minimunr disrance but shall also roeet the rxeld spacing requfe-
ments of 3.7.3.
cThe .I{; dimensions given ia rhis table are
for Appe'ndix A rank designs on}y; refer ro 3.7.3 ro derermine minimlrm .I{7 for basic rank designs.
cSee Table 3-7, Column 2.
Flanged nozles and threaded noz.les in pipe siz6 NPS 2 or smaller do nor require reinforcing pleres. Dp *ill be rhe diamerer of rhe hole in rhe
shell plate, and $/eld I rvill be as specifed in Tzbl€ 3-?, Column 6. Reinforcing pleres mav be used if desired-
gA thre:ded nozzle in ao
NPS 3 requires reirfoc€oleoL
hAry specifed corrosion allosznce
shall, bv asrernent bcrv'een the purcha-<er aod thc maoufacrurgr, be added ro either the nominal thiclzress
shoq'n or the minimum calqrlated thiclcress requbed for lressure head ard meclanical srenelh. In no case sha.ll rhe thickness orovided be less
ten the nominal thickness sbo*n.
i' ^_ K e
. ler
to J /-J
Note: See Figure 3-5.

ry tire American Petroleum Instihrte

510:19-24 2042
 EE B?3aZ:! 0tl,rr:tt t15 lli
t5!_TI{GL ]':56
S T D- A P I / P E T R O S T D

\\'EL!:L) Stail Trt':S :oa C:l S'lCirG:

Schedules [mm (in )]

Table 3-7-Dirnensrons ior Shell Nozzles:Pipe, Plate, and Vrlel,Ji;rg
Column J Colun-.n5 Columr 6
Colurnn l Column 2 Colurur l
Sizr of Fiiitt \Atld A
lrlinimum Pipc WaJl ]r'la:imum f-riamctcr of
l}icbress of Shell ard Thickness of Flangcd Hoie in Shcll P.late
(Ilr) Equa.ls Outsidc Size of Fill:t r.'ozzles La,rg--rTiran NPS 2, 1 t /.. 131:
Reinforcing Plac" Nozzlesb€
Diarnctcr of Pipc Plus Weld I NPS 2 Nozle-s
t and 7-

1 2 5( l / ? ) l6 (r/s) 5 (3/ro) 6 ('/") 6 (ll:)

5 (r/16)
l6 (5/s) 6 ('/4) 6 ('/,:) 6 (l/.,)
6 ()/.r) 1 2 5( r / ? )
t6 (5/8) 8 (5/ro) 6 (1,i) 6 (rio)
8 (5/i6) r25 (t7)
16 (5/s) to (3/8) 6 (r/.) 6 (r/.r)
l0 (i/&) l2J (t/t
16 (5/8) I I (?/16) 6 (r/.r) 6 (l/:)
I I C/r6) 1 2 5( t / t
16 (5/8) l3 (l/, 6 (rL) I (5/re)
l2_. (t/2) 125 (r/2)
2o (3io) t4 e/r6) 6 (r/r) 8 (5/r6)
l4 e/16) 1 2 5( r l t
8 (3ta) 16e/8) 8 (r/re) 8 (5/re)
16e/s) 125 (rit
l8 (r r/16) 8 (5/ro) 8 (5/re)
l? '.1l/re) 125(r/2) ?0 (34)

t25 (t2) ?feu) fr (3ta) 8 (5/ro) 8 (5/re)

20 (3/a)
n3 (h) a (?ta) 2l (13/rd) l 0 (3/s) 8 (5/ro)
2r (13/r6)
r2J (t/2) fr (3te) n(h) l0 (3/s) 8 (J/ro)
22 (7|s)
n s(b ) ?0 (3/a) ?4 (strc) l0 (3/s) 8 €/re)
24 (5t16)
'25(b) 20 (3/4) 2 5( l ) l I (?/16) 8 (5/re)
25(])
14P/,d) a (3ta) T7 Qtt|dr I I (?/16) 8 (5/ro)
2 1( t t t d
14e/ri) a (3ta) 28 (lt/8) I I (?/16) 8 (5/ro)
2 E( l t / 8 )
' 30 (13/rd) 13 (r/2) 8 (5/ro)
30 (r3lrr) 16(5/d 20 Pr.)
32 (l r/r) 16(5/&) 20 (3/") 32 (t r/4) l3 ('/2) E (5/re)

2D(3tr) 33 (15/rd) I 3 (t/2) 8 (s/ro)

33(t5lr5) l7 (ll/16)

2.0(3ro) 35 (13/E) t4 e/r6) 8 (5/ro)

35 (13/J t7 (ll/16)

20(31) x (3ti 36 (17116) l4 e/r6) 8 (5/ro)

36 (l?/rd)
38 (tt/2; l4 e/r6) E (5/ro)
3 6 ( 1t / ' 20 eti ,{ Ptd
40 (telt6) 21 (13/16; X (ta) 38 (l r/2) 14e/r6) 8 €/ro)

4l (15/8) 2l (r3lr6) 20 (3lo) 38 (l t/t l6 (5/8) s €116)

8 (3to) 38 (lr/2) r 6 (5/8) 8 f/ro)

43 (l ri/r5) 22 (1t8)
45 ( I 3/4) 22c t''') 2D (3lq) 38 (1t/' l6 e/8) 8 (5/ro)

'l f a shell pl:re rhicker than rcquircd is used for rhe product and hydrosaric loa-Cing (see 3.6), l,h: excess sbeli-plate thickness"a'irlrir a ve nical
vcnical dirnersion of thc hole i-n the ranl( shell plac,
ci.israncebofi above and belo.*,rhe cenrerline oirhc iole in rhe tank shell plare equal ro rhe
rcinforcement, and the rlidoess lof the noz:le reiaforcilg plare maf accordingly. In sucb cases' rhe rein-
may be corsidered as \ $rease!
limits for reiaforcemenr of shell opcnilgs specified in3 "12'
forcemenr znd *rc auachmcnr welding shalt cooforro ro rhe dasign
b l l r i s c o l u n - L na p p l i e s r o N p S 4 8 . 4 6 . ; 4 , 4 2 . 4 0 , 3 E , 3 6 , 3 4 , 3 2 , 3 0 . 2 6 . ard 26 flaagcd nozzl:s. Refer to 25 for piping materials-
be addei to either the mioimum thickress
o cAny spccified corrosron allourancc shall. by ag.=rrent berr,r,eenthe purchascr a.ld the manufacrurer,
for pressure ircad and merhanica.l suen5.h Ln no ca-seshall the thickness provided be
shown or ro rhe mjnimum caiculated thicbess:=quired
kss than the mini;num thickness sho'*n-
Not:: Se Figrre 3-5.
 I0?:e?58 ltl,tl3t? 551 rl
STD.API/PfTRO ST} b5O_fNCL ]'IT6

Apl S;a,\iDarjl Clt

t .'rr

Table i8-Dimensions le Flanges [mm (in )]

lor Sfrell 11ezu
S Colrrg 9 Clluru l0 &rllru I I (irlune )?
Colmnl Columi C-oluml Colum 5 Columo 6 Colu=-n ? Crrlmrt
Col:mr:l
lr{ hinum [)rmtcer of
Diar,cr of Boru Hub ar i onl of Wcld

SIip-or T5 o<:
Oucsidc \\,clding W:ldir8
I'lilinrum Glsidc Dimcrc Diarncra
Diure,< Dhffitcr Diens of Na): SlPon n-a!:
Tliickn.:ss Di.5ctcr of Raiscd of Boh Numts
l{5(Snr of Pigr Plus TYF" T-ryb Tlr-'
of FIangc Fu Cirrl of of
o{ ol l-J4.cE- ts Bt E
C Holcs Hols Bols
i'lcz]c)
t/, 6.s 0l:J) b
l-120(55) 41 (41) 42 ( I5is) 38 (l
4s 7O (?314) r5ro{59rlt 1360(53t/t
rzs5 tsrl 1365(5f3/4) 40 (4O) 42 (15/s) 33 (l '/t 6.6 (0 "5) D
5 6 5 ( ? r r / 1 6 ) l44o {ttl,
l3l5 (513L) 40 (4O) qr (t'1t") 35 (1' /' 6..1(0:5) b
:J 67 C5/s) t4oJ (55tl4) 1245(49)

l34s(s3) I I 95 (4?)
'!255(9t ra) 36
CaO 42 (t rit) 3g 1tr/2) 6: pf5) b
<2 6? (?5is)

rn 1290 (503/4) I l?J (44rlJ l2o0 (;7rir) 36 G6) 42 (15/r) 36 (t ' /' 6.0 (D:5) b
65 Gt/t

ll5o(<5r/a) 32 (32) 42 (15/sl 38(1rD 6-8 (o:5) b

35 60 Grls) 1240 e83/4) lo?5(4?rD
32 €:) 42 (1ris) 38(lr/' 6.6 (015) b
36 50 (23ls) 1l?c {46) lo2o (4otD lo85G23/,

59 (25116) I I 10 (433i.) 960G730 1030({t/t 32 (32) 42 (15rc) 36 (l r/r.) 64 (o:5) b

i1
j: 38 (1,/t 6_2{ox) b
5't(ztt,J t06o (413/4) 910(353A 9s0 GstD 28 (?S) 42 (r5/s)

s55 G330 915G6) 28 (28) JJ ( r-lt 30 (l)/4) 6n (o:5) b

3O 5'1 Grl&) 9S5 G83/")

79sFlr/i) 86s(;) -tEJ S (lrl4) 6-8 (O:5) b

38 Arl
JJ ( r
?S 52 (2)/16) 95.66r/2)

145Qgtri s05G13A 24 (24) 33 (13/, JU ( |

_/4J 6.6 (025) b
?6 50 (2) 87OCJ4r/4)

48 (1'7lB) 8ls (32) 6,90Crrid ?5OC!9r/, ?0 c20) 33 (i3ls) 30 (l r/4) 4.4 (o_r9) b
21
30 (lr/4) <"/nro) c
n 46(lr3/rd) ?5O C29r/2) 640 esr/i| 6t0 crrl4) 20 (?0) 33 (13/s)
'10|.]C77tt:, 635C5) 20 (2O) 30 (1 r/:J 2'7 Qtts) 5I) (0-19)
m 43 (llr/16) 5ss-(23)

I3 40 (1elr6) 635 GJ) 535(2r) 58OG23/.l)16(lO 30 (t t/:) l, \t Iu 43 (0.19) b

16 36 (l?/16) 59J C3t/' 4?0(t81b) (2l t/4)

5.4O 16(16) 2? (lrrs) ?4 (l) 46 (0.r9) b

415(l6rd 475(lt3l) l2 (12) 2? (t uE) 2a (t) 4.4(0.19) b

1-1 35 (13/8) 535er)
4E5 (19) 3SO(r5) 43O(14 12(12) 25 (l) 22 (1lB) 3 . 1 5 ( O . l3 )
12 32 (1)/3)

10 30 (i3/r6) 4O5(i6) 325(t2lD 360(t4r/i 12(12) x (l) ?2(t8) 295 (o-13) h

345(t3r/t z?o(ld/d 3oo( I t3L) 8 (8) "a /7/-\ ?o (l/.) 2 . 9 ?( 0 . 1 0 ) h

E 28 (lr/8)

28O(l l) 2r6$tl) 24O(9r/' 8 (8) z3 (7/s) 20 (31.) 2 . 7 ?( 0 . r 0 ) b

6 ?5 (l)

z0 (e) 157(d/rd t9O(trl' 8 (8) 19(3/.) r6 (tE) r.7 (0.06)

4 2J (15/16)

3 2J (r5lrd) l9o orit 127(5) 152(O 4 (4) l9 (3/.) r6e/s) 1 . 1( 0 n 6 ) f,

4 (4) 19 (3i{) I 6 (r/8) 1 . 6 8( 0 . 0 7 ) b

? ?0 (3/:) 15o(6) 9zQstg) l2l Gr/4)
'n 98 (31d 4 (4) l6 (5/s) 1?(t/, 1.7; (0.07) b
tttz l7 (r1116) r25 (5) e1h)

s8r = iroidc dietrra of pipc,

b-t= wlsi& dima:r of pia + 2:"-
cfr = ol.si& dimcrcr of pipc.
complying wirh ASI{E B l6j Cls 150' ASI{E B 16.I Clss l2-;'
tljl;r.x;ue. iJ sp*-hcd. red not bc addcd o Sangc ard coverrhichr:ss

iiil;** r:d rcrdi-ng-nrkflas-:sindps-l-rt

**nsiors forsrip-on rorbossxrifrcd
and\-PS?'rc idcncczl
trJtfrit*: lh'ou*-2o wirh AS}{E B16'l ;-or Clrs
in AS]\{E B i6J for Class rso i-f n"n!cs.ft|c t""irg c-le'oi:osfir Eangcsii lps fo, ie .?2. mJg3 m ir e-sal]H:
izs Lii-r s-go. t* al.n.:=;ons for laryr flaagcsaay confco to Sa?s B of ASlt{E B15.a?.
 wSDf l) Sr€-!L lA$s rcxi Ort- 5';6-'rGi

rr'iirgs irrrnr(rrr)1
Table 3-9-Dirnensions for Fiusi>Tvpe Ciear'Ioul
C r r l u n r : r9 Colur.rn i0 Colu;:trtI I
Coiumr o Colurrn ll
Colutntr I Colun::l 2 Colunrn l Coi--;:r 'i Column 5
l:1.-...'
Anc R'idth Lipir U;rcl Contcr
ata".a. liol Lottt
of Shcll C.o;'cr R:iius ofShtll E.!9.
at Elrroe S;x-cial Bolr Numbcr Dirnrctcr
Reinforcing I)'sirrrcc (Exa=l
Height o1' \\'iddr oI Reinforing Itzciius of -spacingb of of
of Bols Bon..:rt) \\'idrh
Opeaing Platc Opc;::ng PIatc Bolts
Opcninc f- 8 Bols
tt' 12 e -fi
It D
s0 (3r/i) ?o (i/{)
40o (16) 1170(46) l0o (:) _ i 6 0( t 4 ) 32 (l l/<) l0o (i) 90 (irl2)
20o (s)
?ro (29) 40 (l r/t l0O (-:)
qi rill.) 90 (3 1/2) 36 20 (i{)
600 (24) 600 G4) 1630(?2) 30o (r?)
po (43/) 1 1 0( 4 r l . . ) 46 24(l)
27oo (l06) 4icF (r 8) l010 (41) 40 (t t/, I r5 GI/2)
900 (3o t2oo (4s)
r I5 (4!/2) 52 24(r)
3200 (125) 600 c4) t3ro(511i2) 40 ( I r/?) I l5 (-:r/2) 1 5 ( 5 )
12od (4s) 1200(4s)
in :rcrease/3 a-sne€ssary to provicie a l '5 c-rrn (li 16in') clearance
rf". "*f. ,f ,;"fa"es-<esgrealer th2]140 mnl (19/16 ),
neck-ro-flange u'e ld ald r}e hezd of rhe bolt'
between rhe requircd
fiange'
iR"f.^ ,o =p..irrg t, the ioo'er coiers of tlre cleanou--itting
.For Groupiry fla, rr,andvI, 600mm Gj *)-
(see3-7'?'2)'
cOnlylb, O""p f tr, Itr, or II1Ashellmarerials
Notc: See Figure 3-9.
rhe mate-
3-7 -4.6 \t'Den u-sd il stress-re[evedassemblies'
\\rhen conaeccioDsare insrailed i-n quercid and tem- qu*.hed and lempered steeisA 537' Cl 2 and A 6?8'
d.t of
pered marerial, tle maximum tlerrnal ssess-re-lievilg ten- br"J" ir, ""4 of TI{CP itei A ${l shzll be represented by
p"**. sball not exceed rhe tempering t€rnp€f,anre for the ;;;;"Ds tbet bave been subjected -to
the same heat
rnaterials in $e prefabricated stress-telieving asembly' The rr*-i*t as r-batused for the sress relieved assembly'
stress-relieviag requirements do Dot apply to rbe weld to the
3-7.5 ShellManholes
bonom :nnulal' plale, but rley do agply to flusb-g'pe
cleanout openiags wheo tle bottom reinforcilg piate is an 3.7.5.1 Sbell m:nholes sh:]l conform to Figures 3ja-an^-0
3-8)'
ennsl3l-pl3p sectio!- The stress-reuevi:rg teguteBen6 :-ae -A ialtes -: tbrougb i5 (o:Tables 3-6 thoug!
but other sbapesare p€xnined by 3'7'1'8'-Manhole reidorc-
aeed noi include the faage-to-neck welds or orbet lozz)e- made
leck and malbole'aeck atachmeDts, provideo tbe condi- io! pfur.. 6r each segmenof rhe plates if thcy are nor
with a 6 rnm ('/a in-) diameter
io-oi. pi"o 5ha1'lts prsvided
tions of 3.7.42 arefulilled-
.rfi-t f6 hole (for deGction of lealcage throrrgh rhe hterior
3-7.4.4 ln5pectionaffer suessvslief <h'll be in accorclance welds).Eacbbolesh:llbelo{arcdon&ebqrizonta]centerline
q'ith 5.2.3.6. and <haltbe opento &e atmcqhere'
. 3-7.5.2 lr{:nholes qhall b€ of built-up welded construction-
The
r 3-7.4-5 Wlen it is impractical to stress rclie\€ at a mini- Tbe dimensions are listed i! Tables 3-3 rhrougb 3-5'
(1100'F), it is perralrsible, sub-- are based on the rninirnrm neck thic]'oesses li$ed
mum lempsratureof 600"C a;mensions
to.be
ject to the purch:se/s agreement,to cary orrt tbe $rcss- in Table 3-4. Wbel corosic'n allowance is specitred
corosion allowance is rc be added
relievi-ng operation at Iswer temperatruesfor longer periods aoolied to sbell ma!-boles,
ffenge rhick-
accordalce with rhe fotlowi4 abulariou ;'J; *iltt"um neclq cover plale, ald bolting
rf time h
nessesof Tables3-3 and 34'
sball
3-7.5.3 Tne ma<imum di'-eter Do of a shell cutout
3-7' Dimeasions for
N{inimum Stress-Reliering be as listed in Coiusrn 3 of Tabl'e
TemPeranre HoidirgTne teq"iteO rei-nforci'g plates are lised in Table 3-6'
[hourspcr25 nm See
(1 irt.) of thicloessl Note 3.7-5-4 Ttre gasket materiz-lsshall meet ser\"rcercqure-
cc) cF)
ments based oi .1" produe stored5temperatlre'
ald fue
Gasket dimensioas '*'lren used ir conjuncdon
600 I lo0 I
r.iL^n...
proven
570 1050 ) I with thin-plale fianges descn-bedil Figure 3-4A" bave
.fi^;d* wlien u-.el wirh soft gaskea, sucb as non-asbestos
1000 I
such as
lber U.n suitable bilder' \['ben usi:rg bard gaskea'
5r0 950 lv L , a
meel, metal jackere4 and spiral-
iJia -.or, corrugated
(mrn-) (min) I t
oo.rnd r,tet:l the g.tt", <iicensions, manhole iange' and
aSO 9OO
manhoieco','ershJ be desiged per A-PIStandard620' Sec-
Notes: tions3.20aad3-21-
l. For intermediate tempera-tures, thc time of heating sfrall p"t AII
3.7.5.5 li lieu oi usi-ogFigse 3-4A or desip
be determined by straighr line interpolation- a:d forged blind fanges ma-vbe
for i,="0ar4 620, forged fla-nges
?- Sn-cssrelicving "t rho" rslnpcraturcs is nor Pcrmiced
A 537. clzss 2 materiel. tu-nished gl 2.6-

by the American Petroleum Instilute

3510:19:49 2002
 API Srators:65C

Llinirnunr specng shall be B linres the - >13C.] / i

'/:1he radit'S oi the
shell thioiness or I

openinq. u'hicirevet rs less

----. I
I I

- G- o{ bufi-welded

.i
./ shell ioint
,'

-l
o l
- l

- t -_ ___

;U
"i
-l
a l
s?l

Toe of rr.eld
Y
Detail b
Detail a

PET{€TRATION WTTHOLIT REINFORCING PLATE

Minimum spacing shall be 8 *nes the Minimum spacing shall be 8limes the
strell ihickness shell thickness or r/: fie radius oi tire
opening, r*fiicfrever is less
See 3.7-3

Q of brnt-welded
shell joint

Toe of welj
t
! o
a
o I
o
E
=a t - a

+ I c
o
c
.t UJ
^ l Toe of vreld
.. I
II
I

Rein{orcing Plate

kil d Detail e
Detail c

PENETRATION WTTH REIN FORCING PLATE

Note: D" = diameler of oPening.

Examination
Figure 3-6-Minimum Spaing of Weldsand Exent of RelatedRadiographic

by the American Petroleum lrstitute

1 51 0 : 2 0 : 0 52 0 0 2
 \rvi-l DLI) Srial ir.*:s ;cn Ou S-1C--:31

-l-nrc!::ress
Tabic 3.iC,--fr4irrinrurl.) o i C o v e r P l a i e . B o n i r i g F l a n ; e , a i r d S o ' . i o i l ' rR e i n i o r c i r t QP l a t e t o r
Flush-TypeClearicul Fmings Imrr (in.)]

Colum-r 6 Colu:t::tJ Cnlu:l:i S Colu:ln 9 C - o l u n t t rl 0

Colu:lrt I C - o l u r - r :lr Colunrn i Col::n.rni C o l u n . r n5

Si:r olG,r:rinl I x n 1l-lcighL>l \\'idL:r)

'/(|3 ' ]"(rc (46 x 4S)
200 x 4&) (S x 16) 600 x 600 (2: x 2-1) 9 ( X )x l 2 U ) ( - i 6 x 3 S ) 1 x

ThicLriess lrii:J:r'-< Thiclrrers Thicf:res Thickrr-:s Tnicl:n'=s Thid::rcss Thicbrcss

Jr4:rlimunr
of Bolthg of Eononr ofBohins ofBoiiom .'flloltinc ofBouonr of Bolting of Bottonr
Design
EquirzJent Flangc and R*:-forcing I:langc aC Reinforing Fla:rge a',d Rcinforcing Fiangc and i{cinforcing
Liquidl*.'ci
Press::e: Covcr Plate Pbrteb Cover Plate Plz-ie' Covcr Platc Platec Corcr Platc Platc< 100
m (ft)
I, lb l, Ii
H kPa (psi) lr !^

6.1(20) 60 (s.?) l0(i/s)-' li(rrt r0 (r/s) 13(I/t r6e/s) 2t (l:/lc) r6 c/5) 22(ts)
io C/s) l-i (r/t t3 (r/:) t3 (r/a) l9 (-rl.1) ,i' /t-\ 2t (13/t6) 2 8 ( 1r / s )
r 0 (34) es (i-1-7)
r2 ( 4 1 ) r l8 (17-S) lo(r/s) t3(r4) 13(r/r) 14e/:5) 22 (7/s) 2S ( l 1/s) ?2(7tfj' 30 (rrlr6)

r 6 (53) r 57 (11) ro (3/s) l-i (rir) 14e/16) 16cis) 24 (l5i l6) ll (l r/4) 25 (r) 33 (t5lr6)

1s(60) 17i (:6) r i c/r6) 13(1/, r6 eis) 18(r1/16) ?5(1) r) (l-lt6, ?s (t r/s) 3s (13/s)
20 (64) 1% (27-8) u (?/16) 1l(r/t t6 c/s) rs (r1/16) ?7 Ql/rc) 35 (1i/s) 28 (r t/s) 36 (t1i 16)
tc (72) 2 1 6( 3 r t ) il (7/16) t3(r/2) t6 (r1116) 19(i/:) 28 (r r/s) :6 (1?/16) 3O(13/r6) 38 (l r/2)

"Equivalcnt pressure is ba-sed on rx'ater loading. of 36 mm (11/2 in-)

fu-rim,rst
blr{axirnum of 25 mm (1 in.)- .l'{aximr.rn
of45 rnln (13/: irr-)
.]r{aximum of 28 -- (11/8 irl). Note: SeeFigure 3-9.

3.7-6 Shell Nozles and Flanges 3-7-7 Flush-Type Cleanout Fittings

3.7-6-'1 Shell aoz-les and firnges sball coaform to Figures . 3.7-7-1 Flush-qpe cleanout fttiags sh:ll 6sLFeDl to thg
3-4B, 3-5, and 3-7 and Tables 3{ thtorrgb 3-8, but ot}er reguirenens of 3-'l-72 rbro',gl' 3-7.7-12 and to the details
shapesare permiued by 3-7-1-8.Noz.le reinforci:tg plates ot 3ai rlimeosiols sbowni:r Figrres 3-9 and 3-10 aad Tables3-9
each seeEent of tbe plates if tbey are not s2de in one piece trcugb 3-1 1- When a size i:rtemediate to the sizes given in
sh:ll be provideds'ith a 6 mm (t/4 in-) dienetet tell-talebole. Tables 3-9 tlrough 3-11 is sp€citred by the purcbaser, the
Such holes sball b€ located zubstamially on the borizontal coErructio! derails and reilforcements qh:]1 cprLform to the
c€nteriine and sbaLlbe open to thi amospbere. ne:s lalger opening listed iD rhe tables. The sizc of the open-
ing or ta* connectionsh:ll ns1 be larger than the maximum
3.7-62 The derarls ard dimensio::s sperined in this sa:r- sia giwn i:: the approPriae rable.
dard are for no-les ilstalled with tbeir axes perpendicu-larto
rhe shell pla-re.A noale may be irtalled ar 2e ang,leotier rban 3.7 -7 2 lfne openi-ngshall be rectalguiar, but rhe uppsr cor-
90 ciegreesro fte sbell plae in a horizontal plare, p'rovidedthe :rers of tle openiog sball have a ndius equal to one-half the
u'idrb of &e reinforcing plate (W or Dotr- Hgru,e3-5 andlbble greeiestbeigbt of the clear opening' t*tren rbe shell material
"Q is ino'easedby the amount that tbe hcrizontal cbord of the is Group I, tr, ItI, or ItrA, rhe width or heigbt of tbe clear
.-'peningcut in dre sbell plare (D, ir Figure 3-5 and Table 3-f openi::g 5h:ll ae1 exceed 1200 mm (+8 in.); wheo rhe sheil
increasesas the opeabg is chaagedfiom circular to ellipdcal rnarerial is Group ry IVA, V, or VI, the heigbt sh:ll not
for tbe anguiar insallation- In additio4 Dozles not larger than exc€d 900 mm (36 in.).
00 1 NPS 3-for fte irsertion of tbermomererwe\ for sa:nplilg 'I-ne
co.nections, or for orher purposesnot iF/olving tbe anacb- 3.7-7-3 rehiorced openino shall be complelelypreas-
meni of exteDdedpipiog-may be iasatled at a! atgle of 15 sembled ilto a shel.lplare,and tbe completeduniq ilcludilg
degteesor less off perpendicr.rJar in a venical plale u'itiout tbe sbelt plaie at the clea:routfi,ting, sball be rierma-ll1'suess-
modificarion of tbe ro-le reinforci::gplara relieved as describedin 3-'l .4 (regardlessof the thickness or
sseogth of rhe material).
3.7.6.3 Ths mininum thicknessof no-zte Deckrc be used
she-Llbe equal to the required thicknessas idendfed by the 3.7.7.4 Tle cross-secdonal areaof the rehforcement over
) l I rerrn I, il Table3-6, Colurnn 3- tbe rop of &e openilg qhall be calculatedas fouo\\'s:

Jy the Americ:n PetroleumInstitute

5 i 0 . 2 C : ' 12E0 0 2
 A?l Srrrnrco ti53

P+f *":h
E
+ 6 mm l'!;) nz + 6 mm ('l'-) ng
p[1" 1r"

7. 1 R
B B
D D
D
L

HUB SLIP-ON WELDING WELDIN G.NECK FT-AI.iGE

PLATE.RING SLIP.ON
\(ELDING FLANGE FLANGE

prpe h€ll thickn€ss (seeTables 3_6 and 3-7)

t,tole:The t, desiEnaied lor reld thickness is the nominat

Figure }7-Shell Nozzle Flanges (SeeTable 3-6)

1.25

1-00
Verticalaxis in Sl units:
l - ( H * e . a ) o + 7 1 . 5 1[ 123t lo'
L 1'ao8h J LGo(H-o.:il 0.75

Vertical axis in US Customaqy units: 0-50

f 1u* zslo*7701[ rz,esorlo'
L 3esh J Lzeo1"-1
o.25 l l l l l l l l l
l-T N{aximumK,
l l " r r r r l

1.0 1.1 12 1.3 1'4

K, coeflrcient

Figure }B-Area Coefficientfor DeterrniningMinimumReinforcementof FlusfFTypeCleanolrtFrttings

3.7.7.5 The thicl:ness of fte sbell piare i-n the clealout-
,t >Krht opening assembly qhal] b€ at least as tbick as rle adjacent

1
2
sbell plate in rhe los'est sbell course- The thicl":ress of r.he
rvhere shell rebforci-ng plare aod rbe neck plate shall be the same as
rbe uicl,:ress of the sbell plate in the cleanout-openino
1., : cross-sectio;ral area of the rein;otcem€lt over
assemblY.
rhe rop of rie openjng, in mm2 fu.z;,
Tbe rei:rforcement i! lbe plane of &e shell strall be provided
K1 : zr-z co€ficisnt fiom Figure 3-S, rvithia a height I abor= tbe botom of rhe opening' l, sh:ll not
- n
exceri 1-5i except rbat, i:r tbe case of srTla]l openings, t
A : r,enical heigbr of ciear openino in nra (in-)' 5hall no{ be less rhal 150 mm (6 il.). Vhere rhis excepdon

/ : calculaied rl:jclrress ofrhe lorr--sr sbell course, results in an I that G steater than 1-5,It,onll'rhe pordon ofthe
i-o mm (i-o-), :equired by rbe foi:aulas of 3.63, reidorcement lhat is ri'iihin tbe heigbt of 1'51 sh:ll be consid-
3.5.4, or A.4.1 but exciusive of aly corrosion ered eftctive. The ret-iorcement required mal'be prorided by
any6'ne or any combi-"don of fte foilou'ing:
aLlorvaace.

5y tlre American Petroleum Instilttt€

510:.20'.332002
 Tar+:S rC*i Orl S-iCt-rtCr.
\,\'at C!:O StEi-t

1ab1c 2-i(:)' l':blc I-

uici::ress as dcir-j ur 2 i'-i'3 usirlq o-1
: l-ttc S,ell rriniorcr.! Djale. rire f ie lci suu;:g:i a;rd rjrc
at.f , e'ld irigurc 2- l . Acjciirionalll"
plarc ul rj:lc clea.ilor'tt-ooc;
b. ful' r.licklrers of r-irc shell ,.*;ta ,o=ttg-.llof
-.ie sheli plale at dle iush-n'pc.cieanour f;t-
ihat Ls grcalei riran rhe rhjcl:n'ss of rhe aqacetlt the necii Pizie shrli be
-aa,r,Lly ..g, r1,. rl''lll rci:forcul!. Dlat'i' alld
plaies it dte loricst sbeil course' ,o, o: STeaiti thar:' rire f ield snengrn arci
ille tensrle
.qil
leqih eoual ro the
c. The poniclr of rlie reck plate halirg a s-rrelgr-bof ibe arijacent loB'esr sheli coruse
plare rrarerial'
rlickless of rlre rei"nforcilg piate'
clea-uoui-openrrg
reinforc- 3-7-7 -g Tne dimensions ald derails of the
3.7 .7.6 Tbe ::ri:rimum widrb of $e unk-boaom b1' &is section arc based on ir:remal
shall be 250 mnt a-ssemblies covered
l.-g plate ar rbe centeribe of tbe openino loading-
h5,<irosraticloadi'3 u'irb lo erterual-pipi-n!
plus t.be combined tbickness of rbe shell piare i-u tbe
f rii ir I
assembly and fte sbeUrehforcilg plare' is i-nsralled on a
.l"r,ouuop.ning 3-7 -7 -1C \\/hen a iush-qpe clealour fnhg
grade u'it-bout concrete or
edt rbar is resti-ag oD an earth
reiafo;ci::-q plate sball
Tbe :nr-nimum rhick-ne-ri of the tjonom *oot1' trzlls under r-hetank slreu, provision sh:-ll be made
equation: eir-ber of rhe fol-
bs derermi-nedb1'rle fol.lou'ing ,o *ppo. rire firci-ng ard retain rhe grade b1'
Iowilg mei-nods:
Ln Sl unirs:
a-lDslallavenicalsteelbulktreadplateundertbear-}i'along
h' b t-rr .h".oo,o.r;oftberadlsbeLl,s}rr]meric-alt'itbtireopening'
',:
xfroo+T'|}'lIlL' as shown i-n Figure 3-10, lr'Iethod A'
wall under the tan]<
b- In$all a concreie or masorq' retainilg
rvhere ggisl to tle coilour of the
rvitb tbe 1r,:'ll'5 face codormi-ng
Ib : rninimum thickness of rle boaom :eiaf,orcing ank shell as sbo.*! in Figure 3-10, Method B'

Plare,in trrm, is irsalled on a

3.7 .7 .11 Vhen a fush-q,?e cleanout fnilg
ft : verrical beigbt of clear opening i! rn1"n, ulkthar is resting on a rilgva[ a nstcb wr& tbe <iimensioos
be provideC to accom-
hco-izontals'idth of clear opeoing in rnm, sbonn in Figr:re 3-t O, lvletbod C, shall
b :
roodate the cleanout firtlng-
I/ : maximum desig liguid lerel (see3'6-32)' in m-
a
3.7.7.12 When a iush-qpe clearout fttirg is irsdled on
G : specinc grzlvity, not less than 1'0' eafih grade inside a foundation
talk rhat G resdng ol a!
r"ol"i"g qdl, a rio-tch shall be p:'ovided in tbe recaining va1l
Il US Customary urts
- ..*-rr-rodale tbe fni:rg, and a supplemeurzry hside
-rle fniag ard
h2 : b ti-,,n ;.i"j"g r*all shali be proviCed 10 suppofi
ro: r' ooio al'" grade. The dimensiols sh:ll be as
sbown il Figure
310-r':
JZlobb-+
3-i0,lr{etbod D.
*'bere
3.7-8 Flush-Type Shell Connections
r, : minimr.rsr tbickless of tb€ b<rtromreidorcilg
lbe lorver
ptare, (i!-), . 3.7.8.'1 Tanksmay beveflush-ry'pecomections at
comlectionm'y be made flush with &e
edgeof the sheU.Each
h : venical heigbt of ctear apeni:lg' Gn), (seeFigure 3-11):
AJUoitom underthe following condidons
b : hcrizontal width of clear opening' (io)'
test pressutes
a- Tbe shell upli-ft from the i-otemaldesip al<i
H : maximum desip liquid level (se 3-6-3-2)'(fi)' eanlquake ioads (seeAppen-
1se app.oAi*F) and wird and
G : sPecific Faviry, :roi lessrban 1'0' tbat no uplift will occur at tbe
dlx E)-sba[ be couarsractedso
c,""
lindrical-sbelVflar-bonom ju-nction'
3.7 .7-7 The dimensions of the cover plate, bolti::g flange' b- The venical or nreridionalmembranesress
i-nrlre cylindri-
Tables
bolting, and bouom-reinforcilg plate sbail conform 10 L shellai rhelop ofthe openilg for *re flush-type
conneclion
circumferential design srress
3 - 9 a n d3 - 1 0 - shall not erc€edone-tenthof the
in the lo$€st shell course containilg die operung'
finilg
3.7.7.8 AII materials il rbe flush-Ope cleanout open-
i-DS€ction 2' Tbe c. The marimum \\,id$, b, of the flrrsh-R?econneflion
es=mbiy sball conforra ro the requiremeDis sheU shall not exceed 900 rnra (36 i! )'
d'e sheU rei-+- -g i",1. cyLindrical
shell plare conaini:rg rhe cleanout assernbly, h' of the opening in the cylil&ical
plate d The me.{mum beigbt,
forci-ogplate, rbe neck plate' and the bonorr reilfolsing
tst requirements of 2 1'9 ald Figure 2- I sbellsballnot exceed300 mn (12 in')'
sirallmeet tbe impact piare i-n rJre
rtricloess ir'"'olved at the staloJ design metal e. The thrcl:nesqlr, of tbe bonom uansirion
for rle respecti.'e or' u'benspect-
a5sembll'shallbe 12-5mm (l/2 iD') slirrimu:rr
remper-atuefor rhe ud<- The notch loughne<<of the boldng of the tank atulula; olate'
governing 51d, th"-sartteas 1i3 tirickness
fia:rge and rle cover plale sh"ll be basedor $e

i by the American Petroleum InstiMe

0 5 1 0 : 2 0 : 4 52 0 0 2
 j,?€ A?: Si<'i3{<a €50

P l a i e s i o r F l u s h - T 5 ' p €c i e a r - i o u l F r i l i i r o s l r r l n l ( t r r ) l
l a l ) l e 3 _ 1 1 _ l l r r c i n e s s e s a n d F i e i l l : r 1 so i S h e i i R e r r r o r u r r g
]{cirhr of Sircli li<il-crcinc l'ia:c frr
SL:coiOn'rj:5 /r x b flicilhl > \\'ii:i)
l bickrcs oj lj\\'c:l \ brir:run l)csirn l-iqud
ir..clc nrnr (i: )
Sircll Crusc
il (iE r.U)
Itelx:O0(6r lo) 6CO\ tCO (2r x 2r) 910 x l?C/.](j'' x <S) l?00 x 1.-OC
mrr (fr) n(1')

9 1 5( i 6 ) r i 7 2( ! ) l sic o?)
< 22 (i2) ;s0 (r4)

N oi.-s:
"l)inrarios r; ud 1n:y bc raicd s'ithin rbe li=ls ciciool in i'?-7'
b t 2 o c x t z o o ( r E x 4-s) ish-D?c cleoout frning: * oot gcmilted for cn\s oili tretcr rhaniS ror ('l l/) in ) lou'es shcll rcust r) r i ck n c ss

csd i-6.3.2.

11by the American Petro{eum lftstntrle

I 0510.21:02 O02
 \t/ELD-D Si=€r Tr\;:S ;Oa Oll S:CaAGE

I
Nearesl horEon:al w€ld
II
375 mm S€€ D€1aiI b
(15')nin
Sire.ll Dlat€ al cle;nout lining = l.
sides

Sb€ D€'Gil 5 Feinlorcjng piate = l.

l/\

One telltale 6 mm ('/.')f

rlofe in rein{orGr€ /
plate al about /
Shell plate
miGheight ----<
of lowesl
shell
course = t

/
See Note
=:
/
/ t

--1t
l l
I
('/.')>
*t'

l
\
Equal spac€s
|t.,v

IL I
1
/ r-
/ 15o mmF3oo mm-f'-
SECTICN A-A
( ((o-) -lni n ((12')
6-) m 12') min
- Nolch as required10provide {tush !c*rl unJer shell ring (see Section D-D)
-l75m(5')- 1 Om m e / 6 ' ) t h i c k
--l t o Fl]m-l
l-l
lJtoL- Full-fillet
,p \s weld
/ | mm Pr'i)
. (See Noi€ 1) t 1 7 j-tiff LirrinsLus
Yr\ t ,
iu'*c,.'i-5=

SECTION B.B
\ co*, ptat"
Detail a
Detail b
75 mm (3') radius Versine --"1
I
90 degte€s:30 degre€s I
I

15mm (5') min

I
I tc
t'
3 2 m m ( ' 1 r l ' - )m i n
I I
I
32 mm I-
(1'l.') min
td
a n d g-i n d /
/ / lsee t'toreS1
Full-pen€lralion SECTION D.D tr+ | o+ 250 mm (10') Neck bevel shall be
loo
6ay' ;*V- (see Note 2) a p p r o x i m a t e l y1 0 d e g r e e s
c/-'i c/.') [m nvn f/.') n'ax]

r
SECTIONC-C
tzmm I
(See Note 3) (1 i n -l
' nvi) ''

plale may be buii-welded with a weld ioinl suilable {or complele

Notes:
1 . Thickness oi thinner plale ioined [13 mm (;r2 in) maximum]. I)enelralion and {Lrsion.
2. Wh€n an annular plaie is provided, the r=ii-,crcing plate shall be o 1-Gasket malerial shall be sp€ciiied by the purchaser- The gasket
regarded as a segmenl o{ the annubr plais ard shall be the same mat€rial shall me€l service requiremenls based on pro'duct sloreo'
vridth as the annubr Plale. lemoeralure and fire resistanc€'
3. When the difierence b€tween the thickness cf ;re annular ring and 5.The lhickness (tJ oi the shell plate at the cleanou opening, the I
'that oi the bottom reirrforcing plate is less tiian 6 mm (r/a in-), the rein{orcing plale, and the neck plate, shall be equal 10 or grealer I m
radial ioini b€tween the atlnular ring and t-r€ bottom reinforcing than the thickness (4 of the shell plate o{ the lowesl shell course' I

Figure 3-9-Flush-Type Cleanout Fittings (See Tables 3-9, 3-10, and 3-1 1)
 ,

API STANDAiD A5O

J'ZO

* Co\,€r plate
r- Bollom r€inforcino Plate
W + 9 O Om m ( 3 6 ' ) m t n
(see Table 3-9
lor l/r'ralues)
a- lnsid€ ol sh€ll al
cenlerline ol opentng

I Weld after I
frtring ls
:OO'mm
(12-) hn inslalled I
l+ 6 mm ('/.') min (se€ Not€ 1) 600 mm (24') min
D e t a i la ) I lnside oi shell

Shell plate
600 min (2a') min Deiaila
I
I
MFIHOD A_TANK RESTING ON EARTH GRADE (SEE NOTE 2)
<- Cover plate
lnsideof shell at
,.- Bottom rein{orcing Plate cenlerline ol opening
I ^N
W+ 9OCrnm (36') min
(see Teble 3-9
l
tor l4lvalues) --
sOm
(See (12.) min 1OO-3COmm (4-12')
Detail b) I
I 1n5i!s 6f silell
600 mm (24') min

6O0 rnm (24') min j

+ Concrele o, ^uton,

METHOD B_TANK RESTING ON EARTH GRADE (SEE NOTE 3)

+ lnside ot sh€ll
Cover olale Nolch 1o svit bofiom rein{orcing plat€. al cenlerline
r- Bollom reinforcing Plate <--\ I
Insid€ o{ shell of opening
'-':ri:.'j,: j:r-: : I al centerline
ol opentng
i:iili::ii
3OOmm (12') min

Elelail c Det€il d
lnsid€ ot shell
Vr'+ 3OQmm (12') min, except as limited
by foundation curvature in Detail d
{see Table 3-9 {or l4lvalues)

3)
METHOD C-TANK RESTING ON CONCRETE RINGWALL (SEE NOTE
plai€
,z Noich to suil botlom reinforcing
* Cover plale / ,- Inside of shell at
-- Bottom reinforcirrg plate cenleriin€ of oPening.
L I
3 0 0 m m ( ' 1 2 ' )m i n
Altemative
t l nolch detail 300 m m
I ) mrn
1OO-3OOr,Tn (4-12')
1n5ijs sf sh€ll
Retaining wall
Construdion ioint, to Permit
Ringwall notch
€nk and retaining wall lo
s€ttle indeP€ndentlY /
Flingwelt
lrom rinEsrall

METHOD D_TANK RESTING ON EABTH GRADE INSIDE

CONCFETE RINGWALL (SEE NOTE 3)

plate is
.1
-l-nisweldisnotrequiredi{lheearthisstabilizedwithportlandcement 3.When Melhod B, C. or D is used, beiore the bo11om
be
ai a ralio ol not more tiEn
'1:12
or if the earf,r fill is replaced with con- ai.ached 10 the boliom reinforcing plale, (a) a sand cushion shall
(b) the
cr=ieioralaleral disla6ceanddeplhof atleest3o0mm(r2in.). pL*ed llush vrilh the iop of the bottom reinlorcing plale'
(c)
2-!\.hen Method A is used, beirre the boflom plate is eciached to the earih iill and sand cus.\ion shall be thoroughly compacl€d' and
boi.iom reinlorcing ptaie, (a) a sand a:shion shall be praced flush wilh grod shall be placed under the reiniorcing plale (i{ needed) to
the top of the bo-nom reinbrcing plale, and (b) the eal2fi fill and sand ensureaiirm bearing-
cushion shall be thoroughly compacted.

Supports(See 3'7'7)
Figure 3-1O-Flush-TypeCleanor'rt-Filting
 \\*:i SrLaL TA\>.s 'oil Ot'' Slcr:^G'
D:tl

(rn )]
T a b l e 3 - 1 2 - D r n r e i - s r c r r s f c r F l u S i r - T i ' p cS h e l l C c r r n e c l i O n s [ n l n r
Uorcr Corrrcr liadrus oi L-r-rrvcr Conrs lbd;us ol
;.-; \\iioth of Si-**li
C la:s I i0 qtL'nulg S i t l I l i c i n t o r c i n qP i : i c
ll.iohr n 1. - .O- -l r' .' n. .i .' r. o. \ \\'icn oi C\rcni:rq Rcinforcinq P1:ic
i'orrtnral llcic,ht I l l )
oI l:ianec Sizc i; ::: It,

950(3s) I IXJT 3 5 0( r 4 )
S ?oo (s5is) 2oJ G5is)
irn atai/.) r 30o(52) I 50r 450(1s)
t2 -:00 (l?r/:)
r 600(61) I io (6) 4,j0(ls)
16 3 0 o( 1 2 ) 5o-l (:o)
I 650(66) 150(6) 4 5 0( l 6 )
lo 3 0 0( 1 2 ) 5io G:)
l50 (6) . 1 5 0( r 6 )
20 30o (r2) r 725(69)
3m (11) emG6) 2"?5 (69) l s0 (6) 4so(1s)

l/2 of $e fD b.rced on tire noz.le neck specified

'-F.. .L-.1' opeiri-ngs, rhis rzluc uill bc
Note: See Figure 3- 1 I .

3-7-A-2 The derails of rhe connecdon sheli conform 10 ln SI units:

drose sho'*:n in Figrrre 3-11, and the dimensioas of the con-
.: .ection sh:ll confotm ro Table 3-12 al]d to tbe !€qurrements J,' b r7r l ^"
"''.-f
3.7-8.3througb 3.7-8-1j.
t' : +fi|JHG
,6opoo |
3-7-8-3 Tbe rebforce<i comecdon shell be corcpleiely pre- rvhere
assembled futo a sbell plare. The completed asseably' includ- ,. -- -i-imrm
Jb luuu(.u thickless of r-hebonom rei-nforcilg
sh:ll fs
ing the shell plare contaiaiag the comeccico plrre, i-nmrn,
temaffy $ress-rebeved ar a temperalue of 60O'C to 650"C
( 1 100"F to 1200"F) for t hour per 25 mm (i h-) of shell-plate i : vertical heigbt of clear opening,ut mm,
thickness, t6 (w 3-1.4-1 aad3-'l -42). D - horizoncl width of clear opening, in mm'

3.7 -8.4 Tbe reinforcement for a fusFqpe sbel-i conr:ection .F/ - ::caxim''m desi$ liquid level (see3'6-32)' in nl
shall meet the following tequirements: G : specific gaviry not lessthan 1'0'
a- The cross-sectiolal aea of the reinforccmest over tbe top
of rle connecdon shail nol be less.than Kftrl2 (s 3'7-7'a)' ia US Customarlrr'tits:
b. The rhic],cress of tbe sbeil plale, /d, for tne f,rrqh-connec-
.^
-- |
'I
tiol asssn-rbly sball be at leas as thick as rle a{aceil she[
pia:e, l, i.n tle lowes shell cours.
c. The rhickness of rhe sbell reiaforcilg pia:e <h:ll be the
sarne as the thicloess of tle sbell piate in lbe fiusb-comec-
I, :
h2
TZlbb
b
r 7^'/rr r-,,n
L'
l.'
where
tiol assembll'.
d. The reinforcement il rhe pla-ne of the shell <i:ll be pro- r' : minimrrm thicktess of rhe bonom reinforcing
'ded
v,'irhin a heigbt L above the bonom of tbe openirg. I plate, (m-),
"nall not exceed 1.54 except rhaq in the case sf, <'mall epes-
irgs, l, - I str:ll Dot be less tban 150 nsr (6 iE-)- Where this h : r,efiical height of clear openilg, (in),
jfi, only the
exieption results i-n a:r l, tbat is greaer rhan I b : horizontal width of clear openirg, (ir-)'
poni,cn of rhe reilforcement rbar is wirhil &e be!!t of 1'54
shall be considered efective. H : maximrm desigrriiquid level (see3'6'3-2)' (fi),
e. The requited rcidorcemelt n-ny be provide<i b1'an1' one
G : speciic graviry,not lesstbal 1.0'
or any combinadon of the follo*'ilg: (1) rbe sbell rei-nforci:rg
olare, (2) any *rickness of the shell plare in ilre asmbly that The minimum value of 165hall be:
I
ls eTealer rhan rhe thickness ofthe adjaceat plaies in the lorv-
16 mm (5leil-) for HG < 14.4m (48 fi), I
esishell course, and (3) lbe ponion of rbe neck ol=;e bavino a lsr
lengb equal to tbe thicloess of tbe reinforcing Pl-e. 17mm (rri roir-) for 14-4m (48 fr) < HG < 16'Em (56fi)' I
f. Tbe widtb of rbe taDk-bonom reinforcilg pla= ar tie cen- I
terline of the openirg sball be 250 rnm (10 h-) plus the l g m m ( i / o i o . ) f o ri 6 . 8 m ( 5 6 f t )< H G < 1 9 - 2m ( 6 1 f i ) ' I
combiled thicliress of tbe shell plare il tne ffus:-connection
g. The minirnum rirjcl:nessof rle no-le neck and Ea-LSiIion
assembly ald the sbell rehiorci:rg plarc- Tbe dric{-ess of t-be
loadsapphedlo the
bonom ieinforci-og plare shall be calculaied by ce follouing f i."., tn,<h:1116 16 ron (5/sio)' External
eauarion (*e 3.'l -'7.6): *,ir.,..iion may require ln to be greaterthan l6 mm e/s ur')'

by the American Petrol€um Instilute

l 5 10 : 2 1 : 5 32 0 0 2
 n Pl S'r A{cFR1) €5-!
3C

Celrierlrllc ol Dnil(}c lr0ll

I
I
S-..=:l plaic in 375 mm (1 5-) nrrrr
{lus-t c=rneclion = l. I
t

Reinioc&g plate = ld
Shell plale of See Seciion C-C
.lowesl shell ( F i - o u r e3 - i i -
murse = I continuec )

L
aa\

One 5 mm (r/r') lelltale

hcle ia rein{orcing Plele
ai aboul mid-height
J" = 16 mm (s/s') min
;l
I
I II
I
I

Wl2arc dimensists
Full-penelralion
weld (12') min Botoc-r rdnforcing plale
{6') min
Notch as required to proviCe
fiush ioint

Bottom plale

Ful!lillet weld
Bottom lramition
plale for minimum
arc dimension of
W + 1500 mm (60')

mm ('10')
\r,o*,rto
\J t l
t t
1---
Botlom rein{orong plaie Butt-wetd
t{"Jzle transition lo
cira:lar flange
./
(See note)
\ m

SEC]ION B.B Butl-weld

\
Centerline
o{ connection SECTION A-A
Noie: Thickness of trirner plale joined 13 mm C& i]-) maximum

Figure 3--11--f lush-Type5[6ll Connect'ron

b y t i e A m e r i c a nP e t r o l e u mI n s l ( u i e
t 5 1 A : 2 2 : 1 32 0 4 2
 Round comcr
*'hen I o > 38 nrr;t (1 '/:-)

I V
(3S m ['1'/:-] max) Eoiiom Soflom
rein{crcrng transrlron
plzlc | "
t/2 (min)

l<
Rounci comer

I l" = 16 mm (s/e-)min

Noz.le transiiion Cenledine ci

nczle flanc€
shell opening

='i3mmC,t)D".
and

Boliom pl21e
\
Alternat!ve
butt-weld detail

/ Boflom
(1) Iransl!on
/ plale t.
Fbnges per Table 310
Typical Detail tor Conredions with b = fi
'125mrr
bt2
Round Back citip
comer
and wdd
wtenfd=
38 rnrn (1 rh') Botom 6mm
rein{orcing (1i.') min
plale 1o
32 rn'n
(1'h] ('11/.')rrin
l
Full-p'enelratton
weld
Il .
//
(See nole) /

l. = 16 mm (1o')
< 30'
Round comer
Node transidtrl
Centeriine
(see 3.7.8.4, ttem g)
o{ nozzle
flange
Z o+ 25o rrrn (10') Eottom Plale
I
Nozle necj<
( s e e 3 , 7. 8 . 1 ,,
llem g)

Id

Flanges per Table 38

Typiel Detail {or Conreciions with b > 6

sEcTloN c-C
Noles:
tickness of thinner flale.ioined 13 mm f /2 in-) rnaximum.
(1 ) Flange weld sizes shall be the srrraller of avaihUe hub rnaierial or fn'

Figure 3-11-_flush-Type S hell Connection (continued)

ty the American PetroleumInstjtute

i10'))'?32002
 ;.al Sr A':tF<) C50

r o \ \ / t s l s l ) c lI c u L ! f , u
:-rri i;r: i'::rs:l': s:r'::15,,: of rirc aojiccnt
3.7-tj-5 Ali ;:r:ltnais i:t cc ilu-sit-r'pe s:elJ
col:ei:ror:
- Thc -.l^-.' -.--.rrrl
io'
I
i: Secio'
assembly'shali confomr ro r-tr :=quiru:renrs
d)e con:leciioi'
nrareriai of rhe sbeU Plare i:r rlre co:urectio' ?sst'n::\ 3-7 6-6 The ;ro-lt ui.ilsiLio| beiu'eetlur': fiush
anacsec 10 ixe sbell' circular 1l::lqc shall |rc ilr r
cjesjqlre<j
s.bell rcrnforcl-Dgplale' ihe lo-'lc neck i;r riie sie]l ani lhe 1lillc
riir-n :-he requirenlenrs of this srandard'
r-ireransit.iort piece, anci rlre boaonr reinfo;iog plai: shall Tnarulet coruistent
confomr to 2-2.9 ald Figure ?-i for rbe resoecdve tjci:less \\'bere dris sulda:i cioes not cover a]l cieails of desigl and
design
invoN,ed at *re staled ciesip metal lemperaas'e foi rbe
rank' con-struclio!" the ma-nufzcturer shall provicie derails of
provided b;'
toughness of rhe bolti::g fiange anci rle no-le neck alci co;structioa r)',aiu-itl be as sate as rhe details
The noiclt
ialge sh:ll be basd oa rbe gou=lrlg riris ste-tdard.
anacl:ed to te bolting
ririclsress as deiled fu 2-5-5i erd used i:: Flse
2-1- Addi- 3-7 -8-7 \Vbere ancbo;ilg devices are required by Appen-
spaced
uolalll', rbe I'ield str"Bngtba:rci rbe rensile suengrh of ri* sbeU ciixes E and F ro resisr sheU upli-li, rhe devices sha-ll be
so thar they uill be locared immediarell' adjacent ro each side
plarearrhefusb-q'peshel]mnnectioDarldl}eshel]rei=forc-
rba:l d:e f ielci s=elgh of rhe reiaforci::g plai--s a;ound rhe opening'
tq pl.r" sball be equal lo, sr Srealei

lniiial shell radius = R

Pcition a'sirell aier
elastic r.€verient

Shell radius = R+ dR

lnilial centerline
of conne<lion

Transitionplate
Anole of
--T--
rotation
I Bottom
t ,/ /
Centerfine of ---'-'/
conne<ilon afier
I
elaslic movernent
of shell cv:K*!:' .i i z
;,.-r.:..:.- lj.
/,*:. li..i:ili=::
l-.'ii--:..+i.
:1:::;]1'';-, i.:..:ii',.+'.ir,n
'j::.':
:j::,:i
j:r:-':,'
:j::r:i
Details a and b)

lnsirJediarneterof shell

Notctr to sri bottom re-nforcing plate

lnside of shell at
of she! at centerline of opening
5|ne of opsring

W+ 3OOmm (12') min

except as limited
c! rvature of foundation
(see D€tail b)
DETAIT.S OF NOTCH IN RINGWALL

:
Figure 312--Rotationof ShellConnect'ron

3 y t h e A m e r i c a nP e t r o l e u mI n s t i l u t e
510.21'.402042
 \{:LDaD Sli:L T*^f'.s rcs O;t- SroiAGi

'l}esc
i n r : n d e c l s e r | i c e. includc ittllls suclt irs ;i)tsrtnte;lt l.
3.7-8-8 Adequateprovisionshall pe rlradefor l-rec-nrore-
rnenl of connectedpiping ro nrinimize thrusts and nionrenu c [ p s , f i r r i n g e q u i p n r e n t s u . r b i i i z e r sa,n d l i f r i n g I u n g s l'
aooiied to rlie slrell connection-Allorrznce shall be nradelbr
3 - 8 . ' 1- 2 \ \ / l i e n a n a c h n l e n t s a r e n r a d e t o s l r e l l c o u r s e s o f
rlle rorarionof rhe shell connectioncausedb1'rhe resuaintof
m.arerial in Group I\/, IVA' V, or VI, dre nrovenrent of rlle
rhe rank bononrro shellexpansionfronr stressand tenrperature
shell (panicularl-r'dre movenlenl of dle bonont coursc) under
as u,ell as for lhe rhernraland elasricnrovenlenlof rhe piping'
h1-drosraricloading shail be considered, and ilre anachnrenls
Rorariorrof fie shell connectioni5 5hqu"nin Figure 3-t2'
sfra-llnteet rhe follou'ing requlrenrents:
3-7-8-9 The ibundation in the area of a ffusfr--q'peconnec-
a- Pernranent a[achmens nray be u'elded directly to the shell
rion shall be preparedto suPportrlie bouom reinforcing plate of
r.r-irhfiller rvelds havinq a moiimunl leg dimension of l3 mnl
the connection.The foundation for a rank restinc on a concrele
(lf: ir,.).The ed-seof an)' permanent attachnrent u'elds shall be
nn-$vall shall provide unifomr support for borh rhe bonont
ar least ?5 mm (3 in.) from rhe horizonral joints of tlie shell
reiiforcing plare and rlre remaining bouom plare under the rank
ald at lea-st150 mm (6 in-) from rhe verrical joints' insert-plate
shell Diffiient methods of supporting rhe bonom reinforcing
joils, or reinforcing-plate fillet u'elds. Permanent anachrnent
plate under a flush-q,'peconnectionare shourl in Frgure 3-10-
uelds may cross shell horizonral or venical butt welds provid-
.7.8-l 0 Flusli-type connectionsmay be insralled using a ine $e u'elds are continuous vrithin these limits and tlre angle
conrmon reinforcing pad; however,u'hen rhis consu'uctionis of incidence benveen the two welds is grealer tlrart or equal to
emp)oyed, rhe minimura distancebet*'een noTale cenrerlines 45 degrees. Addirionaliy, any splice weld in the perrranent
shall not be less rhan 15[01 + b2+ 65 mm 121/2in-)]' where arrchment shall be located a minimum of 150 mm (6 in-) from
b1 and b2 are the widths of adjacentopenings, or 600 mm (24 any shell weld rmless rhe splice u'eld is kept frorn intersecrinq
in.), whichever is greater.The width of each openin-s'D' shall rhe shell n'eld b1'acceptable modifications 10 the anachment.
be obtained from Table 3-12 for rhe respectivenominal flange b- The u'elding and inspection of permanent anachrnents to
size. Adjacent shell ffush-ryPeconnectionst}rat do not share a trese shell courses shall conform to 5-2-35-
corrunon rehforcing plare shall have at leasr a 900 mm (36 c- Temporary auachments ro shell courses shall preferably be
in.) clearancebetween t}re ends of their reinforcing plates. made prior ro u'elding of tlre shell joints- Weld spacing for
'n a[achments made after welding of rhe shell joints
3-7.8.11 All longitudinalbun-welds the nozle neck ard r.-poiar]
transition piece, if any, and the first circumferendal butt-weld shatl be the same as thar required for permanent anachments'
in the neck closest to rhe shell,-excluding n€k-Io-flange Temporary arachmenls ro shell courses shall be removed,
weld, shall receive 1007oradio-graphic examination(see6-l)- and any resulting damage shall be rePaired and ground to a
The nozzle-to-tank-shell and reinforcing plate 'r'elds and the srnooth profile.
shell-to-bonomreinforcing plate welds shall be examinedfor
o 3.8-2 Bottom Connections
rlieir complete length by magnericparticle examinadon (see
6.2). The magnetic pardcle examinarion shall be performed Connections to the unli bononi are permiued subject to agree-
on rhe root pass,on every 12.5mm (l/-, in.) of deposited*'eld rn€flI knveen tre purchaser and the manufacrurer trith respect
metal while rhe *'elds are made,and on the completedwelds- to details rhat provide srength, tighmess, and utiliry equal to tre
-}e
completed u'elds shall also be risually €xamined-The derails of shell connections specified in tiris standard.
..aminarionof rhe completed*'elds shall be performed after
suess-relieving but before hydrostatic lesting (see 6-2 and 6.5 3-8-3 Cover Plates
for tlre appropriarc inspection and repair criteria)-
3-8-3.1 Unreinforced oPenings less rhan or equal to NPS 2
3.8 SHELL ATTACHMENTS ANDTANK pipe size are Permissible in flat cover plates without increas-
APPURTENANCES i"g rn" cover plare rhickness if the edges of the openings are
not closer 10 the center of the cover plate *ran one-founh the
3.8.1 Shell Attachrnenis height or diameter of the openine. Requiremens for openings
3.8.1.1 Shell anachmentsshall be made, inspected, and t'lpS Z pipe size and smaller that do not satisfy the location
removed in conformancewith Section5- requirement and for larger reinforced openings are given in
3-8-3.2 through 3-8.3.4.
a. Permanentanachmens are items u'elded to rhe shell that
3.8-3.2 Reinforced openings in the cover plates of shell
rvill remain while the rank is in its intendedsen'ice" These
manholes shall be limited to one-half the diameter of rhe
include items such as uind girders,suirs' gaugino systems,
manhole openine bur shall not exceed NPS 12 pipe size' The
davirs, u,al}<ways.tank anchcrs, suPPortsfor internal items reiiforcement added ro an openine may be a reinforcine plate
suchas heatingcoils and otherpiping suppons,laddets,float- or ar increasedri.ickness ofthe cover plare, but in either case,
ing roof suppons welded to the shell, enerior piping ahe reinforcenrent shall provide an added reinforcing area no
supports,grounding clips, insulationrings, and electricalcon- less rhan rhe curout area of the openine in rhe cover plare'
duit and fixrures. Items installedabove the ma-rimum liquid -{ cover plate s'ith a nozzle attachment for product-mixing
level of the rank are not p€rrnanentanachments- equipment shall have a rhickness 2t least l-4 times greater
b. Temporary anachmens are items u'eldedro the shell that then the thickness required by Table 3-3- The added thickness
rvill be removedprior to rhe unk beine commissionedinto its (or pad plate) for replacement of the oprenins culout in the
 API Sraxoano 65O

cover plate shallbe ba-sed on l'able li-3. The 4O* increasctn 3 - 8 - 6 - 3 R e c u r r q u l aor p er l r n S so, t l i e .tri r a rsl l t o u ' ritr l F l g u r c :
d'rickressu,itliin a radius of one dianrererof dre openint nral' 3-i4 and 3-15, arld openingslarger'tran indicatedshall bc'
be included as Pan of rhe area of replacernentrequired-T'he desigrredbl'anenqineerexperiencedintankdesigninaccor-
rnixer-noz-zle artachnrent1odre coverplareshall be a full-pen- danceu'irh dris starrdard- HinSedcoversprescribedin Figure
e11.arion r,.'eld.The manhole bolting-flangetfricl$ess shall not 3-15 may not be usedon roofs desi:nedto contain intemal
tr lessrhan 1.4 dnles rhe thicknessrequiredb;'Table 3-3' pressure.Flarged covers prescribedin Figure 3-l-1 nral' n6i
(actin'eacross the
3-8.3-3 \\/hen cov€r plares (or blind flanges) are required be u-sedon tarks u'ith internal pressures
given
for shell nozzles,tiie mininrum thicknessshall tre thar clossseclionalareaofrheranklooflthatexceedrheu'eightof
for flarses in Table 3-8- Reinforced openinqs in the cover the roof plates.This sectionappliesonly to fixed steel roofs'
plates (or blind flanges) of shell nozzles shall be limited to
of the nozzle- The reinforcement added . 3-8-7 Water Drawoff SumPs
one-hal.frhe diameter
ro an op,ening may be an added pad plate or an increased V/aler drau'of1'sumpsshall be as specifiedin Fi'eure 3-18
rhickness of the cover plate, but in eirher cas€' tle reinforce- and Table 3- 16, unlessorher*'isespecifiedby rhe purchaser'
me.t shall provide an added reinforcing area no less than
5. of lhe cutout area of the opening in the cover plate' 3.8.8 Scaffcid-Cable SuPPort
]r4ixer nozzles may be aaached to cover plares- The scaffold-cablesrrllportshall conform to Figure 3-19'
3-8.3.4 Openings in the cover plates of ffush-D?e cleanout Wheresealnsorotherattacl.mentsalelocatedatlhecenterof
firdnes sball be limired to NPS 2 pipe size in accordancewith thetankroof,thescaffoldsupportshallbelocaredascloseas
i,c? l possibleto the center.

3-8.4 Roof Manholes 3.8.9 Threaded Connections

Roof manholes shall conform to Figure i13 and Table Threadedpiping connectionsshall be fema-leand rapered'
3-13. IJ'*'ork is expectedto be carried on through tle man- The threads shall conform ro the requirements of ASME
hole opening while the tank is in use, the roof structure B I .20-l for raPeredPiPethreads'
around rhe manhole shall be reinforced-
3.8.1 0 Platforms, Wall'orvays'and Stairways
3-8.5 Roo{ Nozzles Pladorms, wallox'ays,and srairwaysshall be in accnrdance
w i t h T a b l e s3 - 1 7 , 3 - 1 8 a
, n d3 - 1 9 '
3.8.5.1 Flangedroof nozzles shall conform to Figure 3-16
and Table 3-14. Slipon welding and welding-neck flanses
3.9 T O P A N D I N T E R M E D I A T EW I N D G I R D E R S
shall conform 10 tre requirementsof ASME B16-5 for Class
150 forged carbon steel raised-faceflanges.Plare-ring flanges 3-9.1 General
shall conform ro all of rhe dimensional requirenrcnls for slip- An open-top tank shall be provided wirh sdffening nngs
o: :lding ffangeswith rhe exceplionthat rhe ertended hub to maintain roundnesswhen the rank is subjected 1o
u'ind
on .ie back of the slipon welding ffangescan be omined' loads. The sdffening rings shall be located at or near the top
of the top course,preferably on the outside of the tank shell'
3.8.5.2 Threadedroof nozzlesshall conform ro Figure 3-17
and Table 3-15. This design for u'ind girders applies 10 floating-roof tanks
coveredin Appendix C- The top angleand the wind girders
of
3.8-6 Fectangular Roof OPenings shall confornl, in materialand size,ro the requirements
*ris srandard.
3.8-6.1 Recrangularroof openingsin supponedroofs shall
conform ro Figure 3-14 or 3-15 and/orthis segdon'If work is 3.9-2 TYPes of Stiflening Rings
expecred to be carried on rhrough the roof opening' while the Sdfiening rings may be made of structuralsections'formed
tan-liis in use,the roof su-ucturearound the roof opening shall plate sections.sectionsbuilt up by welding'or combinarions
be reinforced. of suctrtypes of sectionsassernbled by welding' The outer
periphery of stiffening rings may be circular or polygonal
3.8.6.2 The cover plate ttricknessand/orsmrcrural suPPort
( s e er l g- R
u reesJt r- ii cu tri-o n s
shall be desiSnedro limit maximum fber suessesin accor-
dance uith this standard, however, cover plale thiclness 3-9.3 on Stifiening Rings
shall not be less than 5 mm (3/16in.)- In addition to other a
expected desigrr loads, considet a 11? kg (50 lb) person S.ilS.t The minimum size of ang.lefor use alone or as
in a built-up stiffeningring shall be 64 x 64 x 6'4
sranding in tie center of rhe insralled/closedcover' The component
of
desigrrershall consider wind in rhe design of binged open- mm'(2rlrx2l ltx l/o in-1-The minimum nominal tliickness
be 6
r*-i*routdam- plare foiuse in formed or built-up stiffeningrings shall
4gs and how removed covers will be handled
ase (adequate rigidiry)- mm (1/i in.).
 3-35
\{aLD.-D S-retL Tar{xS rOa OrL STOaAG:

16 mm (-;') dianreler bolls in 19 mm (r/.')

diameler holes (s€e Table 3-13 {or number lo:
oi bolis: boh holes shall slraddle cenlerlines)

II

150 r.rn (6')

@
-l-
I
I I
I

l _ r ____
I
I 6 mm (1/.') cover Plale
150 arn (6')

6 mm ('/.-)
16 mm (5/e')
diameter rod
I Alternative Flange Detajl

1.5 mm (r/ro')
75 nz;r'(3')
I
P--v--.
emm'1't;1
thick gasket +
-T
I
150 mm (6")min loo
R e i n l o ; c i r r gP l a l € -) I Axis always ,. (>-
verticat /
9ffivet,"')
6 mt:r (1/.')
mm (1/.') l-
16 I

D^

SECTION A-A--+TOOF MANHOLE WITH REINFORCING PLATE

trt
a>-
X) ll
|,
A' Alternative Neck-to-
*"o{-Plate Joint
[\azz=:Zffi
6 mm (rL')

BASE FOR ROO.= MANHOLE WTTHOUT REINFORCTNG PLATE

Figr-ne 3-1&-Roof Manholes (See Table 3-13)

 API St*^or;D 650

T a b l e 3 1 3 - D i r n e n s i o n s { o r R o o i h 4 a n h o l e s[ m m ( i n ' ) ]
Column 6 Colunrn7 C o l u n r : tS C o l u I : r n9
Column l Colunrn2 Column3 Column -1 Colunrn 5
D i a n i e t e ro f
Hole in Roof Ouside
Plateor Dianreter of
Dianreter Diam:ter
Dianteter of Casket Reinforcing R ei n f o r c i n g
Diarrteter of Cover of Bolt
Plate Plate
of Neck Piate n*umber
Size of Out-side Dp Dp
ID Dg' Dg of Bols ln--(ide
ir4anhole
16 5O0(20) 650(26) 515(2dls) r0s0(42)
500(20) 50o(20) 650(26) 590@3r/2;

20 600 (2.1) 750 (30) 615(245ls) l 1 5 0( 4 6 )

600 (24) 600 (24) ?50(30) 690elt/2)

in.; (lD and Dn shall be adjusred accordin-ely')

"prr'. -"y b. used for neck, proriding the rninimum norninal rvall rhickness is 6 mm 1U.,
]. SeeFigure3-15-

Table 3-'14-Dimensions{or FlangedRoof Nozzles Table 3-'1S-Dimensions {or Threaded Roo{ Nozzles
[mm (in.)] [mm (in.)]

Column I Column 2 Column 3 Column4

Column I Column 2 Column 3 Colunn 4 Column 5
Diameter Drameter
of Hole Outside
of Hole in Roof Outside
in Roof Plale Diameterof
Ouside Plate or Minimum Diameter of
or Reinforcins Reinforcing
Diameter Reinforcing Heigltt Reinforcing
Nozzle Coupling Plate Plater
Nozzle of PiPe Plate of No:z.le PIatel
NPS NPS Dp Dp
NPS Neck Dp Hp Dp
3, ir 36 (17116) r00(4)
7 t/ z 48.3(1.900) 50 (2) 150(6) r?5 15l

I I 4jf(1?3b) i l0 (4ri2)
60.3(2318) 65 Qtt) l5O (6) 175(7) 'r?5 /5t
. r ,
l' l1 @ 12ttl3S

l5O (6) ??5 (O\

) 88.9(3rlt 92 (35/8)
2 2 76 (3) 1 1 5( , 1 )

1143 @t/2) l2O (4518) 150 (6) 2 7 5( r l ) J loj (4rls) 22s (9)

A
t35 (5ll/31) 2 7 5( r l )
r68.3(65i8) 170 (63/4) 150 (6) 3 7 5( r 5 )
o D2Qt1b) 3 7 5( 1 5 )
2 1 9 . r( 8 5 / 8 ) 25 (87/8) 150 (6) 4 5 0( r 8 )
e 50 (9?/s) 4 5 0( r 3 )

10 2?3.0(lo'/i) 28O (1 l) 200 (8) 550(22) 15 (12) 550(22)

i0 l0

323.8(12-il:) 330(13) 2m(8) 600 (24) r') s0 (t4'l-1) 600 (24)

t2 )!

aReinforcinsplaresare not requiredon nozzlesN?S 6 oi smallerbut

'R-"f"t.-," platesare not requireds1 nsurl35 ir?S 6 or smallerbut
ma1'be used if desired-
may be usedif desired-
Note: SeeFiSrLre3-i7-
Note: SeeFigure3-16-
 l'536 E D?;:?:! 0bl,!f6q t3D ri
S T D- A P l ,/ P f T R o S T D t 5 0 - f N { ' L

337

Gnn5 llusil-

---6--
Typical
\. o/ sl .
y
S€clion A-A, Typical
*l l-*zs -- (3-)rypi l
t l

;----1
:---.:,
o r

1
I
125 mm (5')
tYPical

Neck 6 mm (r/:') lhick min.

Jr

Typical

I
18m mm
(6') rr'tax
Except lor handles, ccver
plale nol shawn.

16 rnm (%') diamelel rod,

4 places
_

1.5 mm (1/rs') d-rbk gasket 900 mm (3') max

tto
thick minimum
cover 5 mm 13/,6')
GT--]
(3/16')getu.wireropetanyard
\ 5 5 mm I

100 mm (4') minimum

{- 75 mm (3') r lO mm (%')
bar tlange
{ z s m-{
I (3')
250 mm Nole3
-==44
( 1 0 ' )m a : | --==-
{ - - - -
Roof plale

38 mm {1-5') x 38 mm (1.5') x 6 mm ('L') tall

Secrion B-B

6 mm 1';.'1 rein{orcing ptale, when required. See Note 4.

Noles.
1. Vveldsize sf€lt be ii-resmall€r ol the plate thickness€s being ioined.
2. Ccver may be erther patatlel to rool or horizontal. Opening may be o(iented as desired.
(5 in-) on cenler.
3_Bons snati be 1S mrn F,,B-in.)dian€ier in 20 mm (3L-in.) hol€s, which shall be equally spaced ard sl-€ll not exceed 125 mm
1/2 smallest op3ning drnensjon. Rcund oulside corners with 75 mm
4. When required, proride 6 mm (1/3-in-)reinlorcng plale. Wicjlh al l€asl
(3 in.) radius, rr,inimum. Seams shall b€ square gtoove butl-w'elded.

Figure 3-14-Rectangular Roo{ Ofienings wilh Flanged Covers

 STD.API/PETRO STD t5S_iNGL }:56 n n?r??:0 0 t l ' , q3 8 - 5 5 ? ? i l

API SrAr.:Afl:r fsl

Typic:.1

-- -- : : -- -- : : : -- .: -- -- : : -- : : rl

ll (2') typical
1- 50 mm
ll
ll 5 rnrn (346') typical
i 1..
5mm
rl (3/.,o')
I
ll tE mm f,q'; diarneler ro'd t|ardle. 1 place I
tl {orgOOrru'n (3') or less caver,2 Places at Fabiicate hinges lrom NPS 1
ll
Yo-poirts for larger openings SCH 40 pipe and 22 mtr' ('/8') rc'd.
l1
1800mn) 1 5 Om m rninimum 2 each, nraximum 600 mm
ll
(6') max (6) (2') O.C., equally sPaced.
It
tlrick min.
Neck 6 mm 1r/o"1 ll
ll
Provbe 2 lock tabs lor operirgs
larger than 900 mm {3')

900mm (S')max--+l
Plan

12s mm (5')

(4") mrnimum

{'lo) Nole 2
t"'-')----------'-----'-

Elevation

Notes:
1. VJeldsiz€ sf|alf b€ th€ smaller ol th€ plal€ thickne:s being ioined-
2- Cover may be eiiher parallel to rool or horizontal' op'ernng rnay be orient€J es desired'
3 Reinircrcement, u/tten required, shall be as shovrn in Figure 31 6.
4. Nol lcr use on rools Cesigned lo contain inlemal tr5ure'

Figure 3-1S--Rd3ngular Foof Opglings wiih Hinged Cover

 J.JJ
WELD€D Sre sl Ter.rxs ;o: OlL SicaAGs

N A
Nil JO--TT
l/
Plain or raised-fac€
slip-on welding. weldinq-n€ck. \='=
or plate ring ffange Alternatrve
Neck-lo'Rool-Plate
Joint
(See nolel

- Roof plate
Roof plale

Standard-weighl lirie PrPe

NOZLE WTTH REINFORCING PLATE B A S E F O R N O Z Z L E W T T H O U TR E I N F O R C I N G P L A T E

llush wilh th€ roolline

Nole: When lhe rool nozd€ is used {or venling, tte neck shall be lrimmed

Figure 3-lG-Flanged Rool Nozzles (SeeTabie 3-14)

3-9.6 ToPWind Girder

3.9-3-2 When the stiffening rings are located more than 0'6
m (2 ft) below the top of the shelt, the tank shall be provided 3-9.6.'1 The required minimum section modulus of the
u,itr}ra 64 x 64 x4-8 mm (21l2x2tl2x3l16io-) top curb angle sdflenins ring shall be determined by the following equation:
for shells 5 mm (3/16in-) thick, with a 76 x 76 x 6.4 mm (3 x
3 x l la in.) angie for sheUsmore than 5 mm 13/16in-) rhick, or In SI units:
with other memkrs of equivalent sectionmodulus- D'H.
-
L = -n
3-9.3-3 Rings that may trap liquid shall be provided with
adequatedrain holes. rx'here

3.9.3.4 Welds joining stiJfening rin-gsto the rank shell may Z = requied minimum section modulus (cm:;'-
61s55vertical unk seam welds. Any splice r*'eld in the ring | = nominal rank diameter (m),
shall be located a minimum of 150 mm (6 io-) from any verti- F/: = height of rhe tank shell (m), including any free-
cal shell u'eld. Stiffening rings may also cross vertical tank board provided above the maximum filling
5gam weldS with rhe use of coping (rat hole) of the stiffening height as a guide for a floating roof-
ring at the venical tank seam. Where &e coping method is
In US Customary uniu:
.ed, the required section modulus of the stiflening ring and
*,eld spacing must be maintained- Z=O.ffi01D2 Hz

rx'here
3-9.4 Stiffening Rings AsWallorvays requied minimum section modulus (in'3)'
Z --
A stiffening rilg or any Ponion of it thar is specified as a D = nominal tank diameter (fi),
r,,,alkwayshall have a uidth not less than 6OOmm (24 in-) Hu = height of rhe ank shell (ft)' including any free-
clear of the projecting curb angleon rhe toP of the tank shell' board provided above rhe maximum filling
It shall preferabl,r'be located 1100 mm (42 in-) below rhe rop height as a guide for a ffoating roof'
of the curb angle and shall be provid€dwith a sandard railing o Nore: This equationis basedon a wind velocity of 160 krnft (100
on rhe unprotecledside and at the endsof the sectionused as mph). If specihedby the purcha-:er'other.r'r'ind".:lTll:t m^a1be
Ssed
a walkway. b1:mulripif ing the right sideof rlre 9qy1!91 ^by(v/160 km/h)j' \rttere
-.'ind
7.quuii,l'. tl.lo.i,-u in krnftr'[(y/i00 mph)2 u'here V equals
rhe wind velocity in mph]. If rhe desigrrwind velociry has not be-en
3.9.5 Supports For Stiffening Rings specified and if rhe Inuiin]u.n allorvable*'ind velocitl' calculated_ for
veloc.-
&,e tank shell is lessthan 160 hn/h (100 mph), rhe calculated
Suppors shall be prorided for all stiffeningrings rvhenthe -+i)' may be used provided it is reponed to rhe purchaser'For unk
dimension of the horizonral leg or web exceeds16 times the Ciam.r.rs over 6d nr (20Oft)' r-hasectionmodulus required b1'rhe
.quurion may be reducedbv a3reementbetweent}re purchaserand
leg or web thiclness- The suppons shall be sPacedat the
rhe manulacrurer,bur the moCulusmay not be lessthan that required
intervals required for rhe dead load and venical live load; io. a rattk diameterof 60 m (2O0fi). (A descriptionof the loads on
however,rhe spacing shall not exceed24 dmes lhe width of rhe rank shell that are included in the 160 kn/h (100 mph) design
the outsidecompressionflange. uind velociry can be found in irem a of rhe note ro 3'9-7-i -)
 API SI:€ARD 650

Table 3-16-Dimensions {or Dran'oirSumps

Distance l-nrnr Thicknesi oi Platcs
D i a n r e t e ro f S u n r p Depth of Sumc C=nter Pipe to Shcll in Sump \'lininrunr .lnternal lr4ininrunr Nozzlc'
mnr (in.) mnr (in.) nr (ft) mnr r in.) Pilt Thickness Neck Thickncss
NPS t\ B C I nrnt (in.) nrnt (in.)
2 6 1 0( 2 - 1 ) 3 0 0( 1 2 ) t. I (3r/l) 8 1:/16) ).)-l (0.2l8) (0.21S)
5._s-1
-) 9 1 0( 3 6 ) 4 5 0( r 8 ) 1 - 5( 5 ) l0 (-ris) 6.3_i(0.250) 7.62(0 3O0)
^ 12?0(48) 600(24) I t trit t l 0 (ris) 6.35(0.250) 8.56(0.337)
6 1520(60) 900(36) 2.6(ErA) I I (?/16) 6.35(0.250) l0_97(0.432)

I - - o t e :S c e F i g u r e 3 - 1 6 .

I : 5.2 The section modulus of rhe stiffenios rios shall be u'here

b. .J ol tlie propenies of rhe applied memixrs and may
H1 = r,sni6al disrance, ir m, berween the intern:edi-
include a portion of the unk shell for a disrarrceof l6 plare
rhicknessesbelou, and, if applicable, above rhe shell-ring ate w'ind girder and ttre top angle of r\e shell or
anachment.When curb angles are attachedto rhe rop edge of the top rvind girder of an open-top rank,
rhe shell ring by bun-u'elding, rhis disranceshall be reduced r = as ordered rhick:ress, unless otheru,ise speci-
by the width of the venical leg of the angle (see Frgr:re 3-20 fied, of the top shell course (mm),
and Table 3-20).
D = nominal tank diameter (m).
3.9-6.3 When a stair opening is insralled throuSn a sdflen-
ing ring, the section modulus of rlre portion of dre rine outside
In US Customary unirs:
rhe opening,including the r-ansitionsecrion,shall conform ro
the requirementsof 3.9-6-1.The shell adjacentto tre openin-e
shail be stiffened with an an-sle or. a' bar, rlre wide side of H, = 600.000,
m
,l\D)
u,hich is placed in a horizonral piane.The orlrer sides of the
opening shall also be stiffened with an angle or a bar, the w'here
wide side of which is placed in a vertical plane. Tbe cross-
seclional area of rhese rim stiffeners shall be grearer than or ff1 = venical disrance,in ft, betu,eenthe inrermediate
equal to the cross-sectional area of the ponion of shell u'ind girder and the top angleof rhe shell or rhe
included in the section-moduluscalculationsfor rhe stiffening top u'ind girder of an open-toprank,
n These rim sti-ffenersor addirional members shal-lprovide
t = as orderedrhickness,unlessotherw'isespeci-
a s-.iable loeboardaroundrhe opening.
fied,of the top shellcourse(in.),
The sriffenins memkrs shall extend beyond the errd of rhe
opening for a disunce greater than or equal to rhe minimum D = nominal tank diameter(ft).
depth of the regular rin_gsections. The end stiffening mem- Note: This formula is intended to cover tanks with either open tops
bersshall frame into tlre side stiffening membsrs,and rhe end or closed tops and is based on the following facton (for the back-
and side stiffening membersshall be connectedto ensurethar groundforrhe factorsgiven in this note,seeR. V. McGrarlr's"Smbil-
tlreir full strength is developed.Figure 3-21 shows rhe open- iry of API Sandard650 Tank Shells";'16
ing describedabove-Alternative deuils that provide a load- a. A desigp *'ind velqlit;,(14 of 160 br/lr (100 mph), uhich
carrying capacit-vequal ro rhat of the girder cross section imposesa d-rnamicpressureof 1.23 kPa (25.6 lbflfi?). The veiocit'r'
au'ayfrom the openine may be provided. is incrcasedb:' lO?: for eirher a height above ground or a gust fac-
lor: rhus the pressure is increased to 1.48 kPa (3 I lbf/fr?;. an
3.9.7 Intermediate Wind Girders addidonal O.ll kPa (5 lbflft?) is added to account for ins'ard drag
associatedrriih open-top tanks or for intemal vacuum associated
3.9.7.1 The maximum heishr of the unsriffenedshell shall wirh closed-rooranks.A total of 1.12 kPa (36 lbflfll) is obtained.
be calculatedas follows: For &e purposesof tHs st4ndard,rhis pressureis intended io be rhe
resCr of a 160 km,rir(1OOmph) fasrestmile velocitv ai approxi-
In SI units:
matelv 9 m (30 ft) aboveground. H 1 mry be modified for other q'ind
velocides, a-i specified b1' the purchaser, by muldplf ing the.
A,' = g.q, F!\
,{ \D/
l6R. \t Mccrath, "subiliiy of API Srandard650 Tank Shells."
l(
Proceedings of t)te Americart PerroleunrInstitute, Section Ill-
Refning,Am:rican PetroleumInsritute,Nerv York, 1963, Vol. 43,
pp- a58-a69.
J-:
API STANDAiD 650

F u l l - { , i l ewt e l d
6
6 m m (' ' / . ' )' N
l> t
rtr
L'/
a1 \
[]R= iK=
N.---,-.".--.* N
inlemal PiPe
N N
I\

60" -A
.<l
------,-a ^.)>.S
[Kt
I mm
Z \
(s/'o') \ 4*
t4 N
Rj"rl-
\ 'Tack-weld
t4 al
-Y1ZZZ V,
I backup bar
L Tank bottom
I Details a1-a4
(all are acc€plable)
10{lange
B
r 1 pip€
; (Tin)_
1 diameler

l , ^ See D€lail
b,c.ord Detail b Detail c

Note: The ereclion procedure sfrall include the {olov/ir€ steps: (a) a hote shall be cd in the bottom plale or a sui]]p shall be placed in the
Detail d

foundation before.bottomdacemenl; (b) a neat er€a\€Cionshall be rnade to conlorm 1othe shape of the drawofl sump, the sump shall be pu1
in place, and the {oundatioo shall be compactedaru.rnd the sump atler phcemenl; and (c) the sump shall be welded 10the bottom.

Figure 3-18-Drawoff Sump (See Table 3-16)

righr side of rhe equarion by [(V' / l/.12],*'here V' = 16O kr'/h (100 where
mph), When a desigl r+'indpEiure, rather than a nind vclocity, is 14r = transposed width of each shell course, mm (in.), '
sperified by the purchaser, the preceding increase facrors should
be added to rhe purchaser's specified wind pressrre ulless they l{ = actual width of each shell course, mm (in-),
are conrained wirhin the dcsign wind Pressurespccificd by rhe
tunfomr = as ordered thickrress, unless othenlise specified, I oc
purchaser.
of the top shell course, mm (in.),
b. ne wind pressure being uniform over lhe theorEtical buckJing
mr cf the tank shell, r,r'trictrcliminates the need for a sbape facror locrual= as ordered thickness, unless other'*'ise specified,
for *re *,ind loading. of rhe shell cou6e for which lhe transposed
c. The modified U.S- Model Basin formula for the cridcal uniform rvidth is being cajculated, mm (in.).
exremal pressJre on rhin'wall rubes free from end ledio-es, subject
ro rhe toul pressurcsp'ecified in item a. b. Add the transposed widths of the courses. The sum of the
d. Orher factors specified by the purchaser-Whcn other faclon are rransposed u,idrhs of the courses will give the height of the
specified by rlre purchascr thar are greater than rhe facrors in items a- u-ansformed shell.
c, rhe total load on the shell shall be modified accsdingly, ard Hl
shall be decreasedby rhe rario of 1-72 kPa (36 lbf&?; to rhe modi- 3.9.7.3 if the height of rhe ransformed shell is greater than
fied toral pressure. the maximum heitht H1, an interrnediate .*'ind girder is
required.
3.9.7 -2 After the maximum height of rhe unsiffened shell,
H1, has been determined, tre height of the transforrned shell 3-9.7.3.1 For equal stabiliry above and belorv the interme-
shall be calcuiared as follorvs: diare wind girder, rhe girder should be located ar the mid-
heighr of the transformed shell. The location of rhe girder on
a. \Virh the following equadon, change rhe acaral width of
the actual shell should be at rhe same course and sarne rela-
each shell course inro a transposed widrh ofeach shell course
drrposition as rhe locarion of the girder on ttre transformed
haviro the top shell rhickness: shell, using the thickness relationship above,

3-9-7.3.2 Other locations for the girder may be used, pro-

r \5
vided rhe heiSht of unsriflened shell on tire transformed shell
Wr, = fl'
;3) does not exceed H1 (see 3.9.7 -5).
 J-< -f
\(-LDaD Sretl Ter.rxs ro: Olr- SrcaAG'

Table3-'19-Rise,Run,andAngleRelationshipslorSiatnvays
2li + r.= 660 nrm (26 in.)
2R + r= 610 mm (?{ in.)
\\/iddr of Run Angle \\'idrh of Rurr
H ei s h t o f R i s e
mnr(in.)
mnr (in.) -r r- ,r r r r / i -
\r ./,/
\
N4inutes
Dqre* lrlinutes r Degrees
R
1i5 (5'L) iaO (t3t/:) 2t _ay

59 3 S 0( 1 5 ) 20 1)
1 4 0( 5 ' l , 3 3 0( 1 3 ) . a')

24 23 370 ( l-11/2) 2l
r45 (5i/.i) 320Q2tl?)
5 49 360 (14) 22 31
1 5 0( 6 ) 3 1 0( r 2 )
21 r9 350 (l3rl?) 23 53
155 (6r/.l) 3 0 0( l r r a )
3l 330(13) 26 34
t65 (6tl' 2 8 0( r r ) .fU

3') 72 :rn ttrll-) 27 59

t?o (63L) 270 QOtl?)
35 /< 300 (i2) JU 58
1 s 0( 7 ) 2s0 (1c)
1 3 5( 7 1 4 ) 210 Qtti. 37 3E 290 (1 I r/2) 32 32
2 S 0( i 1 ) 34 10
190(71l' 230(9) 39 H

A I
33 270 (J]lot/") 35 50
i95 0-3/.1) 22O(.€tr'.
/< 50 (10) 39 21
205 (6) 200 (E)
52 240 {9tt2) 47 1t
2 1 0( 8 r A ) 190Or/t
230 (9) 43
215(Er/'
A<
220 (8i/.r) 220 (9tt) U

,r5 /q) 2 r 0( E ) 46 58

3-9-7.6 The requled minimum section modulus of an

6 mm ('4") Plal€ --l inrermediatewind girder shail be determinedby the follou'ing

equation:

In SI unia:
6 mm('/.')
15'Omm ( ^?"
u Dt
Schedule 40 -
pipe (see nole) '1Omm \1
f/c')
lormed plate
where
1
7 - requiredminimum sectionmodulus(cm3),
j
135mm (5V..)lC Tank roof nominal tank diameter(m),
23O mm (9') diameter
IJ.
t ' |
_
- \.erticaldistance(m), betweenthe intermediate
Nole: NPS 4 Schedule 40 pipe [wall thid<ness = 6-O2 mm wind girder and the top angle of rhe shell or the
'114-3
(0.237 in.); olrtside diarneler = mm (4.5 in-)l-
rop rvind girder of an open-toptank-

Figure 3-1 9--Scaffold Cable Suppori

In US Customarl'units:

3.9.7.4 if half the height of the u-ansformedshell exceeds Z=0.ffi01D2 Ht

the maximum heighr F/i, a second inrermediategirder shall
be used to reduce rhe height of unstiffenedshell to a height where
iessthanthe maximum-
Z requiredminimum sectionmodulus(in.3),
3.9.7-5 lntermediate u'ind sirders shall not be anachedro
rhe shell rvirhin 150 rnm (6 in.) of a horizontal joint of rhe D _ nominalrankdiameter(fi),
shell. When rhe prelimirary location of a girder is rvithin 150
"u| - -- venical dismnce(ft), betweenrhe intermediare
mm (6 in.) of a horizootaljoint the girder shall preferably be
u'ind girder and the lop angle of the shell or the
located 150 mm (6 in-) below the joinr; ho*'ever' rhe ma;ii-
mum unstiflenedshell height shall not be exceeded- top wind girder of an open-toptank-
 API ST*^DAND 6il

Nore: l-his equation is basecjon a q'ind velocitv of 16O|'rtr/it (1fi) on Sirders zrndcolulltnsor b.r'rzrhersorl trusscsu llll
b.r'ral-ters
mph). )f specified b,r'rhc purchaser,odrer r*'ind velciries ntal' b" or .'ri*routcolunrns.
used'b1,rn uIu p l;'i ng thgj sU {qe 9f {re-g) ulgon b:: (1? L60-knrrh)?, b. .A self-supponingcone roof is a roof formed ro approxi-
*,herei, equais-rlie*'itd i'.tocir;'-" t *n tav/100 mphf- rrtere l' of a riqht correthat is supponedonly at ils
nrarelyrhe surl-ace
eoualsrhe u'ind velocit)'in mph). (.A descripdonof t-lrt lo:ds on the
unk shell lhal are included in rhe l6O km/h (100 nrpi:) <iaisn u'ind
periphery.
veicritl' can be found in item a of the note to 3-9-?-1-] c. A self-supponinq.donreroof is a roof fomred ro approxi-
marely, a spherical surface frar is supponed onll' at iu
3-9-7-6.1 \\Ihere the use of a transformed shell permirs the
periphery.
inren:rediate u'ind girder ro be lcceled at z heiglr rhat is less
lo d- A self-supponingumbrellaroof is a modified dome roof
rhan 1y'1calculated by rhe formula in 3'9-7-1' tiie sPacing
rhe rransformed shell, transposed to the formed so that anl' horizonral section is a regular pol)'gon
rJie mid-height of
wirh as many sides as there are roof plaresrhat is supponed
heieht of the actual shell, may be substiruted for-I/1 in the cal-
only al its penphery'.
culation for rhe minimum section modulus if rhe girder is
attached at the trarspose.d location- 3-1C-2 General
'r
/ -6-2 The section rnodulus of the inlermediare wind 3-1O-2.1 All roofs and supporting structures shall be
girder shall be based on *re propenies of the 2trched mem- designedto suppofl dead load plus a uniform live load of nor
trrs and may include a ponion of rhe tank shell for a distance lessrhan 1.2 kPa (5 lbf/ft2) ofprojecred area.
above and below r}le attachment to rhe shell, in nm (in-)' of
. 3-1C.-2.2 Roof plates shall havea minimum nominal tlrick-
In SI units: nessof 5 mm (3/16in-) 7-gaugesheet-Thicker roof platesmay
be requiredfor self-supPoffingroofs (see3-10-5and 3-10-6)-
i3'4 (Ih)oj
Any required corrosion allowancefor rhe plates of seH-sup-
where poning roofs shall be added '-othe calculated thiclrrressunless
olherwise spgcified by rhe purchaser.Any corrosion allow-
D = nominal tanli diameter (m), ance for the plates of supportedroofs shall be added to the
I = shell thickness at the attachment (nlm)- minimum nominal lhickness.

In US Customaryunits: 3.1 O-2.3 Roof plares of supponed cone roofs shall not be
afiachedro the supporting rnembers-
r.47(D|.)o's
a 3.1C.-2.4 All internal and extemal structuralmembersshall
rvhere have a minimum nominal thicknessof 4-3 mm (0-17 ir') in
D = nominal tanl<diameter (ft), any component-The method of providing a corrosion allo*'-
I = shell rhiclsress at the anachment(in-)- ance, if any, for the strucruralmembersshall be a maner of
agreementbetu'eenrhe purchaserand lhe manufacrurer'
3..-/-7 An opening for a stairway in an inlermediate stiff-
3.1 0-2-5 Roof plates shall be attachedto lhe toP angle of
ener is unnecessar)'when r}e intermediate stifiener extends
the rank with a continuousf ller weld on the top side only'
no more than 150 mm (6 in-) from the outsideof rhe shell and
tre nominal suin^'ay widrh is at least 600 mm (2a in.). For 3.10.2.5.1 Deleted 03
greater outward extensions of a stiffener, rhe stairu'ay shall be 3.1O-2-5-2 Deleted o1
increased in width ro pror"ide a minimum clearance of 450
mm (18 in.) ber*'eenrhe oursideof the stiffenerarrdrhe hand- 3.10.2.5.3 Deleted
rail of the srainvay, subject 10 the purchaser'sapproval- If an 3.10.2.6 A roof is consideredfrangible(referto 3-10'8for
opening is necessar;',it may be designedin a manner similar emersencyventinq requirement)if the roof-to-shelljoint will
ro thal specified in 3.9.6-3 for a top wind girder with the joint in the eventof excessive
fail prior to rhe shell-1o-bononr
exceptionthat only a 450 mm (18 in.) u'idrh rhrough rhe stiff- inrernal pressure.\!-hen a purchasersPecifiesa rzrk wirh a
enerneedbe provided. frangible roof, the tank design shall comply wirh all of the
follo*'ing:
3.'10 ROOFS
3 . 1 0 . 1 D e fi n i t i o n s a. Thetank shallbe 15 25 nr (50fi) diameterlTor greater
The follorvine definitions apply to roof designs but shall b.-The slope of the roof ar rhe lop ansle attachmentdoes not
not be consideredas limiting rhe type of roof pe.rminedby

1,
lTset /U)l Publicarion 9)l , ft'alLnrion of the Design Cireria for Sror'
3.10.2.1: the
oge Tank wirh Frangible Roo/s- Ongoing API research evaluating
joins may
.'. A supported cone roof is a roof formed to approximately re'ladve strengrh of rhe shell-ro-bonom and roof-ro-shell

the surface of a rigJ-rrcone dlat is supponed principalJy either permit extendin-grhe minimum diamerer trclow 15-5 m (50 ft)' .
 a r'a
VJELDED Si=:I T:IxS FOE OIL S:OATG:

-J?5 e x c e e dI i n l t .
-o
I r',-r c- The rooi'is an:ched ro die top angle u'itJ^r a sinSle continu-
ous fillel u'eld rhat does not exceed 5 nrm ('/te in.)
d. The root--ro-iop anlle conrpression ring linrired to details
-
a d in Figure F-?.
e. Tlie lop ansle nra;' be smaller rhan that required by
:- 1-).9.e.
f. All meinbers in thc resion of the roof-ro-shell junction'
including insuladon rings considered as contriburing to rhe
cross-secdonal area (A)-
g. The cross secrional area (A) of tjre roof-tGshelljuncrion is
less than the limit shou"n belorv:

In SI unirs:

Detail c / _ IY
i -
1390 tan 0

In US Customary units:

W
2 0 1 , 0 0 0t a n 0

Note:Thefermsfor the equarionabovearedefinedin AppendixF-

3-10.2.7 For all types of roofs, the platesmay be stiffened
by sectionswelded to tte plates but may not be stiflened by
sections u'elded ro the suPporting rafters or girders.
3.10-2-8 These rules cannot cover all details of tank roof lr
designand con$ruction. With the approvalof the purchaser,
the roof need not comply wifi 3.10.4,3-10i' 3-10-6,and
3-10.7.The manufacrurershall provide a roof designedand
constructed to b€ as safe as otherwise provided for in this
standard.In the roof design, particular anendon should be
65 mm (21lz')
given to preventing failure through instabiliry-
o 3.10.2.9 When the purchaserspecifieslateral loads rhat lr
will be imposed on rhe roof-suPportingcolumns, the col-
umns must be propordoned to meet the requirements for
mm (6') combined axial compressionand bending as specifiedin
3.10.3.
6 mm (:./.')
--T- 3 . 10 . 3 Allowable Stresses
II o 3.10.3.1 General
- b
161
II All pars of rhe roof sructure shall be Proponioned so
Detail e
t
I rhat the sum of rhe maximum static and dynamic stresses
shallnor exceedrhe limiarions specifiedin the AISC Specr-
,fcarion for Srntctural Steel BuildinS-tor with the agreement
Note: Th€ section modJli given in Table 3-20 for D--tails c and d are of the purchaseran equivalentstructuraldesigncode recog-
based on the longer teg being located horizontally (perpendicr:lar ro
nized b1' the sovemment of the country where the tank is
the shell) v;hen angles with uneven legs are used- "Allorvable Srress
located.The ponion of the,specificarion,
Design," shall be used in determining allowable unit
Fi g u re 3-2G-Typical Stiffenin g- Rin g Secirions {or Ta nk suesses.Use of Pan 5, ChapterN-"Plastic Design,"is spe-
3rl Shells (SeeTable 3-20) c i f ic a l l l ' n o t a l l o * ' e d .
3<6 API Srattoaio 650

oi stiiiening-RrngSeclionsor]TankSireils
Table 3-2G-seciion ti4oduli[cm3iin.s11
Colunrn I Columr ? Column 3 Colurnn -j Colunrn5 Colunrn6

N4embrr Size Shell Thickness lnrni (in.)l

5 (r/rc) 6 (l/.:) 8 ()/ro) I 0 ()/s) I I ('/16)

Top Ansle: Figurt 3-20, Detail a

6Jx64x6.{ 2l/, x2t /, x t/1 6-66(0.4! ) ?-0r (0.42)
61x64x7.9 2 t 1 1 x 1 t/ 1 x 5 /t 6 6 - 3 0( 0 5 1 ) 8.4S(0i2)
76x76x9.5 3x3x3/s 13.80(0.S9) 1 4 . 1 0( 0 . 9r )
Curb Aagle: Figure 3-20, Denil b
64xG4x6.4 2ll. x1l/. x l/ " 2?.0(l-61) 28i (r-72)
64 x61 x'7.9 2tt2x2thxl6 3 1 . 1( r . 8 9 ) 32.8 (ZO4)
16'.'16 x6.4 3x3xl/4 3E.l e 32) 39.9(2-4E)
7t, -,6 x 9.5 3x3x3/g 43.0C78) 52.6€35)
102x1C2x6.4 4 x4 xt/a 57-5G-64) 7r.4 (4-41)
I02x i02x9.5 4 x4 x3/g 55-6(4_17) 81.4(5-82)
OneAngle: Figure 3-20, Detail c (See Note)
64x64x6.4 2t/2x2t12xtla 285 (r-68) 29.6(1-'79) 3 r . 3( l - 6 7 ) 32.1(1.93) 33.4(2.00)
6 1x @ x 1 . 9 2tt2x2t/2x516 33-l (r-98) 34.6(2.r3) 36.9 (2-2.3) 38.7(2.32) 39.5(2.40)
1O2x76x6.4 4x3xt14 58-3G50) 60.8G.?3) 64-2(3.69) 66.6(4.00) 6 7 . 7( 4 _ 1 0 )
'11.6(4.45) 76.2 (4.66) 79.4(4.82) 80-8(4-95)
lO2x16x'7.9 4x3x516 68i (4-14)
\ 2 7x 7 6 x ' | . 9 )XJX-116 90.7(s53) 952 (5.96) 102.0(6-25) i06.0(6.47) r0s.0(6.Gr)
127x89 x'1.9 )xJ't2xJ/6 r01.0(6_13) 106.0(6-60) l 13.0(6-92) l 18.0(7.i 6) 120.0(7.35)
1"7x89x9.5 5x3l/2x316 116-0G-02) 1220 c7.6l) 1 3 1 - 0( 6 . 0 3 ) 13?.0(E-33) r 4 0 . 0( 6 . 5 S )
152x102x9-5 6x4x3/g 150.0(9-02) r 6 9 . 0( 1 0 J 6 ) 1 8 2 . 0( l l . l 5 ) 1 9 r . 0( r 1 - 5 9 ) r 9 4 . 0( i r . 9 3 )

T*oAngJes: Figure 3-20, D€tail d (S:e Note)

I O 2x ' 7 6 x 7 . 9 4x3x5/16 1 8 6( 1 1" 7 ) r9l (r r.78) 200 (12.20) 201(12.53) 2 r 0( i 2 - 8 1 )
102x76x9.5 4x3x3/6 2 1 6( 1 3 . 0 6 ) 222 (13.67) ?i? /rd rAi 242 (14.60) 245 (r4.95)
i27x16x'l .9 )XJX-i16 254(15-48) 262.(t623) 275 (16.84) 2 8 5( 1 7 . 3 4 ) 289 (11.14)
1 2 7x 1 6 x 9 . 5 5x3x3/g 296(l&00) 305(r8.89) ??r /rq 64) 333 (20.26) 338(20.77)
127xE9x7.9 5 x 3 t l 1 x 5 /1 6 279(1695) 28'7(17.7O) 3 0 0( 1 8 . 3 1 ) 3l0 (1E.82) 3 1 4( 1 9 . 2 3 )
t ) - 8 9x 9 . 5 5x3l/'x3lg 325(r9J5) 334 (20.63) 3 5 0( 2 r . 3 9 ) 363(22.01) 368 (22.54)
15:..102x9.5 6x4x3/g 456(27-14) 468Q8.92) 489 (29.95) 507 (30-82) 5 1 4( 3 1 . 5 5 )

Formed Plare: Figure 3-20, Detail e

l. - t<n h - rn 34r Qjt91 37s (24.63) 392 (25.61) 399 (26.34)
b=300 D= l! 427 (2927) 473(31.01) 496 (32.36) 505 (33.33)
h - ?<n b= la 519 (35.49) 577 (37.88) 606 (39-53) 616 (40.7S)
5=a00 b= 16 615 (42.06) 687 (45.07) 123 (41.t0) 131 (48.6'1)
b=450 b= 16 717 (48.97) 802(52.62) 8J6 (55.07) 664 (56.99)
b=500 824(56t1) 923 (60.52) 976 (63.43) 996 (65.73)
937 (63.80) lo19 (687S) lllr (72.16) 1 1 3 5( 7 4 . 8 9 )
b=600 L - 1 4
1 0 5 4( 7 1 . 7 2 ) I l8l (77.39) r252(S1.30) r2E0 (84.45)
b=650 l--?A t176('19.99) l3l7 (86.35) r 399 (90.79) 1 4 3 2( 9 . 1 . 4 1 )
b=700 b=28 :3O4(685S) 1459(95.66) 1 5 5 1( r 0 0 - 6 5 ) 1 5 8 9( 1 0 . 1 . 7 7 )
b=750 1436(97-52) 1607( I 05.31 ) 1 7 0 9( l 1 0 . 8 8 ) r 7 5 2 ( 1r 5 - 5 2 )
b=800 1 5 7 3( r 0 6 - 7 6 ) 1 7 5 9( l 1 5 . 3 0 ) 1 8 7 3( 1 2 1 . 4 7 ) 192l(r26.66)
b=850 1 7 r 6( l r 6 - 3 9 )- l9l7 (125.61) 20.13(132.42) 2 0 9 6( r 3 8 . 1 7 )
b=900 b=36 r 8 6 4( 1 2 6 j 3 | 2 0 8 0( 1 3 6 . i 2 ) 2218(143.73) 2276 (1s0.07)
b=950 H - ?e 2016(136-60) 2248(141.35) 2 3 9 E( 1 5 5 , 4 0 ) 2463 (162.34)
b = lO00 L - in
2114(147-21) 2 4 2 1( 1 5 8 . 7 1 ) 258J (161.42) 2651 (114.99)

rNore: The secdon moduli for Derails c and d are ba-sedon rhe longer leg bei-ng located horizonrall-r' (perpendicular to the shell)
\\'rJen angles,*ilh uneven legs are used.
 w e L o E DS r : r r - T e r x s ; o i OrL SrORAGl

I Bar c

I
t l
l l
_ij
h
I
--t

Bar d

Noles:
-a"
1. The crGs-seclional area o{ a, c, d, and e r.arst equal 32t"2.The section o{ the figure de-signated may be a bar
or an angle wfrose wide leg is ho.izontal.The olher sections may be bars or angles wtrce wide legs are vertical.
2. Bars c, d, and e rnay be ptacedoo lhe top cdthe girder web, provided they do nol creale a tripping hazard.
3. The section modulus of Seclions A-A, B.B, C-C, and DD shall contorm 10 3-9.6-1-
4. The stairway rnay be continuousthrough tte wind girder or n;ay be offset to provide a landing.
5. See 3.9-6.3{or loeboard reqdrernenls.

Figure 321-Slairway OpeningThroughStif{eningRing

3.10.3.2 MinimumThicknesses the AISC Specification,the following formula for allowable

compressionmay,be used in lieu of the formulas in rhe AISC
The minimum rhiclrress of any su-ucturalmember,includ- Specificationr*'hen/ / r exceeds120 and rhe yield stress-of
ing any corrosion a-llowanceon dre exposed side or sides, .olu-n (F,) is lessthan or equalto 250 MPa (36'000 lbf/in.2).
..,ll not be less than 6 mm (0.50 in.) for columns,knee When / / r is le-ssthar or equalto C.:
braces and beams or stiffeners which by design normally
resist axial compressiveforces or 4 mm (O-17 in-) for any r . r , r l l

other structuralmember. L \t/r) lE

It-------7Vv
I a - |
- -c

3.1 0.3.3 Ma:imum Slenderness Ratios 3(t/r) _(t/r)'

) 8C- !.1
For columns,the value .L/ r. shallnot exce.d 180.For other t r -
compressionmemhrs, the value L / r shall not exceed200. f| | . n ,- - 1 1I
For all other members, except tie rods whos design is based L'" 2oorJ
on tensileforce, the value .L/ r shallnot excd 300.
r'v'here
rvhere
t:,-
l, = unbracedlength,mm (in.), ( = l -
' , r l t )r
'
r. = leastradius of gyrationof coluran, mm (in.), r

r - governing radius of gFation, ma-r(in.). :trhen//rexceedsC.:

3.10.3.4 Columns f 1211' E)

- t2yu,i)
When the purchaserdoes not specify latera.lloadsthat will I -

be imposed on the roof-supporting colurrlns erd the column

o -
/ I
[L r o -200r'-l
member is not consideredto be a slenderelement secdon by
.1.- O
API SrA:{DAFD a;0

,'r'hei-.' die purclta*icr.\\'itcn plpc is used, it nlust be seal'ij' or pro\'l

sions for drainins and venting nlusl be nlade ai dre pur-
.Q, - stress.\fa
allou'ablecompression (lbf/in.l), chaser'sopdon.

F,. = 1,ieldsuessof materiai,]r{Pa(lbf/in-). 3-1 0-4.6 Rafter clips for ilte ouler ro\4' of rafit;s shell be
*elded to dr3 rank sheil. Column-base clip guid--s shall be
E = nrodulusof elasriciq',lr{Pa (lbf/in.2)- r*,elded to the rank bononr to Prevent lateral nrove nrent of col-
umn ba-ses.All orher structural anachments slra.llbe bolted'
1 = unbracedlengdtof the colunin' mm fm-),
:iveted, or *'elded-
r = Ieaslradiusof Syratio; of column, rnm (in')'
o 3-1 O-5 Self-Supporting Cone Roofs
3-'1O.4 SuPPorted Cone Roofs
Nore: Self-supponingroofs whose roof platesare stifien:d by sec-
3-1 O.4.1 The slope of the roof shall be i9 mm in 300 mm tions welded ro *re plaresneed not conform ro the rninimum thick-
(sL ir,- in 1r in-) or grealer if specified by rhe purchaser.Ifthe ness requiremenls,bur the rhicknessof the roof plates shall not be
lessrhan5 mm (3/16in-) *'hen so desigrredby rlremanufacturcr'sub-
jecr ro rhe -pproia.l ofrhe purchaser.
varying raf-terslopes, the slope ofthe flanest raftershall con-
fcrm to the specified or ordered roofslope. 3.1 0-5.1 Self-supporting cone roofs shall confoml 10 the
following requiremenls :
3-10.4.2 Main supponing members,including rhose sup-
poning rhe rafters, may be rolled or fabricated sctions or 0<31 degrees(sloPe=9:12)
russes. Ahhough t}ese members may be in contacz with the e>9-5 deg'rees(sloPe = 2:12)
roof plates, the compression ffange of a rnember or l}le toP
chord of a truss shall be considered as receiving no lateral In SI unia:
support from the roof plates and shall be larcraliy braced, if
necessary, by orher acceptable methods- The allowable N{.inimum rhickness = --2- > 5 mm
4.Li srn U
stressesin thesememhrs shall be governedby 3-iO-3.
Maximum thickness = 12.5 mm, exclusive of corro- | oo
3-1 O.4.3 Structural members serving as rafters may be sion allowance
rolled or fabricated sections but in all casesshall conform to
the rules of 3.10-2, 3-10-3, and 3.10.4. Rafters shall be r*'here
designed for the dead load of rhe raiers and roof plates wirh 6 = angle of lhe cone elements to the horizontal, in
the compression ffange of the rafter considereda-<receiving de-rrees,
no lateral support from rhe roof plates and shall be laterally
D - nominal diameter of the rank shell (m)'
braced if necessary(see 3.10.4-2).When considering addi-
n. 'el dead loads or live loads, the rafters in direct contact Note: When the sum of rhe live and dead loads exceeds22 kPa' rhe
v - the roof plates applFng the loading ro dre rafrers may be rninimum thickrressshall be increasedby the follorving rario:
consideredas receiving adequatelareral supponfroo the fric- live load + deod lood
tion between the roof plares and the compressionflanges of 2.2 Wa
rhe rafters, wirh the follo*"ing exceptions:
ln US CustomarYuniu:
a. Trussesand open-webjoints usedas rafters-
b. Rafterswith a nominal depth greaterthan375 mm (15 in.)- 3 / r oi r -
l v t i n i m u mr h i c k r e s s= - 3 . ^>
c. Rafters wirh a slope Sreaterthan 50 mm in 30O nlm (2 in. 4UU S I NU
in 12 in.). I/2 in-, exclusive of corrosion
lr{aximum lhickness =
. 3.10.4.4 Rafiers shall be spacedso that in rhe outer ring, allowance
rheir centersare not more than 0.6:i m [2;t ft (6-2S ft)] apart
where
measuredalong rhe circumference of the tank- Spacing on
inner rin-ss shall not be greater than 1.7 m (51/2 n)- When I = angle of the cone elements to rhe horizontal, in
specified by the purchaserfor ranks locatedin areas subject de-grees,
ro eaflhquakes, l9 mm (3lq itt.) diameter de rod-<(or their D = nominal diameter of the rank shell (ft)-
:
equivalent) shall be placed between rhe rafters in rhe outer
rings. These rie rods may be omined if l-seqdonsor H-sec- Nor:: \\rlren the sum of the live and dead loads exceecis45 lbf/fi?'
rhe minimum tr.icknesssha.llbe increasedby the folloxio-e ra[o:
dons are usedas rafters.
r 3.1 O.4.5 Roof columns shall be made from sructural
45 lbf / fi-
shapes,or sleel pipe may be used subjectto the approval of
 YJ=LD:D Sie El Tar'rxS rOn Otl STOaAG: -l-i J

c-- I
l"
T

i
Bl
i
sl
l l
l l
/6\
\J-Z Shell verlical

,i
\ote: Bottom plales or annular Plates
R-ir4H/n- = Reinfo;ced Opening (manhol,eor nozzle with diamond shape reinforcing plara se Figure 3-4A and 3-5).
LTR-I.' Lo*,Type Rcinforced Opni4 (nozJe ,*ir,\ tornbsroneshape reinforcing plara see Figure 3-5, Detail a and b).
R-N = Reinforced Opening (manhole or no:zle *'irh circular reinforcing plate or thicl:ened insen plate, see Figure 3-5).
s-N NorrReinforced Opening (nrznhole or nozzle inscned into tre shell per rhe alrcrnate neck demil of Figure 3-aB).

Variables Reference Minimum Dimension Bet*'een Weld Toes orWeld Centerline(1)(3)

Shellr Condition Paragraph A (2) B (2) c (2) n /c\ E (2) F (5') G (5)
Number
r < 12.5mm As t.t-5-z l50mm (6 in.) 75 mm (3 in.) 75 mm (3 in.)
r/-2in.)
1r< rlelded or 2tl2t Or .!'l)I
or 75 mm (3 in.)
PWHI Of Z'l^l

5 - I -5-7' zs mm (j in.)
for S-N
3- l:-.7 ! aDle J-o
^ L
o(
. J- l -5.21 dl Of 'la r

.3;1.3.4 8r
r > 1 ? . 5m m As 3.I-J-t-A 6lV or SlV or
1t > t/2in.) Welded 2 5 0 m m ( l O i n . ) 250 mm (10 in.)
3.?_3-l -b 8IV or
150mm (6 in.)
3.1.3.3 8ll/ or
250mm (10in.
3.7.3-3 75 mm (3 in.)
for S-N
3.7.3.3 I abie J-O 8r or l/2 r
.3;7-3.4 8t
.3.7.3.4
r > 1 ? . 5m m PWI{T 3.-1.3.2 l5Omm (6 in.) 75 mm (3 in.) / \ m m t i r n I

(t > t/7in.) or 2tl2r O( :'l1l

J.I.J.J 75 mm (3 in.)
Ot I'l1l

3.7.3.i ?5 mm (i in.)
for S-N
3;1.3.3 Table 3-6
'r.1 Er or l/2
.3.4
3;1.3.4 8t
Notes: '-F'-
l. lf trvo requiremenrsare given,the minrmr:o;tsp:cing is the greatervatui exceptfor dimen-sion Seenote 5'
2. I = shell rhickness.81V= 3 rimes Arelarg:sr *,Lld siie for re]nforcingp-l-are ot ins.n plare periphery u'eld (fillet or butr-u'eld)
from rhe toe of rhe periphery weld to t}re enterli.ne of the shell butr-r*'eld
3. For ranksdesignedro Appendix A, seeA-5J- Spacing= 2\l?r to€ to to€ of adjacenrwelds-
4. D = spacingdis6nce esrablishedb1'mininum elevationfor low q'pe reinforcedopeninesf-romTable3-6, coiumn 9.
5. Purchaseropdon to alloq,shell openingsro be locaredin horizonralor venical shell bulr-R'elds-See Figure 3-6-
|
I = shell rhickness, r = radius of openin-g-Minimr-u-nspacing for dimension F is rhe lessor of 8r or /, r-

Figure 3-22-Minimum Weld Requirements ior Openings in Shells According to Seclion 3-7-3

-
 API SiA,{DAnD 650

3-1 0-5.2 Tlre paniciparing arc.:rai dre roof-rc'shell junction ln Si units

shall be deternrined using Firure F-2 and shaJl equal ot
exceei rire Ibl lou'ing: lr4inimunr tlrickness = ]a l A + C - e ) 5 n r n r
L.1

ln Sl units: N{a-rimunrrhickness = 1 2 . 5m n : , e x c l u s i v eo f c o r r o - loo

s i o r ra l l o * ' a n c e l"'
^?
I t
u,here
0J32 .i" 6
D = nominal diarr,eterof tlre tank shell,
u,here
l"r = roof radius. in m.
6 = angle of the cone elements to the horizontal, in
rleoee s t.vore:When Lhesunr of rhe live and deadloads exceeds2.2 kPa, the
minimum thicknessshall be increasedby the following ratio:
D = nominal diarneter of rhe unk shell in m-

i.'-.r:e area calculared from the expression above is based on

tli"'',iominal marerial rhickness less any corrosion allcrvance.
In US CustomarYunirs:
\Vhen tle sum of the live and dead loads excerds ? ? kPa, rhe
1qv61g1
ma;iimum cross-sectionalarea ofrhe top angle shall bc increased b1' 3/16 in.
the foUou'ing ratio: Minimum ttrickness = =* * C-A- >
200
l/2 in., exclusive of corrosion

In US Customaryunits:
live load + deod load
2.2 kPa

where
Matlimurn rhickness =
allog'ance. l"
D =- nominal diameter of the rank shell (ft),
D2
3ooo sin'- rr = roof radius, (ft).
'
w.nere Note: lvVhenthe sum of rhe live and deadloads exceeds45 lb/f1?,fte
minimum thicLrless shall be increasedby the following rado:
0 = angle of the cone elementsto the horizontal, in
degrees,
D = nominal diameterof the tank shell (ft)-
3.1 0-6-2 The participating area, in mm2, at the roof-to-
The area calculated fiom the expressionabove is based on
shelljuncrion shallbe dererminedusingFigure F-", and shall
fr - rminal material thiclsress less any corrosion allowance.
equ:l or exceedthe follou'ing:
Nore:When rie sum of rhe live and deadloadsexcceds45 lbtfil,
the madmum cross-sectional areaof thetop angleshallbe increased In SI units:
b;' rie followingrario: Dr,
lit'e lood + dud load
0.216
{5 lbf/fi- The areacalculatedfrom rhe expressionabove is basedon
the nominal materialrhicknesslessany corrosion allowance-
3.10.6 Self-Supporting Dome and Umbrella Roofs Note: \\ten the sum of the live and dead loads exceeds 2.2 kPa, the
maximum cross-sectional area of the top angle shall be increased by
Nore: Self-supponing roofs r*'hose roof plates are stiffened by sec- the following ratio:
rions *'elded to the plates need not conform to fie minimum thick-
ness requirements,but the thickness of the roof plates sh"ll not be lite load + dead load
less rhan 5 mm 13/t6 in.) when so designedby ttre manufacorrer, sub*
jecr to the approvalofrhe purchaser.
In US Cusromaryunits:
3.1 0.6.1 Self-supponing dome and umbrella roofs shall
conform ro the follou'ing requiremens: The panicipatingarea,in in.2,at the roof-to-shelljunction
shall be dererminedusing Figure F-2 attd shall equal or
Minimum radius= 0.8D (unlessorher*'isegecified exceJdrhe follorving:
by the purchaser) Di,
Maximum radius: l-2D i 500
 -r'l I
\'\/aLDEDSre el Tr"^rxs ;oa Ort S;ceAca

Tiic areacalculatedironi rireexpression :botc is basedon ( 1 0 0 n r p h ) .F o ; s r u c t u r c sd e s i q n e df o r r v i n dr c l o c i t i e so t i t c l

dre nominal rlrickness
nraterial lessan;' corosion rllo*'ance. rhan 160 Lnrft {1O0 nrph), r.ireu'ind loads specifiedabove
shall be adjusredin proponionto dre follo*'inSrario:
Nore . \\/iren dre sunr of the live and dead loadi ercccds 45 lbf/ft:.
the maninrunr cross-sectional arca of the top an.lt shali be increased In SI units:
b;' rhe follon'irrg mtio:
o/ / I60)2
live load + deod load

45 lbfin:- u'here
V = u'in6lvelocity,,in km-/h,as specifiedb)'rhe purchaser.
3-1O-7 Top-Angle Attachment for Seff-Supporting
Roofs In US Cusromarl'unirs:

3-10-7-1 Information and certain restrictions on qpes of cr / 100)2

topangle joinrs are provided in irem c of 3-1-5-9-Details of w'here
', are provided in 5-?.
,eldinS V - s'ind vclociry, ir mph, as specifiedby rhe purchaser-
3.10-7 .2 At the opion of rhe manufacturer- the edgesof the
nNote:\Vhen the u'ind velocit;' is not specified, the maximum wind
roof plates for self-supporting roofs, including the cone, velocity ro avoid ovem:rning instability shall be calculated and
dome, and umbrella q,?es, may be ffangedhorizontally to rest rcported to rhe pr-rrchaser.
flar against rhe top angle ro improve welding conditions-
3.11-2 For an unanchored tank, the overnrming moment
from wind pres-sure shall not exceed two-thirds of the dead-
3-10.8 Tank Venting
load resisting moment, excluding any tank conrcnts, and shall
3-1 0.8.1 Tanks designed in accordanceuith *ris standard be calculated as follorvs:
and having a fixed roof shall be ventedfor bodr normal condi-
tions (resulting from operational requirements and atrno- M.?(Y2\
_ _ - . 1
spheric changes) and eme€ency conditions (resulting from
- |
J \ 2 . /
exposureto an extemal fire). Tanks-with bo& a fixed roof and
a ffoating roof satisfy these requiremgnn u-hen they comply rlhere
with the circulation venting requirementsof Appendix H. All
M = overTurningmoment from wind pressure,in
other tanks desigrred in accordarce with rhis standard and N-m (ft-lbi),
fraving a fixed roof shall meet the venting requirern'entsof
3 . 1 0 . 8 . 2a n d 3 . 1 0 . 8 . 3 . li/ = shell weigh-tavailable to resist.uplift, less any
corrosronallor+'ance, plus deadweight sup
3.1 0.8-2 Normal venting shall be adequare10 preventinter- poned by the shell minus simuluneous uplift
' from operatingconditionssuchas internalpres-
I or external pressurefrom exceedingthe corresponding
sure on the roof, in N (lbf),
.-nk desigr pressuresand shall rneet the requirements speci-
fied in API Standard"000 for norrnal ventins. D = rank diameter, in m (ft)-

3.'10.8-3 Emergency venting requiremens are satisfied if 3.1 1-3 \\rhen anchors are required, the design shall be in
rhe tank is equipped with a weak roof-to-shell attachment accordance with 3-12.
(frangiblejoint) in accordancewift 3.10.2.5,or if the rank is
3.1 1.4 Unlessotherwiserequired,tanksthat may be subject
equipped with pressure relief devices adequale to prevent
to sliding due to wind shall use a maximum allowable sliding
inrernal pressurefrom exceedingthe tank desiga pressue and friction of 0.40 mulriplied b1'theforce againstthe tank bonom.
meeting the requirementsspecifiedin API Sandard 20OOfor
emergencyventing.
3.12 TANK ANCHORAGE

3..11 WIND LOAD ONTANKS (OVERTURNING 3.12.1 \\then a rank is requiredto be anchoredper Secrion
STABILITYJ 3"I 1, Appendix E, Appendix F, or *'hen a tank is anchoredfor
any other reason,the follori'ing minimum requirementsshall
3.1 1 .1 When specifiedby rhe purchaser,o\-enurningsabil-
be met.
iry shall be calculared using the follow'in*eprocedure: The
u,ind load or pressureshall be assumedro be l -4 kPa (30 lbf/ i.12.2 Anchorage shall be provided to resist each of the
ft2; on venical plane surfaces,0.86kPa (l8lbf/ftz) on pro- uplift load caseslisled in Table 3-21- The load per anchor
jected areasof cylindrical surfaces,and 0.72 kPa (15 lbf/ft?) shall be:
on projected areas of conical and double-cun'ed surfaces.
These wind pressuresare basedon a wind r-elociry 160 kmih tt= UlN
3-52 API Srr-\3r^D653

\\'l ie fC 3-12-9 Tlie nriulirttunt allou'ablc local strcss irl tlrc slrcll at
dre alciror anachment shall be limired ro 170 it{Pa (25'0Gc
. Ib = loadPeranchor'
psi) u.irh no increasefor u'ind or seisnric loadinq-
U = net uplift load per Table3-2i, 3-'12-1 0 \\/hen specified by rhe purchaser' r}e anchors shall
Ar = numtrr of anchors. be designed to allos'for rhermal expansion of lhe tani: result-
ing fronr a tenrperarure grealer riran 90"C (200"F).
3-12-3 The spacinebetw'eenanchorsshall not exceed3 nr
(10f1.) 3-12-11 Any anchor bohs shall be uniformly tiqhtened to a
snus f t, and any anchor straps shall be u'elded u'hile the tank
3.12.4 Allou'able stressesfor anchor bolts shall be in is filled u'irh test r*'aler bul before any pressure is applied on
accordanceu'ith Table 3-"1 {or each load case-The aLlorvable top of the uater. lr{easures such as Peenrng the threads or
sress shall apply ro the net (root) area of tie anchor bolt- adding locking nurs, shall be raken to prevenl lhe nurs from
3-12-5 The purchasershall specify any corrosion allowance backing off rhe t}reads.
rh.' is to be added ro the anchor dimensions.Unless orher- 3-1lz^12 The embedment strengh of the anchor in rie foun-
ri.. ,'-''specified, corrosion -ll6q'316" for anchor bolts shali be dation shall be sufEcient 10 develop the specificd minimum
applied to the nominal diameter. The minimum anchor bolt yie ld strength of tlre anchor. Hooked anchon or end plates
diameter is 1" plus any specified corrosion allo*antce- may be used to resist pullout.
3.12.6 Attachment of rhe anchor bols to &e shell shall be 3-121 3 The foundation shall provide adequate counterbal-
rtuough stiffened chair-qrpe assemblies or anchor rings of ancing weieht to resist lhe design uplift loads ir accordance
sufficient size and height- Arr acceptable procedure for with rhe followino-
anchor chair design is given in AISI f:192,'\trclume II, Part
VII "Anchor Bolt Chairs"- Bhen acceptablero ttre purchaser, 3.12-13.1 The counterbalancing weight, such as a concrete
anchor strapsmay be used if rlre shell attachmentis via chair- ringu'all. shall be designed so that the resistance to net uplift
qpe assembliesor anchor rings of sufficient size and beight- is in accordince wirlr Table 3-21. When considering uplift
due to a wind or seismic moment an evaluation shall be made
3-12-7 Other evaluationsof anchor ptlachmenlsro dre shell to insure overtuming stability of the foundation and to insure
may be made ro ensurethat localized stressesin rhe sbell will soil-bearin-e pressures are within allowable stress levels as
be adequatelyhandled. An acceptableevaluatiqrtechniqueis dererrnined using the recomnendations of Appendix B.
gjven in ASME SectionVIII Division 2, Appendix .1, using
rhe ailowable stesses given in rhis section for S* The 3.12.13-2 When a footing is included in the ringwall
merhod of anach-mentshall rake into considerarionthe effect dgsign, the effective weisht of lhe soil above the footing may
of deflecrion and rotation of the shell. be included in the counterbalancing weight-

3'n-8 Allo*,able stress€sfor anchorageparls shall be in

a- -rdance with 3-10.3. A 33Vo increaseof rhe allowable
srressmay be used for wind or seismic loadin-econditiors.

TaHe 321a-Uplift Loads (Sl Units)

Uplift Load Case Net Uplift Formula U (N Allorvable Anchor Bolt Suess MPa

Design Pressure [ ( P - 0 - 0 8 I , , x) D ' x 0.785]-]Yr 105

Test Pressure [(P1-0.0811)x D= x 0.785]-11/t r40
Failure Pressurea (t-5 x P1.-0-08t7,)x Dt x 0-7351- 1I/3 F

Wind Load 4 x M"/D}-W2 0.8xf\.

SeismicLoad 14x MtD)-w2 0.8x F\.
Desisn hessure + \\5nd ) x Dz x 0.785]+ 14M,,JDl - Iy I
[(P- 0.08t1, 140
DesigrrPressure+ [ ( P - 0 . 0 8 r r , )X D r X 0 . 7 8 5 ]+ V M I D ) - W j 0.EX f\
 wELDfD Sre rl T*xs ;oa Otl SloaAG:

/) = lank ciranreterrn (nr), a c l i r ) qo r ) i l r e s l r c l l t l i t r t u si u t y c o n o s i o t )a l l o \ \ ' -

a r r c e( N ) .
P = desi,qn pressure in (l'3a) (see Appendix F),
ii'" = d e a d l o a d o f s l r e l l n l i n u s a n y c o r r o s i o na l l o u ' -
Pr = rest prssurc in (kPa) (see Agpendix F),
anceand an;' dead load including roof plale
P/ = failure prEssure in (kPa) (see Appendix F), acling on rlie slrell n-rinusany corrosion allo*'-
ance (Irl),
11, = roof plate tiicloress (mm),
'[t,/-i
= 61sa6load of the shell using as built t]ricknesses
riy',,,= u'ind momenl rn (N-m) (see 3-J ) ),
and any dead load odrer thal roofplate acdng
Ity', = seismic moment in (I.{-m) (seAppendix E), on the shell using as built thicknesses(N).

14/t = dead load of shell minus an)'corrosion allou'- aFailurepressureapplies ro anks falling under F.l-3 only. The fail-
alce and any dead load otherdran roofplate ure pressureshall be calcularedusing as-builtthicknesses.

Table 321b-*Uplift Loads (US CustomaryUnils)

Uplifi I-oad Cas Net Uplift Formula, U Qbf) Allo*'able A:ichor Bolt Stress lbf/in.2

Design Pressure [(P- 84,)x D! x 4.08] - ]Yt 15.000

Tesr hessure [(P,- 8rr,)x D' x 4.08]- lYr 20.000
Failure Pressurea [(l-5 x Ps-8t1,)x D'x 4.08]-lV3 03
Wind Load 14 x M,/Dl-w2 O.Ex F"
Seismic Load fa x MID]-W7 0-8 x F}'
Design Pressure+ \\tiDd [(P- 8rr,) x D: x 4.08]+ f4 M"JDI-lr1 20,000
Desiga Pressure+ Seismic [(P- Sta) X Dt x 4.08] + [4lt[JD]-I.'' \ 0.6x]|.].

D = rank diameter in ft acting on the shell minus any corrosion allow-

ance Qbf),
P = desisn pressurein inctes ofrizter colurnn (see
Appendix F), Wr = dead load of shell minus any corrosion ailo*-
ance and an1'dead load including roofplare
Pr = test pressurein inches of wat= column (see
acting on the shell minus any corrosion allow-
Appendix F),
ance (lbf),
P/ = failure pressurein inchesof r*:alercolumn (see
W3 = dead load of the shell using as built rhicknesses
Appendix F),
and any dead ioad other lhan roof plate acting
It, = roof Plare*1i6h1s55in inches- on the sheli using as built rhicknesses (lbl)-
aFailurepressureapplies ro ranls falling under F.1.3 only. The fail-
M,u = wind moment in ft-lbs (see3-I1),
ure pressureshall be calculatedusing as-buili thicknesses.
M, = 56itt't;c moment in ft-lbs (see-tppendix E),

lV1 = 6sr6 load of shell minus any corrosion allow-

anceard any dead load other dr2n J66f -lare
 SECTION4-FABRICATION

!,.1 GENERAL 4.1.4 tJiarkrng

4.1 .1 Workrnanshio AJI specialplaresrirarate cu( ro sirapebefores.io::reni a-s

u,eli as rooi-supponrngsmrcruralmernbersshall be marl:ecj
c 4.1 .1 .1 .All u,ork of fabricati-ng API S=ldard 650 rznls as shorr.no:r dremu:ufacruler'scirarr'ilqs.
shall be done il s6solrlance r+'ir.bthis sta;xlard anci rlir} the
penrrissible alernatires specifed in rhe pr::.chaser'silquir5,or 4-1-5 Shipping
order. Tbe workmaLship and finish sball be irst cluts in eveD'
Plaresald tan-kmaterial shall be ioadedil a malrer Lhai
respec! a.nd subjecr rc rlie closest ilspecdol by rbe manufac-
ensurescielii,erys'itbout damage.Bo.lts,lurs, n:pples, ald
ruer's i-ns^oecloreve! if the purchaser has qzive<i an1'pan of
odrer snraLlpans shali be boxed or pu1ix kegs or bags for
{1s inspecrion. sbiDmenl.
4-1-1-2 .\Vben rr.arerial requfues su-aigir.ening, the u,ork
sh:l1 be done by gressilg or anortrer noi'rjurior:s method 4.2 SHOP INSPECTION
prior to ary layour 9q shrFiry. Heating cr inmrnering is not o 4-2.1 Tne purcbaser'si:rspecror.-shalbe perminei fiee
"
rermissible udess rbe marerial is mnintained ar fcngi:cg ter:l- enf)' ro all parts of rbe malufacrurer's pla-ntrhrr ere con-
:'
"e;atur€ durirg $raighlgning. ctrned with the coDl?ct.wlene-verall, work under the con-
FacI is bei::g performed. The manufacturersh:ll ajtrs16&.
o 4.1-2 Finish of Plate Edges purchasefs fuspector, all rea-rcnablefaciliues to assure rle lor
inspecor tbar the rnaterial is being flroisbed il accordance
The edges of plates -"t be sbeare4 meclrined, "hipped, or qdft rhis standard-Also, rbe ma-nufacarrer 5hall fsfi5\ sam- lor
machine gas cul Sbearing sbatl be limited to plues less than ples or specimens of rnarerials for the purpose of gualifyilg
or equal ro 10 'rrm (3/: il.) rlick used fsr htt-q.elded joiats welders il accordaacerxdtb7j.
a::d ro plares less &ao or egual to 16 mm €ts i*l rhick "sed tlnless o$erwise specitred,fuspectionshall fs m:clg 31rhs
for.tapwelded joirts. place of rn:nffignre prior 1o shipment. The manufacnner
cb:ll give rjie purcbaser rmFle notice of when 15s mill c.iJ.I
Note: With the purcbascr's approva! the sbaing rimitation oa
plates used for bun-welded joints mav be inqcz.sed to a thiclcness roll the plates a:rd q/heDfabrication wiil begi! so rlar r.hepur-
less rhan or egual to 16 mm e/8 b-). . cbaser'sinspector may be prcseDtwhen teguired. Tbe usua.l
- mill 16s16fplates sh2ll be deemedsufEcientto prove rbe qual,-
\\&en edges of plaaes are gas cu! the rc$ririig surhces iny of the steel firrnished (exceptas not€d ;\4-21). ]r,IiJ'iresr
sh;lll fs uniform ald smootb and sh:ll be tre€d fiom scale
rcpons or eni-ficates of cornpiialce, as provided for i-n tbe
a:ld slag accumularisos before weldi:lg. Afier crn or sheared m:tg3-ial specificadoq shell be flrmished ro &e purchaser
edges are wirc brushe4 tle fine film of rirs adheri:rg to tbe only when the opdon is specifed in tt'e orig.n:l purchese
edges need rtot be rgmoved 6s1orc.weldiig Cirarmferential order that $ey be prwided.
edg--s of roof and bmom plates may be rnenrally gas cur
4-22 lvfi.Il ald sbop iaspection shall not release rbe malu-
fam:rer from responsibiliry for replacing any defecdve mare-
q.1.3 Shaping of Shell Plates
rial a::d for repairhg a-ry defective worlrna::ship rh:1 62y ls
discoveredia the feld.
SbeU plates sh:]I be shaped to suit rhe cunarure of the
u:l-k a-nd the erection procedure accordiag to the follorvi:rg 4-2-3 Any material or q,orlcrnanship rbar il any u?)' frils ro
sctredule: .meetthe reguirementsofthis staldard n-ny be rejecredby the
purchaser'simpector, and the material hvolved sbaLlnor be
Nominal Plate Thiclness Nomir=l Tank Diameter
mm (in.)
used u::der the conaact. Marerial rharshous i-njuriousdefecrs
m(ft)
subsequenrro its accepta:rceat rhe nill, subsequenrro its
| > te lsrr; All acceptarce at tlre manuftcturer's works, or during erection
ooI rronrtr irr2lo< tofrr; <x (r20) and restingof the talk will be rejected.The manufzcrwer u.ill
r,"- to lils;ro< t3 lrrr; < 18 (60) be norified of this in witing and will be required ro fumisb
I ne'*'materia.lpromptly and makethe necessary replzcemens
I F o- 5 (3/16)ro < l0 (3/s) < 1-)/4n) or suitablerepairs.

ry the American Petroleum Institute

510'-?4:362002
 S E C T I O N5 - E R E C T I O N

5.1 GENERAL 5-2.1 .3 Each la5,er of u'eld nretal or multiial,er u,elding

shall be cleaned of slag and orher deposit-sbeforc rhe nexr
o 5.1.1 The .sub*lrade for receivingrjre rank bononr shall be
laver is applied.
provided by rhe purchaser,unlessorherwisespecifiedon the
purchaseorder,and shall be uniform and level. 5-2-1-4 The edges of all s'elds shall merge r,,'jrhrhe surface
of t-heplare lr,ithout a sharp angle. For venical burt joinrs, rhe
5.1 -2 The manufacturershallf-urnishal! labor,tools,r'e!d-
ma;rimum acceptableundercuning is 0.4 mm il/61 in.) of rhe
ing equipnrentand cables,falseu'ork,scaffoldino,and ofrer
ba-se meral, For horizonral bun joins, undercuning nor
equ.ipmentnecessaD/for erecting tanks that are complere and
exceeding 0.8 mm (1/32in.) in depth is acceptable,
read1,for use. Po*'er for welding shall be supplied b1'rhe
manufacturer unless orher arrangementsare sratedin the pur- 5-2.1 -5 The reinforcement of the u,elds on all bun joinrs on
chaseorder.
each side of the plate shall not exceed rhe follou,ing rhick-
5.1-3 Paint cr forei-snmaterial shall not be used beru'een nesses: ( :'
surfaces jn contact in the construction o[ rhe ank proper,
\:--.,::
lr{aximum Reinforcenrenr Thickness
exceptas permiuedby 5.2-l-9.
mm (in.)
PlareThickness
o 5-1 -4 Paint or other prorection for strucrural rlork inside mm (inches) \Tenical Joints Horizonral Joins
and outside of the tank shall be as specifiedon tbe purchase
order and shall be applied by comperenrworkers-
< l3 (r/2) 2.sF/3.t 3 (r/8) lo
> 13(r/2)roa5 (i) 3 (r/8) 5 (3/re)
5.'1.5 Lugs aaached by welding to the excrior of the ran]<
for the purpose of erection only shall be remor.ed, and any > 25(1) 5 (3/r6) 6 (tt)
noticeable proje<rions of weld metal shall be chipped from
rhe plate- The plare shall not be gouged or torn in the process
The reinforcement need not be removed except to the
of removingthe lugs.
extent thal it exceeds the maximum acceptable thickness or
unless its removal is required by 6. l-3.4-
5.2 DETAILS OFWELDING

5.2.1 General 52.1 .6 During the rveldirg operation, plates shall be held
in close contact at all lap joina.
o 5-2.1 .1 Tanks and their srructural anachmenrs shall be
u,elded by the shielded metal-arc, gas meral-arc, gas tung- o 5-2-1-7 The method proposed by the manufacturer for
sten-arc, oxfud, fl ux-cored arc, submerged-arc,electroslag, holding the plates in position for welding shall be submined
or electro*las process using suitable e4uiprnenL Use of the to the purchaser's inspertor for approval if approval has nor
oxlduel, electrclag, or electrogasprocessshall be by a,sree- already been given in u'ritin,e by the purchaser.
ment betweenttre manufacturcr and the purcbaser.Use of tie
5-2.1.8 Tack r*,elds used during rhe assembly of vertical
oxy'fuel process is not permined when impact testing of rhe
joints of tank shells shall be removed and shall not remain in
I marerial is required-All tank welding shall be performed in the finished joins when the joints are u'elded manually.
^. accordancewidr the requirementsof Section7 of this sran-
" I \.\tren such joinrs are u'elded by the submerged-arc process,
dard and wsl.ling procedure specificarionsas describ€d in
I rhe tack u'elds shall be thoroughly cleaned of all welding slag
I SecrionD( of the-ASME Code.Welding shallbe performedin
a manner that ensurescomplere fusion with the basemetal- but need not be removed ifthey are sound and are thoroughly
fused into rhe subsequently applied u,eld beads.
5-2.1-2 No u'elding of any kind shall be pcrformed when Whether tack *'elds are removed or left in place, &ey shall
the surfacesof the pans to be welded are wer from rain, snow, be made using a fillet-u'eld or burt-q,eld procedure qualifiei
or ice; u,henrain or snow is falling on suchsurfaces;or during in accordance with Secrion D{ of the ASN{E Code. Tack
periodsof high uinds unlessrhe welderandthe uork areprop- u.elds to be left in place shdl be made by u,elders qualified in
erly shielded.Also, no u'elding of any kind shell be performed accordance with Section D( of the AS\'IE Code and shall be
s,hen the tempeftrture of the base metal is less rhan -20"C visually examined for defects, which shall be removed if
(0"F). \Vhen the remperarureof rhe basemeralis -20'C ro 0"C
found (see 6.-5for criteria for visual er.amination).
(0"F to 32"F) or rhe thicl,:ressof the basemee.l is in excessof
32 mm (l I/4 in-), rhe basemeral wirhin 75 mm (3 in.) of rhe 5.2.1 .9 lf protective coatirgs are to be used on surfaces to
place where welding is ro be srarredshall be bearei ro a rem- be u'elded, the coalings shall be inciuded in u,eldine-proce-
perature warrn ro rhe hand (see 5.2-3.4 fOr pretreat require- dure qualification tests for rhe brand formularion and maxi-
menrsfor shellplatesover 38 mm [1]/2 in.] thick)_ mum thicknessof coatins to be applied.
> l
 API STANDAFD 650

5-2.1-tO Lou'-h1'drogen electrodes shall be u-sed for all 5-2.3 Shells

,l
I nranual nrelal-arc u'elds in annular rinSs and shell courlses,
5-2-3.1 Plates to bc loined by bun u'eldins shall be
including dre anachnrent oftJte firsr shell course to borront or
matched accuratel-r'a:rd retained in ;rosition during rhe u'eld-
annular plates,as follou's:
inS operation. lt{isaligrrnrentin complered venical joints for
a. \\/here ilre platesare rhicker than 12.5mm (r/' in.) (ba-sed plares erearerrhan I6 nrn'r(5/gin.)rhick shall not exceed l07o
on rhe thicknessof the rhicker memberbeing joined) and of rhe plate rhickress or 3 mnr (l/s in.), r.r'hicheveris less;
made of materialfrom Croups I-II. . misalignmenr for plates less than or equal to l6 mm (5/s in.)
b. For all thickrressesu'hen rie plaresare made of material rhick shallnot exceedl -5 mm 1l/'6 in.).
from Groups IV, n/A, V and VI. 5-2-3-2 ln complered horjzontal bun joints, the upper plate
5-2-1.11 Non-structural small anachmentssuch as insula- shall not project be1'ond rhe face of the lower plate at any
tion clps, studs and pins but not insulationsuppofl rings or point by more than 20Va o{ the thjckless of the upper plate,
bars may be '*,elded by the arc stud, capaciror discharge or u'irh a maximum projection of 3 mm (l/g in-); however, for
shieldedmetal arc processto the exreriorof rhe shell includ- upper plares less rhan S mm (5/1o in.) rlrick, the maximum
i,
ino reinforcing plates or PWllf assembliesand roof either projection shall be limited to 1.5 mm 1l/16in.). t;-
before or after hydrostatic resting is performed, bur before tlre o 5.2-3-3 The reverse side of double-u'elded bun joina shall
rank will be filled u'irh producr provided: be rhoroughly'cleaned in a manner that r+'ill leave the exposed
a. The anachment locations meet the spachg requirements surface satisfactory for fusion of the u'eld metal to be added,
o f 3 . 8 . 1 . 2( a ) - prior to the applicadon of the first bead to the second side.
b. The arc stud welding processis limited ro l0 mm (3ls in.) This cleaning ma)' be done by chipping: grinding; melting
maximum diameter studs or equivalentcrosssection. out; or where the back of the initial bead is smooth and free
c. The maximum shielded metal arc electrodeis [mited to from crevices that might entrap slag, another method rhat,
upon field inspection, is acceptable to the purchaser-
3 mm (l/s in.) diamerer and shall be a lou' hydrogen type.
d. The anachment welds, except for rhose made by the 5.2.3-4 For circumferential and vertical joins in rank shell
capacitor discharye method, shall be irspeaed per 5-2-3-5. courses constructed of material more than 38 mm (11/2 in.)
The anachment r*'elds made by rhe capacitor discharge thick (based on rhe rhickness of the thicker plate at rhe joint),
mefiod shall be visually examined. for all types and groups multipass u'eld procedures are required, with no pass over
of shellmaterials. 19 mm (3/s in.) rhick permined- A minimum prehear of 90"C
e- All stud welding and capaciror dischargeprocedureshave (2O0"F) is required for rhese u'elds.
been qualified in accordancewith ASME SectionDi Capaci
proceduresdo not require proccdureqrralifi6sliqn 5.2.3.5 The requiremenrs of this section shall be followed
tor dischar_ge
w'hen welding to Group ry fVA, V and VI marerials. Perma-
providedttrepower output is 125 wan-sec-or less-
nent and temporary anachmens (see 5-2- l . l0 for information
The shielded metal arc weld proceduresshall meet the on shell-to.bonom ,*'elds) shall be welded with low-hydrogen
requirementsof Section 7 for qualification for use. electrodes. Both permanent and temporary attachments shall
be welded in accordance u.ith a procedure that minimizes the
5-2-2 Bottoms potential for underbead cracking. The need for preheat shall
5-2-2.1 After rhe bonom plates are laid out and tacked, they be considered when the procedure is selected either for weld-
shall be joined by r*,elding the joints in a sequence that the ing rhick plates or for u,elding during low atmospheric tem-
manufaclurer has found to result in the least disronion from perarure. The q,elds of permanent attachments (not including
sMnhage and tJ-rusto provide as nearly as possible a plane shell-to'bonom welds) and areas where temporary anach-
surface. ments are removed, shall be examined visually and by either
the magnetic particle method or the liquid p€netrant merhod
5-2-2-2 The rvelding of the shell to tre bonom shall be (see 6.2, 6.4,o1 6.5 for the appropriate inspection criteria).
practicall)' completed before the weldin-e of bonom joints rhat
may have been left op€n to compensate for shrinkage of any 5.2.3,6 Completed u'elds of stress-relieved assemblies
u,elds previously made is completed. shall be examined by visual, as well as by magrretic panicle
or p€netrant methods, after stress relief, but before hydro-
5.2.2.3 Sheli plates may'be aligned b1' meal clips anached
sutk rest.
ro the bottom plates, and rhe shell may be rack welded ro the
Lnnom before continuous welding is staned beru'een rhe bot- 5-2-3.7 Flush-tvoe connections shall be inspected accord-
rom edse of the shell plate and the bonom plaes- i n g t o 3 . 7 . 8 - l1 .
 \{€LD:D Sr::l TeruxS Fofi OIL S.oi.\G[

5.2-4 Shell-To-Bottom Welds a t o n e e n d a n d a p r e s s u r cS a u g ec o n t r e c t e dt o : r c o u p J i r r ro r r

I
rhe otJrerend of iJte se-gmenrunder resr.
o 5.2.4.1 The inirial u,eld pass inside the sliell shall have Io
all slag and non-meuls rentoved from rhe surface of dre o 5-2.4-3 81, a-treenrentbetu'eentJrepurchascr and tire rran-
|
u,eld and rhen examined for its entire circumference prior ufacturer. dre examinations of 5.2.4.1 ntal, be u,aived ii rhe
ro u,elding tlre firsr u'eld pass ourside rhe shell (remporarl' follou'ins examinarions are perfornted on rhe enrire circunr-
u,eld fit-up tacks excepted), both visually and by one of ference oi rlre ue ld(s):
rhe follou,ing nrerhods to be agreed ro b1' purchaser and
- a- Vlsua.ll_r'
examjne rhe inirial u,eld pass (inside or ourside).
manufactuter:
b. Msualll' examine the finished joinr u,elded surfaces,borh
a. lr4agreric panicle- inside and outside the shell.
c. Examine eiriier side of rhe finished joint u,eld surfaces b1,
b. Applying a solvenl iiquid penetrant ro rhe u'eld and dren
magnetic particle, or Liquid penetranr, or righr angle vacuum
apply"ing a developer ro the gap between rbe sheil and rhe bot-
box.
tom and examinins for ieaks after a minimum du'ell time of
one irour.
5-2.5 Roofs (' i
c. Applying a u'arer soluble liquid pener-ant ro either side of
rhe joinr and then applf ing a dev.,loper rorire orher side of rhe Except for rhe stipulation rhat the srrucrural framing (sucn
joint and examinin-s for leaiis after a minimum du'ell time of as rlre rafters and girders) of the roof musr be rtiasonably, rrue
one hour. ro line and surface, rhis standard does not include special srip-
d. Applying a higb ffash poinr penerra'ing oil such as lighr ulations for erection of rhe roof.
diesel ro the gap ber*,een the shell and the bouom, lening
sund for at le^st four hours, and examining the q'eld for evi- 5.3 INSPECTION,TESTING, AND REPAIRS
dence of u,icking. 5.3.1 General
-The
Note: Residual oil mal' remain on the surfaces5ct ro be *,clded evcn 5.3.1 .1 purchaser's inspecror shall at alt times have
after rhe cleaaing required below and conramination of rhe subse-
free ennl' to all pars of the job while work under rhe conrracr
quent weld is possible-
is bein_eperformed- The manufacturer shall afford rlie pur-
e. Applying a bubble-forming solution ro rhe rveld, using a chaser's inspe.ctorreasonable facilities to assLre rlre insperror
I o
right angle vacuum box, and examining fq bubbles. that the r*-ork is being performed in accordance wr-lh this sran-
dard.
Thoroughly clean all residual examinadon materials from
the as yet ro be welded surfaces and from the unu'elded gap 5-3.'1.2 Any material or u,orkmanship shall be subjec, to
between the shell and bonom. Remove defective weld se-'s- rie replacement requiremens of 4.2-3-
ments and reweld as required. Rerxamine rlre repaired welds 5-3.1 .3 l{aterial that is damaged by defecrive u,orkman-
and a minimum of 150 mm (6 in.) to eirherside in *re manner ship or that is othenlise defective will be rejecred. The manu-
d escri bed above. Repeat ttri s clean-rernove-repair-ex amin e - facn:rer will be nodfied of rhis in u,rifine and will be required
and-clean process until there is no evidene of leaking. Com- to furnish new material promptly or to correct defecrive u,ork-
plete all welding passes of rhe joint borh inside and outside manship.
the shell. Msually examine the finished ureld surfaces of the
joint both inside and ourside rhe shell for rbeir entire circum- 5.3.1 .4 Before acceptance,all work shall be complered to
ference. ttre satisfaction of the purchaser's inspector, and rhe enrire
tank, when filled with oil, shall be right and free from Ieaks.
5-2-4-2 As an alremative ro 5-2.4.1, rhe initial u,eld passes,
inside and outside of the shell, shall have all slag and non- 5-3.2 Inspection of Welds
metals removed from rhe surface of the rr-elds and the welds
5.3.2.1 Butt-Welds
shall be examinei visually. Addirionally, aier the completion
of the inside and outside fillet or panial penerradon welds, Complcte penetration and complere fusion are required for
the r*'elds may be tested by pressurizing tle volume between u'elds joining shell plares to shell plates. Inspecrion for the
oo the inside and ourside u'elds wirh air pressure ro 103 kPa (15 qualitl, of the u,elds shall be made usinq eirher rhe radio-
|
lbf /in.2 gauge) and applying a solution film ro borir welds. To graphic method specified in 6- 1 or airernarively,bv agreemenr
I
assure that rhe air pressure reaches all pars of the welds, a fttween the purchaser and dre manufacrurer,using the ulua- | ^-
sealed blockase in rhe annular passage berween the inside sonic meriod specified in 6.3-1. In addirion ro rhe radio-
l"'
and outside welds must be provided by u'elding ar one or -eraphicor ultrasonic examinarion, rhese u,elds shall also be I
more poinls. Addirionally, a small pipe coupling communi- risually examined. Funhermore, rhe purchaser's inspecror
I
cating wirh the volume beru'een rhe welds must b€ connected mav visually inspect all bun-welds for cracks, arc strikes,
 API STANDAFS 650

cxc.ssrvc undcrculs, suriacc porosity',inconrplct fusion, and l i n : e e d ( ) ; 1 .o r a n o J l c r n r a t e r i a ls u i t a [ r l cl o r t ] r c d t t t r t r o r l o l

odrcr del-ecr-s-Acceprance and repair criteria for tJte visual leaks shail be applitd to all anachment u'eiding around tlrc
nre:Jiodare specified in 6.5. rrinforcenrenr, bodr inside and outside dre tank,

5-3.2-2 FilletWelds o5-3-5 Testing of the Shell 01

Fillet u'elds shall be inspected b1,fre visual method. The -Afier rlie endre rank and roof struclure is completed, the
I
t finzl u,eld shal I be cleaned of slag a-ndother deposits prior ro shell (excepi for rhe shell of ranks desisned jn accordance
|
inspection. Visual examinadon acceplance and repajr criteria u-irh Apprndix F) shall be tested by one of the following
I
are soecified in 6-5- merhods:

a- If r.r'ateris available for testing the shell, the rank shall be

e5-3-2-3 Responsibility
filled with \\'ater as follou's: ( I ) to the maximum design liquid
The manufaclurer shall be responsible for malijn-g radio- level, i/; (2) for a rank uidr a tight roof, to 50 mm (2 in.)
.s ls and any necess-ry repairs; hou'ever,if dre purchaser's abovc the u-el,j comecrins the roof plate cr compression bar
in.-rectorrequiresradiographsil excessof tire uumber sp,eci- ro rhe rop anqle or shell; or (3) to a level lower tharr t}rat srrc-
fied in Section 6, or requires chipouts of fiIlet u,elds in ified in subitem i or ? v'hen restricted by overflou's, an
excessof one per 30 m (100 ft) of weld and no defect is dis- inrernal floating roof, or or-her freeboard by agreement

,l closed, rhe additional inspections and associaredu,orli shall

be rJ-reresponsibility of tie purchaser.
berween the purchaser and r-he manufacturer. The tank shall
be inspected frequently during the filling operation, and any
u'elded joints above rhe test-u,ater level shall be examined in
5-3-3 Examination and Testing of theTank Bottom accordance q'irh irem b. This test shaU be conducted before
perrnanent extemal piping is connected to the tank. Anach-
Upon completion of weldin-e of the tank bouom, rhe bot- ments to &e shell defined in 3-8.1.1, located at le.asrI m (3 ft)
tom u'elds and piates shall be examined visrally for any above the u-iter level, and roof appurtenances ma1' be welded
poiential defecu and leaks. Panicular anention shall apply to during rhe filling of the rank. Afrer completion of the
areassuch as sumps,dents, gouges,rhree-platelaps, bonom hydrotest, only non-structural srrrall anachmen6 may be
plare brealidowns, arc strikes, tempdrary anachmenl removal g'elded to rhe tantr<in accordance wirh 5.r.1.1l.
are^q,and u,elding lead arc burns. Msual examination accep b. If sufficientu'aler to fill the tank is not available,the tan]<
unce and repair criteria are specified in 65. In addition, all may be resied by (1) painting all of the joints on the inside
welds shall be testedby one of the followins rnerhods: *ith a highll'penerratingoil, suchas automobilespringoil,
a. A vacuumbox tesr in accordance*'ith 6.6. and carefull1,exami-ningrhe ouside of tre joins for leakage;
(2) applying vacuum to eirher side of the joinrs or applying
b. A tracer gas lest in accordanceu'ith 6.6-l l-
internal air pressureas specifiedfor the roof test in -5-3.6and
r .\fter ar l€st the lowest shell course has ben anachedto carefully examining the joina for leakage;or (3) using any
rh- oottom, \r'ater (to be supplied by t}e purcle,ser) shall be combinationof the methodsstipulatedin 5.3.5.b,subitemsI
pumped underneatlrthe bonom. A headof 150 mm (6 in.) of
and 2.
liquid shall be mainained using a temporarydem to hold rhat
deprh around the edge of the bonom. The line conraining
5-3.6 Testing of the Roof
u'arer for resdng ma1' be installed temporarill' by running it
throu_sha manhole lo one or more temporary flange connec- 5.3.6.1 Upon completion,the roof of a rank designedto be
rions in the bonom of rhe tanli, or the line ma1' be installed gastight (exceptfor roofs desi-rnedunder 5.3.6-?,F-4.4,and
perrnanently in tlre subgrade beneaththe tanic Tbe merhod of F.7.6)shall be restedby one of the follou'ing melhods:
insrallarionshouldbe governedby the narureof rhe subgrade.
Reasonablecare shall be tal<enlo presene rhe preparedsub- a- Applying intemalair pressurenot exceeding rhe rveightof
_e-radeunder tre tanli. &e roof plaresandapplyingto the weldjoins a soapsolution
or other malerial suiuble for the detcctionof leaks-
5.3.4 lnspection of Reinforcement-Plate Welds b. Vacuum tesring the *'eld joints in accordance uith 6.6 to II
derectany leaks. I o.t
-Afier fabricationis completed but before the ran]<is filled
uirh rest water, the reinforcement plates shail be restedby 5.46.2 Upon completion,the roof of a unk nor dcsiErned to I
applying up to 100 kPa (15 lbf/in.2)gau-qepneumaticpres- be gasrighr.suchas a rank *'irh peripheralcirculationventsor
sure betu'eenthe tanli shell and the reinforceoent plate on a tank wirh free or op€n venrs, shall receive onll' visual
each opening using the tell-rale hole spedfied in 3.7.5.1. irspection of ia u,eldjoinrs, unlessotherwisespecified by the
tVhile each spaceis subjectedto such pressure-a soap film, purchaser.
 API SrANoAig 63.3

5.5.5-3 \\'lrere I slopinr foundationis sF.cified, elevation e . \ \ ; i r e r e : r c o n c r e t en n S r v a l l i s p r o v i d c d ,a i n r n r ( t / 5 i n . ) i n

d i f i e r e n c e sa b o u t d t e c i r c u n r f e r e n c es h a l l b e c a l c u l a r e df r o n r a n 1 , 9 n r ( i 0 f r ) o i c j r c u m f e r e n c ea n d - n 6 n r n r ( l / . i n . ) i r t r h c
rire specifred high point. Acrual elevation ciifi'erence-s about rotal circumierence.
rJrecircumference shall be deremrjned from rlie acruai eler,a_ b. \\;here a concrer. dnor,,.allis not provided, *3 ntnt (l/S jn.)
tion of tjre specified hi-eh point. The actual clevarion dift'er- in an1'3 nr (10 fr) of circumference and *13 nrnr (li' in.) in
ences shall not deviate fronr the calculated differences b;, the toral ciruumference,
more than the follou'ing lolerances:
5.5-6 Measurements

N'Ie-asurementsshall be raken prior to dre u'ater tesr,

 S E C T I O N6 - M E T H O D S O F I N S P E C T I N GJ O I N T S

N o r e : I n r h i s s t a n d a r d r h c t e m r i n s p e c r o r .a s u s e d i n S c c r i o n s \ / a n d and rlre other shall be taken at randont (seeriie center panel of

\'l1l of tire -ASN4ECo.lc. shall bc inrerprercd ro m.en rhe purcha_icr's
Figr:re 6- I ).
inspector.
c- \/erticel joints in u'hich the shell plates are qre:ler than 25 l^,
6.1 RADIOGRAPHICMETHOD m m ( l i n . ) t h i c k s h a l i b e f u l l l ' r a d i o * s r a p h e dA. l l j u n c t i o n s o f l "
venical and horizonul joints jn this thickness ranse shall bc
For the purposesof this paragraph,plar.s shall be consid- rariiographeci; each fiim shail clearll' shorv not less rhan 75 |
ered of lhe samethic]'rressuiien tlie differencein rJ-reir
speci- mm (3 in-) of venical u,eld and 50 mm (2 in.) of u,eld len*srrh ln'
fied or designthiclx|essdoesnot exceed3 mm (1/sin.). on each side of fie venical inlersection (see the bonom parlel
of Figure 6-l).
6-1.1 Application d- The butt-u,eld around the periphery of an insert manhole
Radiographicinspection is required for shell bun-u,elds or nozzle shall be completely radiographed.
ee 6,1.)-2 and 6.12.3), annular-plale bun-$'elds (see
6--1-2.3 One spot radiograph shall be talen ir: drc fint 3 m
C.1.2.9), and ffush-q,pe connecrionswirh bur.-u,elds (see
(tO ft) of completed horizontal bun joint of rhe same rype and
| 3.7-8.1I ). Radiographicinspecdonis not requiredfor rhe fol-
rhickness (based on rhe drickness of rhe thinner plate ar rhe
I lou,ing: roof-plare u'eicls,bonom-plateu,elds, u.eldsjoining
joint) without reoard 10 the number of .*,elders or weldhg
o0 rhe top angleto either the roof or sheil, weldsjoining the sheil
I operators. Thereafier, one radiograph shall be taken in each
I plut. to the bonom plate, welds in nozzleand manway necks
additional 60 m (200 fi) (approximately) and any remaining
I made from plate,or appurtenanceu,eldsto tbe tanli.
major fraction of horizonral joint of rhe same t)pe and thick-
ness. These radiographs are in addition to the radiographs of
6.1 .2 Number and Location of Radiographs
jrmctions of venical joints required by item c of 6.1-2-2 (see
6.1 -2-1 Except *'hen omined underrhe provisionsof A.3.4, Figure 6-l).
radiographsshail be taken as specifiedin 6.1 r through 6.1-8.
6-1-2.4 When t'*,o or more tanks are erected in rhe same
6.1 .2.2 The follouin_9requiremenaappll'ro venicaljoins: location for the same purchaser, either concurrently or seri-
alll', the number of spot radiographs to be taken may be based
a. For bun-u,eldedjoina in which the thinner shell plare is
on the agg.regate len-ed-rof u,elds of fie same type and thick-
less rhan or equal ro l0 mm (3fs in.) rhiclq one spor radio- | .,
"'
ness in each group ofnnlis ratherthan rhe lengrh in each indi- |
_s-aphshall be raken in rhe first 3 m (10 ft) of complered vidual tanli.
venical joint of each type and rhickness rx'eldedby each
u'elder or weldin_soperator-The spor radioeraphstalien in rhe 6.1-2-5 lVhen tu,o .*,elders or welding operators r*'ork
I
verricaljoints of the lo*,est coursemay be used to meet the to-getherto weld opposite sides of a bun joint it is permissible I
o'
quirementsof Note 3 in Figure Gl for individual joinrs. to inspect rheir ,,r'ork u'ith one spot radio,eraph. If the radio- |
rhereafter,without regardto the number of u,eldersor weld- -sraph is rejected, addirional spot radioeraphs shaiJ be taken to I
ing operators,one additional spor radiograph shall be talien in derermine u,hether one or both of rhe welders or weldinq
e.ach additional 30 m (100 fr) (approximarelr') and any operiators are at fault.
remaining major fraction of venical joinr of rhe same r)?e
6.1.2.6 An equal number of spot radiographs shall be ta-Iien
and thickness.Ar leasr 25Voo{ r}e selectedsporsshall be at
from rhe u,ork of each .*,elder or welding operalor in propor-
junctions ol venical and horizontaljoina, *irh a minimum of
tion to the len*irthof joints u,elded.
ru6 su6h intersectionsper tanli. In addition ro r}re foregoing
requirements,one random spot radiographshall be talien in o 6-1-2-7 As u,elding progresses,radiographs shall be talien
each verticaljoint in the lo'*,estcourse (seerhe rop panel of as soon as it is pracricable. The locations u,here spot radio-
F i g u r e6 -1 ) . graphs are to be taken may be determined by the purchaser's
b- For bun-u'eldedjoins in u,hich rhe rhirinershell plare is in-spector.
-srealerrhan l0 mm 13/gin.) but lessrhan or equal to 25 mm 6.1 .2.8 Each radiograph shall clearly shorv a minimum of
(l in.) in thickness-spot radio,eraphsshail be rakeoaccording
150 mm (6 in.) of u,eld lengrh. The film shall be centered on
ro irem a. In addition,all juncrionsof venical and horizontal
the weld and shall be of sufficient u,idrh to permit adequate
joins in plaresin rhis thickless raneeshall be radio_rraphed;
sp-acefor rhe location of identification marks and an image l^,"
each film shall cle.rly show nor lessrhan 75 mm (3 in.) of
,o
-I qu"lity indicator flQI) (penetrameter). |
| \'enicalweld and 50 mm (2 in.) of weld leng:,-h on eachsideof
rhe venical intersection.In the iou,estcource-tr*'o spot radio- 6.1 -2.9 When bonom annular plates are required by
graphs shaU be reken in each venical joinr: one of the 3 5 . 1 , o r b y M . 4 . 1 , r h e r a d i a l j o i n t s s h a ) l b e r a d i o g r a p h e da s
radiographsshall be as close ro the bonom as is practicable, follows: (a) For double-u,elded butt joints, one spot radio-
o-l
o-l API STANDAfiD 650

Top ot shell {trlumtrers in squares refer lo noles below)

Y

--.",,itil l'.
? 2
I
I l r
-
| ( 4 " \
\ - /

10 mm f/s-) maxirnum

t"nxuonorn-J
PLATE THICKNESS < 1o mm f/r")
Top of shell --l
I

< 10 mm f/e-)

50 mm (2")*l r; 50 mm

25 mm ('1') rreximum
t
t
t-1 l-
-
(z ,r-5
l , l

l"
t** oonot J ")
10 rnl:n f/o') < PI.ATE THICKNESS < 25 mm ("1

< 25 mm (1')

> 25 mm (1')

38 mm (ir./z') ma:imum

j
lant Oonom
PLATE THICKNESS > 25 mm (1")

Noles:
1. Vertical spot radiograph in accorderce with 6.1-2.2, ilem a: one in the first 3 m (10 fl) and one in each 30 m (100 ii)
ther€after, 25"k ol which shall b€ at inlersections.
2. Horizontal spol radiograph in accorcance wi'rtr6.1.2.3: on€ in the first 3 m (10 ft) and one in each m m (200 ft) thereati€r.
I 0O
3- Verlical spot radiograph in each veri:al seam in the lowesl course (see 6.1 .2.2. ilem b). Spot Gdiographs that salisfy ti,=
requirements of Note 1 tor the {ow€S course may be used 1o saris{y this requirement,
4. Spot radiographs ol all interseclions over 1O mm (3/s in.) (see 6l-2.2, ilem b).
5. Spot radiograph of bottom of each re,-tical -am in lowest sh€ll course over 1O mm (3/g in.) (se? 6.1.2.2, ilem b).
6. Complele radiograph ol each vertical searrl over 25 mm (1 in.). The cornpleie radiograph mey include the spot rad;o-
gaphs ol the inters€clions it the lilm lras a minimum widrh of 1oo mm (4 in.) (see 6.1.2.2, iiem c).

Figure 6-1-Radiographic Req uire ments lor Tank She Ils

 6-3

r r a p l r s h a l l b e t a k en o n l 0 7 o o l . d r e r a d i e l- i o i n u : ( b ) F o r s i n - 6.1.5 Radiographic Standards

ele-u,elded butt joints u,itir pennanenr or renlo\?ble backup
\\/elds examined b1' radio_rraph;'shall be judged as accept-
bar',orre spot radiolraph shall be raken on 5096 of rhe radial
joints. Exua care must be exercised in drt inrerpreration of able or unacceprableb1'rhe srandardsof P;raSralh Ufft-5 111r;
in Section \zlll of the-AS\{E Code.
radiographs of single-u'elded joints rhat have a permanenr
backup bar- In sonle cases, additional exDosurestaken at an
6-1-6 Determination ol Limits of Defective Welding
angle mal' determine u'hether queslionable indications are
acce;'rable. The minimum radiographic lengri of each When a secdon of u'eld js sho\\'n by a radiograph to be
radial joint shall be 150 mm (6 in.). L-aarions of radio- unacceprabIe under the provisions of 6 I .5 or the iimits of rhe
,graphs shall preferably be at the o'ller edse of the joint deficienr u,elding are not defined b1'rhe radio-rraph, rwo spos
u'here the shell-plate and annular plate joir. adjacent ro the section shall be examined b5, radio_rraphy;
however, if the original radiograph shows at least 75 mm (3
6.1-3 Technique in.) of acceptable u,eld beru,een the defecr and any one edge
of the film, an additional radiograph need not be ra]<enof rhe
.c.1-3.1 Except as modified in rhis sectioo- rhe radil,graphic
weld on thar side of tiie Cefect. If tlre weld at eider of the
examination method employed shall be in accordance u'iti
adjacent secdons fails to comply u"ith rhe requirements of
Section V, Arricle 2, of rhe ASME Code.
6.15, additionai spots shall be examined until the limits of
6-1.3.2 Personnel u,ho perfornr and eualuate radiographic unacceptable u,elding are determined, or the erector may
examinations according to rhjs section shell be qualified and replace all of rhe u'eldhg performed by the *'elder or welding
certified by the manufacturer as meeting tbe requirements of opeEtor on rlrat joint- If the $'eldin-eis replaced, the inspe.ctor
certificarion as generally ourlined in l,evel II or l-evel III of shall have rhe option of requirin,e that one radiograph be
ASNT SNFTC-IA (including appiicafle supplements). taken at any selected location on any other joint on which rhe
same welder or weldine operator has welded. If any of these
Level I personnel may be used if rhey are gir-en urinen accep
tance/rejection procedures prepared by l-er-.el II or lrvel III additiona-i spors fail ro comply with the requirements of 6. 1.5,
the limits of unacceptable u'elding shall be determined as
personnel. These wrinen procedures shall conain rhe applica-
sp€cified for the initial section.
ble requirements of Secrion V article 2, of rhe ASME Code.
In addition, aU l-evel I personnel shall be under the direct
supervision oflevel I or l-eve] [ penonneJ- 6.1 -7 Repair of Defective Welds

6.1.3.3 The requiremena of T-285 in S+=ion V, Article 2, 6.1 -7.1 Defeca in u'elds shall be repaired by' chipping or
of rhe ASME Code are to be used onl-,* as a guide. Final melting out t}re defeca from one side or both sides of the
joint, as required, and reu'eiding. Only rhe curdng out of
I acceptance ofradiographs shall be based on rhe ability ro see
'he prescribed
image qualiry indicaror (peneu-amerer)and the
defective joins that is necessary to correct rhe defecrs is
required.
.pecified hole or wire.
o 6.1 .7-2 AIJ repaired u'elds in joints shall be checked by
6.1.3.4 The finished surface of rhe weld reinforcement ar
repeating rhe original inspection procedure and by repeating
the location of rhe radiograph shall either be ffush with rhe
one of rhe testing merhods of 5.3, subject ro t}re approval of
plate or have a reasonably uniform cro\4'n not ro exceed the
the purchaser.
followin_evalues:

6.1.8 Record of Radiographic Examination

Marinum Thicknessof
PlateThickness R:inforcemenr 6.1-8.1 The manufacrurer shall prepare an as-built radio-

..1
mm (in.) mm (in.)
graph map shouing the lccation of all radiographs taken
< i3 (t/, 1 . 5( r i1 6 ; along rr.ith the film identificarion marks.
> 1 3( t / ? )t o 2 5 ( l ) 2-5(r/32) o 6.1-8.2 Afier the strucrure is completed, the fiims shall be
> 2 5( l ) 3 (r/s) the propeny of the purchaser unless orherwise agreed upon
by,the purchaser and the manufacturer.

6.1.4 Submission of Radiographs 6-2 M A G N E T IC P A R T I C L E E X A M I N A T IO N

Before any '*'elds are repaired,the rariiographsshall be 6-2-1 \\rhen magnetic panicle examination is specified, the
subminedro rlre inspecroru.ith any inform=ion requestedby method of examination shall be in accordance*ith Section Y
the inspectorregardingrhe radiographicrecbrtiqueused. Article 7, of rhe .AS\{E Coie.
o- API STA'(CAfiD 650

6-2-2 r.rlagnericpanicle examination shall i'e perlbnned in c 6.3-2.5 .Acceptancesrand;rds shall bc asreed upon by, rJrc
accordance u,iilr a u'ritt:n p'ccedure that is cenified b1' rhe p u r c h a s e ra n d t h e m a n u f i c t u n : r .
nranufaclurerto be in conrpliance u'irh tre applicable require-
nie nts of Section \/ of dre ASN{E Code. 6.4 LIOUID PENETRANT EXAMINATION

6-2.3 The manufacturer shall determine th=r each magnetic 6.4-'1 \\'lren liquid penetrant examination is specified, rhc
panicle examiner meeu the following requirements: nrethod of eranrinadon shall be in accordanceu,ith Secrion \l
Anicle 6, of rhe AS\{E Code.
a. Has i,ision (u'it-h correction, if nec'essary)ro be able tc rud
a Jaeger Tl'pe 2 srandard chart at a disnnce of not less rhan 6-4-2 Liquid penetrant examination shall be perfornred in
300 mm (12 in.) and is capable of distinguishin,g and differen- accordance u.ith a '*.rinen procedure rhat is cenified by rhe
riadng conrrast kn^'een the colors used- Examiners shail be manufacturer ro be in complialce with rire applicable require-
cirecked annually 10 ensure that they meet ths requirements.
menrs of Secdon V of rhe ASlt{E Code.
b. Is competent in rhe rcchnique of the masneric particle
' nination me*rod, including performing tire examination 6.4-3 Thc manufacrurer shall determine and certifl,rhat each
ir.u rnl€rpretin-s. and evaluating the results; fu6q'svsr, u'here liquid penetrarrt examiner meets dre following requirements:
the exan-iinalion merhod consists of more th2n one operarion,
rle examiner need only be qualified for one or more of the a. Has vision (with correction, if necessary) to enable him
to read a Jaeger Type 2 standard chart at a distance of nor
opemtions.
less than 30O mm (12 in-) and is capable of distinguishin_l
6-2.4 Acceptance sandards and the remoru.l and repair of and differentiating contrast belween the colors used. Exam-
defecrs shall be in accordance with Section VIII, Appendix 6, iners shall be checked annually to ensure that rhey meel
Paragraphs G3, g, and 6-5, of the ASME CoJe. these requirements.
b. Is competent in rhe technique of the liquid penetranr
6.3 ULTRASONICEXAMINATION examinarion-method for which he is cenified, including mali-
ing the examination and interpreting and evaluating rhe
o_J- | Ultrasonic Examination in Lieu o{ resul8; hower.er, where the examination merhod consists of
Radiography - more than one operation, the examiner may be cerrified as
being qualified for one or more of the operations.
\\/hen ulrasonic examination is applied in order to fiilfill
rhe requirementof 5.3.2.i, the pro'"'isionsof Appendix U 6.4-4 Acceprance standards and the removal and repair of
s h a l la p p l y . defects shall be in accordance u'ith Secrion VIII, Appendix 8,
Paragraphs 8-3, 8-4, and 8-5, of the ASME Code.
6.3.2 Ultrasonic Examination NOT in li,eu of
Radiography 6.5 VISUAL EXAMINATION
6.3.2.1 When dre radiographicmethod is agplied in order 6.5.1 A u'eld shall be acceprableby visual inspecrion if the
to fulfill t-herequirementof 5-3.2.1,rhen any ulrrasonicexam-
inspecrion shows the follou,ing:
inadon specifiedshall be in accordancewith rhi< section.
a. There are no crater cracks, other surface cracks or arc
6-3-2-2 The method of examinationshall be in accordance
suikes in or adjacent ro tre u'elded joinu.
s.irh SecrionV Anicle 5, of the ASME Code.
b. Undercurdng does not exceed the limjts given in 5.2.1.4
6.3-2.3 Ulrrasonic examination shall be performed in for venical and horizontal bun joints. For v",elds rhat attach
accordanceu'irh a r*rinen procedurethat is enified by $e nozzlqs, manholes, cleanout openings, and permanent anach-
manufacturerto be in complianceu"irhl}reapplicablerequire- ments, undercunins shall not exceed 0.4 mm il16-1in.;.
mens of SectionV of the ASME Code. c- The frequency of surface porosity in rhe weld does nor
6.3-2.4 Examiners who perform ulrrasonic examinarions exceed one cluster (one or more pores) in any 10O mm (-1 Ir
under rhis sectionshall be qualifiedand certifi:d by the man- in.) of len_erh,and rhe diameter of each cluster does nor
e x c e e d 2 - 5 m r n 1 3 / 3 2i n . ; .
ufacturersas meetingthe requiremensof ceniication as gen-
erallv outLinedin l-evel II or L,eveltrI of AS\-T SNI-TC-1.A 6-{2 A ueld thar fails to meet the criteria siven in 6.5.1
(includingapplicablesupplements). Level I pei-sonnel
ma1'be shall be rer,'orked before h1-drosratictesrins as follou,s:
used if they, are given $,rinen acceptance/rejecrioncrireria
preparedby lrvel I or Lcvel I[ personnel.Il addition. all a. Any defecrs shall be removed by mechanical means or
Level I personnel sball be under the direcr supewision of thermal gouging processes.Arc strikes discovered in or adja-
Level Il or Level Itr personnel. cent to u'elded joinu shall be repaired by grinding and
 \tELDEDSrrsl Trx.ls Foi OIL Sloanc: 6-5

'l'lrc
reu'eldinq as required- Arc srrikes repairccib_r'rveldinr slrall 6-6.5 Lro.rtest slrall have at least50 mrr (2 in.)
r-acuur.r'r
be -qroundflush rrirh rhe plate. r'i : *'ed surface on e:ch appl i cati orr.
overlap ol- prer-iousi_r'
b. Res,elding is required if rhe resulring rhickness is less rlran
6-6-6 Tite nieral surface temperalure limits shall be
tire mininrunt required for design or hydrr:,varic test condi-
b e t q e en . 1 " C ( 3 0 ' F ) a n d 5 , " C ( 1 2 5 " F ) , u n l e s sd t e f i l n r s o l u -
rions. AII defects in areas thicker than the mininruni shall be
don is proven to u'ork aI temperaluresourside rhese limits,
Ieadrered to al least a 4: I taPer. eirher b1' testin,gor nranufacturer'srecomnrendations.
c. The repair u'eld shall be visuall;'examined for defecs.
6-6-7 A mininrum iisht intensity of i000 Lux (i00 fc) ar
VACUUtT4TESTING rhe point of examinarion is required during tJreapplication of
6.6
the examinarion and evaluarion for leaks.
6-6.1 \/acuum testing is performed usins a testing box
6-6.8 The i'acuum shall be mainrained for tJre greater of
approximately150 mm (6 in.) u,ideby 750 mm (30 in.) long
u'irh a clearwindorv in rhe rop, which providespropervisibil- either at least 5 seconds or rhe dme recuired 1o vierv the area
'l;, ro vierv the area under test.
under inspecrion. During testing,illumi-
,ration shall be adequare tor proper c.valuation and 6.6.9 The presence of a through-rhickness leali rndicated
interpretationof the r":sr- The open bonom sha-llbe sealed b1' continuous formation or grou'th of a bubble(s) or foam,
against the tanl< surface by a suirable gasLer- Connections, produced by air passing though the thiclgress, is unaccept-
valves,bghtin_eand gauges,shall be provided as required. A able- The presence of a large opening lealq indicated by a
soap film solution or commercial leak derecdon solurion, quick bursring bubble or spining response ar the initiai sening
applicablero the conditions,shall be used. ofthe vacuum box is unacceptable. l-eals shall be repaired
and retested.
6.6.2 Vacuum testing shall be performed in accordance
u,ith a wrinen procedure preparedby the maaufacturer of lie 6.6.10 A record or report of the test including a statement
tank. The procedure shall require: addressing temperature and light intensity shall be completed
and fumished to the customer upon request.
a. Performing a visual examination of the bouom and welds
prior to performing l}re racuum boi test; o 6.6.1 1 As an ahemare to vacuum box testing, a suitable
b. Verifying the condition of tie vacuum box and is gasket tracer gas and comparible detector can be used to test the
o-
seals; integrity' of u'eided bonom joints for rheir entire lengh.
c. Venfying that t}ere is no quick bubbleor spining response Where racer -'qastesdng is employed as an alternate to vac-
01
to largeleaks;arrd uum box testins, it shall meet the following requirements:

d. Appli'ing the film solutionro a dr5'area,such that the area a. Tracer gas resring shall be performed in accordance .,r'itha
is rhorougily r*'enedand a minimum genererionof applica- uritten procedure which has 6sgn 1e.r'ieu'edand approved by
:n bubblesoccurs. the purclraserald rvhich shall addressas a minimum: the type
of equipment used, surface cleanliness, ty'pe of tracer gas, test
6.6.3 A pan-ialvacuumof 2l kPa (3 lbfnn-:/6 in. Hg) ro 35
) , .^ . pressure, soil permeability, soil moisture content, satisfactory
kPa (5 lbfAn.j/i0 rn Hg) gaugeshall be used forthe tesr.lf verification oi rhe extent of tracer gas permeation, and rhe
specifiedb1,rhepurchaser, a secondpanialrzcuum restof56 method or technique to be used including scanning rate and
kPa (8 lbf1n.2/16 h. Hg) to 70 kPa (lO lb',f:tri,.2/2Iin. Hg) probe standoff distance.
shall be rrerfornredfor rhe detectionof very small leaks.
b. The technique shall be capable of detecting lealiage of i x
6.6.4 The manufacrurershall dererminerh:r each vacuum t0r Pa mi/s 11 x l0-3 srd cmi/s; or smaller
box operatormeetslhe following requiremenrs: c. The test svslem parameters (detector, gas, and system
pressure. i.e. level of pressure under bonom) shall be cali-
a. Has vision (u'ith correction,if necessarl')ro be able ro brared b_r'placing the appropriare calibrated capillary leak,
read a JaegerType 2 sundard chan at a dis:-nce of not less u'hich u'ill lea-har a rare consistent u'ith (b) above, in a tem-
than 300 mm (12 in.). Operatorsshall be checkedannuallyro porary or perrnan3nt fining in the tank bonom arvay from the
ensurethatthey meetrhisrequirement; and tracer gas pressurizine point. Alternatively, by agreement
b is compretentin tlre technique of the vacuum box restins, belu'een purcheser and manufacturer,the calibrated lea}l may
-be
including perforrning the examination and rnrerprering and placed in a s:parate fining pressurizedin accordance ,'v'ith
evaluating rhe results; how'ever, where dte examination rhe sy'stempararnelers.
merhod consists of more rhan one operation. rbe operator per- d. While testins for leaks in the welded bonom joints, s)'stem
forming only a ponion of rlre tesr need onll' be qualified fol paramelers shall be unchanqed from rhose used during
rhar ponion the operaror performs- calibration.
 A N D\ r y E L D E F
S E C T I O N7 - W E L D I N G P R O C E D U R E QUALIFICATIONS

7.1 DEFINITIONS has been applied ro weld edse prep;rations, tJrecoaring shall
be incluciedas an essenLialvariable of t-lreu'elding orocedure
In rhis standard,temrs relatingto u'eldinq shall be inter-
s p e c i f i c a r i o na, s r e q u i r e db 1 ,5 . 2 . 1 . 9 .
prered as defined in Secrion iX of *re -AS\'IE Code. Addi-
donal ternrsare definedin 7.1.1and 7.1-2.
7-2-2 lmpactTests
7 -1-1 An angle joi,ttt is a joint beru'eennvo ntembersthat
7-2.2.1 Jnrpacrtests for the qualificarion of *'elding proce-
inrersectat an angle betu'een0 de,srees(a bun joint) and 90
dures shall comp)y' u,irh dre applicable provisions of 2-2.8
degrees(a cornerjoint).
and shall be nrade at or below rhe design nretal temperarure.
7 -1-2 Porositl, refers to gas pocker or loids in meta.l.
7-2-2.2 When impact testing of a material is required by
. :..2 2.2.8,2.2 9, or ".5-i, impact rests of rhe heat-affected zone
OUALIFICATION OF\I/ELDING PROCEDURES
shall be made for all automatic and semiautonraric welding
7.2-1 General Requirements procedures.

c 7 .2.1 .-l The erection manufacturerand &e fabricarion man- 7-2-2-3 For all materials ro be used at a design metal tem-
ufacturer, if other tiran rhe erection manufacturer, shall pre- perature below 10"C (50"F), tie qualification of the welding
pare welding procedure specificationsand shall perform rests procedure for venical joints shall include impact resrs of rhe
documented by procedure qualificarion records to suppon the weld metal. lf venical joilu are to be made by an auromatic
specificarions, as reguired by Section D( of dre ASME Code or semiautomadc process, impact lests of the heat-affected
and any additional provisions of rhis standard If rlre manufac- zone shall also be made.
turer is part of an or3anization that has,to the purchaser'ssat-
isfaction, established effective operational coilrol of rhe 7.2.2.4 When rhe design metal temperarure is below -7"C
(20"F), impact tesu of tlre weld meul shall be made for all
qualification of welding proceduresand of welder perfor-
mance for two or more companlesof diferent names,then procedures used for welding the componenrs lisled rn 2.2.9.1,
separale u,elding procedure qualificationsare not required, for welding atrachments lo these components, and for Iabri-
provided ail orher requiremenrsof 7 ) ,7-3, and SecrionD( of caling shell nozzles and manholes from pipe and forgings
the ASME Code are met. listed in ,-5.

7-2-1 .2 The welding proceduresused shall produce weld- 7.2-2.5 Impact resrs shaLl show minimum values for accep-
ments rvith the mechanical propenies required by rhe desigrr. rance in accordarce with 2-2.8.3 and rhe folloiving:

2-1.3 N4aterial specifications [sred in Section 2 of rtris a. For Pl, Group 1, materials-2O J (15 ft-lbf), average of
sundard but not included in Table QW-422 of Secrion D{ of tlree specimens.
the ASlr4E.Code shall be consideredas Pl material rvirh b. For Pl, Group ?, materials-21 J (20 ft-lbf), average of
sroup numben assigned as follou.s according ro rhe mini- *ree specinrens.
mum rensilestren_e-dlspecified: c. For Pl, Group 3, marerials-34 J (25 fr-1b0, averase of
tiree specimens.
I a [-essthan or equal to 485 MPa (70 ksi]--4roup 1.
*l b. Greater r.han485 MPa (70 ksi) but less rhan or equal ro For shell plates thicker rlran 40 mm (lll, in.;, these values
'-
550 i\rya (80 ksi!-Croup 2. shall be increased by 7 J (5 ft-lbf) foreach i?-5 mm (l/" in.;
I
I c. Createrthan 550 MPa (80 ksi)-Group 3- o v e r 4 0 m m ( 1 1 / 2i n . ) . i n t e r p o l a t i o ni s p e r m i n e d .

Separatewelding proceduresand performancequalifica- 7 -2-2-B \\/eld-meal impact specimens shall be taken across
rionsshall be conductedforA 841}vI/A841 material. tre weld rvith one face subsuntially parallel to and within 1.5
mm (l/16 in.) of rhe surface of the material. The notch shatl be
7.2.1 .4 Weldine r-ariables(including supplemenraryessen-
cut normal to the orisinal material surt'aceand rvirh the u'eld
rial r,ariables*,hen impact tests are required by 7.2.2), as
ryreualentirell, u'irhjn the fracture zone.
definedby QW-250 of SecrionD( of rhe ASME Code, shall
be used to determine the welding procedure specificarions 7 -2-2.7 Heat-ariected-zone impact specimens shall be
and the procedure qualification records to be instirured.ln uken acrossthe geld and as near the surface of the material
addition, u,hen impact tests of rhe hear-afiecredzone are as is practicable. Each specimen shall be etched to locate the
. required,Ihe heat-reated condirion of rhe ba-sematerial sha.ll heat-affectedzone. and the notch shall be cut approximatell'
be a supplementan' essentialvariable.lf a protecrivecoaring normal to the orishal marerial surface and *,irh as much
 API S] ANtAi! 650

heat-aflected-zonc nraterial es possiblc included in rlre 1'rac- 7-3-3 l-lre records oi tlrc tsu for qurlrll'rrrSueldcrs arrd
turL'zone. rveIding operdtors shall inciucierhe follou'irl-q:

7-2.2-A Production rveldins shall conforr.rrro rhe qualified a - E a c h * ' e l d e r o r u , e l d i n g o F r a l o r s h a l l b e a s s i g r t e da n

u'eldi:iq procedure, bur productiorr-u,eld test plate-sneed not identifying numtrer. Iener, or s;'mbol b;' tlrc fabricarion or
be nrade. erection nranufaclurer.
b- The fabricarion or erection manufaclurer shall mainrain a
7.3 OUALIFICATION OF WELD.ERS rrcord of tlre u'elders or u'elding olEralors emplol'ed rhat
shog,s the daie an,j resulLsof iiie tesis for eaclr u'elder or oper-
7 -3.1 The erecrion manufaclurer and the fabrication nranu-
aror and rhe idenrifl,ing madr assigned ro each welder or
facrurer, if orher rhan tlte erect.ion manufacturer, shall conduct
opecrtor. This record shall be certifed by tlre fabrication or
resu for all u,elders assigrred to manual and semiautomatic
erection manufacturer and shal.l be accessible to the inspector.
u.elding and all operarors assigrred to automatic u'elding to
demonstrate rhe u.elders' and operators' abiliq' ro make
7.4 IDENTIFICATION OF WELDED JOINTS
acceptable welds. Tesrs conducred by one manufacrurer shall
.' ,:, ;ualify a '*,elder or u,elding op€rator ro do work for The welder or '*,elding operator's identificarion marl:
alcdrer manulacturer. shall be hand- or machine-sramped adjacent ro and at inrer-
ra.ls not exceedins 1 m (3 fi) along the completed u'elds. In
7-3.2 The welders and welding operarors qtro u,eld pres-
lieu of stamping, a record may be kept that identifies the
srrre parts and join nonpressure parts, such as all permanent
u'elder or welding operator employed for each u'elded joint;
and temporarl' clips and lugs, ro pressure parts shall be quali-
rhese records shall be accessible ro the inspector- Roof plate
fied iri accordance *ith Section X of &e ASIr{E Code.
u,elds and flange-1o-nozzle-neck u'elds do not require
u,elder identifi carion.
 SECTION 8-MARKING

1 u,
8.1 NAI.4EPLATES J T-he des:-:l mel:J tcmpcrdlunr as dcsrnllcd u l-l-9 I
ciegreesCendgnde (Fa}nnhcjr). udess other "'ils 3:r- sp:ci- loo
E-1 .1 A ta:rl: made il accordalce rrirh r-l.is st:ldard shall
fied by thc purchii-scr.
be jcicnrifieri b-r'a nameplate similar to rhar shoq:n in Figurc I
o k. The maxilnum opcrarj-ng lenloelzture' i-n degrees C-cisius I
E-l- The naoeplate sball bdicate, b1' m':=ls of lelters ald
numerals not less t}al 4 rnm (5/:: --) bdsJr.li* follou'ing CFabrenheir) (unJe-srs6t1r91 rrni15 arc spcifieii b1' tbe pur-
cba-ser),u'hich shaLirot exceed 9O"C (2O0"F)cxccpt rn a\cs
inforrnauon:
u'lrere Appcndix ir{ appi.ies,
a- API Sr-ndard 650' l- The namt of the fabrication manufacrurcr if otber rha:r the I o0
b. The apt'licai'ie appeadix to API Staadanl 650- erecrion ma:rufactuler. The manufacturer's serial number or
c. The 5'eai tre radl uas comPleted. conEact number shall be from t}e erectioo ma-nufacturer-
of r-beedjrion and the addenduin nu=bcr of API
I d- The dare m- The mater-ia-lspecific-ationnumtrer for each sbell course.
Sr:rdard 650. loo
o e. Ttre asminal diame{er a16 ssminsl bei-gbt,in merers (feet 1 Wben sqe-ssrelief is applied lo a Pafl h ao:-ordance u'rt} I
"SR."
and irches) (rmlgs5 e&s1 rnits are specifed by Oe rbe requirements of 3-7.-1,rhe lenen
purcha-ser). o o. Ttre purchaser's ra:r-knumber. lo0
OL f. The maxi-mum capacity (sce 3.2-52), in mi 1a2-gal.lon
barrels) (unless othelmils are specified b1'tre p<rchaser)- 8-1-2 The namep)are shall bc attached to the tank shell
o o l. g- The desi5n Uquid level (see 3.6.3-?), is mecrs (feet and adjaceot to a manbole or to a manbole reireforcilg p)ate
irches) ludcss orher unjts are specifed by rire prctraser). immediately above a manhoie. A nemeplate tlat :s pJaced
h. The design sperific graviry of tbe liguiC directly on the shell plare or reinforci-ng plate shall be
i. The design pressrre, wbicb shall be sboq'a a-<atmospheric auacbed b1' conthuous weldins or brazi:rg all arouad the
udess Appendix F aPPiies. oameplare. A narnepiate thar is riveted or ottrer*'Lse perma-

API STANDARD A5O

APPENDIX. YEAR COMPLETED

tDt]roN A D D E N D U MN O .

NOMINAL DIAMETER N O N { I N A LH E I G H T
MAXTMUM CAPACIT'/ DESIGN LIOUID LEV=L I--_I

D E S I G N S P E C I F T CG F N V I T i DESIGN METAL TEtUP.

D E S I G NP R E S S U R E MAXIMUM OPERATING re rrtP. f----_l
MANUFACTUREA'S S=RIAL NO. [-------l PAETIAL STRESS R:LI=F
P U R C H A S E R ' ST A N K N O .

FABRIGATED BY - I
ERECTED BY

SHELL COUFIS= fu,IATERIAL

a Nole: Ai lhe purchaser's i€q'-€si c. =: the erection manufacturet's ciiscretion.

addiicnal p€rti,lent inlc'nai':n na;; be shown on ih€ nams?late. and ih: si:e
ol the nar,€pla1e mey b€ inc:szsec ,ropotiionaisly.

; ' , ^ , , - = a _1 _ r r r 1 : n r r f a ^ r , t r e / S N a m 3 p l a t €

3'1 -

^r. i..1L- ^ -^.i^-^ O-1-^J-r... l^.t;.'ra

 AP I Si i\lii'i L-l

MANUFACTU R E B ' S C E R T IF I C A T I O NF OR
A T A N K B U I L TT O A P I S T A N D A R D6 5 0

To
1lw uvJ aCdss of grrlrc)

\\rc hereby cenifl' t-batthc raL]<construcrei for you at

(loer;rx)

ald de-scribed as fcliou's:

(sial a conract rusts. di3ftt.r, highq ca;ucity, {toaine or f;rcd rc(.f)

meets all applicable requiremenrs of ApI Srandard 650. Edition, Revision, Appendix

-, dared including the requiremens for design, m2reriais, fabrication, ald erection.

The tauk is furtber described on rbe attacbql as-tru.ilr dara sbeer darcd

Manufacrurer

A uthorizcd Rcprcscaerive

Dare

Fig ure B-2-Manufactu rer's Certilication Letter

- ertly attached ro an arxiliary plare

of ferrors marerial shall facturer shall te considered as havi:lg rhe primary responsi-
:.e aflached to the taak shell plate or reinforcbg plae by con- bilig,- The erecdon manufacturer shall make cenah rhar rhe
rinuous welriino. Tbe nan-replaresbaLt be of corrosion-resis- materials used il tre fabrication of the componenrs a-odin rhe
rant meltl. coqstruction of the tanli are jrl accordance wjtb all appbcable
requiremens.
8-1.3 \4'ben a rank !5 fabricated a.::d eres:d bi. a silgle
oryani22figa, that org:nizadon'S u:me shal! app*r on t]re
n:mepiate as both fabricator ald erector. 8.3 CEFITIFICATION

8.1.4 ]*hen a r-nk is fabricared by one oisanizaoon aad The manufacrurer shall cenifl, ro the purcha-.er, b1, a ierler
erected by anotber. rhe names of both or5=aizations shali sucb as that shown in Fi_rure 8-2. that the tanli has been con-
aDpear on the na.meplate, or separaE nam<alates sball be su-ucred in accordalce qirh rhe applicable requiremenrs of
applied by each. thi^s standa:-d. .{n as-built data sheet in accorda::ce u.it}r
Appendix L shail be anached to rbe cenificarion lener.
4.2 D I V I S I O NO F R E S P O N S I B I L I T Y NoG: At rhe puchaser's request or at the erection manufacrurer's
discrerion.addirjona.lperrinenr informarion may L.eshoqn on the
Unless otlrerwise a*ere€dupon, g'iren a t^"k i.sfabricad b)' nasieplae, a:rd uie siz-eoi rhe nameplatemay be i-acr::ased
p-opor-
ole malufaclurer ald erected by alother the erecdoa manu- donar:l;"
 STD. AP!/ PLTRO STD b5O-f TiGL ],:IB E D?3??:! 0tl,r.t!l,e 3e5 il

A P P E N D I XA - - O P T I O N A L D E S I G NB A S I S F O R S M A L L T A N K S

A.1 Scope F.32 Stressesshall bc compuled on lhe as-sumprionrhar rhc

un}: js filleC r+'id u'ater (spccific grar"ity'= l-0) or x'ith rlrc liq-
A-1-'1 Th.is appcndix provides rcquircments for ield-erecred
uid to bc sorcd if it is heavicr thar *'atcr.
tanks of relarivcly, small capaciry' in which thc stresrscdcompo-
nents have a ntaxirnum nominai rhickncss of l2-5 mm ()/2 iD.), 43.3 Thc tcnsion in cach nrrg shall Lrecon-rpured3OO mm
inc)uding an1' corrosion allo,*.ance spccified by rlre pr:rchaser. (12 in.) abcrr.crhe cenlerlin-- of the lov'er horjzonral joinr of the
Thc str-essedcompon3nls include the shell and rtinforcing course in question. \A/hen tli:.se stress€saft complled, the mlk
plares, bonom and shell rcinforcing plaes for ffush-t1.pc diameter sha]l be la];sn as rhe nomina.l diamelcr of t_hebonom
clearout finings and flush-ty.pe connections, and bonom plates coulse.
that are weldeC to tre shell, but the suessed compoDents do nor
. 43.4 The 3oinr efficiency facror shall be 0_85 r*,irh thc spor
include other bonom plates, covers, and noz.le and manhole
necks and their flanges- radiographr, rcqui:ed b1,A.5.3. By agreemenrberween rlre pur-
chaser and the manufacn:rer, the spor ndiography ma1, be
A-1 -2 This appendix is applicable only whea speciied by rhe omiued, ald a joint cfficienc,v factor of 0.?0 shall bc used.
'rrcheser and is
lirnited to design melal temperanues above -
,.r"C (-20"F) labcr"e -40"C (-40"F) *.hen ki]led, fine-grain
t{-4 Thickness of Shell Plates
material is usedl.
A4-1 The minimum rhickaesses of shellplalesshallbe com-
A.1 -3 This appendjx is ap'plicable to any of tlre Secrion 2 plrcd from the stresson r.hevenicaljoints, usingt}e'following
materials, alrhough r}e single allo*'able srrc_ssdoes not provide formula:
any advantage ro higher strength steels.

A.'l .4 This appendix srates only rhe requirernents rhat diffcr In SI unis:
from rhe basic rulcs in rhis srandard. When differing reguire-
mcn6 a.re nor statcd, rhe basic rules must be followcd; how- - -. 9 D ( H_ 0 . 3 ) c -.' -^.
. _ 4
evel &e ovefiuraiog effecr of a wind load should be
( E;11?1
considered- *trere

A.1.5 Typical sizes, capaciries,-and shcll-plare thicknesses I = minimum trickne-ss,in mm (see 3.6-l- ! ),
are listed in Tables A-1 through A-4 for a design in accordance D = nominal diamerer of rhe rark, in m (see 3.6. l.l, Nore I ),
wit}t A.4 (oint efficieo? = 0-85; specific gaviry = 1.0; and FJ = design liquid level. in m (see3.6.3.2),
corrosion allo.*'ance = 0). G = specific grariry of thc )iquid to be srored, as specified by,
tlre purcheser. The sp:cific gra\.iry shall not be less $an
A-2 Materials 1.0,
E = joinr efficiency, *,hich is either 0.85 or 0.70 (seeA.3-4),
4.2.1 SheU-plate marerials shall not be more than 12.5 mm
a CA = corrosion allowance, in mm, as specifiei by fie pur-
2 in.) thick, as stat3d in A- 1- I .
chaser (sce 33-2).
4.2.2 For stress--d componens, the Gmupl and GroupII
materials listed in Tiable 2-3 may be used aborc a dcsign meral In US Customary unjc:
tcmperarure of -30'C (-20"D but need nor conform to rhe
toughnessrequirements of 72.9, Figure 2-1, andT ).2. Group - 2 . 6 D ( H- t ) G - -^
- ^
IJ.Jand GroupIIIA marerials may be uscd above a dasign metal (-EXtt.ooo)
t3mperalure of -4O'C (--40"F) and shall conform ro impact
u.here
requiremcnts of 7.2-2.
r = mhimur,r rh-ickness(in.) (see3-6.1.1).
4.2.3 Material used for shell nozzle and menhole necks and
D = nominal diameier o: rhe ta,rk (fi) (sce 3.6. l.l, Note l),
flanges shall conform to 2.5.2.6. and Table 2-3 bur need not
H = design liquid level (n) (see 3.6.3.2).
conform to rhe toug-hnessrcquiremens of 2_?_9,255, and Fig-
ure ?- l. G = specific g:zr'iry of rhe liquid to be srored,as specified by
the purchaser. Thc soecific g"viry shal.l nor be less than
r.0,
4.3 Design - g = joinr efficiency.,,vhichis eirher0.85 or 0.?0 (seeA_3,4),
A-3.1 The maxjmum rensile stress before rhe joinr cff,ciency 'CA
o = corosion allo*'arc: (m ), as s9o-ified by rhc purchaser
factor is appircd shail be 145 Mpa (2i,000 lbf/ia-2). (sc 3.3.2).
 ]':14 n D?3a?:0 0tl,qql,rr l'T6 X
STD.API/PLTf<O \T]) b5D_'}{6L

IA/ELDO STE.L TA€S TOS OrI STC'RAG:

Table A-1b--Typica.!
Sizes and CorrespondingNomrnalCapacilies(barrels)
{or Tanks *.ith 72-in Courses

Column 1 Coimn 2 Colunn3 C-olumr.i, Colsnn5 Coh:-nn5 Colurnnl C-olum:r8 Columng Colunnl0 C.iumnll

C:pacitl,
'J-alI 'Ibnk
per ft of Heig:lrt (fr) / nuumbcr of Courscs in Conlpletrd Tanl:
Dia:leter Height
fr bzrrrls 12/2 l8/3 a1 l1 30/5 36t6 ^a la
4E/8 51 /9 60/ r0
l0 170 250 335 505
t5 3r.5 380 ' 565 ?55 945 .l.t-lu

?n 56.0 670 1,010 1.340 1.680 ?orn 1 ?<n , 60{l

L5 8?-4 1,050 2.100 1620 3,r50 3_670 .1.200 a11., < ?<n

il t,5r0 22?0 3.O20 3,?80 4.530 s "q.) 6,040 6,800 7550

35 t?l ? NKJ]
3,080 4 , 1l 0 5.140 6,170 7.200 b.IJ\J 9,250 l0:a0
40 1690 4,030 55.70 6,?10 8,060 9.400 10,740 lzl00 13.430
283 3,400 5,r00 6800 8500 10,200 11.900 r 3,600 15.300 17.000
50 350 4.200 6300 &4O0 10.500 ra600 14,?00 16.800 18,900 21.000
60 501 6,O40 9,060 l1ro0 r 5 . rl 0 18,130 2r,150 24,r90 3't,22lj 2A:60
n- {a

'70
685 8:30 r2,340 16d50 20.580 24.?00_ 28.800 3a930 30,970
80 895 lo.?40 r6,120 21J00 26880 322ffi 37,600 35.810 D=64
90 r3.600 '20,400 2720 40.820
34.030 40.510
100 1399 r6.800 8,200 31600 4Z0OO 48,400 D = 8-l
t/v 2-O14 2.1.1
90 36.290 4&380 58,480 D=98
D=l18
140 1 1A) ?? o1rl 49,350 65,E60
160 ? <al 43,000 64,510 ?4.600
180 1532 5-1,430 81.650 D= 149
200 5 sas 67.200 r 00,800
220 6'7'70 81,310 102.830
D =202

Nott: Thc nominal cagacirics given in rhis table u.=re calculared using
Ttre capaciries ard diarncers jn iralis5 (Columns 4-l I ) are rhe
the foUowing formu.la
maximums for dre rank heigha givcn in thc column heads, based
on a maximum permissible shell-plare rhiclsrcss of l/r il-, a ma-r.
ln US Customary' ,'.i61
imum a.llowable design sress of 21,000 psi, a joinr cfficiency of
c--o.t4EH. 0.85, zld no corrosion a.llowarce (see A.4.1).
u'hcre
C = capaciD of ranli i:r 42-gd barrels,
D = diamerer of ranlc in ft (sce A.4.1),
,r/ = heig,hi of ran\ jn fi (se.eA.4.1 ).
 S T D . A P T / P f T R OS T D t 5 B - E N G L ] , I 3 6 r D ? 3 a 2 : D D t l , r . t \ 1 , 5B 3 t i E

API SrsD(RD 65C

Table A-2a-Shell-Plale Ti-ici<nesses(mm) {or Typical SDes oi Tanks w'ilh 1800 mm Courses

Colinurl Colum:r? Colunurl Colurnn.l C-oiumn5 Colunrn6 Colurn-r? Colu;uS Colunlt9 C<-r.lu:rrrlL)
Colur':urll G r l u r : r n l 2

Nlaximu.rr
A]lowablc
'l-an\ lank li<ight (m) / Numbc; of Courscs in Com:leted Taalr Height for
Dra:nctcr Diamcrerj
';.t4
nl r . 8/ I )-b J -L 5.4/3 915 lO-E/6 1 2 _ lt',7 t4JlE 1 6 . 2/ 9 18/r0 m

3 5.0 5-0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.O

5.0 ).u -5.0 5.0 < n 5n

6 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0

'15 5.0 5.0 5-0
5-0 5-0 5_0 5.0 5.0 5,0 5.3

5-0 5-0 5-0 5-0 5.0 5-0 5-0 5.0 5.1 6-3

r0.5 5.C 5.0 5-0 5_0 5-0 5.0 5 l 5_9 6.6 1.4
'l-6
)2 5.0 5-0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5-9 6.1 8.4
'7.6
13.5 5.0 5.0 5_0 5-0 5.0 5-6 6.6 8.5 Y-)

l5 6.0 6.O 6-0 6.0 6.0 6.3 t ?

8.4 9.5 10.6

l8 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.O 6.2 75 6-8 10.1 11.4 17.8

2l 6.0 6.0 6,0 6.0 t.5 8-8 l03 11 . 8 r5.3

?4 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.6 8.3 r0-0 I t-? 13.4

T1 6.0 6.0 6.0 1 A

9.3 It-3 r t.9

30 6.0 6.0 6.0 82 10.4 125 10.8

36 8-0 8.0 8.0 9.9 1L5 9.0

^a
8-0 8-O 8.5 1lJ 7.8

48 8-0 8.0 9.7 6.9

<A 8.0 8.O 10.9 6.1

60 8.0 8.0 11 ) 55

66 10.0 r0.0 5.t

aBased on a maximum pcnrrissible shell-platc rhi.t-.r oi lrJ mm, a maximu-o-r allowable desigo stress of 145 NlPa,
a joiet efficienry of 0-85, a:rd no corrosion allowaa=-
Note: The plare thicknesses sho*n in this table arc l=-rcd oa a maximun allo.r'able desip st-ess of I45 NLpa, a joint cfficienry
of 0.85, and no corrosion allswance (see A.a.l).
 ! l ! J l- A l ) I / l ' L l l i o \11) Lslr-! NGL l::6 5 O?f --:O D!Iqqr,t T?0 I

w-:-l:D SiEEL Tar(S roa Orl SToi^cE

Table A-2b-Shell-Plate Thici<nesses(in.) for Typical Sizes ol Tanks wiih 72-in. Courses

Co.iunnI Colul:n? Colunur3 Colunu4 Coiurru_l Colur:rn6 Coluar:r? Colu,rurS Colur:rrr9 Colun:rrl0 Colur:rnll Colururll

].'larimmr
Allowablc
TanI Tir:! Heigit (ft) / Nu-.nber of Courscs i-n Comple red Tz-rk Hcight for
Dianretrr Dianrere;s
ft 6/ | 18/3 2:/4 30/5 36t6 12/7 48/8 54/9 6 0/ l 0 fi

t0 t/t6 -3/ , 't 't -tt6 3/,

lri t6 t6 o
-1r
l5 -t
l6
-t
l6
-t
16
-rl6 .lo -/
l6
.-
20 -/ -t -tt6 f/r -tt6 -tt6 -/ -1t t1 6
16 l6 o l6

25 -/ -t -t -/t6 -/ -?t r -t
I6 t6 16 'lo l6 t6 16 0.20 0.27
30 -/l -/ -tt6 't -at r -t
6 l6 . l b t6 l6 i6 0-21 o.?4 0.26

35 -t 't -t -t 3lta
t6 'lo t6 t6 t6 02r o.21 0_30
40 -tt6 't 3/ro -t -t 0.2r 0-28 0.31
t6 ]6 16 u-i9 0.35
A< ,lo 3/,u 't 't -t 023 o17 0.31 0-35
t6 16 t6 0.38
50 l'l.t. tl, tlo rJt It. o26 0-30 0.35 0.39 o.43
60 l l tto tt I tt1 0-26 0.31 0-36 0.41 o.41 58-2

t ,
70 lt lt. ll
l: U.JU 0.36 o.42 o.48 50.0
80 t/o ll l' l ,A
,4 uJt 0.34 0-41 0.48 43.9
It t ,
90 ,{ 03r 0.38 0.46 39.1
100 '11 I rt4 o.34 0.43 35.1
r20 '/
td
-l
td
-t
t6 o.41 29.6

140 -t -t
t6 16 0.35 Q.17 25.5
160 't -t
t6 t6 0.40 22.5
r80 -I
I6
-t
t6 0.45 20.1
2m -I16 0-32 0.50 18.2

?20 -tg -t8

16.6

aBased o-1 maarryYq t

1 Permissible shcll-platc rhiclocss of /2ia., a madmum allo*able design sr.ressof ? I .000 psi.
a joint efficiency of 0.85. and no corrosion alo+-cc.
N,op, platc thiclrrcsscs shos'n in rhis rable c based on a maximr:n allo*'able design srress of 21 ,000 osi, a joinr cfficicnc;.
]he
of 0.85. and no corosion allowance (sec A.a.i)_
 \T}. A P 7 /P L T R O S T D t 5 C _ f N 6 L ],It6 r D?:a?lD D b l , r r. i{ l , ? 3 0 ? E

API ST^NlAqo fu<C

Table A-3a-Tlpical Sizes and Conesponding Nominal Caoacities (m3)

ior Tanks with 24OOmm kurses

C-olunrn I CoJumn 2 Colun:r 3 Co)gran.4 Column 5 Co.lumn 6 Colunur 7 Column E Coluru 9

Tanl Cr.pacitv pcr Tank Height (nr) / n-unbcr of Counes ir Completed Tanl
D:arnctu m of Hcight
ni mJ 4.8t2 j'> t3 9.6/4 t2/5 1 4 . 4/ 6 t6.Et-1 r9-2 / E
3 1.O1 F 51 68
A < t5.9 76- 153 r9r
6 28.3 r36 339 4D1

7.5 272 318 A'A

530 636 E48
o 63.6 305 458 610 to5 916 I.069 1 111

10.5 86-6 4 tt) 623 bJl 1r\:,o 1 a/1 1 d55 t,tr3

72 5.+3 614 1085 I ?5? I 6?0 1.900 2 , 7 7|
13.5 143 ob/ r.o31 tJt3 l,/lb ? nAr 2,405 2,148
t5 117 848 7g72 1696 2111 a <A<
2,969
l8 23 J1/dt ls32 ? n<4 a 1<A
4.275 4.358

D: 17
11 }46 1,663 ) 444 3323 4 . 1 5 6_ 4.988 4,763
u 45? .t.III 3257 4341 5329 5.474 D=19
27 573 2748- 4_722 5494 6,87l
30 107 ? ?ol 5,O89 6782 D=27
Jb r , 0 18 4,886 ? i?o 8712

D=31
r 365 6,650 997s
48 r,810 8.686 11.!i#
<
?39() 10,993 D=16
60 1 R,1 1? <??

66 a 4a I
16,422

Note: The nomi.Dal capacitics givcn in rhis table wqt calcu- Tbe capaciies and diametgrs in italics (Columns 4-9) are rie
lat-d using thc fol.lo*ing formula:
marimums for the an]: heieha given in t}te column trcads, ba-sed
on a maximum pernissible sbell-plare thiclgress of 12.5 mm, a
In Sl unis:
maximum allo*'able design sress of 145 MPa. a joint efficiency
C=0]185I'.H of 0.85, and no corrc.sion d.lowancc (see A.4.1 ).
* ircre
C - capacry of taalq in m3,
D = diamercr of tanlq in m (see A.a_1),
i / = h e i g . h t 6 ft - n k . i o m ( s e t A . 4 - l ) .
 \rD-APJ/PfrRo sTD tsc-fNGL I'156 n i?fze:! Dtl' qlil'6 E\f E

v\Er.I):o St:ar lrx.ls F{')i Or! Srci(cr A.l

Table A-3b-Typical Sizes and Corresponding Nominal C a p a o l r e s( o a r r e l s )

for Tanks \ttrrih96-in. Courses

Colunn I Colurnn 2 Columr 3 Coh:zur 4 Columl 5 Coh.rnn 6 Column J Colunrn 6 Column 9

Ta,rk Capacity pcr Tank Height (h) / n-urnber of C-oursesin Conrp)cri li:rk
Diamcrer ft of Height
ft tra;rels t 6t 2 a2 | 1
3?t4 Aa t^
5 6/ ' t 6rl8
l0 14.0 225 335 450
i5 31.5 f55 1.010 1:60
-505
20 56.0 9tn I -340 l.?90 1 1!J) 2.690
?5 E?.4 I,400 e800 35m 4,200 4,900 5,600
30 t lt) 2-020 3,020 4.oil 5,O10 6,040 7.050 8,060

35 171 ?J4D {.1 l0 5.480 6,850 6,230 9,6C0 l o,930

40 a1A
3580 53?0 7-16C 8950 10.740 t2540 14.340
A<
283 4,530 '13.600
6800 9.060 I 1.340 15,880 18.140
50 350 5,600 &4oo l r,200 I4.000 r6,800 19.600 22,4ffi
60 504 8,060 11100 16.130 20,160 24,190 23,220 26,130

D=54
70 685 10,960 t6.450 21.950 27,440 30,140
80 895 t432r 21J00 28,670 35,840 35,8r0 D=62
I 8,130 27220 36.290 45.360
100 I ?AO 22.380 33.600 44,800 D=88
120 ",014 32,250 48580 54.200
r\ - , tn

140 2742 43,900 65,860

r60 ? sRr 57,340 74,6ffi
180 4532 72,510 D= 149
200 < <o< 89,600
220 6;170 r 0 8 , 4r 0

Note: The nominal capacitics given in *Lis tatrle were calcu-

laed using the follo*ing formula: The capacities a:rd diamerers h iralics (Columns 4-9) arc rhe
maximums for r}re ta* heighr given in tlre columl heads, bascd
In US CuslomaD/ unils: on a maximum permissible shell-plate *rick_nessof l/2 in., a maxi-
mum allowable design suess of 2l .0OJ p,si,a joinr efficiency of
C =O)adH. 0.85, a:rd no corrosio;r allowzrrcc (ser A.4.1).
u'hcre
C = capacit) of rank, in 42-gal barrels,
D = diameer of tank ia ft (see A.4.1),
11 = height of uak, in fr (see A.4.t).
 I [?]e?30 !t}trql': ?BT E
srD-/,Pf /PETRO STD t50-ft'l6L l'318

Af'l S:^N3^Fo 65C

Table A-4a-Shell-Plate Thicknes-ses (mm) lor Typical Sues ol Tank"s

with 2400 mm Courses

Colurnnl Colum:r2 Column3 Colunr:a{ Colunil 5 Colu'rrr6 Colr:-umf C-olurnnE Columr9 Colunrn I0

Ta* H.;J.r (m) / Numbcr of Cor-rrsesin Complced Tank Malimtmr

Allos'ablc
Tanl<Height Height for
Diamctcr Diametcr'
rn ?-4/l 4.8t2 72/3 9 . 6l 4 t2l5 1 4 . 4/ 6 r 6 . 8/ 7 1 9 . 2/ 8 m

j 5.0 5_0 5-0 5.0

5.0 -5.0 5-O 5.0 5-0

6 5-0 5.0 5-O 5.0 5.0 5.0

7.5 5-0 5.0 5.O 5.0 5.0 5-0 5-0 5.0

9 5-0 5-0 5.O 5.0 5.0 5-0 5-0 5_0

r0J 5.0 5-0 5.O 5-0 5.O { n 5-l 5.9

l7 5-0 5.0 5.O 5-0 5.0 5.0 5.9 6;7

< n 't.6
13-5 5.0 5.0 5.O 5-0 5.6 6-6

15 6.0 6.0 6.0 6-0 6.0 6.3 7-3 8.4

l8 6.0 6.0 6-O 6-0 62 s_8 l0-l l?-8

21 6.0 6.0 6.O 6.0 7-3 8.8 r0.3 11.8 15.3

6.0 6.0 6.O 6.6 8.3 l0_0 1 1. 7 13.4

21 6.0 6.0 6-O v-) I l_J I 1.9

30 6.0 6.0 6-l 82 10.4 125 10.8

36 8.0 8-0 8.0 9.9 t2.5 9.0

8.0 8.0 8.5 11.5 7.8

48 8-0 8.0 9.7 6_9

<4 8.0 8.0 r0.9 6.1

60 8.O 8.0 12.2 5.5

66 10.0 r0.0 5.1

aBased on a malcimum permissible shell-plate rhicles of 12.5 mm, a maximum allowable design scressof i45 ir{Pa-
a joi-or efDcienry of 0.85, and lo corosion a.llcwane-
Note: The plare dricbesses shor*l in this teble are bc.s.i on a maximum allowablc desip stiess of 145 N{Pa. a joint cficienc-v
oi 0-85, and no corrosioo allorx'ance (sec A- .l).
 \\':r.D:D Sr=EI TaruxS G OIL STCAAGE

Table A-4b-Shell-Plale Thicknesses (in-) ior Typical Sizes oi lanks

wilh 96-in. Courses

Colunrn l Colunrn " Column 3 Column -1 Column 5 Column 6 Colunrn 7 Colunrn S Colunrn 9 Co)unrn 10

Tank Hei-shr (fi) / Numbe r of Cor:rses in Conrpleted Tank ir4axinrum

Allox,ablc
-l-bnk Heighr for
Heiqht
Dianreter Dianete 13
h c / l 1.6,| ? a A l 1 l a t A io/5 48/6 5 6i 1 64/8 fr

r0 , to -tt6 3tte -tt6

t5 jt. -
, to -1t , 't
t6
-i tr
t6
-'/,o
t6
,ir
20 'I 't -tt6 -t -tt6 'l
t6 t6 t6 t6

?5 -t -t -I -t
t6
3/rs 3 /r o 0.20 0.23
t6 t6 i6

30 -/16 -t ,tb "t

t6
3lra 0.?1 0.24 0-28
t6

35 -t
t6
-t
16
-t
t6 ,lo 0"0 0.24 0.28 0.33

40 -t
t6
-t
t6
-t
t6
-It6 o?3 0.28 0.32 0-37

45 -t
t6
-t
t6
-t
t6 0.2i o26 0-3r 0.36 0.42

50 r/. ll
t4 l .r4 0.25 o?9 0.35 0.40 0.46

60 ,.1 tlr t, 0.27 034 0.41 0.48 <Q?

10 0.32 0.40 0.48 50.0

80 t1, tt, o.27 0-37 o-46 43.9

90 It, 11, oJl 0.41 3 9 .l

100 ll 0.46 35.3

0-34

120 -t -t 29.6
t6 t6 o.4l

1.10 ,lo -I
l6 o.41 25.5

160 't 0.35 22.5

t6

180 -t
t6 0.40 2 0 .l

200 ,lo n 4 r 18,2

?20 -/6 0.48 16.6

eBased on a maximum permissible shell-plare thjclgre>s of I/2 in., a maximum allo*'able design suess of 21,000 psi,
a joinr efficiency of 0.85, and no corrosion allos-ance.
Nore: The platethickncses shoun in rhis table are be-.ed on a maximum all6u'able design stress of 2l,000 psi, a joint efiiciencv
of 0.85, and no corrosion allowance (see A-4.1).
A,10 API STA^'DARD A5O

A.4-2 The non.rinalrhic}::ressof shellplates (including sltell A.'10 Flush-Type Bolted lJoor Sheets
exrensions 1'orfloaring roofs) shall not be less than rirat listtd A.10.-1 Flu-rh-ty'pebolted door sireersshall confornr to Fig-
in 3.6.I .1. lt-irenontinal rhickness of slrell platc-srefers to die ure.A-l and TableA-5.
lank shell as conslructed- The nominal thicknessas -givenin
3.6.I .l are based oll ererLiolrrequiletltents. A-1 0.2 Bolied door sheets shall be based on rie specific
design requirenrenLsin A- l O-2-1 rhrough A l0-2 7

A.5 Tank Joints A.1 O.2.1 The n.rinimunl net cross-sectionalarea of rhe door
plare, excluding rhe upered ends, shall not be less than tlre
A-5.1 \/errical and horizontal joinrs in rhe shell, bonom
prduct of the shell-plate riickness and Lhe venical height of
joinrs, shell-to-bottomjoints, ,*'ind-girderjoinrs. and roof and
the cutout in r}te sheil plus tq'ice the diameter of tlie bolt hole:
rop-anglejoin1sshall conformto 3-1.5.

A-5.2 The requiremens of 3-7.3 for the spacing of welds tP(hP-A/r4 =rs(hc+2d)
do _notapply except for the requirementrhal tfre spacing
I .. ';en the roes of welds around a connecdon shall nor be u'here
leis ihan 2ll2 tinresthe-shell thicisressat tre coonecdon. t.a = rhickless of the door plare' in mm (in-),

A-5.3 When radiographic inspection is required (oint effi- frp = height of the door plate, mm (in.)'
ciency = 0-85), the spot radiographsof vertical joins shall = number of bolls in the first row of bohs next to
Nl
conform to 6.1-2.z,Item a only, excludingthe 10 mm (3/rin,)
the shell culout,
shell-thiclsressbmirarion in Item a and excluding the addi-
tional random spot radiograph required by kem a- The spot d = diameter of bolts and bolt holes, in mm (in.)'
radiogaphs of horizontaljoints shall conforrnto 6-12.3. ts = thickness of the shell plate' in mm (in.)'

Ic =-height of fie sheU cutout, in mm (in-)-

A.-6 Intermediate Wind Girders
Calculations for and installation of intermediate wind gird- A.1O.2.2 The shear srress in the cross-section of the bolrs
ers are not required unless specifiedby the purchaser. shall not exceed t 10 MPa (16,000 lbf/]n.2)-

A-1 0-2.3 The bearing stress on the bolts and bolt holes
A-7 Shell Manholes and Nozzles shall not exceed 220 trPa (32,000 lbf/rn
2), and the fit of the

A-7.1 Except for otler designs and shapes permined by rurned bolt in rhe reamed hole shall conforrn to the standards
3|7.1-2, shell manholesshall conform to 3.75, Figures 3-4A OfA]SC.
and 3-4B, and Tables3-3 rhrough3-5. A.1 0.2.4 The shear strengh of the bolted door sheet con-
A-.:2 Shell nozzles and flangesshall conform to 3.7.6; nection shall be at least 90Vo of the desigrr tensile sueng(h of
Figures3-4B, 3-5, and 3-7; and Tables3-6 through 3-8. rhe undisturbed shel.l plate as illustrated in rhe equations
belorv. For she.arloading on a flush-type door sheet:
A-7.3 The radiographic requirementsof 3-7-3.4 do not
apply- In SI unirs:

A.B Flush-Type Cleanout Fittings ( A , D ( a ) (I l 0 ) = t , ( h , + 2 ' 5 d + f i ( ] 4 5 ) ( 0 - 9 )

A.8.1 The derailsand dimensionsof flush-typecleanoutfit-

ringsshallconforrnto 3.7.7,Figures3-9 and i t0, andTables For shear loading on a raised-typedoor sheet:

3 - 9 t h r o u g h3 - l l .
(l\)(a)(1l0) = t,(h,+4d)(145)(0.9)
A.a-2 The provisions for stressrelief specifiedin 3.7.4 and
3.1.1.3 are not required unlessrhey are sp€cifi-d by the pur- where
chaseror unlessany plate in rhe unit has a rhicknessgreater
-N = number of bol6 required in each end section of
r h a nl 6 m m ( 5 / si n . ) .
door Plate,

A.9 F l u s h - Typ eS h e l l C o n n e cti o ns a = cross-secdonalarea of the bolts' in mm?,

culoul to the
The details and dimensions of flush-type sheU connections / = disrancefrom rhe bonom ofthe shell
-shallconform to 3.7-8, Fl-gure3-l I, and Table il2. cenreriine of rhe bonom row of bolts, in mm'
 I |?3ZZ:U Dblqq?l - r ' 0 0I
]':IB
S T D . A P ] / P L T R OS T D t S O _ f N 6 L
API S:ru:nno &5C

Table A-5-fiusti-Type Botled Door Sheets (See Figure A-1)

(AJ) crursions in nm)

(AJl ci-irusions in inchcs)
' 5
I Column 2 Colum 3 ColumJ Coluro
O;lunu3 Colm-i Colm5 Cdum
Coluu I Colrrm2

Sh.ll
SbdiThiclocs
TlJckre: o
l5

105.6 7 i l5/ro 1.315 3_165

6 7 5l r85.0
161.9 95.? -t S I l5lrc 6.453 J. rOO
E 8 5l t6

l6t -9 95.7 -/8 I l5/ro 6.453 3.16

l0 5t
l626 rm? ,16 6.4T1 3.945
lI 62
1616 ]m a 11" I 1 l t . 6.47i1 3_945
I J
62

Colw lO cot,'-" 6 ColmT Colurnn 8 Colm 9 Columr lO

Colm6 ColrlrmT ColmS Colum9

hD K 1p hD
ID
'J6 " 83? 1l 537lt )lt^
2t2 ll I 355 JO ,o
1' /,
82.O l l I 355 65 30 3215 l6 53?s
3J33 ttrc 531ts 2'lz
5U 83.8 l1 1355 65 JU
,lZ z'12
to7-9 1364 65 24 4297 54716

.1.892 nl
22 123-4 l4 1301 2. rc 5411rc

Coluon 12 Colum 13 Colw 14 Colum 15 Colw ll Coluor l2 Colm 13 Colum l'1 Column 15
Colum l1

Bolt Boh
Nunbsof Bolts Nurnbcr of Bola
Diarccr Diarncrg
L6 Ros I R-os 2 Total d Lp Rw l Row2 I O{an

3336 o r56 AA 13ltl2 156

3336 0 o 146 137r!2 146

3540 3 6 164 139,!a J 6 164

'lA
3648 a 138 22 1173!4 2 lJ6

1/e
3 6 148 22 146rlt 148

Colu::n 17 Colurrrr 18 Coluro 19 Colurna2o Col"* 16 Coh:rml7 Columl8 Coluro19 Coluro20

Colnmn 16

Boh l-agttr of Sqw Bolt lagth of Square

LcDgtr Boh Thrcad LocLing Bar Alglc Web
t-ngth BoltTh:tcc I-ocking Ba Argle
-t8 6x4x3lt t/4 x I lJls
50 J) l6 I52 x lO2 x9-5 6x29o I l,ig
-18 6x4x3/3 t la x 7l5lg
50 35 T6 1 5 2x l m x 9 5 6x29O 2 t't l6
-t8 6x4x3/g l/. x I l5/,
50 35 tb l52xto2x9-5 6x29O 2 I
3/6 x I l3/g
55 J) n l52x lmxlZT lO x 285 !'14 I l/s 6x4xl/-
6x4xtt. 3/a x I l3la
65 40 1 5 ? x l 0 2 x l 2 7 l0 x 285 )l t^ lt Jt

Crlum 2l Colm 22 LOtUm lJ Coluon2l Colm 22 Column 23

Ef,d Baing lnrnuli16 Frd Baing

Iaicrrcdia:c
Gssct Gussct Guss€t Gursr Plate
l/ox5xl15/g l/4x8xll5/s l/.x9
6xl25x29O 6x2!Ox29O 6x225
l/ax5x115,g l/ax8x1l5/3 l/.x9
6xl25x?90 6x2OOx29O 6x2L5
1/4xJxllj/s l/ox8xltJ/, l/ox9
6x125x2x) 6x2Sx290 6x225
3/3x5xll3/g 3/sxExlll/e 3ltx9
l0 x 125 x 285 l0 x 2OOx 285 lO x 225
l/rx5xll3/t 3/sx8xlli/3 3/,x9
l0x 125x235 l0x?ffi x2.85 lOx25

Nor: Wroln shall be uscd m both sidc of tle plc for stJl lhic}lesq of l6 m 15/-.1i-, o' tot
 I B?f?290 tti'qq?Z -?tl r
STD. API/PETRO STD b5B_fNGL .I':I6

\'"-€r-D=D SrEIL TAs{s eoa Clrr- S'roqrcs

End qussci

Shell plaie

I anR DOnOm
Doot sheel

3600 mm (144')
C spaces
SECTOT'I AT HORUOMTAL CENTERLINE
h spacing
12S mm{48'l+
K spa.es O spaces
O spaces 24OOmm (96') + 3d+ 0g or 2q or 4q
q spacing ,- Row 2 Row 2 --.r q spacrn9
k spaang
R o w l Row 1\ \,
! f q
ii- 15d Locking bar 1.5d

See
D€1a:l a
diameterafterliluP lo o o t
o oo) -
o o Door
1.5d shset
radius o
24OOmm(S€')---*loooo
r bC i" o l
Locking oo o2
50 mm
Oars--se'e{\ -\ 15Omm 1e'; mdiusl jo o
|._ {z'1 'nln
I P
Detail b O g q t o I o o./
('A' \ / ^ ^ + I
50 mm (2') Xo ID
[13mm
, J -d'l-o-'b-rtd
b]-d End
/ End gusset
Nolch angle
gussel
and flusfrweld
\ Bearinq Int€nr€diate gusiet plates on 600 mm (24)
to bonom plat€
plate {approxirnats) c€nters and b€tvieen boltholes SECTION AT
36@ mm (144') (arc distance) CENTERUNE

Shell plate Locking

bars
Tack weld
-'"i -- Lockino bar t
/
/
Tack-ureld
lo Insioe
surface Tank shell
of shell

-15'o mm (6') min

6 mm ('/r") Tank
bonom
Apply lillet ol syrdetic Noie 1
rubber plrtty am|.r|d botlhead Nct€ 2
Door sheet belore inserting bolt in l}ol€ Web
Gussel
8rush bearing str:aces of door sheel
and shell free o1 drt end scale and 5 min (3/'o')
apply on€ coat of syrrifretic rubber puny 1-5 mm \
('/re') lhbk lo bolthg surlace o{ door sheet Bearing plare

Dctail a Detall b SECTION A-A

Noies:
1. Thisv/eldshall betfresarresizeasthesizespeclied{orlfl€Jill€tvreldaitachingthesh€ll ioliletankboilcrrr.
boflom-
2. Tnis v+eld snor,ld be the sarne size as the s=e specilied lor the fillet v'€ld attaciing the sheil 10 ii'i€ tank
Afier welding, ttre vreid slrall be ground smooilr to dear tfie door p{a1e.

Figure A-1-Flush-Type Bolled 6or Sheet (See Table A-5)

 - Sh€[ plar€

Ancle 1- Sanc cushion

()usel + 3COmn (r2-)

i
METHOD A-TANK BESTING ON EARTH GRADE,
\,trrTIHoF WITHOUT RETAINING WALL

Shell plale I
\
3 O Om m ( 1 2 ' )
Door Tank bottom Culoul in ringwall
sheel ,a-
Oz-
Angl€ 1- Sand cushion

Gussel mm (12')
i Leng'tfro{ shell crnoui + 1.5 m (5'0')

Concreie ringwall

UETHOD B_TANK RESTING ON CONCRETE RINGWALL

No16: B€ior€ ti€ botlom plate is attached to th€ angle. (a) a sand orshion shatl be placed ilush
wirh the loo of the angle, and (b) the earth fix and sand cushion shall be thorougrhly compaam-

Figure A-2-Supports for Flush-TypeBolted Door Sheet

ln US Cusromar]rrni15' shall ss1 exceed 145 MPa (2I,000 lbf/in.2), and ar rhe subse-
quent rows, the tensi.le stress shall not exceed 145 lr,tPa-
(N) (a)( l6,000) = t,(h, + 25d + /)(21,000X0.90) (21,000 lbfAn-2), afer allowarce is made for rhe toral shear-
ilg '*alue or bearirg value (whichever is less) of rlre bolts ir
For shearloadjag on a raisedrype door sbeet: tbe preceding row or rows.

A-1O-2-7 The follo*"ing provision-s apply to flush-r1.pe

(N)(a) ( 16,000) = t,(h. + 4dX2l,OO0)(0.90)
bolted door sheers:
g'here a The girder sba11 be designed lo wirbsraDd rhe bendirg
N = number of bolts requircd i:r each eld section of morrleDt t-hat would result if tie ends of the girder q,'ere on
door plare, hard ground and tbe @Dter was unsupported.
d = cross-sectional area ofthebola 2), b. Tlre load on the girder shall be eqrral to the x,eigbt of a col-
c-
rrmn of water witi the followiog dimensions: l) 0-03 times
"f = distance from the botrom of rbe shell curout to the
the tank mdius, j.n m (ft): 2) the ,'r'idtb of t}e sheU cutour. i-nm
cenrerline of rhe bortom row of bols (it).
(ft). plus 0-6 m (2 ft); and 3) th€ tank height, i:r m (ft).
loc
A-10-2-5 The disraace between cenrers of boir holes shali c. Tbe desig-nlengrh of the girder shall be egual ro rhe width
Do{ be less rban rhree times rbe bolt diamerer. and rtre spaciDg of tbe shell cu(our. in m (fr), plus 0 6 m (2 fD. loc
of bolt holes at tbe s€aling edge of the plare shall not exceed
Nore: When, becau-se of wear,tre differencein the diamecr: of the
seven ti-m6 tbe sum 9f |}s minirrtum dm-Sheet thickness bolc and bolt holesis approri-nnrell,0.-5mm (0-020il-). ir is recom-
plus the asminrl bolt diarneter plus tlre rx:a_<herthickness (if mcaded that r}re holes be rerealrEd and 6ned with oversiz: milled-
s'a-chersare used). body bolts: however.rlre holes sha.llnot be reamedso mucb rh2t ihe
efficicncy of the bokci couection becomesless thal 0-35. This
A-10-2.6 The rensile stess in the net section of tbe door poilt is reachedrvheodre bolrhole diamerersbecorne6 mm (l/r in.)
plate at tlre irst row of boh holes next to tbe sbeli-plar.ecutour la5;cr thenthe bolt djamecn specifiedin TablesA-5 ard.{-5_
 A-1O-3 \\'hsr e flush-q'pc boked cicrcrshctr is in_sral.led on A-1O-5 Oprcm_n5ls Jargrr rhan NPS 2 nornin:l pif, _q.;. il
.r Lurl, dr.rl i:. tu-qtrr! otr all u{dl g:rcic u,it]r c}: qtd}o.rt:r corr- {iu-d:q'pe. bolreci drror shecrs shall tic rcirfo:tcd rn ad.or-
crulc R:rarnin! q'all and u,itjrouta cor)crE(c or ma\)Dn, u,all rirnct u'itJr3.1.1.utd tirc ruinforccntclrtslrallrr:1_rl3c1
rirc cur-
under thc tad: shell, provision shatl bc macie o suppon dre our 3-rc,a
of tic door piarr-.
fin:-ug and rcrail t-beg:ade a-ssbou:n i-n Fjgrn-e-.{-1 tr,ferbod A.

A--l O-4 Rrfren a flush-r1'pc bolted door sher is jnsraled on A.'11 Raised-Type Bolted Door Sheets
a n-n}l re,sti.ngon a rir:g*'all, a curour u'ir! rle dimcnsjons Ra:sed-tflpe bojte.j door sheerssbaLlconform to Fjeure A-3
shoq'n ir Figlre A-2, lr{ethod B, strall be prorided -Ibble
ard A-6.

Table A-6-Raised-Type Botted Dc'or Shee.ls(See Fioure A-3)

(All dimsrsicns in mnr) (.4J1dinrnsiom ir irchcs)
Column I Colum2 Colum3 Colum4 Col'*i Coluro6 Colm I Colum 2 Column 3 Cllum 4 Colum 5 Colum 6
Slrcll SlEll
Tlicltss
Tbicbrs
tJ o K
6 7 51 180 I0s-4 36 l l
7 lr5/ro 7-tig 4.0s0 36
8 7 5l lEo l6--s 30 3trc 7 tt5/rc i.779 4.oso w
l0 a
5l 157J 93: T -/s c
tt'trc 6-2El 3.691 w
II 8 62 159 lq)s ,tre ?\t.
d 6.32g 3.8S3
a 62
I J lJ9 roJs aa 'ta e 2t/. 6.323 3.8€3

Coluro 7 Colum 8 Colm 9 Colurm l0 Colm I I Colrm 12 ColmT Column8 Columg ColumlO Columll Colw12

NuSsof Bolrs
Numbq of Bolts
tD hD LD Ro* I Row2 tD hD Lp Rw I Rw2
71.2 tJu 3336 o 5 ?_8t 1/
te 5 ? 1t 2 1 3I r / 2 5
85.4 tl tJu o ' 1 1/ 't3tt
JJSO 3.aol tt 5?tl7 t2 7
85-{ ll t)u 3438 o 8 3.<34 1/td
571/2 1353/s 8
103 I J 'JJZ 35t4 o 0 4-109 t/=
53rh 737t/l
118 l4 tStz 352{ o 6 4.633 'r
16 53t/: l4l3L 6

Coluro 13 Colm lJ Colum t5 Colm 16 Colm t7 Colm 13 Colum 14 Colum 15 Coluro 16 Coluro 1?
Numbcr
Nurrlcr
of Bolrs
tssdr SgE of Bola
InS$
Bok Squm
Bolr of Bolr Bolt Bolr of Bolr
Toral Diamcrcy' Ulfio.
Is$h Thrcad Ba To€l Damcrcrd Lngm Thrad B;=
tfi ?fr 50 l9 lo r5? 31. 2 .r
l /, ^J t/*

20 50 T7 r6 t l r 5/,
r r t 6

?0 50 ?5 l6 l'!t 3!, t/,

I
136 ?2 55 -v 1fr rs ,!" . l l
1,/s 3/,

14,4 22 65 ): 3) , !"
?,ll r l / 3/.

Nore: walErs slEll be uscd oo bor} sirra of tr plae fr slll rhickrrses of l6 m (5/s ia; or ls

lht bv the Ampriean Pclrnlcrrm ln<ttrrlo

 E l?3P-10 Dbl,qtrzg3]T r
:TD - API./'JtTRO STD t5O-f NCL ],IIB

Vr'[LDaDSrttl Tur: rOa Or:_S-iO..AGt

O spaces
h spaing
O spaces 12OOmm [<€'] + 3d )
q spaoog Shell
plal€
4 ' \ -
.9-,/
^a*"/x& I
o/sn y''
\ ,/,p o See
r-sd ./ a o Detail a
d o o
/crx" o Door
Qr o C O
sheet
-.#-

SECTTON
AT
CENTE TUNE

I
\ Tank botrom 3d+ tomin Locking bar
15d

, l Tack wBld

- Locking bar
I /- Mill€d-bodrr machin€
I ubrs wirn tearrv
texagon Feads and
heavy herqon nuts 50 mm (2')

Appty fillet ol syrrtretic

rubber putty arDund bolth€ad
Door sheel belore inserting bolt in hole
Brush bearing slrdaces of door sheet
and siEll lree cf drt and scale and
appty one coat cd synth€tic rubb€r pt,ity 1.5 mm
(r/rc') thick to bolting surface ol door sheet

Detail a Detail b

Figure A-3-ffaiseGType Bohed Door Sheet (See Table A-6)

 ]'3I8 E 3 ? l = 2 3 0 D t l , q q a ?8 5 t r
STD. AP]./PETRO STD t5S_EN6L

A P P E N D I XB - R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S F O R D E S I G NA N D C O N S T R U C T I O NO F
F O U N D A T I O N SF O R A B O V E G R O U N DO I L S T O R A G E T A N K S

8.1 Scope Ed-2^3 Somc of the man)' conditions that rcquire sperjal
enginccring.considemtion are as folloq's:
B.'1.1 Tiris aog,endixpmvides imponanr considerations for
the design ard construction of foundations for aboveground a- Sites on hillsides, wlierc pa:1 of a tan)i may be on undis-
steel orl slorage tanks with flat bonoms. Rccommcndations turbcd ground or rock and part may be on 6ll or anod)er
are oflered 10 outline good practice and to Eoi-ot oul some prc- corLstruction or u'trere the deprh of requircd fill is variable.
caijtions tha should be corrsidercd in &e d<sigr and cunsfuc- b. Sites on sr*'zmpy or filled ground, wherc layers of muck
tion of storage tank foundadons. or compressible vegetation are al or below the surface or
r*.hereunstable or corrosive materials may havc been depos-
B-1 .2 Since rhere is a ,*'ide variety of surface, subsurface, itcd as fill.
and climatic conditions, it is nol practical ro cstablish desiSn q Sites underlain by soils, such as layers of plastic clay or
ders 1s cover all sirualioDs- The altowable soil loading and
'''he exacl typc of subsurface consruction lo be used must bc orgarric clays, thal may support heary loads temporarily bul
stJtle excessivel)' over l on g pcri od s of ti rne.
::,'decided for each individual case after c€r-irl considcradon.
d Sites adjacenr to water coufics or deep excavaiions, wher:
The same rules and precautions shall be use-d in selecting
the lareral stabiliry of the ground is questionable.
foundation siles as would be applicable in designing arrd
e. Sites immediarely adjacent ro heary structures rhar disrib-
constructing foundations for orher strucnlEs of comparable
u(e some of t}|eir load to the subsoil under l}re rank sites.
magnitudc.
rhereby reducinglhe subsoil's capacity to carry additional
loads wi&out excessive seulement.
8.2 Subsurface Investigation and f. Sitcs where tanks may be exposed to flood waters, possi-
Construction bly resulting in uplift, disolacement, or scour.
B-2-1 At any rar* sire, rie subsurface conditions rnust be g. Sites in-regioos of high seismicity that may be susceptible
known to cstimate the rcil bearing capaci5'and settlement to liquefaction.
that will be experienced. This inform.elion is generally b. Sites with rhin iayers of soft clay soils thar are directly
obrained from soil borings, load rcsr, sarrpling, laboratory beneath rhe tank botrom and that can cause lareral ground sta-
testing, and arnlysis by an experienccd geoechnical cngineer bility problems
famjliar wjth tbe history of simila strucn(es in the vicinity.
8.2.4 If tlre subgrade is inadequate to car-r)' the load of
The subgrade must b€ capablc of supporting the load of the
tbe filled tadi *ithout excessive seolemenl, shallow or
unli and its contents. The rotal seftlement rursl not sfain con-
superficial construclion under the rank bonom will not
necting piping or produce gaugng inacorraies, and lhe.set-
improve dle support conditions. Onc or more of rhe follow-
t.lement should not continue to a point a which the tanli
ing general metbods should bc considcred to improve t}le
Souom is belosr the surrounding ground srrface. The esti-
'' support conditiors:
mated seulemeot shall be within the acccpnzble rolerances for
the tanl< shell aod bouom. a Removing rhe objectionable nraterial and replacing it with
suitable, compaded material.
. 8.2-2 \\then actual experience with similzr tanls and foun-
b- Compacring fie soft material with short piles-
dations al a particular site is not arailabL. the following
ranges for facron of safety should be consiti=ed for use in tie c. Compactjng rhc soft marerial by preloarling t}le area with
foundation design criteria for daermining tbe allowablc soil an overburden of soil- Strip or sand drains may be used in
bearing pressurcs. Clhe owner or geo{cchnica-l engineer conjunction with rhis method.
responsible for rhe projcct may use faaors of safcty ourside d Stabilizing the soft matcrial by chemical melhods or injec-
these ranges-) tion of cemenl grout.
e. Transferring tbe load 10 a more srable marcrial undemealh
a. From 2.0 to 3.0 against uhimere bearing failure for normal rhe subgrade by driving piles or constructing foundation
operating condjtions. pien. This involves consfucting a reinforced concrete slab on
b. From l-5 to 2.25 against ultimate ferirg faiJure during the piles to distribu'.erhe load of the unk bonom,
hydrostaric testing. f. Constructjng a slab foundation that will disribute the load
l-5 to 2.25 agajnst ultimare bearin3 failure for oper- d'er a sufficienrJy large area of rhe soft materia-l so rhat the
c. kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkom
ating conditions plus the maximum eflccr ci wind or seismic load intcnsity r*ill be u"irhin allow'able linits and excessive
l o a ds . seftlemenl will not occur.
B1
 S T D . A P I / P t T R O S T D b 5 D _ E N 6 L] , I : 6 n ! ? 3 ? 2 t 0 D r t , q q e S? : ? x

API Srr-roenc 65C

g Impmr.ing soil propcnies by, r'ibrocorapa:tion, ribro- l:rrgu malenal, thus n€€ztin8 thc cfi-cct of using thc finc
nplaanrent. or dep dyrarnic companion. mareriai as a final lal'er. This is panicula;lf inrirona-nt{or tlrc
h. Slow and controUed filling of drc tanll d:.ring hvdmslati6 top of a cnshed rock riog*'all.
rcsting. lArhrenthis mcrhod is usc4 ttre inr4ritl, of thc tanl:
Norc For morr in{orrnat-ionon tal}: bouom com.rsionand conosiott
may bc compromised by ercessive s€{tlenlears of t}re shell or prercltion rlrat relatesto tlrc foundation of a ta.n-Lscc .API Rccom-
bot(om. For rhis rEa-son,drc se{tlcmens of rhc unk shall be rncndcd Pracrict 65 1.
closel;, modtored In the evcnt of scrdcmerrts i:e_vondesta.F
a B-3-3 Unless otherwjse spccified by tlrc owner, rhc fin-
lished ranges, t}re'eqt may havc to be stoppcd and the tanll
ished tank grade shalJ be cro*'ned from its ourer periphery to
relcvcled.
irs center al a slope of one inch in tcn feet. Thc crown *'ill
B-2-5 The fill u-ralerial uscd to replace muck or other objcc- partJy compensale for slighl senlement, which is likely 1o be
tionable malerial or to build up the grade to a suitable height greacr al the center- It will a-lso facilirarc clcaning and tlre
shal] be ade4uare for rhe sr:ppon of the tanh and gmduct afrer remorzl of \A,aterand sludge rbrough openings in the shell or
ttre marerial has been compacte'd The fill marcrial shall be from sumps situared near the sheU. tsecause crowning will
free of vegetadoo. organis marlsr, cinders, zrrd any marerial affect the leng,ths of roof-supporting columns, it is essential
thar wiU cause corrosion of tlre tank bottom- The grade and rhar the tank manufacturer be fully ir.formed of this feature
: r of fill malerial shall be c:pable of being coapacled with srfficiently in advance- for ar: alternative to rhis paragraph,
it"au"A industr;, compaction tcchnigues ro a cicnsity suff- see B3.4.)
cicnt to provide appropriare bearing capaciry and acccprable
. 83.4 As an aiternative to 8.3.3, the tanli bonom rhay be
settlements. The placcmcnr of thc fill marcrial shall bc in
slopcd toward a sump. The tank manufacfurcr must bc
accordance with tbe project specifications prcparcd by a qual-
advised as requhed in 8.33.
ifi ed geotechrri cal en.grneer.

E|.4 Typical Foundation Types

El.3 Tank Grades
8.3.1 The grade or surfucc on which a tank bottom will rest 8.4.1 EARTH FOUNDAI]ONS WITHOUT A
l.houid be consu-ucrcd ar least 0.3 m (1 ft) above rlre surrould- RINGWALL
ing ground surface. This wiU provide $itable drainage, help
El-4-1-1 When an esgineering 6valrrztisn of subsurface
keep the unk bonom dry, aod compcasarc forsome sn:rall sct-
conditions tlrat is based on exPeriencc and./or exPloratory
tlement thar is likcly to occur- lf a largc scflemeut is
work has shown thal the subgrade has adequate bcaring
e:pected, the tank bodom clevation shall be raiscd so thar tbe
capacity and $al seulemeols wiu b'e acccptable, sarisfactoly
fna.l elevuion abore grade will be a minimr:sr of 150 mm (6
foundations may be construcled from earth materizls- The
in-) after senlemcnt.
pe.rfornance requirements for earth foundations are identical
. to those for more exlensive foundations. Specifically, an earth
B-32 There are scveral differcnt marcriais drar can be used
for t}e grade or surface on which the tank boaom will rest To foundation should arcomplish the following:
rimize furrne corrosion problems and meximize thc effccr
a hovide a $able piane for rhe suppon of the tank-
oI corrosion prevention systems Such as carbodic pfotectioD,
b, Limit overall settlement of the tank grade ro va.lues com-
the marerial in contact with the tank bouom should be fioe
pan-ble with the a-llowances used in rhe design of the
and uniform- Gravel or large particles shall bc avoided Clean
corurecting piping.
washed sand 75 to 100 nm (3 to a in) deep is recommended
as a fina-l layer because it can be rcadily shapcd to dle bonom c. kovide adequare drainage-
contour of the tank to provide maximum coffact axea and \*'ill d Not seltle excessively aI the perimeter due to thc *'eight of
prorect the fank bonom from coming into cqrrzc.t with large the shell wall.
panicles and debris- I:1ge forcign objeca orpoint coDtact by
8.4.1.2 Many satisfacrory desigrrsare possibie when sound
gravel or rocks could cause corrosion cells tha will cause pit-
cngineering judgnrent is used in rieir deveiopment- Tluee
thg and premafure rank bottom faiiure.
designs are rcfered to in rhis appendix on t}re basis of rheir
During construction, the rnovcment of cquipnrent and serisfacory long-term p€rformance. For smaller tanks, foun-
marrials across tbe grade wiJl mar lhe grdded surface. Thesc datiqn5 can consist of coopacted cn:shed stone, scre€nings,
iregulariries should be corrected before bcsrom piares are fine gravel, c)ean sand, or similar material placed direcrJy on
placei for welding. rirgi.n soil. A-ny unsteble malerial must be removed, and any
Adequale provisioDs, such as making size sadients in sub- replaiement material mus be t}omugily compacted Two
layers progressively smallcr from bonom ro rsp, should be recommended desigos rhar include ring*'alls are iUusti-ared in
made to prcvent ttre fine malerial from le .chung down inr.o the Figues B-1 a-ndB-2 ald described in B.4.2 and B-4.3-
 S T D . A P I / P f T R OS T } t 5 O _ E N 6 L } : : 6 n o?3a?:0 ctl,'r!el bat n

WELDCD Sl€EL T^-\r'.s roa Orr- STclaaG! ts,3

Centecine of ringh?iJ
and sle!
Outli:rl oi iarr\ slrcll

--T= 3 O Om m
13 mm ('/r-) thick (min) (12') min
asphalt{mpregnated
board (optional)
\ zs-. 50 mra
'tir'- l l *
\. (1') l z t

Nominal tank diameler + 7 ,

PLAN OF CONCRETE RINGWALL

p 75 mm (3') min o{ compacted, clean sand

I
A \ I
VIEW A_A
. i: \
I srop"
+ .i---\.- - - v - - - - - - - - -
03 mm (1'O')
+
Coarse gravel
or crush€d
sl0ne
\ Remove any unsuitable material and
1.8 mm (60') -:
replace wilh suilable {ill; th€n
b€rm il +l+l - 1l,-.^'.
, I
thoroughlycompact{ill
surrounding , l 'I
grade is low \-3Oo rnm (12') min

Notes:
1. S€€ 8.4.23 ftcr requirements tor reinlorcernenl b not pcsible, re{er to ACI 318 for additional development
2. The lop ol tf|€ concrete ring|tdl shal b€ srnooth and leret. The fequirements.
concr€te nrength shall be at least 20 L..Pa (30OOb{nn.] after Ring*alls thal exceed 300 mm (12 in-) in widh shall have
28 days. Rein*crcement splices rnrst be staggerd and shall be rebars disiribuied on bolh laces.
lapp€d to d,evelop full slrenglh in the bcrd- tf staggering oi laps See 8.4.2.2 for the position of the lank shell on d're ringwall.

Figure 91-Example ol Foundation Wilh Concrete Ringwall

8.4.2 EARTH FOUNDATIONSWITH A CONCFIE-TE a- h provides bener distribution of the concentratcd load of
RINGWALL rhe shell to produce a more near'ly uniform soil loading under
thc tanlc
8.4-2.1 l-arge ranks, ranks wirh hearli or tall shells and./
b- h provides a level, soiid sraning plane for construction of
or self-suppon-ed roofs imposc a subsrandal load on the
the shell.
foundarion undsr the shell. This is pa;ticuiarly imporranr
c. It provides a bener means of leve[ng the tank grade, and it
wirh regard ro shell dislonion in floatinq-roof tanl.-s.Wlren
is capable of presen"ing its contour during corrst-ucrion.
there is some doubt whcrher a foundarion will be ablc to
d It rerains rhe fill under the tanli bottom and Drevenrsloss of
carry rhe shell load directly, a concrele riogwall foundarion
marerial as a result of erosion.
should be used. As an altcrnalive to *ie concrete ringwall
e:-It rninimiz-J moi$uie uncierthc t:rnk"
nored in this section, a crushed stone r;ngwall (see B.4.3)
may be used- A foundation with a concie€ dnqwall has rhe A d i s a d v a n t a g eo f c o n c r e t e r i n g w a l l s i s r h a t t h e y m a y
following advantages: not smoothl)' conform to differential sealements- This
 S T D . A P I / P E T R OS T ) t 5 B _ f N 6 L } : 5 5 E O?382:! Ut],qq3O:!U r

APi Sl^}.c^A3 650

0.9 nre 0.6 m

{3') r,xr l(2')m.n1
:.<+l
Sope top ol ringwell . t
away lrom tank il :, l 75 mm (3') min
l ol cornpact€C.
r l
paved
clean sand _.l
15
. ) Y
-f
I

Thoroughly compacted till ol

Crusb€d ston€ or oizvel iine gravel, coarse sand,
or oli-rer siabl€ mat€rial

Note: Any unsuiiabl€ rnater:al shail be rernoved aod replaced with s.uitable fiii; the {ill shajl then be
ttrcrougily compacled.

Figure &2-E:carrple o{ Foundation Wth Crushed Slone Ringwall

Cisadvanrage may lead to high bending strsses in r}e bot- app[ed shel ard pressure loads relarive 10 the centrold ofl}re
rom plates adjacenr to the ringwall. resulting soil presslre. The pressure load is due lo the fluid
pressure oD *re hsrizontal projection of rhe ringr*'ai.l ioside
8-4-2-2 \Mren a concrete ringwall is designed. it shall be
the shcll.
Foportioned so rhat lbc allow-able soil bcaring is not c- The rings'all shall be reinforced to resist the bending and
qceeied. The ringwall shall not be less than 30O mm (12 in.)
torsion monlents resuhing from lareral, wind, or seismic
thick. The centcrliae diametcr of the ring*zll sbould equal
leds applied eccentrically ro iL A rarional analysis, which
the nominal diameter of the taok; howevcr, dc ringwall cen-
includ.s t}le effect of rhe foundation stiftre ss. shall b€ us,cd ro
terline may vary if required to lacilitare rte placement of
detcrmine these moments and soil pressure distributions-
anchor bolts or 10 saisfy rcil bcaring limits for sisnic loarle
or exc€ssive uplifr forces. Tbe deph of the wall *{ll depend d- The tota.l hoop s'eel area reCuned to resist the loads noted
on local conditions, but rhe depth must be sffcieor to place above shall nor be less rhan rhe area required for remperarure
the bonom of thc ringwall bclow thi anticiparcd frost pcnetra- changes and shrinkage- The hoop steei area rcquired for tem-
don and within tbe specificd bcaring strata- As a rninimur& peraturc changes and shrinliage is 0.0O25 times rle vcnical
the bonom of lhe rirgwall, if foundcd on soil sball be locale d cr6s-s€ctioDal area of the ringwall or the mi-njmum rein-
0.6 m (2 ft) below the lowest adjacart finish grade. Tank forcement for u'alls called for in ACI 318, Chapter 14.
foundations must be constncted wirhin tlre toleranccs speci- e- For ringr*zJls, the vertical steel area required for tempera-
fied in 5.5.5. Recesses shatl be pcovided in the wzll for flush- nrre changes and sl.;illiage is 0-O015 times the horizonral
rvpe cleanous, drawoff sump6, and any ot}tr ryplu-tenanc€s crs,s-sectional area of the ringr*'all or the milimum rein-
. -t require re€€sses. forcement for walls called for in ACI 318, Cbapter 14.
Additional vertical steel may be required for uplifi or tor-
8.4.2.3 A ring*zll shor:ld bc reinforced agains tcmpera-
sional resistance- If the ring foundation is wider r}ran irs
ilre changes and shrinkage and rcinforc€d ro resist the lareral
&ph, the design shall corsider its behavior a-s an annular
prEssure of rhe conf ned f,U with its surcharge from pmduct
slab with flexure il the radia-l direction. Tempe-rarure and
loarlq. ACI 318 is recommended for dcsign stess nalues,
shrinkage reirdorcem--rt shall rireet the ACI 318 prowisions
malerial specifications, and rebar &velopment and cover. The
for slabs. (See ACI 318, Chapter ?-)
following icms conceming a ringwall shall be co;rsidcred:
f- When the ring*'all s'jdth exceeds 460 mm (18 irl.), using a
a- The ringw311 shall be rcinforced to resisr the direct hoop footing beneah rtie s'all should be considered- Footings may
tension resulting from tlrc lareral eanh pressure oo rie ring- also be useful for resistranceto upfift forces-
wall's inside face. Unless subsrantiarcd by propcr g. Structural bacldll r*'ithin and adjacent lo concrete ring-
geo{echnical analysis, the lareral eaflh pressue shall be w'alls and around iterns such as raults, undertank piping, and
assume.d to be al lerst 507" of thc vcnical pressrrE due to srtmps requir-s c)os: 6eld control ro maintain sedement tol-
fluid and soil weighr lf a granular bacldll is used. a laleral eraDces. Bac-td]l shou-ld be granular marerial colnpacxed io
eanh pressure coemcient of 30Vo may be used t-he density a:rd co;npactirg as specified in the foundation
b. The ring'*'all shall be reinforced to resist rl.e bending coDsuclioD sp.rificzrions. For other bacldll marerials, suffi-
moment resuldnS from fhe uniforsr moment lo:d- The uni- cient tests shall be conducted to \.erify rhat the mal€.rial has
form moment load shall account for the eccecrricities of the adequale srenglh and .*'i-ll undergo minimal senlemeDl
 sr) - API/Pf rRO STD b5B-EN6L l,::S X C?lea5B 0tl,\'r31, ?8? n

'l'rxr's
v.':LDED SiEar Foe OrL .S-ciAGE

8.4.3 EABTHFOUNDATIONS WTIHA CRUSHED b. Carc shajl bt :rken during constnrc{ion to orrpzrc zind
S T O N EA N DG R A V E LR I N G W A L L ntajntain : snlooil. lcvcl surfacc for tlrc t.uti. bouont platc:;.
8.4-3-1 A cnrshed slone or gravel ringuzJl u,ill proride c. The ta-.rk grar-ie shall be const-ruc(cdro proridc adequare
adequaie suppofl for high loads impos:d by a shc1l.A foun- drainagc ewal, froo-r t}e tanl f6undari6n,
dation u.irh a crushed stone or gravel ringrrzJl has the follou-- d The ta:rrk foutdarion must bc rrue ro rhc sprcificd planc
ing advanrages: lr'i*rin thr tolerares specifred in 5.5.5.

a. It provides bencr distribution of rhe cooccntrared load of

8.4.4 SLAB rcUNDATIONS
thc shell to pmduce a rnone ncarly unifoal soil loading urder
thc unk. ' 8-4.4-1 When rle scil bcz;ing load.s r,lisi be disi:iburud
b. It provides a Dteans of lcve-ling rhe ran]: gra-de, and ir is over an a::a larger rhan the ranl area or u'hen ir is spccified
capable of presen'ing its contour during construction-
by thc o.*rrer, a reirrforced concre(e slab shall be used. piles
c. it ret"jns the fill under rhe tarrk bolrom and prevenrs loss of
beneath the slab may bc required for propcr lanli supporr.
marerial as a resu.ltof erosion.
d. Ir can more smoolhly acconmdetedifi-erential settlcment 8.4-4-2 The su-uctural design of rhe slab. *,herher on grade
because of is flexibiliry. or on piles, shall pmperly accounr for all loads imposed upon
A dJsadvanr.ageof the crushed stone or eravel ringwall is the slab by rhe enL. The rciuforcement rcquu'ements and the
that it is morc difficult to construcl it ro cicse to]eftnces a-nd rl.sign deiails of consrrucdon shall bc in accordznce u.irh
achieve a flar, level plane for consrucrion of the tank shell. ACI318.

8.4-3-2 For cnrshed slone or gravel ringrxalls, carcful

sclection of design 6lgrail5 i5 rrccessa{y to ea-srrrEsarisfacrory E}.5 Tank Foundations for Leak Detection
performance. The qpe of foundation sJg€,eged is shown in
Appendix I provides lggosllgndarions on the construction
Figure B-2. Siguificanr derails include tbe following:
of tank and foundation systems for t-he detection of leaks
a- The 0.9 m (3 fr) shoulder and berm shatl bc prorecred from rhrough tbe bottouls ofstorage tanks.
erosion by being ccnstrucled ofcnrshed stone or covcred r*it}l
a p€rrnanent pavitg malcrial.
 STD.AP\-/PfTRO STD I5B-fNGL }:55 r 0 /f ?e38 Bbl,tiqla l,l,i lE

A P P E N D I XC - E X T E R N A L F L O A T I N GR O O F S

. C-1 Scope C.3.3 DECKS

This appndix pmvidcs minirnum requirenrenrs rhar, C-3.3.1 Roofs in corrosive scn'ice, such as corerurg strur
unless odiern,isc qualificd in the rexq apply ro pan-tlTle, pon- crude oil. should be f1s g6nr:r1 typc designed to ebminarc thc
lclon-r)?e. and double-deck-q.pc floaring roofi'. Thjs appcn- prcsence of any air-vapor rnixlurc under t-hedeck.
dix is intended to limjt only those facrors thar affecr thc saJcry
. C.3-3.2 Unless o1her,*'ise specified bi, rhe purchaser, all
and durabilitl' of t-he insrallarion and rhar are considered ro be
deck platcs shall have a minimum nomjnal tijckncss of 5 mm
consistent wirh the quaiity and safer5' requiremenrs of rhis
(3/t6 in.) (ocrmissible orderirg basjs-3?.4 kg-2, ?-65 lbt
slaidard. Nu memus altcmati vc 6lgtai| 5 and propri eraq, appu r-
fr2 of plare, 0.18Gin. plalc, or ?-gauge sheel)-
lenances are araileble; ho*'ever, agrcemcnt b<twccn r-hc pur-
cha-serand the manufacnrrer is required before rhey are used C.3-3.3 Deck plares shalI be joined by conrinuous fuU-fillet
wclds on r,\e top side- On rhe bonom side, r'v'hereflexure can
C2 Material be anficipated :dje"ent ro girders, support legs, or otler rela-
tivcly rigid members, full-fllet welds nor iess r-ban50 mm (2
The rDarcrial requiremenrs of Secrion 2 shzrll apply unless
in.) long on 250 mm (10 in.) centers shall bc userl on any
otherwise stared in this appendix. Castings shall conform to
plare laps lial occur wjthin 300 mm (12 in.) of any such
any of &e foilowi,rg soecifications:
memkrs.
a- ASTIr{ AZ'7M,grade4O5-205 (ASTMA ?7,gndc 6G30),
C.3.3-4 Top decks of double-deck roofs and of ponroon
fuily aaneajed
sections, u'hich are designed wirh a p€rrnanent siope for
b. ASTMA 27M, gnde450-240 (ASTMA 27, grade 65-3t. drainage, shall have a minimum slope of 1 in 64 (3/16 in. in t 2
fully alnealed or normalized and tempered, 6 quenched a.nd in.) and shall prefcrably be lapped 1o provide rhe bcst drain-
tempcred- age. Plareluckles shall be kept to a minimum.
c. ASTM A 2l6M (ASTM A 21O WCA, r^,CB, or WCC
grades anneale<i and normalized. or normaUzed and C.3.4 PONTOON DESIGN
tempered
C.3.4.1 Floaring roofs shall have sufficienl buoy,ancy-ro
remain afoat on liquid with a specific graviry of 0.? and w.irh
C.3 Design
pdmary drains inoperarive for the following condirions:

. C.3.1 GENERAL a ?50 mm (10 in-) of rainfall in a 24-hour pericrJ wirh rhe
roofs intact, except for double-deck roofs prorided wjrh
The roofard accessories shall be designed a.od construcred
emerSenc?vdl-ains lo keep water lo a lesser volume trat lie
so trar the roof is allos'ed to ffoar ro thc maximum design liq-
roofs will safcly support. Such emergency dftrins shall not
uid level and rhen rerum ro a liquid level thar foars the roof
allow rhe pmduct to flow onto the roof.
*,ell below tle rop of rhe tank shell rrithout Cemage to any
b- Single-deck and any rwo adjacent pontoon comparlmenrs
part of rhe roof, tanlq or appurtcuances. Drring such an
puncrured in single-deck pontoon roofs and any t'*'o :djaccnr
occlurence, no manu2l anention shall be required to protect
com?artm3nts puncrured in double-deck roofs, borh roof
the roof, tanl<, or appurrenances. If a windskin or ropshe'll
ty,peswith no water or live load-
extension is uscd ro contajn the roofseals af th: highesr point
of u-avel, appropriare aiarm devices shall be provided to indi- . C.3.4.2 The ponroon ponions of single-deck ponloon-type
cale that thc liquid level in the rank has ris:n above rhe roofs shall be designed to have adequate strenglh to prevenr
designed capaciry hcight unless the tank shell has been p€nnancnt distorlion '*'hen the center deck is loaded by irs
designed for a liquid heighr ro the rop of rhe shell exrension. design rain*'acr (C.3.4.1, Item a) or when the cenrer deck
The purchaser shall specify rhe indicaror arrangemenr suir- and two a.ljacenr ponroons are puncrured (C-3.4. t, hem b). If
able for op€ratins purposes- Emergency overiow openings calcularions arc required by the purchaser, thc allowable
may be provided lo protect tre tank 31fl ff6zri:g roof fTom sress and stabjliry crireria shali be jointly established by rhe
damage. purchaser and rhe manuiacturer as part of thc inqui4'. Ahei-
rtatively, a proof rest simularing rhe condirions of C.3.4.1.
-.*it-h the roof ffozting on \1'ar3r,may bc performed on rhe
c.3.2 JOTNTS
roof or on one of similar desien thar is of equal or srealer
Joints shall be designed as described in 3.1_ diamerer.
 ST}. API./PETRO \TD t58_EN6L ],::6 E D?f ??:O Dt],qLI33 85T I!

API STI.(3{AD 6:aC

C.3-4-3 An), pcneu-alionof the floarirrg mof sha.Llnot allow arion and, i: neccssan', rcmoval. Tlrt mininrum-siz: drain
produst lcl tlov,' onto thc roof undcr dc-signcrrn<iidons. slull be caFeblc of prvcndnq tJrc roof' fronl accumul:rtrng l:
*:arer level -cTEetcrrhan design al tlic-nroiimunr rainiall ratc
C.3.5 PONTOON OPENINGS specified b1' rhe purchaser for thc rcrof u'hcn tlrc nxrf is fkrat-
ing ar rhe milimul't operaring level; ho*'er':r' rhc d:z'in shall
Each comparunent shall bc providcd with a liquid-tigit nol b-_smallf than NPS 3 for mofs uiLh a d:fneter less than
manholc. lr4anholc covers shall be provided r+i$ suitablc or cgua! 36 m (120 n) oi smaller rha,nNPS 4 for mors u'ith a
hold-doun f xtues (*'hich may Lt of the quick-opening rlpe) diameter grealer then 36 m (120 ft).
or *"ir} olher means of prcvenri-og wjnd or firc-fghring hose
strearns from removing d1e covers. The top edge of the man- r c-3-9 VENTS
holc nccks shall bc al an c.lcvation thal prevens iiquid from
enrerinq rhe comPaflments under dre condirions of C3.4. Suirable venrs shall bc pmvided lo prcvenl overstr:ssing of
rhe roof deck or seal membra-ne. The purchascr shouJd spcc-
Each compa:trnent shall be vented to Prolecl aeainst inter-
ify iiquid wir-ndrawal rales so thar rhe fabricaror may size tlre
nal or extemal pressurc. VeDts ma)'be in the Irlanholc cover
\?curun vents. Ven6, bleeder valves, or odrer suiuble means
or the top deck of rhe compa.rtme$L The rrenu sball be ar an
shall bc adeqnere 10 cvacuale air and gases {rom un&rncarh
_--'revation that prcvents liquid from enEring the o;mPartment
the roof during initjal fillin3.
-- .-.rderthe conditions of C3-4 and shall tenninare in a manne: .
tlral prevents entry of rain and fire-fighting liquids.
C.3.10 SUPPORT|NG LEGS

C3.6 COMPARTMENTS . C.3.10.1 The floaring roof shall be provided with srpport-
iag lcgs. L.egs fabrie:ed from pipe shall be notched or perfo-
Compartnent plares arc radial or circumfereotial dividers rared al the bottom ro pmvide drainage. The lengrh of the
forrning compafiments thar proride flotation for rhe roof (see legs shatl be adjustablc from rie lop side of dre roof. Thc
C-3.4). All internal compartment plarcs (or she€rs) shall be opcracing- and cleaning-position levels of the supporci-og legs
single-f,llet welded along all of their edges, and other welding shall be as specified on the purchase order- The manufa-cturcr
shall be pcrformed al juncrions as rcquired to malie each shall malce cenajn rher all ranl< appurtenances, such as mix-
DomparlmeDt iiquid tight- Each compartrnerl shall be tested crs, intcrior piping, ald the fill nozzle, are cleared by dre mof
for tightness using internal prcssurE or a \?cuurn box and a in is lowest position-
soap solution or pe.netrating oil.
C.3-lO-2 Ttre legs and aftac|:-ments shall be desiped to-
srppst $e roof and a uniforrn ljve Ioad of ar least l -2 kPa (25
. C-3.7 LADDEFIS
lbf/ft2). Where possible, the roof load shall be t-ansmined to
Uoless orherwise specified by the purchaser, rie floating rhe legs tluough bukieads or diaphragms. Irg anachmens
roof shall be supplied r*'ith a ladder that automarically adjusts to silgle decks shall be given particuiar attention ro Prevenl
to any roof position so that access to the roof is always gro- failures ar the points of attachment. Steel pads or other means
.Ced. The ladder shall be desigrred for full-roof travel, shall be uscd to distribute the leg loads on the bonom of rhe
ranf- If pads are useC, the] shall be continuously welded to
, 3ardless of the normal setting of the roof-leg supports. If a
roJling ladder is furnishe4 it shall have fullJengtr handrails the bonom.
on both sides and shall be designed for a 4450 N (1000 lbf)
midpoint load with the laddcr in aay operaring position. O C.3.11 ROOF MANHOLES

Ar least one roof manholc shall trc provided for access to

. C.3.8 ROOF DFIAINS rhe taok interior and for ventilation when the tank is empty.
The oumber of roof manholes shall be as specified by the pur-
himary roof drains shall be of the hose, jointcd" or siphon
chasgr-Each manhole shall have a minimum nominal diame-
typ€, as specified on &e purchase order. A check vah'e shall
ter of 600 mm (24 in.) and shall have a tight-gasketed- bolted
be provided near the roofend ofrhe hose and oojointed pipe
cover equivalent to the cover sho*'n in Figure 3- 13.
drains on single-deck and parr-rype roofs ro prcvent backflow
of store.dproduct if leakage occurs- kovisions shall be made
c.-3.12 CENTEBING AND ANTIROTATIOf.I
to prevent kinldng of rhc hose or pinching of the hose under
DEVICES
rhe deck support legs- Hose drains shall be desiped to permit
their replacement witiout personnel cnteririg the tan]:. The Sui-.ablederices shall be provid-;d to maintein the roof in a
swing joinrs of pipe drajns shall be packed ro preveol leakage. ..ry!r.O posiiion and to prevent it from rourin-e. Thr-se
Thc installarion of either the hose or the pipe drain shall d:vies shall be capable of resisiing the lateral forces imposcd
includc g1s i65tallaion of tre prope'r shell frrrings for irs oper- by the roof ladd:r, un:qua-l .t1611'lsads, and s'ind loads-
 STt-API/PETRO STD t5O-ENL.L 1,556 I D ? 3 a e : D D t ' 1 l i - r - r rT 3 b E

wiLD{D StE€r- T,r-r-i-sro: Orr S;C'F;Ga

r C-3-13 SEALS C.4 F a b r i c a t i o n ,E r e c t i o n , W e l d i n g ,

Ins pection, and Testinq
Thc -sp:rc trclu'ern llrc outcl ptnpircrl of rlc roof alrd thc
tan]: sliell shall bc scaled by a fierible dcr':cc thar provides a C.4-1 The applicable fzrbrication,erecrion. u,elding, inspcc-
rea-sonablyclose fit ro thc shcll surfar:es.Urhe sealing devicc tion, and tesring rcquiremcnu of this slzndzrd shall applr,-
employ's stel sliocs in contacl with rlrc shell. such shocs shall
be madc from galvanizrd shect conformi,ns to AST.lt{ A 9e4 C.4-2 Dcck seams ard otJrerjoinu that ere rcquired ro bc
u'jrJra minimum nominal thickness of l.5 m'm (16 gauge) and Iiquid or vapor tig.bt shall bc tesrei for lcals b;, means of pen-
a G90 coating. if uncoated shoes are speciied, thcy shall be eraring oil or anv other melhod consistent with the methods
made fuom shect steel wirh the thickness errC gualitl'specified de-scribcd in this staldzrd for testing cone-roof seams and
on tlre purchase order- Arr adequare but midmurn nurnbcr of t-a.rk-t-.ott om scam s.
erpa:rsion joints shal) be providcd Any fabric or nonmerallic
C-4-3 The roof shall be given a llotation test while the tank
materiai used as a seal or seal component shall be durable in
irs cnvimnment and shall not discolor or contaminate thc is being filled *.irh r,\'arer ard emptied. During rhis rcs, the
product stored upper side of the lo.x,er deck shall be examir:ed for leaks. The
agpearance of a damp spot on rhe upper side of rhe iowcr
API Recommended Practice 2O03 shc'uld be consulted
: .Egarding the possible necd for bonding siunrs berween tlre deck shall be considered evidence of leakage-
': .ioof and the merallic shocs Provision
for soch shunrs shall be C.4.4 The upper side of the upper decks cf pcrnroon and
a sub-iecrfor agrecmenl belween rhe purcbeser and the manu- double-deck roofs shall be visuaily inspected for pinholes and
facturer. defective u'elding.

. C.3.14 GAUGING DEVICE C.4.5 Drainpipe and hose systems of primary drains shall
be tested wirh water ar a pressure of 350 kPa (50 lb?in.2)
Facl 166f shall be provided *-it}r a g",'Se hatch or gzuge gauge- During rhe flolation res1,the roof drain valves shall bc
*'ell witlr a tight ceF rhar compLies wifi rbe design specified kept open and observed for leakage ofthe tank conrents into
in the purchase order- the drain lines.
 A P P E N D I XD - T E C H N I C A LI N O U I R I E S

D.1 Introduction D-2-3 An inquiq' shallstan u'irh a backeroundsection drat

s E r e st h e p u r p o s eo f r h e i n q u i l ' , u ' h i c h u ' o u l d b e e i t l t e rt o
.API rvill consider u'ritten requestsfor inrerpretarionsof
obtainan interprerationof rhe sundard or 1o proPosea revi-
API Srandard650. API staff'u'ill nrakesuch interpretationsin
s i o n l o t h e s t a n d a r dT. h e b a c k g r o u n sde c t i o ns h a l lc o n c i s e l ; '
rvrirjns.afler consulting, if necessary', u'ith rhe appropriare
provide rhe informationneededfor the comminee's under-
comminee officers and conrmittee-nrembers* The API conr-
sunding of rJre inquiry (ri'ith sketchesas necessaq') and
minee responsible for mainrainirigAPI Se;rdard 650 meeu
shall cite rhe applicableedition, revision, paragraphs,fig-
regularll, to consider uritlen requestsfor inrerprerations
and
ures.and tables.
revisions and ro develop nerv criteria dictaed by technolosi-
cal de'r,elopment. The comminee'sactivitie-sin this regardare D-2.4 Afrer the backgroundseclion, an inquiry's main
limired stricdy to interpretations of the srandard and to rhe seclionshall statethe inquiry as a condensed,preciseques-
r.rnsideration of revisions to the presentstardad on the basis tion, omining superfluous background informarion and,
.re\\,data or rechnology-As a matler of potiry, API does not u,here appropriate, posing rhe question so that rhe reply
approve,cenify, rale, or endorseany ilem, r-onsn-uction, pro- "yes" "no" (perhaps with provi-
could take the form of or
pneury der.ice, or activity, and accordin_sl-l',inquiries thar sos).This inquiry statementshould be technically and edito-
require such cons;deration u'iil bc returned- Moreover, API rially correct. The inquirer shall state what he/she believes I
does not ac! as a consultant on specific engineering problerns the standardrequires.lf rhe inquirer believesa revision ro lc
or on the seneral understanding or appliceiion of rhe sran- the standardis needed,he/sheshall provide recommended I
dard. If, based on the inquiry hformation srbmined, it is rhe wording-
opinion of the comminee thar the inquirer should seek or}rer
assisunce, the inquiry u'ill be returned with rbe recommenda- D-2-5 The inquirer shall include his or her narne and mail-
don that such assistancebe obtained.All inguiries rhat cannor ing addre5s.The inquiry should be typed; hou'ever, legible
be understood becausethey lack informatioa will be returned- handwrineninquiries u'ill be considered.Inquiries should be
submined to the general managerof the Dounsu-eam Seg-
D. 2 I n q u i r y F orma t ment, Americdn Petroleum lnstitute, 1220 L Street, N.W.,
Washington.D.C. 20005.
D.2.1 Inquiries shall be limited strictly ro requesrsfor inter-
pretation of the standardor ro the considerarionof revisions
D.3 TechnicalInquir y Responses
ro rhe standardon the basisof new dataor re:hnology. Inquir- I
ies shall be submined in tlre format described in D.2 r Following are selecredresponses10requestsfor interprera- |
throughD.2.5. tion API Srandard650 requirements.A more extensiveiisring o
I
of interpretationscan be found on the API u-ebsiteat rhe I
'.2 "Comminees/Standards"
The scope of an inquirl, shall be li*ired ro a sinsle section. I
subjector a group of closely relatedsubjecs-An inquiry con-
cerningtwo or more unrelatedsubjectswill t'e rerurned.
D-2 API STANDiaD 650

S E C T I O N1 . 1 SCOPE

6-50-I-03/00

Q u e s r i o n1 : R e g a r d i n g t h e u s e oSf I u n i s . d o e s A P l 6 5 0 a l l o u , e i r l i e r o rf h e f o l l o u i n g ?
(f) Use of SI unirsrhroughourthe design process.
(2) Use the original U.S.-Cusromaryunirs with a hard conversionto SI unirs as a final slep 10rJredesignprocess.

Reply I: )'es, botJlare allowed.

Question?: When SI units are used,doesAPI 650 require different dimensionaloerails compared10 previousAPI 650 Edi-
tions or USC unit detailsno*'specified in the I OrhEdirion?
Reply 2: The commineecurrentlyhasan a*genda item to srudy this question.Anrl' changesresultingfiom rhis aqendairem
- will appearin a furure addendum cr edirion ro API 650.

Question3: \lhen SI unirs are used,doesAPI 650 require nrarerialrhickless, rnar.crialpropenies,configurations,erc- based
solely on the SI units for a particular rank?

Reply 3: The commiueecurently hasan agendaitem to srudy rhis question-An1' changesresultingfrom rhis agendairem
will appearin a future addendum or edirion ro ApI 650-

Question 4: Does rhe wording of rhe Foreword to API 650 require a separarecheck of the USC resulrs *'hen SI unir are spec-
ified and afrer making such a check using the USC resulrs if more rest-icrive?
Reply 4: No.

SECTION 2.2 PLATES

650-l-09/01

Question: For platematerialcenified by the manufacrurerto meermore than one specificarion,such as A 516 Grade 60 and
A 516 Grade70, *'hich specificationshould be used r,r'henappll,ing tre rules in Table 2-3, Figure ?-1, and Sec-
tion 2.2.9 of Api 650?
Reply: Dual certificarionof materialis not addressedin API 650, exceptin Appendix S.

650-I-11/01

Question: Does API 650 require that the material in the bonom shell courseand the annular plare be the same marerial
specification?
Reply: API 650, Section2)-9.l,requires bonom plaresu,eldedro tre shell ro compll,u,irh Figure 2-1, but does not
requirerhe bonom shell courseand annularplareto be rhe samemarerialspecificarion.

SECTION2.5 P I P I N GA N D F O R G I N G S

650-I-r 5/00

Question:1 For nozzlesmadefrom pipe marerials,doesAPI 650, Secrion?.5.2 requirethar seamlesspipe be usedfor nozzles
in shellsmadefrom Group I, II, III, or II]A materials?
Reply,l: Yes,unlessASTM A 671 pipe is used.

Question:2: Does API 650, Section.2.5.2 precluderhe useof elecric-resislanceu.eldedpipe meeringASTIvIA 53, or elec-
tric-welded pipe meetingAPi 5L, for nozzlesin shells made from Group fV, IVA, V or VI materials,but allow
use of electric-fusion-weldedpipe nozzlesmadefrom ASTI\,1A 671?
Reply 2: Yes.
 WELDED
Sreil Tarxs roa Orr S-ionrce

SECTtOt'l3.1 JOINTS

650 I r 1/01
Quesrion: ls there an;, allorvance or :rrovision ro omit rhe top ansle as required bl,APl 650, 3.1.5.9eand 3.1.5 9f if u c can
sho*' b1' calculation rhar rne lop conrpressionarea is sufficienr.

Repll': No.

SECTION 3.5 ANNULAR BOTTOM PLATES

65GI-49/00
. Question: If a unk bonom slopes dou'nward toward the center of the tank, are Lheannular plates required to lap over the
' bonom plates?
Repiy: This is nor coveredbyAPI 650.

SECTION 3.6 SHELL DESIGN

65U7-02/02
Background: On one recent confacq coa-osionallowance of 025 in- was specified only on firsr shell course-The tank is 250 ft
(diamercr) by 53 ft high, sith a liquid height of 48 ft O"(exrernalfloarer) and design specific graviry = 0.968.
DetaiJdesign per the curred edition showsrhat the secondcoursethicknessis controlled by hydrosratic rest condi-
tjon, r*'hich is incorrecL Investigation has proven that the current rules in API 650 for rhe variable design point
medrod are not valid for rzu-iablecorrosion ellowance- The second course thickness calculared is more than tlre
one-foot merhod wiU calculare, however,this is not sated in API 650. It is not unusualfor a cuslomer ro specify
variable colrosion allo*,ance-The variable design point method is usedonly for large tanks and in some cases,as I
haverJiscovered, the secondcoursewili be calculatedl/to in. thicker &an needsto be when corrosionallowanceis
a sisnificant percenraqeof frst course.This exu-arhiclsressarnountsto good sum of money.
r')'re*inn' T<rhe v61-i3fledesi-rnpoinr method of shell design covered under API 650, Secrion3.6.4 r'alid for ranks wit}
I'ariablecorrosionallou'ance(i.e.,differentcorrosionfor eachshell course)?
'
Reolv: No.

S E C T I O N3 . 7 S H E L LO P E N I N G S

65Ar-33/99
Question: Referringto API 650, Seczion3.7.4,mustall flush-rypecleanoutsand flush-rypeshellconnections
be stress-
relieved regardlessof the rnaterialused,the nozzle diameter,or the thicknessof the shell insen plare?
Reply: Yes,seeSection3.'7.4.1.

65GI-53/99

Question1: Per Secrion3.1.4-2,for sheUopeningsoverNPS 12,if insenplatesarenor usedto reinforcethe shell opening,is
the shell rhicknessa factor in determiningif P\\TITof rhe assemblyis required?
Reply1: Yes.

Quesrion?: RegardingSection3.7.4.2,is sress-relievingmandatoryfor rhe prefabricaredassemblywhen rhe thicknessof rhe

r.hickenedinsertplate exc€ds I in., irrespectiveof the shell opening size?
Reply 2: No- The requirementapplies only ro NPS 12 or largerconnecrions.
lr'-: API SiAr{9AIrDe5C

L)u l-()l/Oil
euesriol: nozzles,as describeddierein,afterinsullationin drc Shell.
DoesAPI 650, Secrion3.7-4i, allorvsuess-relieving
using locall;,appliedheaters?
Repl1,: No. The heat treatnrentmu-srbe perfornredprior 10 ins=llation in rire rank-

65Gi-i8/m
Questionl: l, doesAPI 650 coverflush shell connectionsro be installednon-rzdialiy?
ReferencingFigure-3-1
Replyt: No.

Quesrion?: ReferencinsFigure 3-12, aretrush-rypeshell connectionssmalltr tlrar 8 in. coveredin API 650?
RePll'r- No'

r:"
t I-3<too
Quesrion: Does API 650, Section3.1-4l require stess-relievin,sfor materialsin openingconnecliorrscomi'rg under Croup
I, il, III or I[ A, when Lherhic]gressof rhe shell is lessthan I in-. but the sum of rhe shell plate thicknessand the
reinforcer:rent plate rhickneeqexceeds I in. for NPS 1" and larger?
Reply: No.

650-I-43/00
Quesrion: Referring to API 650, Section3-7.4.2,must a prefabricatedmantroleassembiybe stressrelievedif the material is
Group II (A 131, GradeB), rire shell plate is 3/s in. thicli, and rlre opening is a 2-1-in.diametermanhole?
iLeply: No, because&e shell is lessrban I in. thick.

650-l-47/00
Question: Does API 650, Section3.7 -6-1,permit making a hot tapping connectionon a blir'd flange on a nozzle in a tank?
Reply: No. Refer ro API 650, Section3.8.3, for rules on insralling a nozzle in a cover plate in a nes' tank. Refer to APi
653, Section'7.14,'forrulesald _suidance on hot tapping in an in-sen'ice tank-

6.^ I-48/00
'ei,estion: Does API 650 definea "neck- as piping or nozzle passingthroueh the shell of the rank to the first ffalge, regard-
less of *re lengrh and confi*euration(such as an uptumed pipe connecrcd by an elbow and another shon piece
pipe to the fust flange) of rhis pipe?
Reply: No. API does not definerhis rsrm. Also, refer to Section 1.2,.*'hichdefinesrhe limia of applicabiliry on pipins.

SECTION 3.8 SHELL ATTACHMENTS ANDTANK APPURTENANCES

650-I-5r /00
Quesrion: API 650, Section 3.8-3.2,reguires mixer man*-ay bolting flanees to be 407o rhicker than rlre values shown in
Table 3-3- Footnore b under Table 3-4 requires the minimum man*ay neck rhic\Tess to be the lesser of rhe
ffange thicknessor rhe shell plale. Is it rhereforerequired that the minimum neck lhicknesson a mixer manwa)'
be the lesserof 1407oof the fialse rhicknessvalue in Table 3-3 or rhe shell rhickness?
Reply: No.

650-I-53/00
Quesrion: Referring ro API 650, is m€reric panicle tesringapplicable for inspectingperrnanentanachmentsro rhe shell
and at temporary anachmenrrsmova-lareas,when the material -u-oupis of Group i (A 283, GradeC)?
Reply: No. See3-8.1.2and 5.2.3.5,in Addendum I to the iOth Edition of API 650.
 \\,ELDED SreEI TatxS ;OA O:I SI ORAG:

6 5 G 1 -1 4 / 0 2
"a
D -^l--.^,.-i
DAL N<r UUr rU Secrion 3.S-3-2s-{/res: coyer plare widr a noz-zleanachnrenrfor product-nrixing equipnrent shall iravc a "u'hetr tjtick-
ness al leasr 1.4 rinres grearer riran rJrerhick-n€ssrequired b1'Table 3-i." Secrion 3-S 3-3 also sutes that
co\.er plales (or blind flanges) are required for shell nozzies, the n.rininruni rhicloe-ss shall be that siven for
flanges in Table j-8'.- There seentsto be a conflict bet\-een lhese r\A,oseclions in that rvlten rhe lhickness speci-
fied bl,Table 3-3 (ar mar liquid level) is increased b1'407c, ir is srill thinner rhan llre thickness specified by Table

Q u e s t i o nl : In deremtining rhe rhickness of a cover plare and bolting ffange h u'hich producr nrixing equipnrenr is installed,
is rhere a conffict bet\^'een3-8.3-2 and 3-8.3-3

R e p l y1 : Ir\o.

Question?: If rr'e are 10 adhere to 3-83-3, how are we to compute the neu'tiricLless of a cover plare u'hose integriry has been
comprornised b1'rhe addidon of a hole into which a smaller adapter nozzie has been placed- Section 3-3-3-3 only
dkects rlie reader ro Table 3-8 to find the thickness of unadulterated cover plates. Itlo menlion is rrade in 3.8.3.3
regarding how to compute the new thickness after a nozzle has been added.

Replv2: API does not provide consulting on specific engineering problems or on the general understanding of its stan-
dards. We can only provide inrerpretations requirements that are sured in an API sundard or consider revisions
based on new data or techrology-

SECTION 3-9 T O P A N D I N T E R M E D I A T EW I N D G I R D E R S

65Ur-39t99
Questionl: ls ir acceprablefor the prima4y (upp.t) bonom, of an APi 650 Appendix I double-bonom rank to not project
rhrough the shell-andto be attachedonly to the inside of the shell?

Replyl: No. API 650, Secrion3.4 " requiresrhe bonom piate project at least?5 mm (1 in.) ouside the toe of tlrs outer
shell-ro-bonomweld. Section3-5-2requiresthe annularplate project al least50 mm (2 in.) ouaide $e shell. Fur-
thermore, Section3.1.5.7requiresthe bonom be ri,eldedto the shell on both sidesof the shell.The onll' u'ay this
can be accomplishedis with a shell projection.Figure I-4 illusuatesan accePtabledouble-bonominstallation.
"optional"?
Question?: What is the function of asphalt-impregnatedboard wrinen as

Reply 2: The funcrion of rhe asphah-impregnared board is ro minimize water infilrration underneaththe rank bonom and
corrosion of the portion of the tank bonom in direct contact wirh the concrete ringwall.

Q u e s t i o n3 : boardis not installed?

Whar is the expectedeffect on ran.kannularplatesif rhe asphalt-impregnated

R e p l y3 : Seereply to Questionl.

S E C T I O N3 . 1 0 R O O F S

6iGi-51/99
Or re<tinn 1' ln API 650, Section3.lOi, is rhe calculatedminimum thicknessrhe actualrequiredthicknessthat uJies into
account rhe span of unstifrenedcone platesrvith a total load of 45 lbfift??

R e p l y1 : Yes, ir is the minimum requiredrhickness,exclusiveof corrosionallon'ance,for the tank diamererand roof slope
under considerarion. It shoutdbe notedthatrhe maximum allori,ableroof platethicknesslimits rhe unk diameter
as a function of rhe roof slope.

Q u e s t i o n? : used?
Ho*' is the minimum tfricLmess
R e p l yr : APi does not acr as a consul6nt on specific engineering problems or on the general understanding or appllcatron
of is standards. API's acdvities in regard to rechnical inquiries are limited srrictly to interPrerations of the stan-
dard and to the consideradon ofrevisions to the present standard based on new data or lechnology-
 API ST$DARD 650

6iG.t-52199
b)'thc sundard?
nrenrbersro rJreroof pl31s52ll6r.r'ed
is u,eldin. of dre main roof suDc,ort
euestion:
Repl1,: 3_lOI 3 drarsraresrharroof piaresof supponedconeroofs sirallnot bc arncltedto tire
l-No,seeApI 650, Sect.ion
supponing members.

SECTION 5.2 DETAILS OFWELDING

65G-l-11/00

euesrion i: Does ApI 650 Section5.2-1-iOrequire dre use of lo\\,hydrosenelectrodesu'lten tnaking manual horizontal
$,eldsber\r'eenrwo sheil plata r*'lien both platesare in GroupsI-I[[, one plate is srealerr]ian l?-5 mm (0-5 in.)
thick and the odrerplareis 125 mm (0-5 in-) thick or less?
'.,-:::PlY1: Yes-

euestion ": Does API 650 Section5.2-1-1Orequire the use of lorv hydrcgenelectrodeswhen making rrialual welds betu'een
the shell and bonom plareswben both plates are in Groups I-I[, rhe shell plate is greater rhan 1?-5 mm (0-5 in-)
rhick and the rank bonom plare is 1?5 mm (0.5 in-) thick or less?

Reply 2: Yes.

euestion 3: Does API 650 Section5-2-l.1Orequirelow hydrogen electrodesu'hen maldng welds betu'eentwo annularplales
thar are 12.5 mm rhick or lessand are made of material in Groups I-I[.
Reply 3: No. This question will be referredro rhe appropriateSubcommineeto confirm rhis is the desiredrequirement.

65GI-28/00

euesrion l: Referring to API OSO,Secton 51 2.1,is rhe rank manufacturerallowed to se1l}re sequenceof welding the floor
plares,if the sequencehas been found by the manufacturerro yield the least disrorrion from shrinkage?

Reply 1: Yes,see Section5.2.2,-l-

Question?: If bonom plate seamsare left open for shriniGge,then must the shell-to-bonomcomer weld be pracdcally com-
plete prior to maldng the welds left open for shrinkage compensation?

,. :Prt r, Yes,see Section 5-2.2-2.

SECTION 5.3 I N S P E C T I N G , T E S T I N G ,A N D R E P A I R S

65Clt- r 6/00

Question: Regarding rhe hydrotestingof a ank to be lined intemally,doesAPI 650 requirethe tank to be filled with water
before and ajrer rhe lining is insralled,or onl;' before the lining is installed.or onlrvafter the lining is installed?
Reply: API 650 does not coverrhis issue-API doesnot provide consuldngadviceon issuesthat arenot addressedin API
650.

65Gr-21/00

Questionl: Does,A,PI650require any addirionaltestingbeyondtre hydrostatic(n'ater)testspecifiedin Section5-3-6fora

tank desigrredfor product wirh specific graviry greaterrhan 1?
Reply l: No. SecrionF-7-6providesaddtiional requirementsforAppendix F tanks.The purchasermay require more strin-
gent tesdng as a supplementalrequirement-

euestion ?: Given rhe follou'ing condiriors: nominal diameterof rhe ranl<-30m, heighr of shell-i 8-4 m' roof--rorospherical,
specific gravity ofconrenr-l-32 rop gaugepressure-O.Can the designcalculation-fortest condition be executed
on API 650 and Appendix F (designpressureon bonom level 233 CPA or more)?
 VJELDED STEf L T;.Niis ;oa O;r- Si Oe:a: D-7

arrtl aopJrc:l-
Iieply'' .Apl cioesnot provicje coi:-i::hinq on specilrc enSineering probienrs or ort ihe leneral.uttdtrsta:tcitrts
requirenlents. Please refer to APpendix D
rion of irs srandards.\\/c c= onll,provide inrerprerationso1'A,-Pl6-io
a requirenient in APl 650'
and restareyour inquiq,sothat it pOsesa que-\rionon the nreaning of

650-r-33/00
Rhile conrpleting sonre
Quesrion: Does Apj 650, Secrion 5:i-6, prohibit srarrjng rhe u,arer filling for h)'drostaric testinq
rvelded anachnterts on the hst shell ring above the 11'21srl3r'el ?

Repll': No.

6-5GI-r2/0i
Question 1: Does ApI 650 require rha-.rolerances (plumbnesVpeaking bendin5y'roundness)be checked after rhe construction
of each shell course, ratleriian afterrlre completion of rhe entire shell?

, R e p l 1 '1 : These tolerances must be ro-:sured by the purchaser's inspector at an)'time prior ro dre hydrosuric lesl- See Sec-
tions 4-2-3,5.3.i.2, and 5-i-6.

Question ?: U repairs are required ro c€t the specified lolerances, u'hen must rlre repairs be made?

Reply r: API 650 does nor address ibe timing of these repaim-

SECTION 5.4 REPAIRS TO WELDS

650-I-48/99
Questionl: If welds in a non-radiogr=z=bed tank (e-g.,per Appendix A)-are exanined by visual examinationand determined
to be defective,doesAPI 6.;0 permir rhe purchaserto tien requireradio-rraphicexaminationof rhe r+'elds?
Replyl: Section 5.4-1 requiresrhai rlre purchaser'sinspecrorapprovethe plan to resolvethe problem.The ramifications
of any up,sraderb rhe NDE procedureoriginally required,such as radiographi:rgthe welds in this case,becomea
contractua-lmaner.

Question?: For purchaser-specifiedNE, if requiredto resolve a visual finding. u'hat acceptancecriteriaappiies?

R e p l y2 : This is a contacrual manei not coveredby API 650-

5.5 D I M E N S IO N A L T O L E R A N C E S
_ECTION

650-t-24/00
O' resdnn' API 650 gives rolerances aor plumbnessand roundness,bul the= are relatedto the tank shell-Are there anl'
defined toleranceson the t=ali roof, such as on the rim spacedimension?
Reply: No-

650-1-29tOJ
"rhe lop of the ring uail shallbe levelwithin +/- 3mnr ('/S in-) in
Quesrion: Does rhephrasein Secrion-<i-5.2.aof API 650,
an1'9 m (30 fr) of rhe circr-ference", meanthat rhe ring u.all upperplanePosilionis to be betr"'eennvo hodzon-
tal planes6 mm apan or 3 :m apan?
Reply': 6 mm apan

650-I-40/00
Question: F o r a n k s b u i l r o A P I 6 5 0 = . i r dc o m p l y i n g* ' i r } r S l , i o n 5 . 5 d i m e n i o n a l l o l e r a n c easn d s u b s e q u : n t l 1 ' c o r m i i s -
sioned,do rhe minimumre:::-iremenrof API gjQ rirrh respecrro plumbness,banding,elc.,still appll' aftera tank
has been placedin service'l
Reply: No- API 650 coversrhe d*-:gn and consrructionof new unks. An)' lolerancerules that might appl.vafter the rank
has beenp'lacedin sen,ice.r.pically API 653 plus any supplemenral ownerreouiremenLs, arelo k determinedb1'
 API SrsoARD 6;3

r l r el o c a lj u r i s d i c r i o rarn d r h er z r k o * r r e r .S e eA P I 6 5 i , l . l . l , S e c r i o rSr , a n d l 0 - 5 . 2 ,1 o rl u n l r er t n l o r n r a t r oant r d

for sonreexar:tples.

65Gl-07/01
API 650, Secrion5.i-i, state-s r]rarrlte rolerancesas sllecifiedmay,bc u'aivedb1'(aqreenrent L.ttu'eenrhe pur-
Q u e s t i o nl
chaserand tlre manufacturer)-If a tank does nor meet the specifiedlolerance rvitll reqardsto one s;rcific area
suchas the roundness bur hasnrel the rolerancein relarionto plumbnessand localdeviationas ra'ellas all rhe test-
ing requirenientssuch as raciiqraph;'anci hyciiorestino.can the nranufacturerinsjstrharthe purchaseracceptthe
tark?
Reply l: No- Asreenienl by borh partiesis required.

Quesrion ? Since Section5-5.1 sutes thar rhe purposeof rlre tolerancesas specifiedis for appearanceand to permit Prop€r
functioning of ffoatingroofs, Lsit thereforecorrectto concluderhardre purchaserhasno nqht to refuseto accepl
a rank which haspassedall tess requiredby API 650 bur may havesomeout-of-tolerancein one o; more areas?
R c P I Y? ' No.

Quesrion3: An inspection measurementshows a maximum out of roundnessof 28 mm on the uppermostshell course at

three locations in a ranl<.Is rhis detrimenal ro rhe strucaral integrity of ttre unk?
Reply 3: of API 650 requiremenlsor considerrevisionsto the standardbasedon new
API can only provide inrerprerarions
data or rechnology.API doesnot provide consulting on specific engineeringproblemsor on the general under-
stanrdingof its standards

65GI-0S/01
Question Does the lOth Edition of API 650 specifv tolerancesfor rhe .lelution and orienution of shell nozzles?
Reply: No.

S E C T I O N6 METHODS OF INSPECTING JOINTS

6su141t99
Or rcctinn' Does API 650 allow rhe purchaserto requireradiographicexaminationas a requirementfor acceptanceafier fab-
ricarion on a tank thar is not reguired to be radiographed per API 650 rules?
:iipl)': API 650 doesnorprohibitthepurchaserfrom specif ing additionalrequiremenc.Theseare contractualissues
ouBide the scopeof *re docurnent.
Reply: This is a contractualmaner not coveredby API 650.

SECTION8..1 NAMEPLATES

650-I-49/00
"November
Orrcsrinn' For a tanli built to the lOrh Edidon, lst Addendum, of API 650, is it acceprableto mark 1998" in the
"X" "Revision
Edition box and in the No." box on the narneplate?
"monrh
Reply: No. The marks should be the and year" of the Edition in the first box, and the number of the addendum
revision in rhe second box (e.g- 0, 1,2)-

SECTIONs.3 CERTIFICATION

65AI-16/02
Background: Secondarycontainmentrulesfor peroleum tanls arealmosruniversall;'applied.N{osroftentheserulesare satis-
fied by' construclingdile or bqrn u,alls around a mnk farrn. Ho*,ever,due to spaceor other regulatory limia-
-nsull
tions, the o'*,nermay wish to double r'"'allr.anksu,here the outer rank u'ould conuin the volume of the
 \ . J F L D € DS r : : l Tcrxs ;o: Orr S:oaac:

inner tank slrould a cara-ic-ophrclailurr occur- ln rhis cil-se-dre ourer q'all u'ould ltave to bc deslglrcd to coI)talI)
dre h5'drosraricpressureoirhe liquid liont the inner rank. In addirion. considerzrion of detaiied design for pipinr
flexibilitl' passing rhrougi: the outer u'all u'ould need to be made.

Quesrion: Is ir pennissible to consu:.:cta tank u'ilhin a rank and cenil\' both ranks to API 6i0 Section S.3?

Reply: )'e-s.

Appendix C External Floating Roofs

Quesrion l: Referring to Section C.3-4, must tlre thermal in-breathin,e/out-brearhing requiremenb as pcr APJ 2OC0 aiso need
to be considered during design of bleeder venrs (i-e., durinq deciding size and quanrity of bleeder vents, so that
there will not be any oversu-essinq of roof deck or seal membrare)?

Reply 1: No, C.3.9 does nor require r,entirg perAPI 20O0.

Question 2: lf answer ro Question 2 Ls 1'es, u'ould ir nol be u,onhwhile ro clarifl'the same appropriately in Section C-3-9 of
API 650?
RePll'r' SeeRePiY1.

APPENDIX E SEISMIC DESIGN OFSTORAGE-fA,NKS

65AI-44t99

Question1: Do the changesto Chapter 16, Division IV Earthquate Design, of rhe 1997 Uniform Building Code affect API
650, Appendix E requirernerrs?
Reply l: The comminee is currentll' consideringchangesto Appendix E as a result of rhe revisionsto the Uniform Build-
ing Code. Approved chaneeswill appear in future addenda of API 650.

Question2: Why is the Seismic Zone }{ap of t}re Unired Statessho,*-nin ,API 650, Appendix E slightly different for that
shosn on page2-37 of the 1997 Uniform Building Code, Figure 1G??
Reply 2: The comminee is currentlvconsideringchangesto Appendlt E as a result of rhe revisionsto the Uniform Build-
itg Code.Approved chan5cswill appearin a furure addendumor edition of API 650.

65GI-45/99

Question: Is the value obtainedfrom rhe equation in E.4.2 equal ro rhe dinrensionmeasuredradially inward from the inte-
dor face of the shell to tlre end of tlre annular plate (rhe "end of the annular plale" is defined here as the inner
edee/perimeter of rhe D"ical lap joint berween rhe bouom and the annular plate)?
Reply: No, the dimension is measrred radially in'*'ard from the interior face of the shell to rhe end of the annularplate,
defined as the inner edgeof rhe annularplate. The extentof *le overlapof the bonom plate on tre anlular plateis
not a sisnificant consideral-on-

65GI-25i00
Question 1: Should the metric formula for calculatingthe nalural perid of the first sloshingmode in SectionE-3.3.2read:

1= r.1o*')(ilh)

Reply 1: Yes. This correction*,ill aJpear in Addendum 2 of API 650.

Quesrion2: Should the metricformulaior calculatingthe w'idrbof the rhickerplareunderthe shellin SectionE-|.2 read

0 . 1 7 4 5x l 0 - r w r / G H ( m )

Reply 2: Yes. This correctionwill aopear in Addendum 2 of API 650

 API STAN(jAFO&50

Qucstion 3. Is rire foilou,inq revisiorr ro Serion E-5. I apprupriare'l

"\\7iren
M[D2 (*'i+ u'j] is grearer rJran l-57 or s'hen b/1000r (b/l?i) is grearer rhan F, (-seeE.5.3). rJrerank is
struclural l)' unslable."

Repl;'-i: )ts- Thjs correcdon u'ill apperr in Adderrduni 2 of API 650.

'
Q u e s t i o n4 . ls fre follorving revision ro Section E.5-3 appropriareJ
"The
moiimunr longitudinal compressive stress in rhe shell b/10O& (b/12r), shall nor exceed rhe ma;iin'rum
allou'able stress, Fn, cietermined b1' rhe following formulas lbr F", u'hich ra]:e in to account..."

R e p 1 14,: Yes. This correction u'as made i-nAddendum I of .{pi 650. released in l\{arch ?0o0.

APPENDIXF DESIGN OFTANKS FOR SMALL INTERNAL PRESSURES

r-I-12/00

Question: Assume a tank is tc be desigled o API 650,Appendb: F-l-2. (rhc inrernalpressurewill be grearerrJral rhe weiglrr
of rhe roof plares but less than rhe u''eight of the shell, roof and framin-g). In addition, assumeanchors are ro be
added for some reason other tlnn inremal pressure,for example: seismic, u'ind, sliding, overturning or user man-
dated. Does the rank have ro be designed toApI 650 Section F.7?
Reply: No' only SectionsF.2 rluough E6 apply. Section3-l i appliesto anchorsr.hatresist wind overr.urningrvhen spec-
ified b)'tlre purchaser.Appendix E applies to anchors provided for seismjc.API's Subcofirninee on Pressure
Vesselsand Tanks is currently rerieu'ing ApI 650 anchor requiremenc-

c50-r-15/02
Question1: Is the "W'' in 3.10.2-5.3referrirg ro rhe same'nV" in F.4-2?
Reply1: Yes.

Q u e s t i o n2 : Does'W" in F.4-2 include the ueighr of fie bonom of rhe tank?

Repl1,2: No.
Question3: Is the "A" in 3.I0-2.5.3 referringto the same'A" in F.4.1 and cross-harchedareashown in Fieure F-l?
R e p l y3 : Yes.

APPENDIXH INTERNAL FLOATING ROOFS

650-r-50/99
Q u e s t i o nl : Does API 650 require that floadrg roof sealsbe insalled prior ro hydroresdngthe rank?
R e p l 1 J, : No.

Q u e s r i o n? : Is a roof se-alconsidereda major componentof rhe rank?

R e p l y2 : API 650 does not usethe rerm "major componenr".

650-r-
r 0/00
Quesrion: Does API 650 provide a way to obrain a frangible roof connecrionon a small rank describcas follorvs?
. Diamerer: 8 fr-
- Heigfrr:t0 ft.
' Crosssectionalareaof therooi-to-.shell
juncrion'A": largerrhanthat allou,edby'rheequarionin Section3.10.
ppnl\/.
No- The API Subcommineeon h-essureVesselsand Tanks is currently revie*,ino rhe designcrireriafor frangible
roofjoina. You may wish to rerieu' Publication 937 Evaluation of Design Citeia for SrorageTanksx'irh Fran-
gible Roof Joints.
 \ { E L D E DS r E E L T e r v x s r o ; O [ S t o e A G :

APPENDIXJ SHOP-ASSEMBLEDSTORAGETANKS

65GI,r8/02
B a c k g r o u n d : l r { a n 1 ' r h r e s s m a l l t a n k s u ' i r h d i a n r e t e r s l e s s r h a nl 0 f i a r e s p e c i f i e d f o r c o n s r r u c r i o n i n a c c o r d a n c e q , i r h A P l 6 5 0 .
A r e v i e q , o f A p l 6 5 0 , S e c r i o n 3 . 6 . 1 - 1 , s h o q . s r h e m i n i n r u n r r h i c k n e s s r o b e t / r o i n . a n3d. 6 1 - 2 i n d i c a t e s r h a r r h e
nrinimum shell plate u'idrh is 7r in. Appendix J srates rhar rhe ma;iimunr rank dianrererof a tank construcred ro
API 650 is 20 fr.
.
Question: Is rhere a minim-unrdianreter or heighr or lolume for u'hich new unks construcredro API 650 appll,?

Response: No.

APPENDIX S AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL STORAGETANKS

.,,tr,tS:Ot-t SIOO
Question: In my opinion, the formulas given for shell rhicLrresscalcularionfor srainiesssteelmarerialsin Appendix S, Par.
S.3 ? include the corrosionallsw3llsg (CA) ar the wrong place.The formulas should consistof two parts,the sec-
ond part should be the CA nithout rhe division by So x E .
Reply: Yes, you are correcl This t1'po,eraphicalerror was correcred in Addendum I to API 650, l &h Edition.
 A P P E N D I XE - S E I S M I C D E S I G NO F S T O R A G E T A N K S

. E.1 Scope j e c t e d t o a n a d d i t j o n a l o v e n u m i n s n r o n i e n t a s a r r s u l r o 1 ' l a r c r a ld i s -

p l a c r m c n t o 1 - d r eu n k c o n t . n L s ;t h i s a d d i r i o n a l n t o n l e n r n r a ; , n e e d r o
This appendix provides ntininruni requientenLs rhat nrav t'e considered in rhe d:sisn of some foundarions,such as nilc-sun-
be sprcified b;, ijre purchaser for r}e desi_gaof srorage ranks fioned concrete nras.
subject Io seisntic load. These requirements represenr
The ovenurning monrent due ro seismic forces applied to
accepted pracrice for applicarion-ro flar-boaonr ranls; hos,-
the bononr of rhe sheii shaii ire cietermined as follows:
ever, odrer procedures and applicable faciors or addirional
requirenrents may be specified by lhe purchaser or jurisdic- 11 = Zl (Cllltxs + C1l4/,H,+ C1I4/;X1 + C2I4/.tX2)
tional autlrorities. Any deviation from dre requirenrenr of rhis
appendix must be b1' ageement bet\l,een the purchaser and q'here
the marufacturer-
r1y'= overturning moment applied to the bonom of the
Note: The basis for rhcse requiremens, togeder wirh rhe formulas rank shell, in N-m (f1-lbf),
for the design cun,es in Fgures E-2 rhroughE-5 and infornration for o Z = seismic zone facror (horizontal seismic accelera-
calculadng orher seismic effecs, is included in a paper by R. S. tion) as derermined by rhe purchaser or rhe appro-
\{/ozniak and W. rA/. lrfirchell, "Basis of Seismic Desien hovisions
priate gor-ernment autroriry that has jurisdicrion.
o: I for R/eldedSreelOil StorageTank5."ls
The seismic zone maps of Figure E-1, the seismic
zone rabularion for areasoutside the Unired States
E-2 General
(see Table E-1), or the Supplentent to Narional
The design procedure considers rwo response modes of the BuiAing Code of Canada may be used as an aid
tank and its contents: to delermine the seismic zone. Table E-2 can be
used lo determine the seismic zone {actor, Z,
a. The relatively high-frequency amplified response to lareral
a /-= importance factor,
ground motion of the tanli sheU and roof, roserher with the por-
= 1.0 for all ranks unlessa larger importance factor is
rion of the liquid contenr tiat moves in unison wirh rhe shell-
specified by' the purchaser.The 1 facror should nor
b. The relatively low-frequency. amplifie<i response of rhe
exceed l -5, and this maximum value should-be
ponion of rhe liquid conrents lhat moves in rhe fundamenral
applied only to ranks that must provide emergency
sloshing mode. post-earthquake service or to tanks t-harsrore toxic
The desigrr requires rhe Cererminarionof rire hydrodynamic or explosive substancesin areas where an acciden-
mass associated with each mode and rhe lateral force and ul releaseof product would be considered ro be
evernrrning momenr applied to rhe shell as a result of the danserous to the safety ofthe general public,
response of the masses ro lateral ground notion. Provisions C1, C2 = lateral earthquake force coefficients determined
are included to assure subiliry of rhe rank shell wirh respect accordins ro E-3.3,
to ovenurnins and to preclude buckling of dre rank shell as a l1/, = 1e61 weight of the tank shell, in N (lbD,
result of longitudinal compression. X, = height from rlre bottom of the tank shell ro the
This appendix has no provisions for derermining rhe shell's center of graviry, in m (ft7,
increased hoop tension that would result from earthquake o ll/. = 1qtal we ighr of the tank roof (fixed or ffoating)
morion. The increased hoop tension, coirectly calculared plus a ponlon ofthe snow load, if any, specified
from the lareral force coefficiens specified in this appendi.r, by rhe purchaser, in N (lbf),
r.r,ould not increase the hoop stresses above a ,senerall), Hr = roral heighr of rhe tank shell, in m (fi),
accephble stress level rhar could be used fcr seismic desicn lVy = u,eight of the effective mass of rhe unk contents
of the tank shell. that mor.e in unison u,ith the tank shell, as deter-
mined according to E.3.2.1,in N (lbfl,
E.3 Design Loading Xr = height from rhe bottom of the tank shell to rhe
E.3.1 OVERTURNINGMOMENT centroid of lateral seismic force applied to l4l1,as
determined according toE.3.).2, in m (ft),
Note: The ovenumins momenr determined in Ei.l is t}re momenr - Ii/: = weiqht of t}re efiectii,e mass of the tank contenLs
applied ro the bonom of rhe shell onlv. The ra;r-kfoundarjon is sut>
that move in the first sloshing mode, as deter-
'nR. S. Woznial and \\'. \\/. \,lirchell,"Basis m i n e d a c c o r d i n et o E . 3 - 2 .I , i n N ( l b f ) ,
03 | of Sclsmic Design pro.
visions for Welded Sreel Oil SrorageTank,' 1978 prcceedings- X: = height from the bonom ofthe rank shell to the
Refning Deparmtent, \blume 57, American Perroleum Insrirute. cenrroid of lateial seismic force applied to l4l2,as
\\'ashing:ron,
D.C.. 1978, pp. a8:-501. determined accordins toEj.2.2, in m (fl).
AFI S]n.DAAD 6;J

O
O

O
O
O
@

E
:l
O
o
N

at
c
o
N
.o
E
.u)
a)
a
t -
I

tl-l

:l

ir-

I
o
a o

. Y o o

.E\ E
: =- L
= ^

- oil

: i : ; ": '
.:l'- F
.S- c o E E
c e.
i o o O

6q3>
!: os
a o = o
I (J 5(,
 -IANXS
\.{:LD€o ST=rL Foa OIt SIosAG:

ALASKA

()e

'
<
7/",--
- \
() (a"
(r-
\ -_\-2
!

ZD
o o 6
/-.-V-\-
t€lzro
a\ L,,-\d'oooo
\ \ \ \ \
v " ) - 7
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/ l

HAWAII

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Km
90

Figure E-1-Seismic Zones (conlinued)

 API STArioinD 650

Trlle f I ScismicZorrcTabuialio:i
ior Arcas Tablc E-2-SeismrcZoneFacior
Outside the Uniled States
Scisrric Factor S c i s n r i cZ . o n e F a c t o r
Seismic ( 1 ' r o n rF i g u r e E - I o r o t h e r s o u r c € - \ ) (horizontalaccrlcration)
Seisnric
Locatiorr Tnne Location Z-one i 0 075
Asra Pacilic Oceana::: 0.r5
Tu rkc'y' CarolineIslands 2B 0.20,
-nilt.dl !r 2B Koror, Paulau 28 -1 . 0-30.
Karantursel 3 Penape 0 4 0.40
.i,rlantic Ocean area Johndronlsland I
,Azor-s 28 Krvajalein I E.3-3-2 The lateral force coefilcienl Cr shall be derermined
Bemruda I |r4arianaIsland as a function of the natural period of rhe first sloshing niode,
Caribbean Guam 3 L and the soil conditions at the unk site unless orherrxise
'| determined by rhe metliod given in E.3.3-3. When f is less
Bahama lslands Saipan 3
... Canal Tnne !D Tinain 3 than or equal to 4.5,
-- .eeq'ard lslands lr4arcusIsland I
0.75.t
Pueno Rico 3 Okina*'a 3 tt =
Trinidad Island !lJ Philippine Islarocis 3
r
r'*orth America Samoa Islands 3 W}en T is srealer than 4.5,
Greenland I Wale Island 0
i { / 1 \
Iceland ": -

Kellavik f:

where
E.3.2 EFFECTIVE MASS OFTANK CONTENTS
S = site coefficientfrom TableE-3,
E-3-2-1 The effective masses Hr1 and ll! may be derer_ I = n?tura.lperiod of rhe f rst sloshingmode, in sec-
mined by multiplying Wr by rhe rarios Wr^yT and W2llVv onds. f may be determinedfrom the follou,ing
respectively,obuined from Figure E-2 for rhe rario D/H. equarion:
u,here In SI unis:

]i 7 = 161a1rveight of rhe tank conren6.h N (lbl). f = 1.gi&(Do.-5)

l. D = nomiral tank diameterin m.
r.r,here
(lhe specific graviry ofrhe producr shall be
specifiedby rhe purchaser.), in U-S.Customaryunits:
D = nomjnalrank diamerer,in m (fr) (see3.6.1_1,
r = t(Dos)
Nore i ),
rvhere D = nomi,nal tank diameter in fL
H = moiimum design liquid levei,in m (ft) (see
-]-O-.]J l- /l = factor obtailed from Fisure E-4 for rhe ratio D/H.

E-3.2-2 The heighrsfrom the bonom of the rank shell to the

a E-3.3.3 Altematively, b1' agreenrentbetw'eendre purchaser
cenuoids of rhe lateral seismic forces applied ro lV1 and lVr,
X1 and I',. may be dererminedby muhiplyine Hby rhe ratios and the manufacrurer, rhe lateral force determined by the
.Y/ H and Xtl H , respectively,obtainedfrom Figure E-3 for rhe producs of ZICt and ZIC2 may be determined f.;rom response
ratio D/H . specra esublished for rhe specific tank site and fumished by
the purchaser, ho*'ever, the lateral forceZlCl shall not be less
E.3.2.3 The cun'es in Fieures E-2 and E-3 are basedon a rhan that determined in accordanceu'ith E.3.1 and E.3.3.1.
modificationof the equationspresenred in ERDA Technical The response specrra for a specific site should be estab-
IntbrmaiionDocumenr702.1.19 Akemarivel)',1;,/1,
lVr, X1, and lished considering rhe active faulu u'ithin the region, the
X2 ma), be determined by orher analyricalproceduresbased
rypes of fauhs, rhe masnilude of the eanhquallerhat could be
on lhe d)'namiccharacrerisdcsof the rank. qeneratedby each fault" the regional seismic activity'rare, the
proximiry of the site to the potential sourcefauhs, rhe anenu-
E.3.3 LATERAL FOBCE COEFFICIENTS ation of the ground motion between rhe faulrs and rhe sire,
E.3.3.1 The lareralforce coefficienrCl sha-llbe 0.60 unless andrhe soil conditions at rhe site. The spectrum for rhe facror
the product of ZICy and rhe product of ZC2 are determined Z1C1 should be establishedfor a damping coefficient of 2Voof
a s o u t l i n e di n E . 3 . 3 . 3 . critical. Scaling of the response spectrum to account for the
reserve capaciry of rhe rank is permissible. The acceptable
' >ERD.1 -ltc hni cal I nformarion Doc ument7O24,li ucl ear Rea ct ors o,td reserve capaciry shall be specified by rhe purchaser and can
E-anlnucke-s(preparedb1' tockleed Aircraft Corpcrziion and Holmes be determined from rable tess, field obsen'adons, and the
3t N:n er. I nc.). U.S.Aromic En:r*, Commission.-augusr1963. ductility' of rhe sructure.
 .-:)

l-jrc -s:xcruti ,b; :j:r. ;:clo: Z/(.2 stoiiic co;tc-ifonc ro iitc

srcc:jr.!l ",'orZlCl ::tci:ijficcj fo; a cia;.-rpjlq ctx:jlcj.::.;:
oi
0 )')'o ai lirucal, h c'e:tn:ti;r-lte urc facior /./C. flo;t i)v:
1
-s-.)e
ci;u;:1.:ltc fu;tc:;:l.;::::l pcrrod oirirc r:i;ri:u.iiir rr-scoiienL\
s
o ( s.::ll ire r:lcn i_liio acco*qtr unless rbe ntul:rir:l sDec.r3l
acce.lszio;r rs used.
6
s
:<
E - 4 R e s i s t a n c et o O v e r t u m i n g
L4.1 Resisrance io d.:e ovenrLrnilg montent at ihe bofiorn
of ibe sbeU ma1, be pior,ided by rJreu,eigbr of tbe ra-nk
slell
' i_ o a-cd b1, tbe archonqe of rbe tank sbell or, for una:rcbored
2.o 3.0 1.! 5.0 6.0 7.o 8.0
re-c-\s,rhe rveighr of a ponion of the ra_nkconrents adjacelr ro
DlH -,be shell.
For unanchored ratr}<s,tJre porrion of the conrenis
rh:r ma),be used ro resis ovenur-ning
ciependson r}le wicjrh of
Figure E-2-Efiective Masses r-be ircnon.r p.lare u::cier rhe slrell t-bai liis off rbe fou:idarjon
and rnay be dererrm.ed as folion,s:

ln SI rrnic:

,,,r: 99r,JFup-H
However,u2 shalJnot exceedj96GlD
q'here
1.0
y/, : majdmilm g,eight Of tbe
Ud< contents rh:t may be
0.8 used to resist tle sheii overrurni::g momert, in N/h
t of sbell circurnference,
a n A
X 16 : rhickness of rhe bonom plale u:rder &e shel! in m-,

r
X
5
o.4
x2tH

XJH
Ft
used ro calculate w1 (see 8.4.?),
- minimr'- soecifed yield
sn.engthofthe bouom
l.
0.2 plate urder rhe sheil, Mpa
. G : desip specifc graviry of rhe iiquid ro be s(ore4 as_
specifed b)' rhe purchaser,
'1.0
0 2.o 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 Jl : nuximun-rdesip liquid leve! m (see3.6-3.2),
DIH

Figure E-3-€entroids of SeismicForces

D : nombal tad: diamerer,m (see3-6.1.1,Nore 1).
1.,
ln U.S. Cusromary:,rii5;

nr:7.9tuJF*dH
Hoc'ever,w1 sh:li not exced 1-25GHD
s'here
lez : m-axlmumrveighr of rhe talk c4nrents&ar may be
'1.0 usedto resisrrhe shell o\/efurning momenr, rr lbf,,ft
ofsheU cbcumference,
0.8 rD: tUclclessof rie bonom plateu_nder rhe sbell in

0.6
n 4
I - inches,usedro calcu.late u2 (se E.4.2),
F^. = ninimum soeci_fiedvield srrengrhof rhe bo:iom
f'.
plareu_ndei the shel Qbf/in.2),
1.0 2.0 3.0 <.0 5.0 6.0 7.O 8.0 . G = deSS speci-ficgrar.iqvof ttreIiquid to be srored,as
DIH
scecifiedby ihe purchaser,
.F/: rn:_ximumciesignliquid level(ft) (see3.6.3.2),
Figure E-4--factor k J : nonrutalud: diamerer(ft) (see3.6 1.1, Noie i
). f.'
the American Petroleum Inslittrle
0:23'.32 2002
 Sr<rlrs, €:C

Ta)le E-3-Sie Coei|}en ts isee f\'cle)

I).'scdp; i.rn .S ]:actor

s1 A s o i l p r o f i l t q i i h c i l i r c r: . ) : , r t r i : - i i i : c n t : : r c n : l i 0
ch:racLcnztd b: a shc:r rr:r'c vclocitr,grutcr
than 760 ni-r-.ec(25OCillsec) or bl,or.ircr suiLablc
mc=rs of clz-q-sillc:tionor b) stii)'or dc:rsc sojl
concitions rvhcr thc soil cicpr]}ris less then 50
nr (100 fl)
s- A soil pro{ilt q'ith srifl-or derrsc soil condirions t.2
q'here the soii depth exceeds 60 nr (200 fl).

A soii profije I ? nr (40 ft) or nrorc in dcprh con- t.5

taiai:rc more ti.;n 6 m (20 Ji) of sofi ro nredium
sti-fi-clay but rno;E than I ? nr (40 fr) of sofr clar,.

s.r A soil profile conleining nrore tlran I2 nr (a0 ii) 2.0

of soli cla;'.

Notc: Thc sjre facror sbell be esrablisbed from propcrly subsianriarcd

geotechnical data. I:: loceiiols wbere the soil properties arr nor lnorrl
in suffcieor der-il lo derercei_::erhe soil profile ry,pe,soil prof,le.g3
sh:]I be used. Soii profile.Sa leed not be assumed unless the builcii::g
u.8 1_0 1_2 oficial delemi:res thar soil prnfiJe Sa may be present al lhe sie or io
1.4 1-6
tie eveul rhrt soil proflle.Sa is establisbed by georechnical dere.
Itl l[D2(wr+ w.))

Note, This figure rnay be used io corq)ute b *+ren M / b**'t

[a( wt + wD)
is grealer than 0.785 bLrtless fian or equallo 1-5 (see = 5.1). ||t+ v'r

Figure E-5--CornpressiveForceb WhenM/[E(u,,-y7)) is glearer rhqn l.J but less rlan or

equalo i-57,
E.4-2 The rhicl'aess of rhe bouom plate undcr rFp shell may
be gleater tbal or ea-ualto 16,but tbe thichess, 6 usd ro cal_ b+wL _ 1.490
,il,* ret 0-637M
cu-latewa shrlt 161 exceedtbe larger of 6 rrm (t/< in) orthe [' 1o.s
l '-:t-- .1
fim sheil courserhickness lessthe sbell corosioo dlow?ice, \lt',+ 4't1L
nor shall ./6exce€d rhe acruei rhickress of $e bcuom piare l*'nere
r:.nder the shell less the csrrosion allouance for rle bonom
D : maximum lolgirudin:l compressive force at rhe bot-
plate. \\{here tbe boitsm plare rudei rbe shell is dcker rbar
tom ofttre sbeL il N/m QbAfi) of shell 6i-srrmfelgnce.
rhe remainder oT tbe bononr, the width of rhe ffcker plare
under r-beslsil shell be equal ro or greaterrhat: rvr : u,eigbr of tbe ta_ol<shell ald the porrion of rhe ftied
roof srpported b1'the sbe[ i.n N/m Qbflft) of sbell cir-
In SI unis:
cunference.
0.1715x 1C-.3
w1lGH (m) \\hen M / lf (*, + x2)l is grearer than 1.57 or g,hen b/l000r I
ti, tJ.S.Customaryrtri15; (bfi2t) is greater then fo (se E-5-3), the urk G sr.ucu.ra.lly
lo'
usrable. k is tlen necessary rc ta}<e one of the follo*,bg
0.0274x10-3 w;lGH(ft) meesures:

E.5 ShellCompression a- Inffease rhe thicl:ness of rhe boaom plare under t.be shell,
/0, to incrcese x2 uithout exceeding the lirnitarions of E.4.I
E.5.1 UNANCHOREDTANKS andE.4.2.
fs1 rrn:n6l61edta*s' the maiimum longirud.ir:'coropres- b- Increase rbe shell thickness. r.
sn'e forc,ear rhe bonoa of rhe shell may be deter:ia;ed as fol- c. Change fte propo,-riou of the tanl ro ilcrease rhe dra:ne-
rer and reduce rlre beight.
lorls: \Vhen:V / ltf @',+ wz)] is lessrhanor eqrr2l190.7g5,
d- Anchor rhe tank in acccndarce gith E.6.

b : r:',+l'27?M E.5.2 ANCHOREDTANKS

D' For a:rcbored uds, the rn-a-limu.:n longrrudilal co;n;ressive
fo;ce at &e bonom ofil:e sheU ma;, be determined as foLlorvs:
\\\en M / lE(-, + ;r2)l is grearerrhan0.7g5bui tss rbanor
equaj ro I -5, b ma1,be compuredfiom the value of -.:e follou.
:-g oaramerer obraLlecj
oom FiguJeE-5: : b: "'',-!]3!!

r L i : A m e r i c a nP e l r o l e u ml n s t h u t e
1A:23:192002
 \ 1 ' a L D : DS I r E L T s r i s ;oa O[ S;o::G:

E.5.3 ALLOWABLE SHELL

lr,4AXlf!'1Uft4 E.5.4 UPPFB SHELL COURSES
COftlPRESSION
I j ' r h e r l r i c i l n es s o f f i e l o * e r s l r e l ic o u r s cc a l c uj a r e dr o r es i s r
Tlre nra;rinrunrlongirudinalconrpressive siess in tlreshell. d r e s e i s n r i co v e n u r n i n g n r o n r e n ti s g r e a t e rt h a n t i i e t l t i c l s r e s s
ro I D/1000t(bll2t). shall not exceedrhe nra.rinrunrallor.r,able r e q u i r e d 1 ' o rh _dl l o s n t i c p r e s s u r e ,b o r - Jer x c l u d i n ! a n ) ' c o r r o -
srress,I., derernrinedb1, the follo*.ins i-ormulasfor Ir. s i o n a l l o r r a n c e, d t e n d t e c a l c u l a t e dr h i c k n e s so f e a c l r u p p e r
u,hichtal:e into accounrdte effectof inremalpressuredue ro shell course for hy'drostaticpressureshall be increased in rlre
rhe liquid contenrs.\\'hen 6HD2lr? is srearerrhanor equalro same proporrion, unless a speciai analvsis is ntade ro deter-
44 (Si unir-s)[106U.S. Cusronrary";";""it, nrine dre seismic o,',enurning montenl and corresponding
suessesat rlre bottom of each upper slrell course.
In SI lrnirs.
- 83r E.6 Anchorage of Tanks
,u = _6
E.6.1 MINIMUMANCHORAGE
When GHD2/P is lessrhan 14,
When tanks are archored, rhen rr'1 (sec E.4-l) shall nor be
I ' j+
R ? r used to reduce rhe uplif,ing load on the anchors- The anchor-
rol F" = +1.5JGE ase shall be designed in accordanceu'irh 3-l?.
I zsD
Ho*,ever,In shall nol be greaterthan 0.5Fr,, E.6.2 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

u,here E.6-2.1 If an anchored tank is not properly designed, irs

o G = desigrrspecificgravity ofrhe liquid io be srored,as shell can be susceptible to rearing. Care should be raken ro
specifiedby the purchaser, ensure thal ilre srenglh of the anchorage anachments is
l/ = motimum design liquid level,m (se 3-6.3.2), seater rhan the specified minimu,n yield suengrh of tlre
D = nominaltank diameter,m (see3-6.1-1,Note l). anchors so that the anchors yield before the anachments fail.
Experience has shoun that properly designed anchored tanks
I = rhicknessof rhe bonom shell course.excludingany
retain grealer reserve srrengrh wirh respect to seismic over-
corrosionallor.r'ance, in mm.
load than unanchored tanks retain-
F. = maximum allowable longitudinalcompressive
srressin rhe shell, in MPa. E.6.2.2 On tan]<s less than 15 m (-50 fr) in diameter, the
Fo, = minimum slrecifiedyield strengrhoirhe bonom spacing betu,eenarchors shall not exceed I 8 m (6 ft).
shell course,in MPa. E.6.2-3 The archor anachment assembly and the anach-
j.n u.J. \,usromary unlLS:
r- I l c /-,,-r^-^- ment to the shell shall be desigrredfor a load equal to the min-
imum specified yield srrensth multiplied by' the as-built
tr nv 6. , minimum cross-sectional area of the anchor.
,t -u __ _ F
E-6-2-4 The embedment suenglh of rhe anchor in the foun-
When GHD?/I2is lessrhan lS, darion shall be sufficient ro develop the specified minimunr
yield stren_erhof the anchor. Hooked anchors or end plates
| - io6r , - may be used to resist pullout.
)ol F, = ;_: +600JGH
I z.5D a E.6.2.5 The purchaser should specify an)' corrosion allo,'v-
ance that is to be added to tlre anchor dimensions. The fur-
Ho*,ever,F, shall nor be -geaterthan 0.5F.r,
nished anchors, including their corrosion allor,''arce, shall be
u,here used to determine rhe desis-nloads for rhe shell anachment
. G = desi_sn specifrcrravity of the liguid io be srored,as a n d e n r b e d m e n tr e q u i r e m e n s .
specifiedby' rhe purchaser,
o E.6.2.6 \\/hen specified by'the purchrser- the anchors shall
H = maximum desi3nliquid level(ft) (se* 3.6.3.2),
be designed to allor"' for rhermal expansion of *re tank result-
D = nominal unk diamerer(fr) (see3-6.i -1, Nore l), ing from a shell temperature qreatertran 90'C (2O0"F).
r = thickressof rhe bonom shellcourse-excludingan),
corrosionallorr..args(in.;, +..7 Piping
F, = marimunr allorr.ablelongitudinalcompressive
S u i t a b l ef l e x i b i l i t ys h a ] lb e p r o v i d e di n t h e v e n i c a ld i r e c -
srressin rhe shell (lbf/in.2),
rion for all pipin_e arnchedro rhe shellor Io the bonom of rhe
Fo = minimum specifiedyield srenstr oirhe bonom tank. On unanchoredunks subject10 bonom uplifi, pipin-e
shelI course0bf/in.2). connectedlo the bonom shallbe freeto Lft u.ith the bottomor
 API S-rr,\.DAf;D 6_i{]

sirallbc lcrcared so rhal dre horizonraidisrancenre"surediionr \ \ I h e n s p e c i t i e d b _ - r ' d r e p u r . c h a s e rd, r e

rJresiteljro dre ed_qe of the connectingreinforcenrenr coiunrns shall bc
rs equal d e s i _ g n e rdo r e s i s rt _ i r ef o r r . - s c a ' s e d i t ; , s l o s l r i r q
to rhe u,idtltof the bononr hold_dou,n, as calcujaredin E._1.2,
o1 rlreliquid
conlenls.
p l u s3 0 0 n r n r( l ? i n . ) .
E-8-3 The addirional venical forcesar rhe
s h e l l c a u s e db 1 ,
E-B Additional Considerations rhe seisnticovenurnins nrontenl slrall be considered
in rhe
E.8.1 The purchasershall specifya-nl,freeboard desi_gnof dre rank foundarion.
desiredro
mininrize or pre'enr o'erflo*, and-damaqero rJ-re
roof and E.8.4 Unless orhenvise required, ranks rhar ma1,
upper shell thar may be causedby sloshins of riie liquid be subjecr
to sliding due ro eanhqualle shail use a maximunr
contenls. alrorvable
sliding fricrion of 0.40 muiriplieci by rhe force
aqainst rhe
E.8-2 The base of rhe roof-supponins columns rank bottonr.
shall be
resn-ainedro prevenr lateral movement during
eanhqualles.
 A P P E N D I XF - D E S I G N O F T A N K S F O R S M A L L I N T E R N A L P R E S S U R E S

F.'1 Scope F.4 Maximum Design Pressure and Test

Procedure
F.1.1 Tiie nraximunt intemal pressure ibr closed-rop np1
Standard 6i0 tanks ma1' be increasedto the maximunr inter- F.4.1 The design pressure,P, for a rank rhar has been con-
nai pressure permined rvhen thq iddition:-l requiremenr of structed or rhat has had rts design derails esrablished nral'be
rhis appendix are nrel. This appendix applit*: ro the stora,seof calculated from ilre follouins eguation (subjecr ro rhe limira-

nonrefrigerated liquids (see also API Stard=rd 620, Appen- tions of P,,orinF.42):

dixes Q and R). For shell temperatures abore 90"C (200"F),

In SI units:
seeAppendix Ir{.

F.i -2 \\then the inrernal pressure muhiplid by the cross- (l.l)(-a)(tan€)

,.' D _
a
+ 0.08r,
sectional area of the nominal rank diamerer does not exceed
the nominal weisht of rhe mctal in the sbell. roof, and any
framing supported by rhe shell or roof, see rbe design require- u'here
II ments in F-2 through F.6. Overnrrning stabiliq'with respecr ro P = inrernaldesi_en
pressureftPa),
oo rvind condjtions shall be determinedin acconlancewirh 3- l I
I A = arearesistingthe compressiveforce, as illus-
I u,hen specifiedby the purchaser.Overturniq stabiliry u'irh
rated in Figure F-2 (mm2),
respectto seismic condirions shall be dererqined indepen-
dently of intemal pressureuplift- Seismic dcsign shall meer 0 = anglebetweenthe roof and a horizonralplaneat
the requiremensof Appendix E. fr" roof-to-shelljunction (degrees),
_
tan I = slope of rhe roof, expressedas a decimal
F.l.3 Internal pressuresrhat exceedthe rreight ofrhe shell, quantiry,
roof, and framing but do nor excbed 18 kh (2112lbf/in.2)
D = rankdiamerer(m),
eauge u'hen the shell is anchored lo a counterbalancing
\\,elght,such as a concreteringwall, are cor-eredin F.7. Ih = nominal rooirhickness(mm).

F.1.4 Tanksdesignedaccordingto rhis agpendix shall com- ln US Customaryunis:

ply rvith all the applicable rules of rhis srzndard unlesstte
rulesare supersededby the requirementsof F-7.
p - ( 3 0 ' E 0 0 ) ( l ) ( u n- Ot ),
:.1-5 The tank nameplare(seeFigure S-l) shall indicare D'
rvhetherthe tank has been desienedin accordancewith F.1.2
o r F .1 . 3 . u'here

F.l.6 FigureF-l is providedto aid in rhe ci--rerminarion

of P = intemal desi*snpressure(in. of water),
the applicabilityof varioussecdonsofrhis appendix. A = arearesistin-grhe compressiveforce, as illus-
uated in Figure F-2 (in.l),
,'' l F.2 Venting (Deleted) B = angle betu'eenrhe roof and a horizonral plane at
rhe roof-tq-sh:ll junction (degrees),
F.3 Roof Details lan I = s l o p e o f t h e r o o f , e x p r e s s e da s a d e c i m a l
q uanriry.
fhe derails of the roof-to-shell junction si--allbe in accor-
D = rank diameter (ft),
dance u,ith Figure F-2, in rvhich rhe panicip-ing area resisr-
ing the compressive force is shaded w'ith diaq.cnal lines. I h = n o r n i n a l r o o f t h i c k n e s s( i n . ) .
-

r- |
 API STANcinD 6$

Do€s lank i:ave intemal

p r e s s u r e ?( 1- i - i , 1 . 1 . 8 , F . . 1 . 1
R:<ir l-tr<inn
F . 1 . 2 ,F . 1 - 3a n d F . 7 . 1 )

Does inlergl Dressure

exceed v/eight of roof plat€s? Basic Desigrr

Does interreJ pres.sure

exceedthe weighl oi lhe
.shell, roof and attached Easic Design plus Appendix F.t through F.6.
Anchors for pres-sure not required.
Do not exceed P--.
L i m i l r o o { / s h e l lc o m p r e s s i o n a r € a p e r F . 5 .

Do€s inlerrlalpressure
e x c e d 1 8 k P a ( 2 . 5p s t c ) ? API 650 v/ilh Appendix F or
( F . 1 . 3 a n dF . 7 . 1 ) API 620 shall be used.

F i g u r e F - 1 - A p p e n d i x F D e c i s i o nT r e e
 \
Aiernatire

r,Jn \
f.r

Delail b Delail c
L**
2l"mat

wc min

D€tall d
Delail t

$$
2l,or 2lomax \

21, max I
I
I
a
-T----1-
I
I

max

Altemative
( i n s i d eo r o u t s i d e )
tc
Delait g
Debil h Oetait i
t€ = lhiclness of angle lep. maximum width of peaicipai.ingroof,
tj = thickness of bar,
= 0.3(R21l?)0.5 or 3OOmm (12 in.). whichever is tess.
l- thbkness of shell pi:-,
. , c i n s i d e r a d r u so f l a n k s h e l l .
lA = th;ckness of roof pt,-s, P - = tenglh of the nomal 1othe roof, measured from the
ls = thickness of thicker,e. plate in shell.
vertcal centerline of fie tank.
w. = maximum widlh of pa_iicipadng shell, R"t(sin €),
= 0.6 (RJs)c.s,

Note: All di-nerrsions znd thiclsresses are in r:: (i:r.)

Figure F-2-Permissjble Details ci CompressionRings

7 t h e A m e r i c a n P e t r o l e u ml n s t i t u t e
10 : 2 9 : 3 62 0 0 2
 API Sti-.';{cs f:r:

-l'lr.
f 1 ? r : t , : r i r r r i l r rcr' c i i r q r ir) r i i : i l . r ; uj,i n r r i c c i r _ iu. ; r l i 1 ii i i c s : S : r i ; r t c n : . 1a i i ' n ; l - r s u : : : . s : : a il -l ' i : ; : i ; r : r c rrJo i j : r . c ; r c l t r x - r ;
ilrc L,r:,c()i rir(; )hcli, s.]rallrrot qrcr:ctl ric r.aluCcajculatCd
spet-. abovc il:c uzicr lcvcl ;ncj hclcj lb; l-i rrri;ru:usl-irc:tir
lronr rlrc icrllouilr3 cqu2dor)u:rlc:,:,lurtlrcr lur,rc<i br.Jr..l.-1 . l)ruinic shail :-r:c;tbc tcc'ucr-<jro orc-halirjrc cjcs:r_-:t r:;r:.rsurc,
anc:ll rvclci..'ri joi:ils air,i,c rirr:liq:ii lcvc! shalJbc cl:ccl:c<ifirr
.i;rSl ur:-its: icats b1,:lea::-s of a -soaofl]nr, li:rs-cj cil or anor]rcr sujrablc
-Iairk
maia-.a1. rcnts shajl bc resrec durinq or aficr dris rcsr.
,ol P ,7r: _ 0.00127i.t,+oflRr 0 00jg2n/
--------_----
v'vu'/,-
I ) r'
I D- Dr F-5 Required Compression Area at tite
s'hcrc
Roof-to-S hel I J un ction
-:
' F.5-1 M/hcre rl:e ma;irnum desgr p;*;surc has alreadv
.tP rr.. ih."-'
r.rd-u.rur l-.
uqitgn pfegSUIC
rc\ (kpa),
ben cstablished (noi lr-irher rhar ihar pcrrLined by, F.4.r or
lll : roul rvcight of rhc sirell ad.ov frar:rilg F.aJ), the toLa]required contprcsioa area ar the roof-ro-sheU
Gur nol
roof plares) supporred by rhe sirell arO roof qfg, ju:rcrion nray be calculared fionr i-befollog"hq eeuarion:

,Ay': u-i:rd montsnt Grl-m), rvhen u.ild ovefur-ning sta-

la gl rrri15;
biliry has becn specified.by tbe purchascrin accor-
;ance,*'irh 3.1l, othsnr.iseM= 0.A:rcho:age may )
be required u'henthe n:ra:iimum dosigl nrssure '- D- (P - 0-08/r,)
s-rc.rbined with &e specified loaC- If ovcrurmirg t-t (un9)
'
tFbijiry has nct besn spcciie4 rlema;iuftcu.:rJr
5h:ll 1spofl the::naximum wind velocitv rhe ran}l tx'bere
mey witlxtaad r*ithout a:rchorage u,bcn
co:nbined I = tota-l required comprcsioa ai:ea at rie roof-to-
'*ith the maxim,,m design pro"*".
sbell jrmcrion (mm2;.
In US Customary udts:
I Il US Customa;y t'.it5;
,i P^o, : o'':]Y-' 8r/r- o-'t3s-!!
7

- n:rffi#
l D - D r
*'here
P* : ma)(imrm desi_e-aprcssure Qo. of natcr), where
ly : Lot4 u,eight of tle shell aad ary framing (bur nor I = toral required compiession area ar r-heroo|to-
'
roof platcs) supporred by the shell ana rool(tUt),
sheli jurction (in.2).
,lr' = q'ind moment (F-1b0, ntren wind oveilurDinssta_
biliry has been gecifed by the puchascria icor_ I is basedol rle nomila_lmareiial rhickaessless a.nvcor-
d:n66 s'iftJ.I I, otherwisel11=b.anchoreserrlav rosion allowanc€.
be required whsa the maximurn dcsignp;xe is
conbiled s'ith the specificdloaci fivera:rnire F-52 For self-supportirg roofs, t:e compressionarea shalJ
srabilir,/ has not been ryecifid r-hemauufrcqnEr not be lessthaa &e cross-sectio'ral
areacalcularedin 3.10_5
shali reFprtt-herEDdmutn wind vclocitv the tank a n d3 . 1 0 . 6 .
mey withscaadwithout anchoragee,henmmbined
wirtr the maximum desiga pressrne. F . 6 C a l c u l a t e dF a i l u r ep r e s s u r e
F.-.4.3 As rop aagle size aad roof slope decreas aed tar* ln taa-ksrhar meet &e crirsria of 3.10.2.5.1, fai]ure caa be
dia-neter inrrease.s,the daiga pressureporrined by F. .l sxp€cled 10 occur *'hen the stress in rhe compression ri,ng
ano F.4,2 aporoachesthe failure pressue it f.O lo, r-b.e roof_ area reaches the yield poi:rr. On rhiq !s5i1 an approxinrate
to-shell junction. Jn order -urprovide a safenrarginbetween
formu.la for the o;essure at which lai.lureof rhe top compres-
the o.ra;iimumoperati:rg pr6$ue and ttre ca.lculare<j fa.ilure sion ri::g is expected to occur can be expressed in tercrs ofthc
pre-\sure,a suggesredfur,.b'erlimiUdon on rhe marimum
desigro p;essurc pei-mined by F.4.1, es foUo.*s:
design pressurefor urks r*-ith a weak roof_ro_sheilanach- 101
mcni (f,"ngible joint) is:
Ll $l r'.i15'
P^o-<o.8Pf
Pf=Iep-0O11 t1,
F.4.4 Wher the enrbe talk is completd ir shall be
filied *'here
*rrh *'arer ro ibe top angle o; rhe design ljc.:.rdlevel
a.d t-he P7 : calcuJarcd
lailurcprcs-uc (kp:;

7 1 h e A m e r i c a nP e t r o l e u mI n s t i t u t e
10:-29.522082
 \ry€LD:DS'it:r Tir,r.lsroa O[ Sro;;c€

l l r U S C u s r o r : i a r yu n i t s : 'l-hc
o F-7.4 d e s i _ qon f d r e : r r c l r o r a q ea n d i r s a u a c l r n r n
e r t ( )l i t c
t a n k s h a l l b e I n r a r r e ro f a s r e e n r e n tb e t u , s s 1t 1i r e n t a n u f a c t u r c r
Pf = ).6P - 4.8 17, a n d d i e p u r c i t a s c ra n d s h a l l n t e e tt h e r e q u i r e n r e n t os f l . I 2 .
r.r,herc
[Addilional F-7.4 lext andTable F-1 deleted.]
PJ = calculared failure pressure (in. of u,arer).
F - 7- 5 T i r e c o u n r e r b a ) a n c i n gu , e i - s h r ,i n a d d i r i o n r o r h e
r e q u i r e m e n r so f 3 . 1 2 , s h a l i b e d e s i g n e ds o r h a r 1 h e r e s i s r a n c e
j: basedon fai lure occurrin: ar a -rre
! -".].,J| ] 9my]a is 1,ield sues5 to uplili ar rhe borronr of rJreshell u,ill be rhe grearesrof the
", NlPa (32.000 lbf/in.?).Experiencerriirhacruali.;1u.., inaicaresJai
"'l I bucklin-r.of rhe roof-i*shelr -iuncrionis loc=rizedand probabrl, follorr'ing:
I occursu'hen dre f ierd poinr of rr-remarerialis exceededin rhe coni
pre-ssionring arcie. a. The uplifi produced b1, l -5 rimes rhe desi.-rnpressure of rhe
empry rank (minus an1, specified corosion allorvance) plus
F-7 AnchoredTanks with Design the uplift fronr rhe design u'ind velociry on rhe unk.
Pressures up to 1g kpa (21t2lbtfin-2) b. The uplift produced bi' i-25 rimes rhe resr pressure applied
: .
to the empr1, ranli (uirh rhe as-builr rhicknesses).
c. The uplift produced by i.5 times rhe calculared fallure
F-7-1 In calcularin_e shell rhicknessforAppendix F ranks pressure (P7in F.6) applied ro rhe rank filied u,irh rhe design
that are to be anchoredto resist uplift due to intemal iiquid. The effecrive u,eight of rhe liquid shall be limired ro
Dressure
01I and u'henselectingshell maaholethicknessesin Table3_3and the inside projecrion of rhe ringu,all (Appendix_B rype)
| ffush-rypecleanourfining rhicLaessess in Table 3_10,l/ shall from the rank shell. Fricrion berween rhe soil and rhe ring_
be increasedby rhe quantity p(9.gG) tp(l2G)l_u,here ll is u'all may be included as resislance. When a footing is
rhe designliquid heighr,in m (ft), p is the ri:sign pressurekpa included in rhe ring*.all design, rhe effecrive weighr of the
(in. of u,arer),and G is the design specific soil may be included.
_savity.
F-7-2 The required compression area z, the roof_ro_shell F-7.6 Afrer rhe tanl.r is f lled with warer, dre shell and rhe
junction of a supponed cone roof shalr be calculared
as in anchorage shall be visually inspecred for tightness. Air pres_
F.5.1, and rhe panicipating compressionaj-eaat dle sure of l.?5 rimes rhe design pressureshall be applied to rhe
iuncdon
shall be dererminedbl,Figure F:2. For dosre roofs and rank fllled 'uvirhu,arer to rhe design liquid height. The air pres_
self_
supponing cone roofs, the re4uired area and rhe panicipadng sure shall be reduced ro the design pressure,and the tank shall
03 | compressionareashall be in accordance riirh:.f Z.A of apl be checked for tishrness. In addition, all seams above rhe
Srandard6?0, exceprrhe allou,ablecompressivestressshall u'ater level shall be tested using a soap film or anotier mate_
be increasedto 140Mpa (20,000tUflin.2). rial suirable for rhe detection of leaks. After rhe tesr \\,ater has
The desisnand welding of roofs arrdrhe design,rein- been emptied from r_hetanl< (and the unk is ar armospheric
oo 'I l-7-3
Iorcemenr,and welding of roof manholesand nozzles pressure),rhe anchorase shall be checked for tightness.The
shall
be in accordanceu'irh ApI Srandard620. The rhickness desi_enair pressureshall then be applied ro rhe rank for a final
of a
self-supporringroof shall not be less than that specifiedin checkofrhe anchorase.
3. i 0.5 or 3. 10.6,as applicable.
F.7.7 Deleted
101
 API Staro<+l 6-<l

1-.l'il41rt:rillr:ialtl:::'{l]]clju.rl}rq?i.:'1i)csircll::rrcir.irc;ia]s.-liulilic1il;l:llcc:'.;:ilrl;loi]-::i.:s.ji;ir:rtlit:
a;rciroruqcsirell ix. r'i:ralil'i::-slxctcd 1br ri.hitrans.Air ltius- oa::: c_1:pircd:,rcnr iirc rr--l: (airri r|c u_rul:js ::i a:rrgsrlrcric
-J
sutc ol l.l-) trlllcs rirc clcsrqlrDrcisurc sla.ll bc applic<iro ,Llc prr,r::urr), u,L' a-lciloiz.'qc sr:ll b: clrcck..xi1b;'c.h:rc** iic
i : : 1 .i ' l i l c t l , i ' i : ' ,l tr ' a l c ;t o : : r r c c s : g r l r q r c h o g i l : l J r c a i r n ; - ; i - i a s i g : a i : F ; i ' ) , s r r :s : a l i r : . : : n c a l p l i c c r o r h c r z r , : l o ; a : i : : l l
surc shall bc rcduced to thc ciesig:ipressh-, axd rhe ranli siiall cbeck of tlc a-:rciroraEc.
b'c checked ibr t-ighuress. Il addition- aLl stzms airort r_i.rc
F-7 -7 Deleled lol
rrztcr lc'cl shall bc iesre<iusi:rg a soap ijnr "t aoo,l; t;;

, 1b y t h e A m e r i c a nP e t r o l e u mI n s t h u t e
0 5 1 0 : 3 0 : 1280 0 2
 A P P E ND I XG - S T R U C T U R A L L YS U P P O R T E DA L U M I N U M D O T i 4 R
EOOFS

G.1 General o G-1-3-3 ExistingTank Dala Sheet

G.1.1 PURPOSE \\rtrel an aiurrinunr oonre is ordered for a-nexisting t:r-n]..

e ciatashecr shdl Lrcconrp)ctcdb1'tlrc purchascr (sec Fjg-
Tiris appendix establishcsrnirimum c=r.=ia for thc dcsign. ure G- I ).
fabricarion, a-nderection of strucnrrally ss-Jponed 3luni::rrm
dome roofs. Rrhcn rhis appc.ndi-ris app-c=ble, tbc require- G-1.4 SPECIAL FEATURES
mens of 3.10 and thc paragraphsin A:sendix F that deal
-*'ith roof design are supenedal A1l o{:te- requiremenLs of . G.1.4.1 Self-Supporting Structure
API Staldard 650 shall apply, except tlrr tle operad-ng tem- The alumilum donre roof sball be supponed onjl' from the
pemture sbell not excetd 9C"C (?m"D. .im of rbe ud:; primarl' horizonnl 1fu1515hell ls soateine-d
b;' an integal tension rilg. The design of the comection
G.1-2 DEFINTTION ber*,een rlre roof ald rbe tank rim shall allow for tlrermal
expansion. A minjmum rempemture ra::ge of +70"C (120"D
A strucrurally supg'ortedaluminum doe roof js a fully ti-
sball be u-sedfor desi-ep un]ess a rvider ra.uge is specified by
anguJated 4lrminggl space tnis-s u"ith ee strut-s joined at
rie pwcbarser.
poilts arrayed on tbe sr:rface of a sphere--{luminum closure
panels are firmly areched to the fi-ame mben. The roof is
o G - - 1 . 42 Finish
atuched to and supported by the rank ar Eounti:rg poin6
equally spaced around tbe perimrer of the rad<. Unles-sorherwise speci-fied,thg alrrminuno dome roof mate-
rials sball bave a mill finish.
G.1.3 GENEBAL APPLICATION
G-1 .4-3 Maintenance and Inspection
G-1-3.1 NewTanks The mof maDdaclurer shall provide a mainlenance arld
inspectioo -uranual for roof items tbat may require mainte-
When rhis appendix is specifed for a lew tank" tbe tank
nalce, periodic inspectiol, or both.
shall be desiged to support the aluminr:o dome roof. Tbe
roof manufacturer shall suppiy rle magrimde and djrection
of all rtre forces acti-ng on the taak as a re-q.\ of tbe roof loads, G-2 Materiais
together tx'ir} derails of rhe roof-ro-5lgll ntrhmeDl The tank . G.2.1 GENERAL
shall be desiged as an open-top t"nk, -d its u'ild girder
shali meer t}e requirements of 3.9. The rr+ of tbe radi shell Maerjals fu:-oished to meet 1berequirements of this appen-
shall be strucrualiy suiuble for an"shtr)€t of the dome roof drx shall be neu'. A complete material specification shall be
sEucrure. submined by the roof malufaco:rer for approval by the pur-
chaser. The materjals sball be compatible u'ith tbe product
specified to be stored rn rhe tank and the surrounding environ-
G.1-3.2 ExislingTanks
urent- No aluminum alloy u'iti a maglesium coDtent -greater
When tlis appendix is speci-fied for a: alumi-num dome rhan 3?o sbal1be used '*'ben the design @mp€rature of the roof
roof to be added to an existilg tqnk (wirb cs.withour aD exlct- erceeds 65"C (150"D. hopenies ald tolerances6f 3lrrminrrm
ilg roo0, the roof malufacturer sball ve=1'thu tlre tal-h bas alloys shali conform ro Alumirutnt Standards an-d Data, as
sufficient strengrh to support a ne'*' roof- Ilformadon on the pub[shed b1' the N u milum Associati on (\Va-shi-n groo, D. C. ). l o o
existi-ng t:ak shall be provided by rhe pr:r-cha-ser.Ttre pur-
chaser shall sp'ecif ttre existi-ng or ne\\' e--Furtenances to be G.2.2 STRUCTUBAL FFIAME
-i--oe
accommolated by the roof ma.ndacturer- roof manufac-
Sgucrural fraine members shaLl be fabricated from 6O6l-
rurer shall supply the values of t-beforces =cnng on tbe talk a-s
T6 or a recognized alloy u1ft propenies esubUshed by fte
a result of tbe roof loads. The purchaser<-.ll verify the ade-
.Aluminum .Asseiarion. lac.
quacy of rlre foundarions. Unle,rs other:Lie specified, ari;"
reidorcenent re4uired to enable rhe tani i. suppon tbe roof
G.2.3 F I O O FP A N E L S
shall be rbe responsibiliry of tbe purche-.<; Tbe de-sign and
erection of the roof shall accom-coo,laterlr actual uak shape. Roof paneis shall t'e f'bricated from Series 30fiJ or 5000
The exisri.og tank shall t'e equipped rvitl. : u'i-nd girder tbat aluminun rrith a mini:rum nominal rhickness of 1.20 mm
meets the requirements of 3.9 for al open-::o taoll- (0.050 i! ).
G :

-roE rJo. _ t-iar{ f,to.

DATA SHEET FOR A STRUCTURALLY puFCHAsE
o;i:I; l.,o
SUPPORTED ALUMINUM DOME REOUISITIONiio
A D D E DT O A N E X i S T i i , J T
GA N K I N O U I B YN O .
PAGE _ l__ I
oF - E\'.-_-

(tNFOFI,{ATtON TO BE CSMPLFTED By-IHa puFcp;s:R)

1. PURCHASEF/AGEN5
ADDFESS

C;TY
STATE
PHOI{E FA)I
2 USER
3. EAECTION SITE: NAI..s OF PLAN]
LOCATION
<. TANK TJO.
5. PUI4PING RATES; ts{.-- m:rtr lUOtt; OUT m3,h (bbrh)
6.'",IAXIMU[l D€SIGN ROOF TEMPERATURE
li!o1 lo ExcEED go.c (ar"F]l
7' DESIGN PaigSuR-' C ATMOSPHERIC OR - kPa (in.) OF \aATER (INDICATE v/HFTHER pOSrTtvE OR NEGATtvE\
8. ROOF LOADS: UNTtuFM L|VE
LDa (lbf,{i?)
SPECTAL (PROV|DE SKETCH) kPa (|bl.'irz)
L EAATHOUAKEDESTGN: CyES ONO
sErsMtczoNE
zoNE FACTOB(S= TABLEE-2)
II.,(POFITAJVT
FACTOF
sl{OW LOAD. IF AIfY. TO 8E COMBINED WITH SETSMIC
kF'a (lrlfiz)
10. VJIND LOAD VELOCITY
Krr.ft (nph)
1'i. MAXIMUMHEIGHTROI,I TOP OF SHELLTO TOP OF OOME
m (tt)
12_TANK St.t=LLTHtq<NEss (ACTUAL)
couRsE MNt|.ruM TYP|cAL PLATE
NUMAEB THICKNESS THIO<NESS WIDTH

13. ACTUAL TANK STIFFENER DETAILS. PCSTION iND DTN4ENSIONS (PROVIDE SI(ETCH)
14. GASES EXPECTED I"'.ITHE VAPOR SPACE
15. REOUIRED FBEEFCAFIO AFOVE TOP OF TANX
nh (rn.)
16 ACTUAL IJINIMUN,T''A\K OIA}VIETERAT THE TOP OF THE TANK
m (n)
ACTUAL lvlAxlrvluM TA r< DTAMETER AT THE TOp CF THE TANK
m (ft)
17- ELEVATON OF TOP OF TANK MAXIMUII
Mtt.ln tuM
lS USTALLAPPUFT6\'IANCES.OTHERTHA"\THCS€TOBEFEI'IOVEDAYTHEPUTHASER.Ai,IoTTIOICATEACTtoTFEOUIREDOF@NTRACTCF

CONTRACTOA ACTION
A.PPURTET:ANCE A:MOVE AC@MIVIODATE
c c
o
c c

c
5

Figure G-t-Data Sheetior a Si;ucturallySupporied Aluminum Dome ACceCto an

ExistingTan'.1
 . c.2.4 BOLTS AND FASTENERS labk G-I-Boits and festerrers

Fa-srencrs shall h,trof ?0?-i-T7-j :iurnhr'-- 202J-TJ alumi- .!loq'at'lc Alloq=5lc Sh.:ar
nunr, ausrenitic srairless s-1. or other nrar-rials a_sagreed to Tcn-silc Sur:ss".b Stn:sslb..
by rlre purcbaser. Only srainless sreel fasrgrcrs sball be used \'larcria!-s OfPa) Qsi; S,1l':) f,:si)
1oan-achalurni-num to sreel.
-{ustcnidc srairilc-sssl=lc )12 ?i.t-) I2d tS.O
-{usteniric siain.lc-s sl= l. ll-r 34.0 t'12 5.0
G.2.5 SEALANT AND GASKET MATERIAL 3O24-T4 alminum r s2 ?6.0 I 09 16.0
G.2-5-1 Seala:rs sh:iLl be sil-iconc or rl:lea urerbane com- ?0?5-T73 aluminum 2 0l ?s.0 r2 0 17.0
pounds rhar conform ro Federal-Spec TIS-00230C unless ?The r<rct-of-tlircad erea shall bc u-sedto
calculate dre strengh of
alother maerial is required for compatibi.iry r*'irlr srored threaded ptu1s.
marerials. Sealalu sha-il remajn flexible o\.er a lemperatue bFor wind and seisrdc loads, rhc-scvalue-s
may bc incrc.a-scdb1,ooe-
m:rge of -{0"C to +150"C (-80"F to +3(}o'FJ q'irbout rearing. Lbird
clf rhe thrqd area is complerely our of thc
craclrng, or becomiag briule. Eiongadon- tcnsile suengtb, sheanarea thc cross-
sccligo^] area of dte sb2nl' may tle used ro dctcrmile the allo*.able
hard::ess. a:rd adbesion 5hell so1 chalge significaady wifi sbc-arload-
agilg or exposure to ozoDe, uln:ariolet liglit" or vapors from dFor bohs u'jrh a rninimusr rensile strengrh
of 620 Mpa (9O ksi).
the pmducr srored in tbe ranl: €For bols sith a rnidmum rersile
strengrh of 860 N{pa (125 ksi).
$or fzstcncls not shoqr above, de$gr shhl be in acccrdancc wift drc
G.2.5-2 ll-eforrned gasket material sh=-il be Neoprene. AJonb-atnt Design Itatual, as published b1.the nlumi_nirm Associa-
loo
silicone, Buna-N, urca uret}lane. or EpD\{ elastomer meet- ticn, lnc. (Washhglon D.C.).
ing ASTM C 5O9 or Federal Spc Z-R-165C unless
anotier marerial is required for comparibility nirh stored G.4 Design
materials. G.4.1 DESIGNPBINCIPLES
G-4.1 .1 The roof framfug syslem sball be desigled as a
G.2.6 SKYLIGHT PANELS t
tbrtc-riimensional space frame or truss wirh membra-ne cor'- |
Skyiighr palels shall be clear acrylic or polycarbonate wirh ering (roof panels) proviriino loads along rhe lengr_bof rhe
l^^
s minims6 asminal l$glTess of 6 mm (05 iD.)- individual members. The desigl must consider r.beincreased
1""
compression induced i.n the framing memben due ro the an-
I
sion in the roof parels.
G.3 Allowable Stresses I
G.4-1.2 The actual srresse.sjn rhe frarning members and
G.3.1 ALUMINUM STBUCTURAL MEMBERS panels under all desigl load conditions shall be iess rhan or-
A]uminum su-ucrural members and cooections sball be equal to the allo*'able suessesper rhe Alumirutm Deign Man-
| ^^
"" zal, as publisbed b-v r-heAluminum .As-sociation,Inc. (Wash-
jl accorriance wirh tbe Numiru.an Design Manual,
1 designed 1""
as pubiistred by the AJlmin' r- Associatioo- Iac. (Washi.gron, ingon, D.C.).
D.C.), except as modified b1'rhis appcndir G.4.1.3 Local and genenl buclling of rhe dome roof musr
be considered r+'irh a minimurl factor of safery of 1.65
G.3.2 ALUMINUM PANELS applied to rhe buckling equation or merhod. General bucklilg
of tbe dome roof sball be considered eirher by usilg non-li_n-
A-iumj:rrtrn panels sball be desigled ia accordance g.ith ear fiaite eiemenr alalysis or the follou'iag equation:
nnl Specifcarions for Aluminurn Sheer Mem! Work in Building
-"
I Const ucnon. as published by rhe Alum:_aum Associatioo. In SI uait-s:
Inc. (Washilgton, D.C.) and rhis appendir Anaclsnspl ;tt-
teners shall Dot penerare borh rhe panel a-odrhe flange of rhe 1 0 8 . 1 x1 0 f , , \
strucrural member. (sF)tRl
rlhere
G.3.3 BOLTS AND FASTENEBS I% = allorvable ronl dead 1oad,plus live lord in \-h,
/.t = roofirenr of i-nenia of frame members agaiut bend-
G.3.3.1 The maidmrm sqessil bolts ani fascners for any
desigl condicion shall not erceed the allo.*zble suess given ir rng in a pl:Lnenormal to the dome surfaceb cmj,
TableG- l. A8 = cross secoona]are: of beam in cm2,
R = sphericelmdius of Oe dome in cm,
G.3.3-2 The hole diamerer for a fasrece; sball not exce€d L = 3\'erasccome L,e3mlenqtr in cm.
the djameterof dre fa:renerplus l-5 rrim (i;;g in.). -5F = s a f e t yl a u o r ( 1 . 6 5 ) .
 Ai:r S:irti;:6:{l

.ln US C\stonr3;1' rrniqs;

G . 4 . 2 D E S I G NL O A D S
1 1 5 1( ' '" tI n\ r n ,[ ,
-
-- "'r '/r-(
G.4-2.1 Dead Load
l{/

(sF)rR- Thc ciesd ltrrci shall bc r]rc u,cjqhr of r]rc nrof anc all acccs-
g'het
sories perrralentJ-v arached ro jL includi.. any i_nsuJedon.
ii/o = 3116t,-o5]croral dead load. plus live lq=d Qbflfl?).
1.r = rlollenr of ilenja of fra-uiemembosagaiDst bend_ G.4-2-2 Live Load
bg ir e piane normal ro r-hedome s:dace (in.{),
. G.4-2-2-1 Uniform Live Load
/s = cross secdonal aru of bao (in.]).
R = spherical radius of rhe do-me(i:r.). The miairnunr lve load sh:rll be a uniform load of l -? }.pa
l. = avrftSe dome beam lengtr (in.), (25 lbf/ft]) of projected area-
S.F = safeq,facror (l-65).
G.4-2-2-2 Unbalanced Live Load
G.4.'1.4 The minimrrm lel ten_\ioDrilg e:=a (exciusive of
bolt holqs and member op fange prorrusioo-:) shall be deer- The design shall cousider one-balf of rhe urilorm load
mired per the followirg formula: required per square foor applied to one-half of rhe dome u,ith
no live load on rtre otber balf.
In SI rrni151

G.4.23 Wind Load

o G.4-23.1 For dome st-ucn:ra.l design, rle mjdmnm rvind

Ioad shnll be rhe load resuJti::g from a desigl *'ild velocity of
w.0ere 160 LrvI (lCt0 mpb) *-tricb imposes a dynamic pressure of
/n = Det area of tension bcan, in cm2, 1.48 kPa (3 t lbAft?). ur-less a dttlerent 11.bdl6qrlins is speci-
lo0
fied by rhe purchaser- The followilg prcsstrre coefficients
D = nominal ank diamerer. ia m,
sball be used
r? =
numberof domesupports,
0 =| lz tbe cent-al angle of rhe a- Wrnd*'ard quarer = -0.9.
dorne or roof slope ar rie
ta:rk shell. b. Centerbalf =4.7-
Fr = allowable stess of &e tension ring- ia kpa c. I-ecward quarter = -O-5.

ia US Custom3ly rrni15; For domes desigled for wind velocities orher rbaa 160 km,4r
(lO0 mpb), tbe wind load sball be adjustedpcr rbe foilor.ing:

=
ilD2
in
ln SJ rrnits:

\\'nere
An = D?t area of rension b€am (j!.2),
ntanesu(l!9)r,

In US Custom311'rrni15-
(yi 160)?
l'.
.lJ =asmin4l rank diame{er (fr),
r? =numberofdome supporLs.
| /z tbe cenral angJe of (y/]00)2
e = the dome or rtrcf sloDeat il.re
tadi sheLl. where
Fr = aLlowable sress of r.berension ril-s eir"i!-2).
l/ = wird velociq in km/h (mph), as speci-fiedby
loo
rhc nrrrhecc.
In cases where r-hetotal dead load plus Lir.e load is grearer
than 1-34 kPa (28 1b/ft2). &e above formula _sha1lbe muid-
plied bi'the factor lY/l-31 (or 28)- rx,berel|,: rbe toral dead Nore: The rcr-er:ocerelociry pres,<ure
of 1.43 kPa (31 lbfln2) is loo
basedon ASCE 7-93, -Caegorv f\: ExposureC, *i*r an tmpor-
load plus ljve load for rhe dorne. tanceFactorof 0.95."
Note:This formula doesnot include facon for ta,iins stresscsdue
19 lsarls from the paael anacbedo tre beam.Tl* ire-ssesmusr G.4-2.3-2 See 3.!l for tanh overrurnbg stabiliD,. when
also be consideredil rbe rcnsionring dcsign.asp+: G.3.l. specified by the purcha-.er.
 \4r':rDe Sr€aL TA\{s :or Crt Sic;.<:'i,

C , r ' ,? t ' Seisnrrr i oari G.5 Roof Aftachnrenl

ll-tlrc nrtk is cic-*5;rccifor scisnric loacis,rhc rooishall bc G-5.1 LOADTRANSFER

citsisrcij fcri a irorizo:-=] sci-snic fonx <icturniucd a-sftrllorvs. froltcrior q'clcicr]
slrl)ll1r"'iir; tit-:rrrol-sh;'1i[3
S:iilcttr:.-l to
rhc ra:rk.1b p;cclucicoverloading of.thc tirc
sltci-I, Iru;:bcr of
l: :0.6 Zllll.
aiiecbnrcnipoinrs shall a: deremri:rcdby rhe roof nla:rufai:-
rr'hcrc ru::: in col-sultation u'iih titr: utlll nlalufacruicr. Thc attach-
/: : honzoitzl si-smic forcr:. mr=r derr.i] shall bc suieblc to u-ansfcrall roof loacis to thc
ra:r-\shcll a::d kccp .localsrrcsscsuirh.ir allo$ablc lirnirs.
Z, I, z:td I |, arc as de fi-led i.nApperciir E. The forcc sh:ll
be uniformll' ap?lje-d over the surface of rle roof. ROOF SUPPORTS
G.52

c G.4.2.5 Load Combinations Thc roof anachorcnt poi-ntsmay incorporarc a sliic bcari::g
u'irl lorv-fi-icrion beari.ng pads to minimize rhe horizontal
The follo*'iag loai combimtions sha-llbe co:rsidered: radal forces rransferred to t.lie tarrk. As an alternative, rle roof
mal'bc anachcd directiy'to dre ranl, a:rd rhc rop of rhc tank
a. Deaci loaci.
:r:lv26i and desigped in susrail thc horizlntal thrust trans-
b. Dead load plus u-c:Jbrm live load.
feired fiom rhe rool, inclurijno rhat from di_flercntial &ermal
c. Dead ioad plus unbalarced live load.
e<oensiol alci conuactioa
'.: : : d Dead load plus x'iad load-
e . Dead load plus urSorrn live load plus wiad load . G.5.3 SEPARATION OF CARBON STEEL AND
f. Dead load plus unbelacrd lire load plus wiad load- ALUMINUM
g. Dead load plus seisnaic load-
tlnlcss arolier method is specifed by the purchaser, alu-
If aa internal or e<...:rrral desip prcssure is spccified by the ming11 shall be isolated from carbon steel by an austenitic
purchaser, the loads rcsufdng from cither of these pressues 5r:irl6s5 sreel spacer or en elastomeric isoiator bearing pad.
5hall fs added ro the load combiaatiou specified i:r Itcms a-g
above, emd t.he struclse <hall !6 dssigned for the most ssvere G.5.4 ELECTRICAL GROUNDIT.'G
le2ding.
The alu.ui:rum dorne roof shell fs eiectrically i'lef,'con-
ncctcd witl aad bonde<l to rhe steel tank shell or rim. As a
G.4.2.6 PanelLoads
mieimurn, 9ainl655 steel cable conductors 3 n.il:r (l/s in.) in
G.4.2.6.1 Roof pa=els sball bc of one-piece alumjnlm di:-eter sball be instaled at every third support point. The
sheet (except for s\dghts as allowed by G-S.a) and shall choicc of cable shall take into account s*gtl, c,orrosioi
be designe<i 10 suppcrl a uaiforsr load of 3 kPa (60 lbf/fi2) resistance, conductivity, joint reliabiliry ffexibiliq", ard ser-
over the f.rll area of r:e pa:rel without $r$ainil]g permaneDt vie life.
distortion.
G.6 PhysicalCharacteristics
b -4-l-b.2 I he roof <hall bc desiped ro suppofl r\r'o con-
;l ceotrated loads 1100 N (250 lbl), each disftuted ovcr two G.6.'1SrZES
. separate 0. I m2 (1 fi) areas of any panel.
Al alu-rinum dome roof may be used on aly size tank
G.4.2.6.3 The loa<ls spccified in G.4.2.6.1 and GA.?.6.2 ereaed i-naccordance wi'.h this standard-
5hali pe1 be considereC to ao simultateously or in combi-na-
tioa u'it-b aay othcr loeds. . G.6.2 DOME RADIUS

Tbe marirnum donre radius shall be 1.2 times the diame-

. G.4.3 INTERNAL PRESSURE ter of rhe tank. The nrinhrun donrc radius shall be 0,? times
the diameter of the tan-k unless othenvise specified by the
Unless other,^'ise seci-fied by the purchaser, the internal
pu;cirascr.
design p;essrue sbali lor erceed the u'eighr of the roof. ln
no case sbell rhe maxi:oum dcsign pressu;e exce€d 2.2 kPa
(9 in.) *'ater c,olumn- \llen thc design pressure, P*r, for a
o G . 7 P l a t f o r m s ,W a l k w a y s ,a n d H a n d r a i l s
ulk s'it-h an aiumi::i.=: dome roof is beiag calculated, rle Plarforms, ualhrzl,s, a;ld handrails shall conform to 3.8.10
rveight of the roof, i;3luding structure, 5h:ll fs addcd to rhe exc=f,t thai the marimum con€nE-ated load on .*'alk*zys or
u'e isht of the shell i- rhe B' term ia F.4.2, and t;, shall be sra.r--\\?yss.rpported by the roof stnrcture be 4450 N (i 0O0 lb|
'n rt I r*a -' ^ '. e"n " r i 7Pi^ \\'l.ea walkuzl,s are speci"fed ro go across rhe exerior of the

ry the American Petroleum Instil:i--e

5 1 0 : 3 0 : 3 02 0 0 2
 API S:A{o..riD €LsC

r(xll (t(t rlrc epc,r, lor c..a-;I], ic),5l.ainr;t_v-s

si:ajl sr- D;ilvtdiii oit D a - r c . l _A j u ; r r ; ) u ; r ) c i s - - : : i : r l c : , s- sl c c J ; , : r _ : : ; r t c .
lu:jtr:,- t,/ *'"J1..,u_i,. r.,itos: slo:t o gr.=,,., t:iO r:r;:.r.ix: lliri:tl
d:.grrc..: dircsjr,to r i t c r t l o i ' p a : 1 . :j , r , . . i t ht i r c . l o t l r a r u l I , . u
H'dkua,r.s and -srai:lzt.s n:a1, bc cuncri \ \ ,j t J : - \ j : l ! l t
oi si_::il _€gnrcn1-s. Stei iatgcs sb:ll bc -<aa:_-"icc /io:,-t rltc
:jurlr;.ruil 1.rr:rc! b1. lr
raikc: (scc Fr:r:rc G_l i-or I ttrric;l rro.,_,_lc
G.E Appurlenances dcil:l).

. G-8.1 ROOF HATCHES G . 8 . 3 R O O FV E N T S

( S e c i i o n r e p , t a c e db y 3 . i 0 - B )
li roof l-rarches are requied each harc.ri
sbzri irc fi:;:risirc<i |I o ,
u'th a curb j00 nrm (<. i1) highcr and a F,osr-dve
9r iarching . G.8.4 SKYLIGHTS
devicc 1o hold the h-arcbin the oDsD posiriol- r.ae mirrimunr
srze of opering shall trot.bc lcss rban 600 mn (24
i:r-). The G-8.4-1 lf s\,1ighs. a;-,.p:.,;i-d by rI:
aris of rhe opeaing may bc pcrpc-adin:1ar ro roe purcjraser,eech or
slope of tbe s\'Iign sball be funrished u,jrh a curb f I
roof, but the minimum clearare piojected 00 nur (4 i-.) or
oa e hoi_izontai highcr a:ndsball bc desi_elcoibr rhc livc and
pJa_ne shaU be 500 mnr (20 in ). rvind loacisspcc-
ifcd in G.4.2.6.The purchasersba11 specif,rhe rotal slryJrght
areelo be provided.
G.8.2 ROOF NOZLES AND GAUGE HATCHES
Roof nozz.lesa:rd gauge harches sh:il l\Lrel sLaljgbs are specilied for muls
be A:atgg:dar rhe base 9.8142 *.ir-hourI
;ld boired to the roof panels fioarirs roofs or for 'ioadrg roof ran,s *'hich
wi-Jr a:r alunrinrt reinforci.g arc .."i*- ;; I
':.,::,::.te g_as- (not pior"ided ,*,irh circu.latio" ";;,jr;
on the r:ndcrside of r.hc pa,ncls ffr" -bla::kered
*ia ":a nozle or H-5-?:.1 &H.5.2.2.2),rbe purchasglshall ;"; f ^.
gauge hatch sha_llbe venical- tf the nozzle considercdlli, lot
is useC for vclting matcri{ compatibiliry u-irh oiposure to
purposes, it sh"ll not projecr below rle elevated;;;_ |
u:ldersicb ofthe rooi tions ofrie storedproducl
I

Flengd base
.rrz

Through fasiener

paner
aDome

Reinicrcing plate
Oy?b2l)

Figl:-e G2-Typical Roof Nozte

J t e A m e r i c a np e t r o l e u m I n s f i t u t e
J:30;.51 2002
 c.9 Sealingat the Shell G.11.2 FABFICATiOI..]
I lrc nx)t r)ceil nor tr sea]erito tic a,:-\ sfell unJess sJrci, A-ll rooi r,3ns sbail bc prc,'rbricrted for ficlri aqs<';rbl,r
lred b1'thc purcba-seror required to conreir inter::ai prtssum. F:ibricatjoo pmcedure s shall be rn accordancc q'iu rire A.lu-
Thc bottonr of drc Iiashi-ngshall cxrc-odar lca_sr50 nlm (2 in_) mininiu:u Dtsign N.lalual All srructunr.lshalrs uscd ro ntallc loo
trclou, t}re top of rtre tan-li Corrosiol-red.raat cqrrse-mesb rlie roof sball bc pulched or cjrilled t'efore alv shop ccrsii_n:
screen[13 rnm 1l/2 il-) opeairgs] shall te=rorided ro prci,ear is applieti.
tlrc eno-ano: of birds.
o G - 1 ' 1- 3 WELDING
G.10 Testing
The de-si-enand fabricadon of u,elded alumirum parrs
G.10.1 LEAKTESTING sball be il accordaace r*irh rie Alumintmt Design Alanual
G-10.1.1 Afler completion, tle rrrof srams shall be lea-k and -AWS D1.2. A]l algminum strucrural *,elds a_ndcompo-
tesred by spraf i:lg ttre outside of the sams with r*'aer from a nenrs joi"oed by u'elrling sball be visuaily inspecr€d and
tested by dve-penerra"nt examination in accordalce ,*'irh
hose uith 3 minimurD saric head prEssrre 350 kPa (50 lbA
in-2) gauge 31 ths 162:ls. Because of possible corrosir.e Secrion 6. Part D, of AWS Dl-2. All strucrural \,,.slrtingof
effects, consideration shall be given ro rle guality of rhe water aluminum sball be pedormed before the dome is erecred in
usei a.nd tbe duratiol of the tesl Porable water sball be used the field. -{ fu.1l set of satisfacrory glamin3lisa records sha.ll
rrnle55 olhsnrrise {e€cifed The warcr sball not be sprayed be deiivered to fte o.*rrer before field erection.
directiy on roof veots- Ar.ry warcr oD ibg i,q!i€. of the roof
shall coosdrute evide.nceof leakage. G.11.4 SHIPPING AND HANDLING

a G.1O-1.2 lMbere gastigh roofs are required, leat< te-<d_og ivfaterials shall be bandied, shjpped, and stored iD a manner
may be accomplisbed i.n accordancc sirb F-4.4 or F?.6 or by rhat doeS Dot damage tbe Surface 9f slrrminrrm or the Surface
another means accephble to the roctf manrt'acnrrer a::d tbe coating of sreel.
purchaser.
G.11.5 ERECTION
G.10.1-3 Ary le-"ks discovered 'ngi€ restitg 5hnll !p
sealed, and the roof shall be rerested rmtil aLl leatcs are sealed. The erec:ion supe.rvisor sball be experienced in tbe con-
struction of-alumi-n"m dome roofs and shal follow rbe manu-
facu:rer's i.nsu-uctions and drawines furnisbed for thar
G.'11 Fabricationand Erection
Purpose.
G.11..1 GENERAL

The dome coDtrador shall pcrfocn rbe sork describ€d in G.11.6 WOFIKMANSHIP
this appendix usilg gualified supenisors v"-boare skilled and To minirrize internal stesses on the strucrure q'hen fas-
experienced in th€ fabricarion and erecdon of aJurni-ot'm teners are ugbtened- the roof strall be bstalled on supporrs
structures_ tlat are ia good horizontal aligument. Tbe components of
the strucrure shall be erecred with precise fit aad aligmenr.
Field cuni-ng aod trimmirg, relocation of hole-s. or rhe
application of force to the parts to achieve fit-up is nor
acceptable-

^hi hr, +h^ A -^.;--- D^.-^t^,.6 t-da,/6

 A P P E N D I XH - I N T E R N A L F L O A T I N GR O O F S

. H.1 Scope buo;'anc-v.Distnbuted open-Iop bulk-headed conrpanli)enls

shall be used as required-The se roofs are in full contact u'ith
This appendix prorides minimunl re4uire;renLs rhat applr' rhe liquid surfaceand are 11'picallyconstructedof steel.
1o a tank u'ith an intemal floating roof and : ixed roof ar rhe
rop of tlre rank shell, and to rhe unk agSx-rnenances.This c. N4etallic pontoon intemal ffoating roofs have peripheral
appendix is intended to Iimit only those tacto:: rhat aft'ect the closed-top bulk-lreadedcompannrentsfor buovancy- Distrib-
safety and durabilirl' of rhe installarion ald that are consid- uted closed-top bulk-headed conrpannrentsshall be used as
ered to be consistent u'ith the quality and =r-er5'requiremenu required. These roofs are in full contact u'irh rhe liquid sur-
of rhis standard. Tipes of internal floatine rocfs (listed under face and are t;,pically' constructed of steel.
H-2) and nraterials Qised under H-3) are prorided as a basic d- Metallic double-deck internal floating roofs have continu-
guide and shall not be considered to resicr the purchaser ous closed top and bonom decks which contain bulli-headed
. option of employin-e other commonly acceptd or eltematii'e compartments for brro;'ancy. These roofs are in full conract
desi-rns, as long as all design loading is dcrasrented to nleet uirh rhe Iquio surface and are typically constructed of sreel.
the minimum requirements herein, and all cher criteria are
e. Maallic internal floating roofs on floa1s have their deck
met (except alternative materials and thicLrreses as permined
above the liquid, supponed by closed pontoon compartments
by H.3.1). The requirements apply to the intemal floating roof
01 for buoyancy. These roof decks are not in full contact u'ith rhe
of a nerv tank and may be applied to an exising fixed-roof
liquid surface and are q'pically constructed of aluminum
tanl<- Section 3.10 of rhis sundard is applicable, except as
alloys or stainless steel-
modified in this appendix.
f. Merallic sandwich-panel intemal floating roofs have
metallic panel rr,odules for buoyancy compartments. Panel
H.2 Types
modules may include a honeycomb core, hor'r'ever,cell walls
. H-2.1 The intemal floating roof type sh:lt be selected by "compartments"
u'irhin the panel module are not considered
the purchaserafier considerationof borh proposed and future for purposes of.inspection and design buoyancy requirements
product sen'ice, operating condiliors, mzinunance require- (see H.4.1.7 and H.4.2.4)23. These roofs are in full contact
ments, regulatory compliance, service life expectancy,ambi- u'ith the liquid surface and are typically constructed of alumi-
ent tempemture,design temperarure,producrr?por pressure. num alloys.
corrosion conditions and other compatibilirl' factors. Orher
g- Hybrid internai floatrng roofs shall, upon agreement
operatingconditionsrequiring consideratiooinclude (but are
berween the purchaser and the manufacturer, be a design
not limited ro) anticipatedpumping rates,roof landingcycles.
combination of roof ti'pes described in H2.2.b and ll2-2.c,
and the potentialfor turbulenceresultingtrom upses, suchas
having bulkhead companments u'irh closed-top perimeter
vapor slues injected into the tank. Safeq' and risk factons
','.associared pontoon and open-top center compartments for buoyancy.
n? u'ith the roof typesshall alsobe erzluated.2o
These roofs are in full contact with rhe liquid surface and are
H-2.2 The follou'ins types of intemal fleting roofs are rypically constructedof steel.
01
describedin this appe.ndix:
H.3 Material
o: a. Metallic pan internal floating roofs2l'" b.r'e a peripheral
rinr abovethe liquid for buoyancy.Theseroo3 arein full con- . H . 3 . 1 I n t e m a l f f o a t i n g r o o f m a t e r i a l ss h a l l b e s e l e c t e db y
tact *'ith the tiquid surface and are typiczll;"constructedof the purchaser after consideration of items listed under
01 steel. H . 2 . l . T h e m a n u t a c t u r e rs h a l l s u b m i t a c o m p l e t e m a t e r i a l

b. Metallic open rop bulk-headedintem:.l ioating roofs2? 2 T h e s e d e s i g n s c o n t a i n n o c l o s e d b u o , " ' a n c yc o m p a n m e n t s , a n d a r e

have peripheral open-top bulk-headed co.apartmenls for subject to floodin,s durine sloshing or during application of fire
f i g h t i n g f o a m / r v a t e rs o l u t i o n . . A l s o , r v i t h o u t b r a c i n g o f $ e n m b e i n g
20lnremal floadng roof ranks generally have r=Cucd fire risk, and provided by the pontoon top plate, design to resist bucHing of the
03
the use of fixed fire suppression systems is ofiec act mandatory. Var- rim must be evaluated. These t1'pes are considered a fixed roof unk
ious internal ffoaring roof materials will have uiu.que flamrnabilitl' ( i . e . , h a v i n g n o i n r e r n a l f l o a t i n . ' er o o Q f o r t h e s i t i n s r e q u i r e m e n t s o f
characterisrics, melting points and rvei_ghs (Fsi;=?s wirh reduced NEPA 30.
01
buoyanc,v being required)- lf 6re suppression 5\':::=ts are used, cer- 1 i l s i n g l e i n s p r cet i o n o p e n i n g p er p a n e l m o d u l c i s p e r m i t r e d , r e - e a r d -
tain roof tlpe-s need to be evaluated for full surta= prorection. NFPA less of core material; hoqerer. core materials producing enclosed
I I can provide guidance for this evaluarion- q p a c e s* i t h i n a m o d u l e m a ; ' r e s u l t i n u n d e t e c u b l e c o m b u s t i b l e g a s
n? ?lThe Purchaser should note thar rhis desiga does oor have multiple in areas isolated from the inspection opening. Desigrr buol'ancy shall
ffotation companmenls n€c€ssary lo meet e requiremens of be based on rhe loss of anv tu'o full panel modules (not cells rvirhin
!11
H.4.2.4. modules).

H-t
 AFI STANDiFD6$

s p e c i l r c a t i o ni n ] : j s p r o p o s a l .T l r e c h o i c e o f n r a t e r i a l s H.4-'1-3 All se:nrs in rlrc intemal floarine rooi dtal arc

should bc governedb1,conrparibilirl,uirh rhe s.oecihedliq- expos=d1., product \'apor or liquid shall $e vlpor ught i;r
u i d . l r 4 a t e r i apl r o d u c e dr o s p e c i f i c a r i o nosr h e r r h a n r J r o s e acctrrdanceu'irir H.-.1.1.
L
listed in rhis appendix(akernativenrarerials)n:a1,be used.
H.4-1 -4 -A vapor right rinr (or skin), extending at least 150
:\{aierialshall be cenifiedro nleerali rhe requirenrenrs ol'a
nrnr (6 in.) above rhe liquid ar tire design i'iorarionlevel, shall
nrarerialspecificarionlistedin this appendix,a;rd approved
be provided around both rie internal floaring roof penphen,
by, rhe purchaseror shall comply uirh requirenrenrsas
and around all intemal floatine roof penetrations (columns,
specified b1' ttre purchaser.\\'hen specified b1, rhe pur-
Iadden, stilling u'ells, manu'ays, open deck drains and orher
chaser,a corrosionallou'anceshall be added ro rhe mini-
"nominal roof openin_rs).
munr nominal thickness indicated belos'. The
thickness"is the purchasedrhicknessrl'jth allou'ancefor H.4-1 -5 The non-conract lype G1.2.2.e) intemal ffoating
rhe permissiblemill tolerance. rooi shall have 2 1'2por-ti-shtrim (or skirt), extending at least
100 mm (4 in-) into the liquid at the design fiotation level,
..'
3.2 STEEL arotmd borh tre intemal floating roof periphery and around
all ilrernal floatin-e roof penetrations (columns, ladders, still-
Steelshall conform ro tre requiremenuof Seciion2 of rnis
in_s u.eils, man\\.a)'s, open deck drains and otier roof open-
srandard-Sreelin contacrwith vapor or liquid shall be 5 mm
ings), u'ith rhe exception of penetrations for pressure-\?cuum
in.) minimum nominal rhiclsress.Otrer sreelshall be 2.5
13116 (bleeder) r'ents (per H.5-2- I ).
mm (0.094in-) minimum nominalthiclsress.
. H-4-1.6 All conducrive parts of the intemal ffoating roof
H.3.3 ALUMINUM shall be electricallf interconnected and bonded to the outer
tank ssucrure. This may be accomplished by electric bonding
-Aluminum shall conform to the requirementsof Section 2 shunts in the seal area (a minimum of four, uniformly distrib-
of ASME 896- 1.Aluminum skin shallbe 0-51mm (0-020in.) uted) or ffexible cables from the extemal tank roof to the
minimum nominal thicigress.Aluminum floas shall be 1.3 intemal floaring roof (a minjmum of two, uniformly disrrib-
mm (0.050in.) minimum nominal rhiclgress.For a sandwich uted).The choice.ofbonding devicesshall be specifiei by the
panel flotationunit, core materialsiraitUear leasi5 mm (1.0 purchaser, considering stren$h, corrosion resistance, joint
in.) thick, and merallicskin (exceprcarbn sreel)shall be 0.41 reliabiliry, flexibilirS', and service life.
mm (0.016in.) minimum nomjnalthiclsress.
H.4-1 -7 Each comparnrrentshall be capable of being field-
H.3.4 STAINLESS STEEL inspected for the presence of combustible gas. Inspection
openings shall be locared above the liquid level and closed
Stainlesssteelshall conform ro tre requiremenrsof ASTM companments shaU be capable of being resealed in rhe field
-\ 2401A 240M (austenitictype only). Stainlesssreel skin aier periodic inspecrion (to prevent liquid or vapor entry).
'.
rll be 0.46 mm (0.018 in-) minimum nominel rhickness. Closed-top comparunents (types H.2.2-c, d, and g) shall be
Srainlesssteel floats shall be 1.2 mm (0-0aSin-) minimum accasible from the top of the internai floating roof and pro-
nominalthickness. vided wirh a secured and gasketedmanhole for visual intemal
inspection and the manhole cover shall be provided uirh a
H.4 Requirementsfor AllTypes suir"ble vent. The top edge of the manhole shall extend a
minimum ol 25mm ( i in.) above the top of the ponioon rim/
H.4.1 GENERAL skin-

H.4.'1 .1 An internal floaring roof and its accessories shall . H.4.1-8 All closed fforation companments shall be seal
te designed and construcred to allou. the rooi to operate u'elded to prevent liquid or vapor entry, unless orherwise
rhroughout its normal rar.el uithout manual atendon and specified by' the purchaser. For pontoon, double-deck and
u-ithout dama_geto any pan of the fixed roof, rhe internal hybrid internal floating roofs (types H.2.2.c, d, and g),
ioating roof, intemal floating roof sea_ls(excepc for normal included *'ith seal rvelding the flotation compartment the top
r'.ear), the tank, or their appurtenances. The inre;:ral ffoating edge of each bulkhead shall also be provided with a continu-
roof and seals shall be designed ro operate in : raruk con- ou-s<eal s'eld so that the top edge is liquid and vapor tisht.
srructed rvithin the dimensional limirs defined in Section 5.5
of this standard. H3.1-9 For meiall.icsandrvich-panelroofs (ype H 2-2.1),if
the use of adhesives is allou'ed b1' the purchaser (per H.:1-3.4)
H.4.1 -2 The internal ffoating roof shail be dcsigned and to -<eal&e ffotation panels (in lieu of welding), all exposed
built to ffoat and resl in a uniform horizonral plarre (no drain- adhsives shall be compatible wirh the product senice and
ege slope required). floerion test water (purchaser shall consider future product
 \.JELo:D STEELTANXS ron OII Sioiic! n--l

sen'ice. rire h,r,drostarictest condition, and ci-cign condirion load disrribuiion. basedon anucipatedcondirion-s-specilredby'
chiu gas to specifl, adhesive conrparibi lit1,). rlre purch:rser.

. H.4.1.1 0 \\/hen -specified b1, the purchasr for deck sur- . H.4-2.6 Calcularions 1-orboth rhe floarin. ard supponed
laces above dte liquid level, deck drains shall be provided to condirion, considering internai fioaring roof deffections and
relunt an), spillage or condensate to the product- Such drains srresses for each of the load conditions required b;, lhis
shall close autonratically' or ortend at least lO0 mnr (4 in-) appendix. shall be perfornred and reporteci ro rhe purchaser,
inro rhe prcduct to mininiize vapor-loss. u'hen specifed. All calcularions for tlre ffoadng condirion
shall be ba-sedupon the desisn specific grar"irl' (per H.a-2- t ).
H.4-1-11 Internal floating roofs classified as full contacr
t1,pes(see H.2.2) shall be designed to minimize trapped vapor H.4-2-7 The manulacrurershall specify rhe inremal ffoaring
space beneath rhe inremal ffoaring roof. roof u,eight and roul ffotatjon displacemenr provided based
on a floution level for design specific graviry, per H.4-2. l.
H.4.2 INTERNAL FLOATING ROOF DESIGN
H.4.2.8 Aluminum load carry,ingmembers, assemblies and
H-4-2.1 All intemal floating roof desigrrca-lculations shall connections shail compll' u'jrh the desigrr rerluirements of rhe
'Altrrrrinurr,
be basedon the lower of rhe product specific gravity or 0.7 (ro latesr edition of tire Design lrCanual: Specifica-
allorv fb; operation in a range of hydrocarbon service), tion for Aluminum Structures," as publisheri by the Alumi-
regardlessof any higher specific Cravity that might be speci- num Association, Inc. $Vashingon, DC).
fied b1,thepurchaser. . H.4.2.9 Sreel srrucrural componenrs shall be proportioned
. H-4-2-2 The inrernal floating roof shall be designed ro so that the maximum stressesshall not exceed the limitarions
"Manual
safely suppon aI lcastt$'o men (2.2 ld{ [500 bJ] ov'er0-l m2 specified in the latest edition of the of Sreel Con-
struction, Allou'able Sness Design," as published by rhe
[1 ft2]) wal]iing any*'here on rhe roof while ir is floating or
resting on is supportss'ithout damagingrhe ffoating roof and American Institute of Steel Constnrction (Chicago, IL). For
without allowing product on rhe roof. If specified by the pur- ot-her steel componens, rhe allowable stress and stability
chaser,tre concentratedload design criteria rcay be modified requiremenls shall be jointly established by t}re purchaser and
for roofs less than 9 m (30 ft-) diamerer(where inrernal floar- the manufacturer, as part of rhe inquiry. Altematively, a procf
ing roofs may becomeunstable),toaccountfon-access test (simulating t}e conditions of H.4-?) may be performed on
01 needs,
and expecredconcent-aledlive loads. the roof or on one of similar desisn.

H.4-2-3 All internal ffoating roofs shall inciude buoyancy H.4-3 JOINT DESIGN
requiredto supportar leasrtwice its dead *,eight (includine
. H.4-3.'1 All searns in the floating roof exposed directly to
the u,eight of the flontion compartments,seel and all orher
ffoatingroof and attachedcomponenrs), product vapor or liquid shall be u'elded, bolted, screrved, riv-
plus ecrditionalbuoy-
ancy to offset the calculatedfriction exerredb.vperipheral and eted, clamped, or sealed and checked for vapor tiohtness per
penerarionsealsduring filling. H.6.2.

H.4-3.2 Welded joints betu,een stainless steel members and

H-4.2.4 All internal floating roofs with mulriple ffoution
u,elded joints benveen carbon steel members shall conform 1o
compartmentsshall be capableof floating u'itirout additional
Section 3.1 of this standard.Weldedjoints berween aluminum
damage after any two compartmentsare ouncrured and
members shall conform to Section 3.1 of ASlt{E 896 l.
flooded. Desigrtswhich employ an open cenrerdeck in con-
tact r','iththe liquid (t5'pesH.2-2-b,c, and g) sball be capable H.4.3.2.1 Single-rvelded bun joins r*,ithout backing are
of ffoaringMrhout additionaldamageafreran1'two comparr- acceptablefor flotation units *,here one side is inaccessible.
nrenlsand the cenlerdeck are puncturedand fiooded-
H.4.3.2.2 Fillet u'elds on material less than 5 mm (3/16in.)
. H.4-2-5 Intemal floadng roof supponsand deck strucrural thick shall not har,e'a thickness less than that of rhe thinner
anachments(such as reinforcing padsand ponroonend gus- member of the joint.
sea) shall be designedro supporithe full dead load of rhe
o H.4.3.3 Bohed. rhreaded,and riveredjoinr are acceptable
internalfloating roof (including all corrrponenrssuchas seals
u'hen mutually' agreed upon b1'the purchaserand the manu-
and accessories) plus a uniform live load of 0.6 kPa (12.5 lbf/
facturer.
ftl) over rhe inremal fioaring roof deck surface u'hile the
inrernalffoating roof is resring on is suppon_<- This unitbrm a H . 4 . 3 . 3 . 1 O n l v a u s t e n i r i c t y p e s t a i n l e s s s r e e l h a r d r v a r e
live load may be reducedro 0.24 kPa (5 lbflft]) if rhe floaring shall be used to join alunrinum and./orstainlesssteel compo-
roof is equippedwirh operabledrainsor otherineansof auto- nents to each ot}ter or to carbon steel. Where acceprable to the
marically preventing an accumulationof liq:id. Consider- purchaser and the manufacrurer. aluminum hard.*'are may be
ation shall also be made for non-uniformsupportsenlement/ used to join aluminum components.Alumjnum shall be iso-
 API STAA.DAF.D
650

lated l'ronr cart'on steel bl an austenitic srainlsrs steel spacer. as ;rol,i,urethartc foanr in accordancr;uith AST\4 D 3453) clr
a.nelastonrericpacj.or equivalcnt pmtection. iiquid coniained in a coated Jabric envelope. Circunlferentiai
j o i n u o n l i q u i d - m o u n t e dp e r i p l r e r as) e a l ss l r a l l b e l i q u i d r i g h t
o H.4-3.4 Use of an;, joint sealing compound. insuladng
and shall 6r'erlap zt lea-st75 nrnt (3 in.). Tlte ntaterial and
nrarerial,elastonreror adhesive tnus! be pre-approved by, rhe
rhicl-nessof the enveiope fabric shall be determined alier rhe
purchaser.Tite joining procedure along uirh re-srresults denr-
factors given in H-:.4.2 are considered.
onsrrating the properries required by,this para5raph shall be.
described conrpletely. \\;here such joints are grermined, an1, b. \/apor-mounled rim sral: Means a penpheral seal posi-
joint seaiing compounci, insuiaring maieria.l. eiastomeric or rioned such rhat it does not normalll' contactrhe surfaceofthe
adhesive shall be comparible u'irh tre product stored, speci- srored liquid. Vapor-mounted peripheral seals may include,
fied service condirions, and u'ith materials joined. Resuhing but are not Iimiled to, resilient-filled seals (similar in design
joinrs shall be equivalent in sen'iceabilitl, (uirh rhe basic ro liquid-mounted rim seals per H.4.4-5.a), secondaq,
ffoaring roof componenrs), of a size and sueogth rhat will mechanical shoe t-rpe (similar in design to shoe seals per
accept the roof design loads withour tailure or leakage, and H.4.45.c) and flexjble-u'iper seals.Fleible-u,jper seal means
trall have an expected life equal to rhe senice hfe of rhe roof.
_ a dm seal comprised of a blade of flexible material such as
. H.4-3-5 If specified by, the purchaser, all s*l plare seams extruded rubber or synthetic rubber, u'ith or without a rein- o1
exposed ro rhe product liquid or vapor shall be seal u,elded forcing cloth or mesh.
(for corrosive service conditions).
c- ]r,fechanicalshoe (merallic shoe): Means a peripheral seal
thar utjlizes a Iighrgauge merallic band as the sliding contact
H.4.4 PERIPHERAL SEALS
u'irh the shell and a fabric seal to close the annular space
H-4.4.1 A peripheral seal (also referred ro as "rim seal") betu'een the metallic band and the rim of rhe floating roof
that spans the annular space betu,een rhe inrcmal ffoating roof decL The band is rypically formed as a series of sheets
deck and the shell shall be provided. Vhen an internal floar- (shoes) that are overlapped or joined together to form a ring
ing roof has two such derices, one mounted above the orher, and held a_sainstthe shell by a series of mechanical devices.
the lower is the primarl' peripheral seal ard rhe upper is the Galvanized shoes shall conform to ASTM A 924 and shall
secondary peripheral seal. When there is ooJy one such have a minimum nominal thickness of 1.5 mm (16 eauge)
device, it is a primary pcripheral seal, regardless of its mounr- and a G90 coating- Sainless steel shoes shall conform to
ing position H.3.4, and shall have a minimum nominal rtrickness of 1.2
mm (18 gauge). The primary shoes shall extend at least 150
. H-4.4.2 The peripheral seal r11'e and marerial shall be
mm (6 in.) above and at least 100 mm (4 in.) into the liquid at
selected by tle purchaser after consideradon of borh pro.
the design flotation level.
posed and future product service, rank sheil comtmction/con-
dition, maintenance re4uirements, regularory compliance,
H.4.5 ROOFPENETRATIONS
:ervice life expecrancy, ambient temp€rarure, design tempera-
' .re, permeabiliry, abrasion resistance, discoloration, aging, Columns, ladders, and other rigid vertical appunenances
embrinlement" fl ammabiiiry, and other comparibilitl, facton. that penetrate the deck shall be provided wirh a seal that u'ill
The various seal qpes Qisted H.4.4.5) wil hare variable life permit a local der"iarion of t 125 mm (5 in.). Appunenances
expectancyand senice bmiutions. shaU be plumb wit\in a toleranceof *75 mm (*3 in.).

H.4.4.3 AJI peripheral seals and their anachmenr ro rhe H.4.6 ROOF SUPPORTS
ffoatin_sroof shall be designed ro accommodar: t100 mm (4
in,) of local deriation beru,een rhe floadng roof and rhe shell. . H.4.6.1 The ffoaring roof shall be provided wirh adjustable 01
supports,unlessthe purchaserspecifiesfixed suppors.
H.4.4.4 The seal material may be fabricared in sections
resuhins in seams, but any such seam shall bejoined or other- . H.4.6.2 Unless sp'ecifiedothenvise, the height of the float-
uise held ti_ehtly together alons the entire seanr- For periph- rvirh rhe tank in
ing roof shall be adjustable to tu'o pr,ositions
eral seals that use a fabric material to effecr the seal. rhe senice. The design of the suppons shall preve,rt damage to
requirement in rhe preceding senrenceapplies o;ily to rhe fab- the fi.red roof and froatine roof when rhe tanii is in an orer-
ric and not to an)'suppon devices. flo*'condiiion.

. H.4.6.3 The purchasershall specify clearancerequirements

H.4.4.5 SealTypes
ro-c\rabljshrhe lo*'(operating) and high (maintenance)leveis
a- Liquid-mounted rim se-al:Jr4ealsa resiLienrfoam-filled or of fre roof supporls. The purchaser shall provide dara to
Liquid-filled primary rim seal mounted in a position resulring enable the manufacrurerro ensure that all tank appurtenances
in rhe bonom of the seal being normally i:r coaucr *,irh rhe (such as mixers, inr:rior piping, and fill nozzles) are cleared
stored liquid surface. This seal may be a flexibie foam (such b 1 , r h er o o f i n i s l o r i e s t p o s i t i o n .
 f: -:)

H-4-6./j Su:ltxrn atr-aclu:rcnrsr:t rlrc de:-< ar.ca :la.il ir: H-5-2 \€t.rTS
desiEredrr)p.(\,(T)rfailun: ar d.icJrchrof anz:h:rrcnr.O' r5c
. H-5-2.1 internal Floaling Roof Pressure-\/€cuunr
l)olior'!)o1 rir,: srcrl u,eldeddeck plares(u_<econr_rps II.2.2.
a, b, c, ri, arrtrg), r.'hen: llcxurc i-santiciparecacjaccorlo.sui)- (Bleecier)\renls

I)orLSo;- orbcr relalively ngtd mernbcrs f,-rll-triltr u'elcls nor \/en6 suiraolc 1o Drc\'-:.ttoierstressingof i,rc roof deck oi
less tl:an 50 nrm (2 iL) long on 250 mm (f 0 n) cenrerssb-all seal membralc shzll be pror,iced on rbe fioaring roof_ 1-hes:
bc used ou ar_r,platc laps rh:t cccui sirhir 30O mni (12 in ) of venrs shali bc ad.:quarc ro evacuare air ald lascs fron
an1,sucb suppcn or rnember.
uncieruear-b r.hcrool sucb rliar r.heinremal fioaring rool-is noi
. H.4-6-5 Supporrs shall be fabricared froce pipe, unless liied frorr rcsliirg on is suoports during flling operation;
cabjc or anoitier tlpe is specifed 2rrj approee<iby rhe pur- unril fioating on rbe srored liquid. The vcnls silall also be
cluser- Supports fabricated from prpe shall be xolcbed or per- aciequareio rclcasc an),\zcuurn gcneratcd uuderncath tbe
Iorated at the totlom to provide drainage. roof afier ir senies on irs suooorts iiuri::g empryint opera-
rioas. Ibe purchaser shall sp'eci$, lillilg and empwils rales
. H.4-6-6 Stel pads or orirer means sbaLl be u_sedro disrib- -
so that rbe manufecturer can size the venrs. Le_gacrivated
ure the loads on rhe bonom of tlie tan-k and provide a \\,ear vens shall be adjusable as required pe.ill t, S.
surface. With rire purchaser's approral, pads nay be bmined :
if the rank bonom wiil srpporr rhe lire load plu&e dead load . H-5-2.2 TankCirculationVents
of dre ioating roof. If pads are use4 rhey q-rpll be continu-
ousl1, u'elded ro tbe tank bonom. H-5-2-2.1 Periphera) circr:larion vents shall be ioc:ted on
the tank roof (unJess otier,*"ise specifed by the purchaser)
. H.4-6-7 {lrrminurn supports shail b€ isolareC fiom carbon aod sreet tbe requiremeuts of H-5.3.3, so tbat tbey are above
steei by an austenitic stainless steel spacer, a elastomeric tbe seal of lhe internal f oatiag roof when the tanlc is fulL
bearing pad" or equiralent prorections rrntgss sEsffied qtbsl- Tbe maximum spacing betwegn venrs shall be l0 m (32 fr),
*rse by the purchaqer- based on aa arc meesured at rhe tadr shell, but rhere shail
. H.4-6-8 uot be fe.*'er l-Lran four equally spaced vents. The venting
Sp€cial protective m€aswes (corrosion allo*zoce,
marerial selection, som-ngs) are to be e\aluared for s:pports shall be distributed such rhat the sr.rm of the opeo areas of
o1
th2t interfac€ *ith su-atifed prodr:o bonoc, the vents lrcated wilhin any 10 m (32 ff) intervzl is at least
o'1 u,hich may
iaclude corrosiw contaminafi so@bin:tigDs not found in the O-2:ll,2 (2.O Ar. The roral ner open area of tlese veats shall
nornal product The prncbaser shell 5p6gi$/ iieoy protective be grearer tian or equal ro 0.06 m2lm (0.2 ff2lfi) of tank
diamglsr These veats sball be covered witb a corrosion-
measures are required_
resistant coarse-mesh scren [13 mm (l/2 il.) openings] and
shall be prorided wirh '*'eather shields (the closed area of-
H-5 Openings and Appurtenances
the screen must be deducred to determine the net open veot
H.5.1 LADDER area).

o H-5.1 .1 The rank :nr€rior is considered a ccnfined H-52.2-2 A csater cira:larion \€nr with a minimum net
soace
environrnent wittr restriaed access (see ApI Recommended open area of 30,000 mm2 iSO in-2) sr,rtl be provid.ed at the
Praaice 2026). if specitred by tbe purcbaser,rle tank shail fs center ofrhe fixed roofor at the highest elevation possible on
suppLied with a ladder for internal fleating rooideck acc€ss. the fxed roof It shzll lave a rveather cover and sh:ll !s p19-
If a iadder is not supplied and tbe floating roofis not stee! a vided with a corrosion-resistant coarse-mesh scren (the
ladder lemding pad sball be provided on lhe flo:-ng roof. closed area of the screen must be deducted to determine the
net op€o t,eat area).
H-5.1-2 The ladder sbaU be designed ro allca.for the full
o H-52.2.3 lf circulation venrs (per H.5.2.2 t
tr-avelof rbe intenral floating rool regardlessefa),enling and
of
tJlc roof supports. H-5-2-2.?) are nor installed, gas biankering or anorber
acceptable merhod ic prevent rhe development of a co;nbus-
H.5.1.3 The ladder shell be iruraUed\\iihi- a fixed-roof tible gas mixture rviihin rhe tank is required Addirionally,
ma-n\\'a),,per Il-5-5. l. the tank shall be Drorected b;, pressure-r,acuum vents in
accordancewirh 3.10.8, based on information prorided bv
. H.5.1.4 If a level-gauge siiling weU is pror.:Jd
rhe u,ell the purcbeser.
may form one or both legs of rhe laddeq as seiied by rhe
purcbaser.
H.5.3 LIQUID-LEVEL INDICATION AND
H.5.1.5 The ladder sbaU not be anachedro te rank bonom OVERFLOW SLOTS
unJess provision is mede for vertical movemer at (he upoer . H-5.3.1 Tnc purcb.ascrshall providc appropriare alarm
connectioo- dericcs to irdicarc a risc of rbe liquid i_nthe tank to a level

y tlre American Petroleum Instilute

10 : f 2 : 0 6 2 0 0 2
 ir6
APi S--a-.rii:6:,0

:.rio,i dla r]cllllrl ;,rrrtorc:i.ll Iir\)icclro:)lrrc\ 1sr,cNlrl,A H.5.5 MAI{HOLES AND INSPECT{Ot.H
I ATCHES
-i(J and -AJ'l liccontntcilcieci i)racricc 2ii0) Ovt:-:lon, slos
:,Llll rrt,l [ra Lr-scd
zs ! ;rti;-.;l \/1r,.:rr]sof dci.-crinqarr overllll H-5.5.1 Fixecj-Roof Man tro{es
t t t rr t i c r t .
At lc:st oite Ixr-c rooir.;r:nltolc, u,irjt ; loi,-ri:-::lolteni::-q
. H-5-3-2 Thc inremal fio=ii:tg roof nunlr:.cluier shall plo-
of 600 ru:r (t-1 irr-) or largci-,siull bc pictviccc in rhc Ixetj
vidc infomrarion ciefniag r.hc iareraal fioa"irg roof a:rd sal roof for mai:renalct vcnrilation purposcs.jf usei for-access
dinrcrrsional profilc for the purchasn' dersm-r-.arionof the to rj.rctairk iurerjor, rltc i.iriirilnulircl.;:i o;tcljle s]t:rll bc
nta):rnlum normal operating and orerill proterio, liquicl lev_ ?50mm (30 in ).
els (consideri:rg tan-\ [xe<i roof support, ovsio,*,slos or all.
oilrer top of shell obsrrucdons). The floarins roof uranufac_ H.5-5.2 Fioating-Roof Manhotes
turer shall provirie the desrgn fiotadon levet (Iiquid surlace
elerztion) of the intemal foating roof ar u.jjch r.bepressure/ At least onc inien_al {loarilg roof deck marbole sbaLi b,e
vacuum relief veoLs rviil begin ro op€n (ro fac.iiitere dre pur- provided for access ro and ventilation of the rzn\ r*,hcn dte
chasers' determin:rion of n:nimur:t operating le'aels). foatiug roof is on i-.s suolrcns and rhe tank is ernpry. The
manhole sbzll h-avea norninal opening of 600 rru;r (r4 in.) or
. H-5-3-3 Ttre use of emer:ency-overfo*'sloa sball only
be b:ger and shdl be prcr,ide<i ri.iih a bolterj or secu-iedand eas-
permined if specitred by de purchessr. \r.,ben emergency kered manhole corer. The maairole neck dimeirsions shall
overfio*'slors are use4 rh€l'sball be sized {o discharge at
meet the requiremeolsof H.4_1.4and H.4. i.5.
the pump-i:r rares for the ed<. The gre.arer of tle product
:' specifc gnvlty or 1-0
shall be use<iro ders-mine the over_ o H-5-5.3 Insp.ection Hatches
fou,slot position so rhat accideat3l sl,srf iling will uot rie,n_
age the tank or roof or ioterrupt the contimrcus operatioo of Wben specifed b1'the pruchascr, inspection barches sball
the floating roof Overflo"r' discbarge rates shall be derer_ be locared on rhe fired roof ro pernit vizual ir:spection of the
miaed by using the uet op€o area (less screen) aad using a seai region- The meximum spacing beween inspection
product level (for dererminbg head pressr:re) not exceeding batches shall be 23 a (15 fi), bur there shell a61 lp fgqysl rhan
g1 tbe top of rhe overfiow opeaing. The overfow siors sh2ll be four equally spaced barches. Desigls t_b.ar combine inspection
covered with a corrosion-resistant coarse_raeshscreen batches r+'ith tad:-shell circulation venrs (iocared on rhe tank
[13
mm (l/2 in.) openings] and shell be provided with weather roof) are acc€prable..
shields (the ciosed area of tle screeo musr be deducted to 0'1
determine the net open area). The open area ofeaneqgenqy . H.5.6 INLE} DIFFUSER
overfow slots a-ray contrioute to the peripheral venting
Purcb-asersball Sp=ify tbe need for an inlet diFuser sized
requirecrent ofIL5-2-2.1 providedtliar ar le"sJ 50 percenr
oi to reduce rhe fulet velocity 1e ls55 ihan I m (3 fi) per second
the circulation-vent area r€Dains unobstruaed during emer_
during initiai fiil per AII Reommended pracrice 2003. pur-
eenry overflow condjtions- The foat,ng_rooiseal sbali noi
chaser sball provide purnping rares and any blenrrirg, piggirrg
ilterfere wilh' the operatioa of the ernergency overiow
aod recirculaiion dae along uir-b rhe i_n_let
diamerer, for manu-
openings. Overflorv slots sh,ll not be pbd over rhe stair_ facurers derermination of rhe di{luser design ald size.
way or Dozzles ualess resFiaed by ta* dimererrbeight
or
rrnlgs5 6ysrflsw piping, coUection beaderg
or troughs are . H.5.7 G A U G I N G A N D S A T . I P L I N GD E V | C E S
speciied by the purcbaser to diven flow.
When specified by rhe purcba-eq the fixed roof aud the
H.5.4 ANTIROTATION AND CENTERTNG DEVICES interDal floating roof sh"ll be provided u,irh and/or accornrno-
dete gauging and sarohng device.
The intanal floating roof <hall be ceatered anrJresUzined
frorn rotaring. A guide pole with rollen, r\1.o or more seal
. H.5.8 CORROSION GAUGE
centering cables or other suitzble device{s) 5h-'1t!e provided
as required for rhis purpose- The inrernal foe.irg roof sball \\tren specified by rhe purchaser,a clrrosion gau-qefor rhe
not depend solely on the penpberal seals or rerrical p€nefra- intemal Iioaring roof sball be providcd adjacent ro i-heladder
tion *,ells to mainuin rlte ceaEred position e: to resisr rota- to indicarerhe generalcorrosionrate.
tion. Any device used for ei-:ber purpose sh:_ll nor inrerfere
*,ith the abiliq' of rhe interc_al lloaring roof ro travel ,*,irb.in
H . 6 F a b r i c a t i o n ,E r e c t i o n , W e l d i n g ,
the iult operatiog elerafions h acc;orrtance rr,irl H.4. I - 1. lnspe ction, and Testing
. H.6.1 The applicablefabricarion,erection,*.elcirE, inspe-
tion, and testing requirements oi^ rhis srandard sh'Ll be me{.
Upon the stan of inteie:'l floai:-ngroof installarioc_or collcur_
rcnr wirb assembly uithin a ra:rk undcr con*srn.rciioq rhc rank

y the Americao Pelroleum lnstjtLrte

t 10:32:24 20A2
 (inr,'rio: slrcll i::rti irr:rc:l co::rnorrc:rt-s)
slrall it in-srtr'ctcJ
b1' o H-6.4 .\ :lc:aiiott lt'Si l;ci j:llt.;:i illlilsS:ciiorl srlall it cor;-
rhc floating rooicrcctoi, uuless oths*'r-sc spcified. Titc pur'- ducrrj br,lrc pu;ciizst-r. lllis tct rnal'Lx'prriomi''x oi uit-
br' :irc ctaioi, a.s suoj.rt lo zgrr.tnlcllt qirh tJrt'
;rosc of this insr<:tion sirall tr: 1o confinl.tplurnbrrcssof all
:i.-s<.i

inicnor conrpoircnts, aJoag rrrilt rouucirrcssa::J r.hcc<lltortioll l) u: -j:j *- i

of tlrc si:ell (for rhe Drescnce of d2rriage, proj€tioils, or o H-6.4.1 L::ieilal ioaiin-q rcnfs i:t accordencc *rfi l-i.i-l
obsrructious) ro vcrifv rirat rhe floadog roof and seals u'ill n'p'es11-2-2.a, b, c, d" aad g. sira)lbc gven z lotatror test on
opcmtc prolrrll'. An; ' cicf*s, projecrions, obsu-uctior:sor rrzrtr. Intcrn:l ltoaturg roofs i.riaccorciauo:rvith q.pes 11.2.2,c
tank rolerancr:limits (orceedhg rhor dehned in Sectior 5.5 ald H-2.2-f shail be given a llolariorl lest on \\'ater or product
of dris stauderc), s'hictr *qu1ci inhibit propcr illcrnal fioatir:g ar r.beoptioir of rhe purcira-scr',Durhg this test- tbe roof and ail
roof and seal o-lerarioq rhat arc idendfe<i b1' rbe interual accessible compartmDts sball be cl-iccked ro cooi-m-r tirat
floating roof erwtor shall bc reportgd io rhe purchaser. drc;; arc fre irom leaks- Tltc appcarancc of a damp spot ou
. H-6-2 Deck seams a:ad otl,rerjoinrs rlar are required tr.l be rhe ucper sidc of the pan il conuct u'ith tiie liquici sball be
considered eviderce of leaL:age.
liquid tight or \zDor rigat per H.4.i.3 sball bc lesled by ilrc
joilt assembler for lcaks. Joint testing shall be pcformed b1' . H-6-4-2 Dunng in rial f ll tire intcmal fioating roof sbould
-or
mearu of peneraring oil anotirer ntethod cotisistellt \\'ilh be c.becked to confrm.: ther it rravels freely 1o its fuil ireight.
those describeci i! lhir slandard for tesring cole-roof and/or The peripheral seal sh:ll be checked for propcr ooerarion
Gn}:-bonom s ms, or by any other niethod muo.:ali1'agreed througbout rhe entiie uzvel of the intemal foating roof-
' upon by the purcbeser a:ed the rr:auufacturer.
o H-6-4.3 Because of possible corrosi\e efi-ects, consider-
H-6.3 Upon assembly and prior to a flotafioo test, the ercc- atioa shall be given to the quality of water used and tbe dura-
tor sbaU inspect ro vai! fiat tie peripberal seal produces an tion of tire test. Potabie uzler is recommended- For aluminum
acceptable ft against rbe unh shell. or stainless steel flozring roofs, S.4-10 shall be follo,e'ed.

) y t h e A m e r i c a nP e t r o l e u mI n s t i l u t e
: 10 : 3 2 : 3 92 0 0 2
 I-U N D E R T A N K L EAK DETECTIONA N D S UB G R A D EP R O T E C T I O I . I
A P P E I -ID IX

1.1 Scope and Background , l . 1 - 5 F o r a d d i t i o n : l i n l . o r m a t i o no n t h e u s e o f i n t en r a l l i n -

ings to prevent inrenral bottonr corrosion, refer to API Re conr-
1.1.1 This appendix provides accept=5le construcrion
nrendrd Practice 6j2. Similarl),, refer to API Recomniended
derailsfor the derectionoi- producr leakstriough rie bononrs
Pracrice 65 I for guideiines and reguirements reladng ro pre-
of aboveground-<rorageunks, and provici:s :uidelines for venring conosion from rhe undersideofrhe bonom plare.
ranl:ssupponedb-r'gnllage.
1.1-6 \\/lren dre appropriate rank foundation design is being
Nore: API supporua generalposirionof insellarionof a Release selected, it is imponant to consid:r the environnlenul and
FJevenlion Barrier(RPB) underneq,lanksduringinitjal consruc-
safeq' regularoD' inlplicalions of leakage of tank conrenrs inro
rion.An RPBincludessteelbottoms,synrlietic materials,clal' liners,
andall ot}rerbarriersor combinationof barriersplacedin the bottom the conrainnrent space belo*, tJle tark ffoor. Specifically', rhe
oi or underan aboveground srorage tank,whichhavethefollo*,ing conurnination of pemreable material such as sand used as a
functions:(a) prevendngr.heescape. of conBminaredmaterial,and fioor suppon may, constiiute the generation of a hazardous
:c) contairringor channelin_9
released materialfo; leal derection. r*aste. The treatrnent or disposal costs of such conlaminated
1.1-2 Severalacceptable construcrionderails are provided material nrust be derermined.
for detection of leaks *rough rhe tank bonom and derails for l-1-7 The requirements for secondary cont2rnment as it
tarks supported by grillage (see Figures I-1 rhrough I-11). relales to diked areas and inpoundments are not wirhin rhe
A-ltemativedetails or merhods may be usedif agreed upon by scope of this appendix.
the tank owner and manufacturer, provided the deails or
merhodssatisfyrhe requiremens of I.2.
1.2 PerformanceRequirements
a 1.1.3 The rank owner shall determine wtrerher the under- The followine general requirements shall be satisfied for
tank area is to be consrucred for leak derecdon.If leak detec- all Ieak detection sysrems:
tion is required, the owner shall specifl' rhe merhod or
methodsto be employed. a. I-ea-\s through the rank bonom shall be detecrable by
obsen'ation at the tank perimeter. If a leak is detected, it shall
1.1.4 The bonoms of abouegroundstorageranks may leal< be collected.
as a result of topside corrosion, bonomside corrosion, or a b. The use of elecuonic sensorsfor the detection of vapors
combination of borh. The exlent of topside corrosion can be and liquids is acceprable;ho*,ever, tJrerequirements of Ilem a
detectedusing sandard inspectiontechniqua during an inter- above shall be sarisfied.Any such sensor shall be fail-safe or
nal inspection,but determiningthe nature and exrent of bot- have provision for calibration.
romside corosion is more difficult. TherJore, in cerrain c. The marerials of consrruction shall be chemically resistant
:n'ices and tan]: locations,it may be desirableto provide for to the range of producu to be stored at the temlr€rature range
-rndertanli monitoring of leakage through the tank bonom exp€ctei in sen'ice. Ofrer physical propenies shall be speci-
plates. fied by the tank o\\'rler,

Flexible membrane liner

Tank boiiom

I 3ond liner 1o ringwall

{or leaiaight connection
Slope down

Reler ro API RP 651 PiPe

.._--Drain
ior evaluation of
calhodic protestion
melhods

Gravel al drain Concrele ringwall

Figure l-1--ConcreteRingwallwith UndertankLeak Deieclionat the

Tank Perimeter fl-ypicalArrangemeni)
l-1
 API SIaNDAfiD 650

Flexible membrane lrner

Tank shell b€iwe€n 1vo esphall
impregnateCfiberboaros
R e ' i e r1 0 A P I R P 6 5 1
[ 1 9 m m ( 3 2 . -i)h i c k n e s s ]
for e\€luaiion of calhodic
proleclron m€ihods
\ Asphah on sur{ace
Sand cushion Tank bo11om \ of oravel
Sand or gravel baclcfill t
I i
i ,Drainpipe

Flexible
membrane liner
/,^\\y//S\vz
/

Gravel al drain Crushedsone ringnall/

Figure l-2-Crushed Stone Ringwallwith Undertank Leak Deteclion

al the Tank Perirneter fl-ypical Arrangemenl)

d. The permeabiliry of the leal< detection barrier shall nor 1.4 Double Steel Bottom Construction
exceedI x 10-7 cm (4 x iO5 mib) per second.
e. The malerial in contafi wirh rhe subgradeshall be suirable 1.4.1 If a double steel bottom is used,the der:ils of con-
for below-grade sen'ice or be prorecredagainstdeeradation. struction shall provide for the proper support of the primary
f. The leak barrier shall be of one-piece consrnrcrion,or rhe bonom and shellfor all operatingconditions.The design shall
joina shall satisfy rhe leak tightness,permeabiliq'.and chem- be evaluatedro verify rhat the primary bottom and shell are
ical resisrancerequiremens for rhe baseleak-barier material- no! overstressed. The evaluationshall considerall anricipated
The manufacturer and a complete description of dre leak bar- operatingconditionssuch as designtemperature,fill height,
rier materialsha-llbe identified ro the tank ouner. hydrostatic testing, seismic conditions, and tank settlement.
g. The insrallationof sumps and pipbs belou,the ianl bonom The evaluarionis not required if the primary bonom is uni-
is acceptable;hou,ever,rhe required leak detecron and lea]< formly supponedon both sides of the shell and is not struc-
ti*ehtnessshall be mainrained.Refer to FiguresI-S and I-9 for atrached1o the secondarybonom or primery, bonom
rura.ll-r,
qpical details. suppon.

1.4-2 For doublesreelbonom systemsthat use steel rr,em-

1.3 Cathodic Protection
bers (such as grating,structuralshapes,or rvire mesh) to sep-
lhodic protecrion systems may be insralledin conjunc- arate the bononrs,ingressof \\'ater betu,eenthe btonoms$,ill
tion with undenank leak derecdonsysrems.Refer ro API Rec- result in local acceleraledcorrosionrates.If the perimeter of
ommendedPractice 65 I for guidelineson the use of carhodic the floors is not sealed,corrosionprotectionof the rank bot-
protectionmethods. roms shallbe orovided.

Refer 10 API 3P 651 Tank shell

lor evalualio(.; of
carnoorc proi-lron
melhods. Flexible membrane liner
\
\ betwe€n two asphah
Flexjble \ Tank bonom impregnaled {iberboards
memDrane \ [ 1 9 m m ( 3 2 . ' )t h i c k n = s s ]
.. I
lrner

) Asphalton sunace
v ur (dr rn pdu

Sand Gevel at drain

Drain pipe

Figure l-3-Earthen Foundation wilh Undertank Leak Deteclion af ihe

Tank Perimeter Oypical Arrangement)
 Yr'5LDED S;:=r- Ta^-iis :oi Oir- S;oRAGa r.3

shell
,rlank
Ttght afiachnreni
1osh€ll

Sand, pea gavel, or

Primary tank boflom Cpiional - ihis seam may be sealed
concrele wiih drainage b y c a u l k i n g o r w e l c i i n g( i f w e l d e d .
groov€s on lopside s e e 1 . 4 ) .N o t s € a l i n g m a y a c c e l e r a l e
bononr sid€ corrosion.

Drain pipes noi shown

Flexible membrane linei

,-- Concr ele ringwall shorvn

Secondary lank Llotlom E (crushed slone altemalive)
Re{er lo API FIP 651 {or Flhodic
Droteclion re@mmendalions

Figure l-4-Double Steel Bottom with Leak Deteclion at the

Tank Perirneter ffypical Arran gement)

l-5 MaterialRequirementsand l-5.3 For a flexible-membraneliner installed over a steel

Construction Details bonom, all nicks, burrs, and sharpedgesshall be removedor
a layer of fine sand. gravel, or geolextile material shall be
1.5.1 The minimum rhiclrress of flexible-membraneleak used to protect tlre liner.
,^ barriersshall be 800 prn (30 mils) for fiber-reinforcedmem-
" |
I oranes and i000 pm (a0 mils) for unreinforced membranes. 1.5.4 The flexible leak barrier shall be covered by at least
If clay liners are used,they shall be rhick enou-shto meet the 100 mm (4 in.) of sand,excepras othen*'iseshou'n in Figures
permeabiliryrequirementsof I-2, Item d. I-l tfuoughI-10- This dimensionmay haveto be increased if
cathodicprolecrion is to be provided in the spacebetweent-fre
l-5-2 The leak barrier sha-l1 be protecredas required to pre- tank bonom and the leal<barrier.
vent damaseduring construction.If the foundadonfill or tank
pad materialis likely to causea puncturein the leak barrier,a o 1.5.5 lf drain pipes are usedaroundthe rank P€rime1er,
they
ia_yerof sand or fine gravel or a seotexlile material shall be shall be at leastNPS I in diameterand havea minirnum rvall
usedas a protectivecushion. thicknessof Schedule40. The pipesmay be perfor:teJin the

t ,
Optional - this seam may be sealed
by caulking or welding (ii welded,
2t (25 mm It'] min) --->l s e e 1 . 4 ) -N o t s e a l i n g m a y a c c e l e r a l e
bottom side conosion.

Allemalive {loor supports

25 mm (1")(mtn)

Graling or Seal edge oi primary tank

slructural shapes botlom (lf welded, see 1.4.1)

NPS 7zpipe
coupling at drain

=:______:::__-___
.- /
r'
Reier to API RP 651
for evalualion oi
^-.L^r:^ --^r^^.:^^
Ldu rwrL Pr u(curr9{ |
q.h:ll <rrnnnrt
melho'ds
nng (continuous)

Figure l-S-Double Steel Bottom with Leak Deiection at ihe

Tank Perimeter (Typical Arrangement)
 A P I S T A N D T n D6 5 0

,zTank shell
Flexible liner bonded to ,
wall {or l€ak lighlness

Compacled sanc iill

Drain pipe with

, - o p l a o n a ls l e e v e
melhods
Flexible membrane
liner or spplied coaling
ior leak lighlness Gravel or geolextile
malerial al drain

/
Concrele sliab

Piles (ii required)

Figure l-G-Reinforced Concrete Slab with Leak Detection at the

Ferimeter ffypical Arrangement)

undenank area to improve their leak detection fi:nction. The l-5-7 The outlet of the drain pipes and collection sumps, if
inner ends and perforations of rhe drain pipes shall be pro- used,shall be protectedfrom rhe ingressof u,aterfrom exter-
tecred from clogging by the use ofgravel, screeaing, geolex- nal sources.-
tiles, or anolher merhod approved by the tank owner. The
1.5.8 Leak detections)'stemsthat use sumps in rhe liner
drain pipes shall exit through the foundationand shall be visi-
belorv the tank bonon.rshall have a drain line thar extends
ble to indicale any leakage. If specified by' the owner, rhe
from the sump to the tanl<perimeler.Considerationshall be
undenank drains shall be fined wirh a valve or piped ro a leak
given ro installarionof supplemental
perimeterdrains.
derectionr.r'ellas sho\\'n in Figure I-10. The ma-rimum spac-
ing of drain pipes shali be 15 m (50ft), uirh arninimum of
1.6 Testing and Inspection
four drain pipes per rank; however, two drain prpes may be
usedfor tanks 6 m (20 ft) or lessin diamerer. 1.6.1 The leal< barrier, all leak-barrier penetrations, anach-
menls of rhe lea]<barrier to the foundation ringwall, and other
: I The need for pipe sleeves,expansionjoin-.s,or borh in appurtenancesshall be visually inspectedfor proper constmc-
conjunction ri"ith drain pipes shall be evaluared. tion in accordance u"ith applicable specifications.

Drain grooves
u'"on")

t l ,1
l l t r
t t l t
t -
.^' -1,
Y. I \ R6niorcedconcreteslaD10 De
\ \--\j i
riacinned lar la=k tinhlno<< ncr

Piles (if equired) AU I Jf,U

Figure l-7-ReHorced Concrele Slab wilh Radial Grooves

for Leak Deteclion fi-ypical Arrangement)
 sT)-Ap1/PfTR0 sTI' t5G-[l,J6L iStB E D?:na?30Dt]qtrt5 bt'T lfi

|A'ar-D=: Sl:ii T<r.5 sOa Clr SrOi(CE

Flocr surn, z Tank bo:icm

100n:m (,'i')sen6cLsiion
\
)

I
:1
I
J - Gravel at drah - Fl€riblc mem5rane
ln€r 10{ollowcontour
Drain pipe wilh cptjonel sre€ve oi excavalion
Discha6e lo leak deiection
well or Derimeler

Fgure l-8-Typical Drawoff Sump

l-6-2 The shop and freld searnsof ffexible-mcrb;anc liners o l-6.4 All i.jner pc.ne.uztions,ai.i.achrnents
of the .bncr to rhc
shall pass a va:uum-box tesL -Alj leaks shall he rcpaired and
found'tion ringwalJ, and orher appunenarces shall be dcmon-
retested. Alrernativc r_asringmethods may be used wirh the
stated to be leak right. This may bc demonsrrared by a mock_
lark owner's appruvzl up test, prior experience, or orher methods acceptable to the
1.6.3 Proof resting of samples of the ffexible_membrane orA'rler.
liner seam shall be performed to verify rhe seam srrengtb
aad flexibiliry' ard the adequacy of the bonrting. The proce_ l-7 Tanks Supported by Grillage
dure (including tesling mcrhods) used ro bood or wetd t}re
a l-7-1 Tan-\: desiped and construced in accorciarce
liner seams shall be submined lo tbe or+,nerfor review and wi*r
API 650 srandard rhar have a maximum nominal shell rhick_
shall .specify all critical pacrmeters. such as lcmperarure,
nqss of I3 rnm (l/2 in-), including any cuslomer specified cor_
spccd, surface prcpafttrion, and curing time, required ro
rosion allowance, and operafing temperatures not excc€ding
achieve liquid-right s3alns. Thc lequired strenglh and fexi_
90"C (200"D may be supported by sreel or concre!€ grillage.
bility of the liner seerns shall be agreed upo.n by rhe taak
By agreement betu,een the purchaser and ma,rufacturer, thcsc
o*'ner and manufacturcr. The seam se.mplesshall be pro_
rules rnay,be applied ro tanlis *itr shell rhickness grtater rttan
duced at rhe beginning of u-.ch sh-ifi for each operaror and
l3 mm (liz ir-r.).These rule-sapply to single sree) bun_welded
*'elding machine.
bonoms supported by, grillagc mcmben.

Flexibie rnembrane liaer

bonded lo sump (Alterrrative
is 1o continue liner inio tre
sump es a lining)
1 O Om m ( 4 ' ) s a n d c u s h i o n

,lN
L:
IN
r\\

j
Szin pipe wilh opiional sle€-r'?. Oravel at drain
Discharge to leak d€:3.tion \
\ 3 O On : n - ( 1 2 " )
h=ll or peririteler d i a = s : e r ( r ' i r : ns) J r r p

Figure l-9--Cenler Sump {or Dorvnward-slopedBoilom

tht bv the American Pelrolcrrm In<:itrto

 sTD.ApI/P f TR0 STD t5!-f li6L l,5tB I 0?:ez:! 0tf rrLltt 5Tt R

l-6 API S:Ar.r9AR 6S

Se€ ncle

Ring*zll foundaicn shox:t.

Detail is rypical lo; ail t-vaes
o{ {ounoalions

Deteclion well
l O Om m ( 4 ' )
d;ameler (min)
with 1op halch

Drain Fr-oeto well.

Pipe rnay be ebove
grade or b€low grade
(with pip€ sleeve)

Se€
( Remcvable w€zfler crver

\
,/- Delection weli (concrete pit
adjacen: :o concrele ringwall)
/

Draln pipe

Not€: Top ol well s.\ajt be abor-e ma:ximum high water level wi:hin dike

Figure l-1G-Typical Leak Deteclion Wells

 t.j

'fLc
I7-2 r-Lici-:u: ard tjcsisln r::crd e::cpeiaru-lc of tlc l--7-4 Tlrc t<rnom pi:n':s siall lt: Jourted toqelhti b1' butt-
nn lnnonr p)atr sha.))fr jn acrn:dan51-uiuit Frln 2- l. u'cids brrvinS cr:u:pictc rxnctatio:r and complctc 1-usion.
I
Joinrs shall bc risuelil insr^..ctctlpio: to u'tlcjinq I() tnsurc
'lne
)-7.3 malmu:r macjng berueel aci3acentor r:rdral &e r+eld gap and br-up u'r1)allorv comalete pcnetraton. Ilch
grrlJage memben ard thc bonom p)are t-ic!:ress shalJ satis[' *'eld pass shal te risuall) i,rrsiltcteri.Ti^* aliqnment and
thc requirtnrentsof l-?.3-I and 1-7-3.2- m.rrinc nf c.rill:rce.,cnrben shaLl trt such rbat thc joints
bets,een bottonr plates arc locared apcroximacly abovc thc
l-7-3.'1 The mrrdmum spacins te*rueea 'aj3cen( or redia]
center of rlie -s-iliagemembers to Lhegeatest ertenl pracdcal.
g:-il1agentemben sjlal-l not exceed:
Grillage rnembers sball be arrarqed lo midmi:-e tie iength of
(r"- c'1):1L' unsupponed tank shel-l spanning betu'een grillage memt'ers.
'' - ;t'-sF'
L P J I-7-5 Grillage memtrrs sh:ill be s5rnmerical about tbeir
vertical centerlirie- See) grillage nrembers shall be designed
l-7-3-2' The required minjmum thiclless of the bonom ro prevent *,eb cripplmg and u'eb buckiirg as specifed in
plate supporred on sriJ.lagesball be dereanirC b1't}lc folio*'- Chapter K of tbe .{SC ilcnro I oJ SreclConsrntcion, Allow-
irg equation. ahle SrressDesign.3 Concrete grillage memben may also be
used.
.
,^ - - l I o- \ P ) t| T
, ?L - 1< a l-7-6 The purchaser shall specify the corrosion allou'ance to
' Ll-5r.J
be added 10 st€t grillage memben. lf a corrosion allowance
g'here is required, r}re manner oi application (added to r*'ebs oniy,
added to webs ald flanges, added to oae surface. added to all
D = maximum alowable spacing (center-to-center) surfaces, and so forth) shall also be specified.
ber*'een trljacent orradial g'iil'ge members, jn
l-7-7 For tanks desigrred to withsiand r*'ind or seismic
mm (tu-),
loads, provisions sball be made to prcvent slidirg, disrortion,
Fy = SPecifed minimum 1ie1d srengrh of bottom and overtuming of the griliage members. I;reral bracirg
piae material, in lvfPa (Psi). between the top and bonom flanges of adjacent steel griliage
members Tay be reguired to prevenl distortion and overrurn-
t8 = Dominal thickness (i-ncludbg aq/ colTosion ing. The lateral bracing and connections shall be desigred to
allo,*ralce) of rhe bonom plare supported on transfer rbe specifed larcral loads. U friction forces berween
Srillage, ir mm (in.), tbe grilJa,gemembers and the foundation are Dot adequate to
t ansfer the specified later load, the grillage members shall be
a CA = corrosion allor+'anceto be zlrlad to the bouom anchored to tle foundation.
plate. in mm (in-). Tbe purcba-=r shaX specify
the corrosion allou'alce, L7-A The tank sball be anchored to resist uplifr forces (in
excess of the co[od€d dead load) due to pressure and .*'ind or
p = uniJorm pressure (including the rx'eight of the seismic overtuming- Anchors shall be located near tle inter-
bonom plate) actirg on rhe bosom resulti-ng section of the rad< sheU and a grillaee menber, or near an
from tle greater of tbe u'eie-btof rbe product additional stiffening member.
plus any intemal pre'ssure,or tte *'eigbt of rhe
bydrostatic test water, in N{Pa Crsi). l-7.9 The tank sbell sball be designed to prcvent local buck-
ling at t-begri.i.tagemembers a::d consideration shaLl be given
l-7.3.3 Tbe marimum calculatei deflectioo of rhe bonom lo shell distonion q'hen the soacing of the Srillage members
p)ate at mid-span sball not exceed (t r - CA) | 2: is determined.

1.7.10 The bonom plate and griLJagemembers directJy

, 0.02&4pb' beneath roof suppon columru and olher items supponed by
d = *<(rr-C-A) l2
E,(tr- CA)" tbe bonom sball be dcsigned for fie loads imposed. Addi-
donal support members are to tre furnished rf re4uired to ade-
rvherc guately support t-tlebonom.

d = ma.cimum ca.lculated defle.-tioa of the bonom 1.7-11 U flush-tlpe cleanouts or flush-ty'pe shell connec-
plae at mid-span. h mm (:l). dons a-refurnished. aCdlrional suppon memt'ers sball be pro-
vided to adequatelv suppon rhe bottom-reinforci-ng and
E, = modulus of elasticir;*of rbe bcscm plate mate- bottom-ransition plates-.Asa minimum. the additiona-lsup
rial. in it{Pa (psi). pon memben shall colsist of a circumferential member

thl hv thP Ameriran Petrnlerrm In<litrttp

 ;:l S;i\:::.: e-io

i
I I

I
I
I
I
'/'r,.12
-t-.ta'

I
I
I I
"'-./' .<f <) \ \
' . - |r
-l

I
I
I I
('
\
V
--f
---

I
I

--t I
I I I
I
I I a

I
I I
I (1
\.ci\
\\r'
N..
\,\
I \ \ \

o".n"r"n" (il required)

\
1 ^
Laleral bracing (il recuired)
Bntt-w€ld€d *-,
Grillage members

S E C T I O NA . A

Figure l-11-Tanks Supcorted by Grillagelv'lembers(Gene;=lArrangemenl)

rhi hv iha Amoriran Darrnlarrn Inct;'da

 (rrurumunr Jcngu\ :nd l66ldon arcording to lrlethod A of cont-:fcrsu:13ccLretu'eentrc lrcttom pl:tes :yrcien]lale nrcnt-
f j,'11yri a) and rariirl suppofl nr(tn)fxtrs. Thc radral suppon bcn b_r'utl-]jxn! pmtecrivc coerinrs oi b)' edd.u.lr:r corrosrol
llldilltrll, sir:tll crtc:rl ltonl Lht' clrcumlcrEntlal nlcnlrrrr lo i-:;.
ajiou:ucr' lo lhisa n.iemtre
tbc inncr eisc of ihc bottom rehibrcill (for iiush-tloc
cleanout-s)or bonom rransition p)atc (fo; flush-t1'pe shelJ
l-B Typicallnstallations
connections). The circumferendal spaci-ngof the radial sup
o o l pon memben shall nct exceed 3ffi mm ('l2 in ). Ajrhous:h jt is not rbe jncnt of uis appendi'. to proridc
l-7 -12 For tanl:s l>ated in a corrosive environment and derailei designsfor the constructjon of undenenl: lea]<detec-
\\'herc atrnospheric corrosion due to u'etrdry cy'cles may tion s1'senrs a:rd tan-]is supported b1' grillag.e. Figurcs I-l
mcur, considrration sball be given to protecting tlre underside through I-l I illustrate t}re senenl use and applicarion of t}rc
of r}re bonom p)ares, 5riltage memtten, and in particular. the recomrnendadons presented in ttr.i: apptnd i x.
i by the Amerien Pelroleum Institule
0510:32.512002
 A P P E N D I XJ - S H O P - A S S E M B L E DS T O R A GE T A f ' l K S

J.'1 Scope J - 3 - 2 . 4 l t o r i r i b o l t o r r s . t h e a i u c l r n r e n l L r e i r i e e l rr i r e b o t -
ronr edses of Lhe lo\\est course shell plate and rlre bottonr
J-1 .1 fhis apperrdix provides requirenrenLsfor rhe desj-sn
p l a t e s h : r l l b e a c o n r j n u o u sf i l l e t u e l d l a i d o n e : c h s i d e o f r i r e
anci fabrication of venical srorage ranks in siz:s rhat pernrit
s l i e l l p l a r e . E a c h f i l l e t u . e l d s h a i l b e s i z e d i n a c c o r d a n c er v i t i t
conrplete shop a-ssembly,anddeliveq, lo the insiallation site in
3 . 1 . 5 . ? . . Af f a r - f i a n g e db o t r o n rs h a l l b e a t t a c h e di o r h e s h e l l b y
one piece. Srorase ranks designed accorrjing io iJris appencix
f u l l - p e n e t r a t i o nb u t r - * ' e l d s ,
sirali not exceed 6 m (20 fi) in dianieter.

o J-1 -2 The application of rhis appendix ro rhe desiqn and taa el-.lFt lc.

fabricarion of shop-assembledsroragetanks shell be murualll,

Shell nl:res qhell he desicned in accordance rvith rhe for-
agreed upon by the purchaser and the manufacarrer.
mula siven jn A.4.1 , bur fie nominal rhiclcressof shell plates
shall not be lcss rhan the fcllowins:
J-2 Materials
a. For ranks u'ith a diameter less rhan or equal ro 3-? nr (10.5
The nrarerialrequirementsof Section2 of rhis sundard are - .1 , -
../
f i l . _ \ m n I J l , . 1 n \
applicable.
b. For anks rvirh a diameter srealer than 3.2 m (10.5 ft) - 6
mm (rl in.).
J.3 Design
J.3.1 JOINTS J.3.4 WIND GIRDERSFOR OPEN-TOPTANKS
J-3.1.1 Joins shall be designedas specifiedin 3.1; horv- Open-top tanLs shall be provided u'ith u'ind girders as
ever, lap-r'ueldedjoina in bonoms are nor p'ermissible.In specifed-in3.9.
addition,the modificarionsgiven in J.3.1.2rhroughJ.3.1-5are
applicable. J.3.5 ROOFS
J.3.1-2 All shelljoinrs shall Uebun weldedso rharfull pen- J . 3 . 5 . 1 G e n e r aI
etrarionis produceds'irhout t}te use of backupbars.
Roofs for tanlis constructedin accordancerl'iih this appen-
J.3.'1.3 Shell platesshall be sized ro limir rhe number of dix shall be oi rh: self-supponing rype and shall conform to
plar:s ro the smallestpracticalnumberconsisrentwith sound e i t h e rJ . 3 . 5 . 2o r J - 3 . 5 . 3 .
economic pracrice. Each course should preferably be con-
structedof one plate. J.3.5.2 Cone Roofs
J.3.1 .4 Top anglesare nor requiredfor ffanged-rooftanks. Self-supponinsconeroo,'sshallbe designedas specifiedin
J.3.1.5 Joins in bonom plaresshall be buu-rr.elded. 3.10.5,exceptrhey'may be providedwirh a flange tJratu'ill
The
r,.eldingshall produce complete penetrationof the parent permit burr-v.,eldcdaruchjrient lo the shell (see J.3.1..1).
nteul. Flangesshallbe fornred*itr a rninimuminsidecornerradius
or l9 mm (i/a in.), rvhichever
of rhreetinresrheroof thick:rress
is larger.
J.3.2 BOTTOfvlS
. J.3.2.1 All bonom platesshall have a minii-numnominal J.3.5.3 Dome and UmbrellaRoofs
o3l rhicknessof 6 mm (l/4 in.) [4g.g kg/m2 (10r lbf/ft2), see
2 2 . 1 . ?a n d3 - 4 . 1 l . Self-supponinsdome and unrbrellaroofssha.!lbe designed
as specified in l. 10.6, ercept the_vmay t'e flansed as
J-3.2.2 Bonoms shall be constructedof a rn:.nimumnum- describedin J 3 -; 2. For dome roofs that are flanged, *re
ber of pieces:*'hereverfeasiblerhey shall be construcredof r a d i u s o f c u n 3 o J i es h a l l n o t b e l i m i t e d l o L l e m a x i m u m
o n ep i e c e , r e q u i r e n r e n tssi v e n i n 3 . ' l 06 : i n s t e a dl,h e c u n ' a r u r es h a l lb e
lgmiredby' the d:pth of th: roof, including the crorvn and
J.3.2.3 Bonoms ma1'be flat or flat flanged--{ flat bonom
* n u c k l e d e p r ha . : l i s r e di n T a b l eJ -l .
shallprojecrar leasr?5 mm (l in.) beyondrhe ouaide diame-
ter of rireueld anachingrhe bonom to rhe shell plare.A flar-
J-3.5.4 Top Angles
ffansedbonom shall have an insidecorn€rradius that is nor
less rhan tree times the bonom thickrressand a sraight When top arigl:s are required,rhey shall be attachedas
flangerhatis a minimum of l9 mm (3/4in.). s D e c i f i eidn 3 l 0 7 ,
 .l-2 API SrsDAag 650

TablcJ 1**Maximum
Roo{Deplhs
iorSt'rcrAssernbleda J . 3 - 8 . 2 l - i r c r c s l r a l l l r c I n t i n i r r r u not l t \ \ ' o l u : : s o n t a , - l r
Dome-Rooi Tanks r a n ! lT
. l r e l o : a r i o ro f r l r el u q ss h a l lb e a g r e e d, p o , r - b y , r l tpcu r -
chrsrr and dre manufacturer. The lugs shall prelenrblybe
Dianreter i't- -r h
locaredar Lte lop of dre rank,in pairs,lS0 degreesapart.
n) mnl
< l_E
J-3-8-3 Lugs and rheir anaclurrenr rr.eldsshall be rlesignecj
6 50 2
to carD: rheir share of rhe applied load (rrvice rhe enrpry
<2A S 90 -1'/a '*,eight of rhe tank) disrriburedin a reasonablen:anner and
< 3.0 l0 140 )'/r baSedon a safetyfactor of4.
< 3.1 12 200 a
J.3.8.4 Lugs capable of carrying rhe load d:scribed in
<4.3 l4 ?75 ll J.3-8.3shall be desi_ened
and anachedin a mannerrhar will
< 4.9 not damaserhe rank-
t6 375 15
- s 6.0 20 5oo 20 J.3.9 ANCHORING

Because of rhe proponions of shop-assembledstorage

J.3.S TANK CONNECTIONS AND
anls, ovem:rningas a resuh of wind loadingmusr be consid-
APPURTENANCES ered.Ifnecessary,adequareprovisionsfor anchoring shall be
J-3-6.1 Manholes, nozzles, and other connections in t}le provided.
shell shall be consrructedand anachedas speciied in 3.7, but
it is unlikely *rat reinforcing plares will be required for man- J.4 Fabricationand Construction
holes and nozzles in rhe ank shell. The need for reinforce- J.4..1 GENERAL
ment shall be checked according ro the pra-edure given in
.3.7.2. Since rhe minimum shell-plaretricknesses given in J.4.1 .1 Fabricationand consrructionshall be in accordance
J.3.3 will normally exceed dre calculared ririckness, rhe with rhe applicableprovisionsof Secrions4 and 5 of rhis stan-
excessmaterial in rhe shell should sArisl' rhe reinforcement dard. Erecrionshall be interpreredas assembly,and it shall be
requirementsin nearly all cases. undentood thar the enrire vessel is constructedin the shop
and nol at tte field sire.
o J-3.6-2 The roofs of unks consrructedin accordance Mrh
rhis appendix will be inherently strong becaus€of rhe limira- J.4.1 .2 Paraeraphs5.2.2 and 5.2.5 of rhis srandardare not
tions in diamererrequiredfor shippingclearances.Thus. rein- applicablero rhe bonoms and roofs ofshop-assernbledtanks.
forcement of roof manholes and nozzles is nor required
unless specificallyrequestedby rhe purchaseror unlessroof J . 4 . 2 T E S T I N G , F I E P A I R S ,A N D I N S P E C T T O N
'Js
exceed 1.2 kPa (25 lbf/ft2), in w.hich ca= r}e amounr
J.4-2.1 General
aiid type of reinforcement shall be agreed upon by rhe pur-
chaserand the manufacturer. For testingof, repairsro, and inspecrionof shop-assembled
tanks, the requiremennof 1.4-2-2rhrough J.4.2.4 replace
J.3.7 C O R R O S I O NA L L O W A N C E thoseof 5.3.2through5.3.7.

o J.3.7.1 If the purchaserrequirestrat a conosion allow.ance .

J.4.2.2 Testing
be provided, the allorvanceand rhe areaslo rvhich rhe allorv-
ance is to be added shall be specified.lt- a corosion allos- Unlessothenvisespecifiedby the purchaser, as an alrerna-
ance is specifiedwirhout an indication of the a;=a ro which it tive to the requiremenrs of 5.3.2through5.3.7,a rank may be
is ro be added,the manufacrurershall assumerhar it is to be shop lestedfor lealisby rhe following mer}od:
addedonly ro rhe calcularedshell-plate*rjckness_
a. The tank bonom shall be bracedby securelyanachingan
a J.3.7-2 When a corrosion allowance is sp'ecifiedfor the extemal srifi-eningmember as requiredto prevenrperrnanent
roof and bonom plares, it shall be added ro ihe minimum deformationdurins rhe test.
nominal thicknesses. b. All openingsshall be closed w.irh plugs or covers as
needed.Bola and gaskes of rhe size and rype requiredfor
J . 3 . 8 L I F T I N GL U G S firii1 insrallarionshall be usedduring rhe rest.
c. An intemal air pressureof 14 to 21 kPa (2 ro 3 lbf/in.2)
J-3.8.1 Luqs or clips for usein loadingand unloadingmnks gaueeshall be applied to rlre rank. For ranks u,irh a diamerer
and for use in placing tanks on foundationsshall be provided of 3-7 m (12 ft) or less,a maximumpressureof 35 kPa (5 lbf/
on all tanks construcredin accordancewith rhis app€ndix. in.2;gaugeshallbe used.
 t::::::'i sui:ai:c fo;
oil, or a.:toi-hcr
ci. A s.xlp Jtlrl:. lu:-lc'.:<i J.5 lnsPection of Shell Joints
i-bedeiecaort of leaiis shell be applied Io -rl slrell' boiro:r:' -Ilte
:-,:irrods of i:rspecri::gsl:ell -joinrs descnbe<iir: Sec-
n,r>i.:rui attacltt)iellt u'elds, and tlc tank i.:all ilc €;etull)'
lic.:: 6 ar::i' to shoD-assenlbl:d ranis, bur spot nciro:;r'ph1'
cruttutcd for lu*s.
:l:r,be onjned rvheu a-iornt eflloenc;'o{ 0-'i0 rs useci (scc
e. Afier tbe ai; pressu'reis released,the er::md sditnilg
rnemirer sha.li b€ removed, e-nd an1' r*cld scars shall be
-{_J-q I-

rcpaired.
J - 6 W e l d i n g P r o c e d u r ea n d W e l d e r
J.1.2-3 RePairs Qualifications
AJl rveld defbcts found by tbe leak r€st o: b)'radiore-apbic Tbe requirernents for qu:lificarioil of u'elcii'g procedures
ir Secdon6'
exa:rrilarion sball be repaired a-s-specified and rveicers given i:.r Section 7 apply ro shopassembled
;.ks.
J.4.2-4 InsPection
T1:epurcha-ser'sin<p€cior sball havefrw enir5'ro rbe mar- J-7 Marking
uf,acrurer'sshop at all times. The manufzc:rer shall aford
Sbopassembled talts si:all be:narked in accorda:rce rvith
ol I fte purchaser\ ilspeuor reasoDablefacilie-esto assruelbe
i:i accordancer+'irb Secdon S, except rhat 8.i.4 a:rd 8.' are tot applicable. Tbe
.,, iosp..tot thar tbe rvork is being perfcrmed mmepleie (see Figure 8-i) shall ildicate that the tank haq
i-:,'" the requiremenrs of this standard All marerial and xcri\rnan-
ship shall be subjea to the replacenenircgu:ftxnentsof4.2-3. iren desiged in accordance u'ith tbis appendix-

il by the American Petroleum Instjtute

0 5 1 0 : 3 3 : 0 72 0 0 2
,y the AmericanPetroleumlnstjtuie
r 10:3:242002
 srD- Api/pITR0 sT] i5!_aN6L 1,355 E
D?:??:L iltl,qq?3 ?tt E

A P P E N D I XK _ S A M P L E A P P L I C A T I O NO F T H E V A R I A B L E -
DESIGN-POINTMETHODTO DETERMINE SHELL-PLATETHICKNESS

K-'l Data
t I Dcsign condition [X] Tesr ocndjrion
Spccific graviry of liquid, 6: l-0
Comtsion allowance: 0.0 nlm (0.0 in )
TanJi diamcrcr. D: 85.0m (280fr)
Toral heighr of udi. H: I9.2 m (6a fi)
Numbcr of courses: 8-0
Allowablc srrcss for desiga,57:
Allowable ssess for resti-og..lr: 208 MPa (30,000lbf/in.z;
Heighr of bororn coune, A1: ?,400mm (96in.)
Nominal rank radius, r: 42,500mm (1.680in.)

t:1;..:

K.2 Calculations
K.2-1 RRST COURSE (11)

For rhe tcst condition, ti is equal to rlr but not grearer thzn rpr.

In Si uniis:

,o,= €4*|S = g:11!%li@ = 37.85

f -tr

" _ L
'l: = ^. o.o696D
lf -UO-
Flfr+.gaoll
|''""- n i5.ll s I | _rll r.
)

f -]F
= | - .,.- 0.06e6(Es)
fe.zll4.e(re-2)(s5)l
L''"" 19-2 ',i,08jL ,08 J
= il.06 _ (0.3081x05o38)1t38.451
= [l.06- 0.0936][38-45]
= [0.9664][38.45]
= 3?-15[uD=fi

tn US Cusromarvunits:

t?,= *gr] =' 6(1T|:?-r) = t 52e

T --lr a
n " _-( 0 . 4 6 3 D
t' - Lr'vu E i)l < z . ' n o l1
I H ,;ti l r, j

= i, ^. 0.163(280)
- r- ec liz o(64)(2s0)l
L'-""- o+ ^.f
looooJf loooo J
= [ l-06_ (2_026X0.O{52)][1.553]
- t1.06-0.ca36lli.5s3l
= [0.9664][l_553]
= 1 . 5 0 1i n _= i l

K-1
s T D- A p I . / p t T R 0 S T D 5 5 0 - E N 6 l _1 , 3 t 8 r t?32at0 [ t ] r { q? q t ? : r
API STANDARD650

K.22 SECONDCOURSE(bJ

LnSI uruts:

l" ts
= ,, = 1.g0g
(rr,)o' I(4?.500)(37.2)lor

h. h,
I f - - - - * < l - 3 7 5 .i t = t l ; if .- >2.625,t2= r2o
(rr,)-- - (rr,)*-

i+
u 1 . 3 7 5-. <2.62s
(rt ' )"-

-l
I r,,
t2 _ t:_+(tt_ r:.)!z.t_
tr5(rrJCJ

= 3r.28 """L - --
+ (5.8?)f2.t ^y ;.1
l-2s[(4z,s0o)(37-r6)]05_.|

- 1.5281
= 31.28+ (5.87X2-l
= 31.28+ (5-87[0.572J
= 31.28+ 3-36
= 34-64mro

In US Customary-units:

ht 96 % -
= = tqr?
('r,)o' t(l6so)(t.5ol)lor 5o'216
h L
"'-=
If -+ <1.375,t.>= ti if >2.625,12= r2n
(r t .)-' ('r, )*

h,
If 1.375( _;: <L625
( r r, )-'-

r , ' r
n'
t2 - r2d+ (rr - t-11,zl - -, !
[ 1.25(rr,)-'j

t - - ---------- e 6
= 1.263+(0.238)12.r I
.l
1.25t( l 6 s 0 ) (
1 . 5 0 1
)lo5j

= 7.263 - 1.5291
+ (0.238){2.1
= 1.263
+ (0.238)i0.57
Il
1 . - Z O J+ U . l r O

= 1.399in.
s - i ' I ) ' A P r l P f r R 0s r r tsD-aN6L tSta r t.-3?itt 0tlqq?5 5Dt rg

K-2.3 UPPER COURSES

K:.3.1 Course 2

= 16.6m (-s6ir).
Noe: -11
1C2.3.1-1 First Trial

ln Sl units:

, _ 1.9p(H _0.3) _ 4.9(85)(t6.8_0.3)

J, 208
= -3f -Gl rnm = lr
r r = 3 7 - 1 5m m

K = t r - 3 7 ' 1 5 - l l ) d
r" 33.04
Xo'5 = 1-06O

6 = --i.:l)
rur l'-
= !l=5)(o.la) = o.o6o
l+Kr.5 l+1.i92
(n )or = l(42500x33.04)loj = I 185.0
xr = 0.61(n,)oJ+32OCH
= 0-61(1185)+ 32O(0-060X16.8)
= lO45-4
xz = l00OCI/= t0CO(0_060X16.S)=lO08
x3 = 1-22(nu)0j= 122(1 185)= 1445.7
t = min(:;.:?.rt= 1008
/1000 = 1.008
4 ' 9 D V - t ) - 4 ' 9 ( 8 5 ) ( 1 6 - : 8 -l - o o s )
t,, = = 3 1 . 6 2m m
.s. 208
In US Customaryunirs:
2 . 6 D ( H_ 1 ) 2.6(280)(55)
..
.s, 30,000
= i.335 in- = ru
IL = 1.501in.

K - I L - 1 . 5 0 1 - l . l ? 4
r 1?35

.iP'5 = 1.06O

/__
L = - -
, , . ,_ 1 )
*'OS t V
(t.06)(0.r24)
l+K'5 l+1.191
(r,)o'5 = [(1680)(1.335)Pr = 47-358
:r = 0.61(rr,)oj+3-8aCE
= 0 - 6 1 ( 4 7 . 3 5+8 )3 - 8 4 ( 0 . 0 6 0 ) ( 5=6 2
) 8 _ 6 9+ 1 2 . 9 0= 4 r . 7 9
x2 = t2CH= 12(0.05Ox56)=40.32
:3 = 1.22(nu1o.s= = 57.73
1-?2(47.358)
x - min(-r1,x2,4)=1Q.J2
xttz = )-JO
2-6D(H_- x/12) - 2.6(280)(56::.36)
trs = = | ? . j - 7i n
J, 30,000

\\5t-h rhis value of rrx, stafl rlre second rrial.

s r D - A p r . / p fr R 0 s r D t 5 c - E N 6 L ] : i 6 r !?:e-:t 0br,qq?r qqs Er

API ST^^:c^€ iiso

K-2.3-1-2 Second Trial

ln Sl units:
Iu = tu front llrsr n:l = 3 i.62 rnnl
tt = 37-15mnl

K=/r-3?-15=r_r75
t" 31.62

K0.5 - 1.0q4
;.
. _ _ = K "- - ( K* - i )- _ v( r . 0- 8 { )u ( 0 .o1 7 5_J ) ^ ^r * , ,
L
l+x'' t+l.l?51't

(rJo'5 = t(42J00X31.0:110's=
1159.2

xr = 0-61(4,)0'5+3?0CH
= 0 . 6 1 ( 1 1 5 9 .+23) 2 0 ( 0 . 0 8 3 4 ) ( 1 6 .=E )I 1 5 5 . 5
xu = l0OOCi/= 100(0.0Ef4X16.8)=1401.1

xt = ).24n)oj = 112(1 159-2)= 141! 1

: - min(:l,:2,:3): l155-5
-:/l0OO= l-155

4 . 9 D ( H- : / 1 o 0 0 ) _ 4 . 9 ( 8 5 ) ( 1 6 . 8 -1 . 1 5 5 ) - r . a _
= ---t208 = Jr'Ji firfir
t

ln US Customaryuniu:

tu - trfrom first trizl = 7.771in-

tr = l'501 il'

K-tr-1'5ol=l-i75
t" 1-277

.fPr = 1.084

Ko'(K-_r) _ (l-0s-1)(0-r75)
c = = 0.0834
l+X'5 l+1.274

(".)or = t(l680Xl.ziTPs = a632

:r : O-61(n,)o'5
+ 3-84C1/
= 0.61(a6-32) : 28.25+ 17.93= 46.19
+ 3-8a(0.033ax56)
x2 = l2CH= 12{0-0S34X56)=56.0+

: 3 = 1 . 2 2 ( n ) o s= I a 2 G 6 . 3 2 ) = 5 6 . 5 1
-x = min(:t, :2, -r3)= 46.19
xJ12 = 3.80

:.* - 2 . 6 D ( H - x / 1 2 ) _ 2 . 6 ( 2 8 0 ) ( 5 6 - 3 . 8 0_) i a t l : ^
s, 30,0co

Witi t-bis value of r,', srart the rixrd u' al.

s r D - A P r i P a r R 0 s T I t 5 n - L r ' r G Ll , t : 6 E D?:aeit [;],qq?'i 3sr E

i?rLrfD Sr[tL Tar€ soa O:i Srcaic:

K2.3-1.3 ThirdTrial

In Sl unit-s:

lu = !t, fron: secoad o-ial = 3i.33 ttt -t"t

tl = 37-15 nrnr

Ir - 3?-15
K = : f.i66
r. 3t.33

r\45 = -I.089

( - = K o ' ( K - I ) = :( i . 0 8 9
/ \) ( o . r"8 =
s)
0.088
l+Kr'r i+l.lg6'5
(rz,)0'5 = t(42.500X31-3:;10's
= i 153.9

.rl = 0-61(rt!)oj+320CH
= 0 . 6 1 ( 1 1 5 3 .+9 )5 2 0 ( 0 . 0 8 8 X 1 6 -=s )1 1 7 ? . 0
xz = l000CH= l0O0(0.088Xr6.8):1478.4

x: = !-22(rt )0J = l-22(l 153.9)= 140?.8

: = min(:r, x2,13)- 11?7
)r'1000 = 1-1'77

,t r x _ 4.9D(H-x/lOOO)_ 4.9(85)(16.8-I.177) jr
: = J l . z J? Rm
= ml r l = lro
S, 20g .-

In US CustomaryuniU:
'It:,from
lu = first rial = 1.267in.
' L = l ' 5 0 1i n '

K=!=l:91=r.r85
r" 1.261

iP'5 = l-089

Ko'(x-_r) _ (r.089)(0:r.85)
C = = 0-068
l +X'5 1+ 1.290

(.r,)o'5 = t(I680X1-266)105
= 46.72

rr = 0.61(n,)05+3-84CH
= 0 . 6 1 ( : 6 . i 2 ) + 3 . 8 a ( 0 . 0 8 8 X=5 26 8) . 1 3+ 1 89 2 = 4 7 . 0 5
-t2= l2CH=59-74

-r3 = 1.22(n")05-- t.22(46.12)= 56-27

:r = min(-rt,x2..r3)- -17.05
xll2 = J$)

. 2 . 6 D ( H- t . / 1 2 ) 2 . 6 ( 2 8 0 ) ( 5-6 3 . 9 2 )
'-
s, 30.000-

Use lris valueto calculare12-

s T D- A P I l P E T R C S T i . t 5 0 - f N 6 L l , : 5 5 m 073a230 0tl,trtr?6 el,B FI

API Srs5^RD asl}

14.232 Course 3

Notc: .ij = 114 nr(l S ft)

K'-2-32-i FirstTrial
In SI uniu:
4 . 9 D ( H- O : ) 4.9(85)(14..1-0.3)
'. n -_ (
_
-
20S
- ,)c 1:

It = 34--6tr rnm

.. tL 34.9
t ?R23

i4-5 - l.tos

Ko'(K-_r) _ (t.108)(0.2.??)
c _ = o.to?
l+Ko's l+l-227'5
('r,u)o's = I(42-500X2S-Z:;10j= 1095
:r = 0-6l(rrJos +320CH
= 0.61(1095) = 116i
+320(0.107)(14.4)
xt = 7}AOCH= lCE0(0.10?X14.4)= l54l
xt = 1-22(n)oJ: l-22(1095)= 1336
: = mia(:r,12,rt= 1161
= 1.161
.,:r/10O0
. =_ 4 . 9 D ( H- x / ) O 0 0 ) _ 4----
. 9 ( 8 5 ) ( 1 4 .-4 1 . 1 6 1 )I " . . , *
Irx = = l0-)l mm
S, 20g-

ln US Cusromary-unis:
2.6D(H -1) _ 2.6(280)(4't)
r&- -
s, 3orooo
= l - l 4 l i n .= r r
rr = l-399 in-
1. r ?qQ
K =
|" 1.141
r4.5 _ I tnr

K o r ( K - r ) _ ( i . 1 0 ? ) ( 0 . 2 6 6=)
c _ 0.1o6
1+K''' 1+ 1.357
(n)o s = t(I680X1.14i)J0'5=43.78
xr = 0.67(n)o'5+3-84C4
= 0.61(a3.78) = 26.7| + t9-!i =46.25
+ 3.84(0.1O6X48)
12 = l2CH= l2(0-106X48)=61-06
xt = 1.22(n,)o's= 122(43.78)= 53.41
: = m i n ( : t ,x 2 , x ) = 4 6 . 2 5
xJ)2 - 3-85
2 . 6 D ( H- x / 1 2 ) _ 2 . 6 ( 2 8 0 ) ( 4 8 - 38 5 ) _ 1 ^ r , : . .
rs- - -r'v/rr/r'
s, 3opoo -

\\ith t-hisvalue of r,., srartti.€ secondtrial.

s r D - A F ) r /F a r R 0 s r D t 5 0 - f i { L : L l , : : 6 ru t?3==:c 0tl,qir?t l,5q k_.

K.2.3.2.2 SecondTrial

ln Sl units.
lu = lt fmm rhe first t-rial = 26-5 I mnr

rr = i4-64 mm

,.' 34 6.1'
- r :nl
,. 26-51

A'o.5= 1..143

X"'(,K-_l) - (1-143)(0-30.7)
C = = o-t4l
l+K'= l+l-30?!r
(rr,)0'5 = t(.12.500)e6.51110-s
= t06t

:r = 0-61(nJ6+320CH
= 0 . 6 1 ( 1 0 6 1+)3 2 0 ( 0 . 1 4 i ) ( 1 4 -=4 )l 2 q l
f,? = i000CH= l0OO(0. = 2030
141X14.4)

xt = l-2?(nJj = l-22(1061)= 1294

x = min(:1,xr,::) = 1294
,/1000 = 7-294

a.9D(H-z/lo00) _ 4.9(8i)(11.1- 1.294)

'r! t =
- - -= L2v 6
- L.- 2 4m
tr. m
S, 20g

In US Customaryunirs:
t, = Jr. from frst uial = 1.071in-
tL = l-399in-

K=!=l.i-=r.306
|" 1-071

Ko.s- l-143
'.o3 ' ,.
K - - ( ^ K : _ l )_ ( 1 . 1 4 3 ) ( 0 . _ 3 0 6 )
c _ = 0.i40
l+K,t 1+1.493

(n,)0'5 = [(1680)(1-071)]0r
= 42.42

.xr = 0.61(rr,)o5+3.84Cil
= 0,61(42-a2 + )3 . 8 a ( 0 . 1 a 0 X 4=8 )? 5 . 8 8+ 2 5 . 8 0= 5 1 . 6 8
xz = 1 2 C H= i 2 ( 0 . 1 a 0 X a 8 ) = 8 0 . 6 r

.\ = 7.22(nJor= 1-22(42.42)=51.15
x = min(-rr,12,13)= 51.68
xJlZ = 1-31
2 . 6 D ( I l- x / 1 2 ) _ 2 . 6 ( 2 8 0 ) ( 4 -8. 1 . 3 1 )
t*, _ = = I f*o in
s, 30,0c0
-

W-rth this value of r!r, slzfi rhe uirird uial

S T D- A p f . / P f T R 0 S T D t 5 B - [ N G L ],.-c9A f D?3?2:0 0tlttqeD :?t I

API S;ANDAF-a 6,SJ

lC2-3-2-3 Third Trial

l n . S Iu n i t . s
tu = lu from rhesecoedtrial = 26."J mm
tL = 34'64 mnr

K= !=3-1-g=r-320
t" ?5.24

A4'5 = 1-149
i {

(u _ -= i a * ( J ( - 1 ) _ ( 1 - 1 4 9 ) ( 0 . 3 2 0=
)
- - l i
' 0.146
,*r.. l+ 1.320'r
(rr,)o-5 = I(42.50OX26.21!].D5
= 1056

:r = o-61(r,)oj+3acH
= 0.6i(1C56)+ 32{t(0-146X14.4)
= 1-?17
=2142
:z = 10O0CFi=1000(0-146X14.4)

l -22(n)o'5 = l -22(1056)= 1288

: = min(:r, 12,13): 1288
:c/10@ = 1.288
- 9 D ( H- x / I O O D ) =
4----ij:-j---l _ 4 . 9 ( 8 5 ) ( 1 4 . 4 -1 - 2 8 8 )= .26'26mmforCoursc3
z.z _
ru :
ff

In US Customaryunits:
lu = lr:.from secondtial = 1.O60in.
/t = l'399 in-

v - t t - 1 i 9 9 - ! : 1 n
t-rn6o-trLv
,(4.5 = 1.149

x o ' ( x - 1 ) _ ( 1 - 1 4 9 ) ( 0 . 3 2 0:)
C = _----- 0.146
1+K,, i + i.517

:42.2O
(tr,)or = t(]680X1.06))05

rt = 0-61(rDo's+3-84CH
= O.67(42.40)
+ 3-84(0.146X48)= 25.'14+ 26.91= 52.65
x2 = l?CH= l2(0.i40(48)=84.10

.r3 = 1-22(rt)o's= l-2442.20)= 51.48

x - m i n ( r 1 , r 2 , : 3 )- 5 1 . 4 8
x/12 = 4.29

. = 2 .6D(H-x/t2) _
=:_-J- - 2---------------- r n 1 , in.
. 6 ( 2 8 0 ) ( 4 8 - 4 . 2 9=) 1.061 _ :ior
- Course3
ri_
"
-r, 30,000

(Samplecalcularedshell-platethcknessesio. ,r-lour._l1k sizesand allo'*'ablcso-:sses

are given in TablesK-1 rhroughK-3.)
 S T D .A P I / P t T R C S T T )t 5 C _ E N G L ] , : 5 3 IN N?]??:C DI],II:]E] 8OA TK

\{:LDio Sr:l- irrs ;o;. Orr Sia,a{Gi

l R i a a . = r . R i ? e , R a ! - > t R i i i R R " l t t ; < t !

1 t 5 1 5 X ; 5 x i = _ X U r € N 3 N - r X 5 Y ; ; ; X > , Y U
l*. -- ri m O -: r, - -i rc r - - ; r ' = . ; c o 1 ; , 3 - - - t ' 3 : , t . ij
l.{ r N r - c r = d o _ € N € O - t ] - O - f q t - N , , !
I G N o - = ( a 6 \ a r d N N n 6 = f i 4 d c l - . - . - = N d f r =

:c !/ 1 - l * *
! x x x x x x x x x x A A A ; ? R R ? a a a ? R e e ? l !
IX Y E H : = FJ X 5 5 X t s = U Y X U 8 X X t s X X X Y : ; 5
ci d € € - ri --: < o r < ' a i * - * - - i i r - ; < ' € n - l - <
F ld o - 1
io o 6 \a I - o C N n s - O S n f r - / = 6 n
l - - *
I f,
I -
- - r
- -

I . l - t . l l
II
c i
r
l l i l i i l r i l l i l l r i l l l l t r' 8 8 8 8
.: I d € @ C
I
€ I
c ( ) q
6 - h n h - O r
^ o r r f - - r
-d C) n - - n n o o o 6 6
,- ;6 - : ; : A A . i ; : : X
(')
,@
r
l t i t t l i t l r r l t r t tR R R R R R R " E R
(,)
o)c) * e @ o o o € d ; d ; c ;

o o n n h h q - r . r n n o t @ o r s
- - r r t - r r r r r 6 s @ -
: N 6 - n O o - o m O t a 6 ' q S h
^ ^ -i A -i A -i -i -i -i d A A o i o o
_ - : : :j € t t r t t i l r l l = 3 5 ;
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
'=- € - O O O c O @ @ € o o O Q - - d
_ux .;
-io
F o a n n n h h n q n a a h q r S @ @ o r d f - c { r G d < )
.=' (v c - r t \ r r r r C - - r r o f - f - r c : \ d { C , q € 6 r G o O . \ C O
O - 6 n n O O - O C n f i - F O O O S $ m S < h h h n q € f
o ) a o ci o o ci cj d o o ct o c') rl i o d d ci o o o i i o o ci ci o'
o o v

.7i^6 > (J
8 8 8 E 8 = 8 e 8 8 F ; 9 8 8 q € q E E A 8 9 e q F e
€ O < > C O C O O O O t - Z Y O O O O - O - . - d v q o s € €
@ € -
_cJ u) €
S-a E
F.
F
n n -
r r 3 \ l !
f\ <
n
c{
@ C
a\ g
o €
C{ n
<
r
€
c
n r
C\ n
( !
C, O
\ C -
f - c . \ o
n c \ € N
r c ) c t r € -
6 . - r h t c
O
\
c) ac m e o o i = s 4 n n s v a 9 € \ 3 r v 1 v 1 9 \ r : . 9 . q r : c 9 €
o ,-i -i -i; -i: -i,.i -; -i ; -i i A ai;-A
- o )
o A - O
O
C O
O O C
c {
h
O \ \ :
- d €
@ =
- n O
3
r
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O G -
\ C \ 9
C - r
5
€ n
@ - o S 6
€
€
O
r
d
A
h
r
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C
9
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N
€
6
h -
€
r
=
5 - o O i o -: ri c.i r; e --j -j c{ + ri € r{ r i s p r d o r c a o - - i
- N d - . . l C !
6 v
( o S - i ^ a
r o 5 r o v m n e ! o @ . s o o s - \ 3 n 5 @ € ( ) 9 @ N r O € r -
q
€ - r - n 5 m g < ) s 3 \ O d r n t o r \ 3 n c ) @ c ) d - O €
w ) : s q h \ c € € r r € . 4 s 9 r r € r o \ 9 r - o ' 0 . c @ c o o
c.<. c o o o i i c i o o c i o o o c i o i o o o c o o - o i - - i *
o -
€ o @ a \ - - r d 9 @ 5 a c i . 9 c { r , r o € . < ' c { - c ) q d n \ c
o)(E q q r : n t 1 Q n n Q r : q c i ' c t q Q . - : d ' ) < l " l q q . q q q r : 9
c.-- - d ' q h \ O r € 3 O O s \ g r O r O c { n r € O C { h n O N t n
v 9 _ _ c t c t _ d d N _ - c { c { c { c { N d d d
7 -

l-(, S C r f S - O r N @ q C { 6 o - 6 < f C { O 6 O * r @ N @
6 N O O O 5 € r € S 5 o = 9 € a O - - - m r - \ t h r s - ,
9 r @ c \ ( ) C - . d o s r € 6 O - N o € c ' , O . - - o A O d - ,
i i cj i - -- - --i -j *: i o i -- - -- - c i -j -- -: - cj --i --j -:
i Y l
^ - € N h r h - 6 O - Y S o { r n r S o r h r . . - . -
d o A -
' O - s o \ = 1 o \ - n s N c ) \ - f n s € - . t - r N . * € c . s c o o
q;
o-: € r o .i + .c o c{ r ri d ri r 6 oi s i .i d sj F; v i r o ^i
=
- '--
L
- - a{ r'l C{ (! C -. n o - d N Gl ct n o (! c{ cl r.l O o N d 6 -
u)
t O ) - C \ n 5 - - C r 6 € 9 r , C c S f r C ! n 6 O - c l C 6 d o d
r s o l a i f - = - r n C n q n s n d O 3 - o n € O - s d O
€ C . < t C - ( \ O - . t h C r O - N n t n C , - d m s n
)<tr o 3 -j - - -j - -- - - O - - --: -- -- ci --j - --l - - : : : :
o -
tr C 5 ( } \ O , \ < ) . . - € 6 G C O h r , C N - d r d o v N N O n 6
l - O s 5 O h O a o € C ' c { C \ C . - € 4 - - $ 3 s r d - c 6 G
d U
- - j 3 i s r - 6 i - i - - - r i r c i r ; r - i c i r i r r i s i 6 i r q ; o c i v g
d d N Cl Ci -, e r- n n C{ C{ C! r. r, 6 - d (\ C O 6 6 N n n -
- r
c\l

c d - , 6 m d s d 9 - e n 5 - 6 d d n o < o r € n
'rt = V r - F n N 3 r f . O N - f € V O d d n - C - C . I 9 N N = -
G n n < h h \ c r € 5 0 - s r , 9 r s o s s € r r v h . J r
' IAt €q
:) o N - , - r C - C r - < € c q € r , 5 - - 9 = € S - n o € - c
) g
6 - € C n - N € v < > r d € 3 € - , - < > \ . j N - r O 5 9 n -
2 a
c l c ! e s - 4 € o t \ t N m o c n \ a r o c s h \ c r -.
- A A A A A - - A A ^ ^ ^ C l
C G s 9 - = N = \ C € : l > < Y = = = = Y = x . Y Y : -
= ; v
g g g g g g 3 3 9 3 = X i . lA F F F i : = X i . j , \ , \ : = x -
: = ) < c r

r-= = A s€ lr n@ O € r 3 .
€ OO =O ;r =r O
i .r s, r- ,- O5 6i C
6 re ,r p. ee qr nr r O r , Q . r
o q € €

A G
h
=-=- E $ c-l
s 9 o
 S T i r -A ? ; , / P t T R 0 S T D : - 5 ! - f N 6 L f5:5 rF D?3:e5! 0tl,qq8- ?'r: lrj

I
t APi S]ANiA.i-) 6-11
Krc

^ ^ a l q A
l)
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s T I )- l P l . / P f srD i5n-f NCi- L:55 E !?32?:i Bt]!t8-i: 51,1 5

! s l o A P P E N D IX TANI(
L -A P I STANDARD650 STORAGE
DATA SHEETS

m:rnu-
Thc follo*,ing dare she=tsshall bc used by the purchascr *'hcn orderinSland b1' Lhe
fanurcr when bidd.ingon 3 storagc lank const ucted in accordangg *'ilh i-iris sralderd- Ho*'-
ever, the purchaSer and rrrznufacfurur may use dara Sheers olhcr then ri:al providcd i:r this
Appendix, if rhey includ: a-ll pertinent informarion-
The conditions thar musi bc met are s:l forth in a convenienr form and can bc notei eirlrer
'*'he rt
by insening information in rhe spaces proridei or by checking rhc appropnatc zrxwer
a selection is indicated
Spacc i.s provided where computations or fabricalion practices -21' didars a size or
dimension of thc tank or i15 componen6. Fufl.her information concerning apPrrtcnances or
accessoric-sshall be included.
Ary materials tha eirhcr- have reccivcd anl' hcar Seatmenl- such as normalizing, beyond
drc milimum har-rearing rcquirements of rhe marerial spcif carion or have becn qualified
"remarks" lines.
by impacr lesrs shall bc idmtified by rcference to noles lcrcated under rhe
The notes shall define rhe heat FeatmeDt received ard/or rhc energY acccPtaoce lcvels, test
temperalure, and specimeo orienration for impacr ress.
When stress relief is applied to a part in accordaoce rxirh the re4uirements of 3.7.4, the
"remzrlis" lines-
part shall be identifed by a note under the
Thesc der, sheefs do not cover items of a contractua,l nature or oprional fearures nol cov-
ered by this sundard.
Upon completion of cssstruction. the malrufacturer shall furnish rhe purchaser wiih a
copy ofrhc data sheerscouected to r€flecr the as-built conditions.
 API STANDARD 650
STORAGE TANK FILS r..O
D A T AS H E E T OF

G E N S F i A L T N F O R M A T t O I ' rC r O A E C O M P L E I T E D 6 \ ' P U F C H A S E F )

1, PUFCHASEWAGEMI
ADDAESS
CITY STATE ZIP CODE PHONE

2 USEF
E F E C T I O NS T T E ruerueor plqvi
LOCATION

l.'
TANK NO. fnAXlMUl.{ CAPACTry (32-5.1) _rr3 (F*) N ET \^/ORKIi{G CAPN CTN m3 (bbl)

(APr-23s0)
ovERRLL PFOTECTTOT'J m {bbl) OR mm (in-)

5 . PUMPING RATES IN m3/h (bbttr) m3/h (bbl ')

6 . MAXIMUM OPERATING TEMPERATUR E

"crR
DESTGNSPECTFICGPAVTTY AT _ 'C
7 . PRODUCT STORED _ rR
DESIGN METAL TEMPEAATUBE "c V A P O RP A : S S U A E kPa (in. waler)
fQ
0. CORROSION ALLOWAI'ICE: SHELL mm CrL) ROOF mm [n.)

BOTTOi\t CrL) STRUCTURALS mm (in.)

9. SHELLDESIGN: O BAS'CSTANDASosO O APPENDIXA D APPENDIX F

DESIGN PRESSURE_kPa (tr./inz)
10. ROOF DESIGN: D BASICSTANOAqD65O O APPEn-DIX C (EXTEaNAL FLOATING)
N APPENDIX G (AIUMINUM DOME) O APPEn-DlX H (INTERNAL FLOATING)
FRANGIBLEROOFJOINT? O YES o N o
1 1. ROOF DESIGN INFORMATION:
UNIFORM LIVE !-OAD rellorrl
SPECIAL LOADS (PROVIDE SKFTCH) kPa (lbfft2)
TNSUL-ATIONLOAD kPa (lbl4r2)
MnxIMUM DESIGN FOOF TEMPERAiURT
GASES IN THE VAPOR SPACE
12. EAFTHOUAKE DESIGN? O YES ! NO {iPPENDIX E) F O O F T r E R O D S( 3 . 1 0 . 4 . s ) ? O Y E S ! N O

sErsMrc
zoNE_, IN4PORTA,\CE FACTOR
zoNE FACTOR [rA=_E E-2) snE coEFFrcrEI\II CTABLE E-3)
13, WIND LOAD: vELOCTTY knt/h (mph)
PROVIDEINTEFMEDIATEWIND GIBDER (3.9.7)? O Y E S 9 N O
4- ENVIRONMENTALEFFrcTS: MAXIMUI.{RAINFAL! mrilh (in-/h)
TOTAL SNOW ACCUMULATION mm (in.)
15. SIZE FIESTRICTIONS MAXIMUM DIAMETL= (ll) MAXllvlutlt H=IGHT
16. FOUNDATION TYPE: ! EAFITH O CONCREIE RING\{ALL ! OTHER
REMARKS

t-?
 API STANDARD 650
5 t
S T O R A GTEA N K Fll-E n-O
D A T AS H E E T PAGF
a OF I oc,

coNsTRUCT|ON D E - T A I L SG O B E C O M P L E T E D 8 Y M A N U F A C T U F E F I a n - D / O F P U R C H A S E F )

TNANUFACTUR'
ADDRESS

CITY STATE - ZIP CODE PHONE

SEFIAL NO

1. FABRICATOB

ADDRESS

crfY STATE _ ZrP CODE PHONE

SERIAL NO
3. MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS: SHELL
RC}OF
SOTTOlvl
STRUCTURALS
NO. OF SHEL! COUASES

5 PLATE WIDTHS ANDTHTCKNtrSSFS (INCLUDING @RROSION ALLOWAJ.ICE), lN mm fn.)

1-- 4- 7

2 5 8

6- TANKBOTTOM: PLATE THICKNESS mm (irl) D LAP O BUTT SEAM.S

SLOPE mrn/m (irvTr) o T o D FFOM CENTER

7. MTNIMUM WIDTH AND THICKNESS OF BOTT OM A'{NUI-AR PLATES (3.5), lN mm (in.):

6. ROOF-TOSHELL DETA.TL(FTGUREF-2) lo.

9. INTERMEDIATEWIND GIRDER? tr YES B NO TOP WIND GIRDEFT FOfi USE AS WALKdAY? O Y E S t r N O
10. BOOFfiPE: O SUPPORTED ! SELF.SUPPOFTED O FLOATING
SLOPE OR RADIUS mm (n)

1'1. FOOF PI-ATE: THICKNESS mm [n.) O LAP ! BUTT O JOINT

12. PAINT:

SHELL_ U I EHIUH' ! YES o N o IMTERIOR? O YES D N O

SURFACE PFEPARATION
BOTTOM_ UNDEBSIDE? 3 YES o f.ro INTERIOR? O YES o N o
SUFFACEPFSPARATION
STRUCTURALSTEEL_ E(TEFIIOR? g YES c N o INTEHIOR? O YES o N o
SPECTFTCATTO$r
13. TANKBOTTOMCOATING: INTERIOR? 3 YES o N o MATERIAI-

APPLICATION SPECIRCATION
INSPECTION BY: SHOP FIELD

lf, WELD EXAMINATION: RADIOGRAPH

SUPPLEMENTARY UOUID PENETR.A-{T OA ULTRASONIC
FILIUS PROPEHTY OF

17. LEAK TESTING: 6OTTOlvl FOOF

SHELL
18. MILLTEST FEPOFTS: REOUIREO? O YES ! N o
PL-ATE STFUCTURAL SHAPES

19 PURCHASEF'S FEFER=*-CE DRAWING

2 0 , T A N KS I Z E DIA},1ETER m (ii) HEIGHT m (tr)

21. DATE OF STANDARO 65C EDTTION/FEVISION

BEMARKS
 A P I S T A N D A R D5 5 0
S T O R A G FT. A N K irLl i.tf,
DATA SHEET "AGE -_3 -- Cl' loo

APPUiTENANC:S 0O 8[ COMPLITLD 6Y [IANUaACTUA'i AfIOOQ FTJFC:'r'sin)

.i
r-.j crucur.?.e ! sl RiIGHT AJ]GL: C H O ; I Z O I ' T IA L - EGAE'S
r , S T A I F \ I , A YS I Y L E

LADDEF-
2. WAL}iWAY: \^'|DTH ,. -- , ftm (rn.)

SPgCI:i
3. DRA$'OFF SUMP: STANDAA9

NO (APPENDIX A Tit\iKS ONL\') :] FLUSH

J. BOLTED DOOR SHE-I? 3 YES I

5. SCAFFOLD HITCH

o. lN | trhi\i\L rlrll\9 s*-iruoiinui sucrrcir LINE

HEATING COIL SUFFACE rFEA -- n2 (irz)

HOSE JOll\rT=D
7. ROOF DRAIN:
SIPHON

NO. AND SIZE OF SFELL MANHOLES

9 . NO. AND SIZE OF rcF MANHOLES -

i O . SHELL I\€ZZLES (S=FIGURES 3-48.3-5. u^D 37 AND TABLES +.3.39. AND 31o)'

11. ROOFNOZLES.TNCLUDTNGVENTINGCONNECTTONTSEEFTGUFESSl4AND3'15ANDTAALES316rflD3-17)

OEIEMIATIOi.I I DSTAI'iCE FROM

N=o I CEi.TTER

IIOTE: SKETCHES ANDOn SEPARATE SHEFTS MAY 8a ATTACHED iO COVER SPECIAL F.EOUIFEf't:ifiS-

L-5
 a - - =

650
A P IS T A N D A R D
3Y
STO RAG E TAN K -ILE NO
DATA SHEET

Top o{ shell heighl

Overlill slol

Design liquid level'

I Overfi ll proi€dion level reouirement:
No'.e (se€ Nole 1)

I
1
m: (bbl) or _ mm (in.)
Normal lill level

flaximum capaolr n-ei rorking epacjty:

m3 (bbr)

Minimum fill lev€l

Minimun operating volume remaining

m3(5U) or mm (in.)

Tcc o{ boitom plate ai sh€ll

Notes:D
l. Overfill prorection level (or Volume) requirernent; see API 2350.C
*See3.6.3.'r.
 T A B L E L - 1 - I N D E X O F D E C I S I O f { SO R A C T I O N SW H i C f - l
M A Y B E R E Q U I R E DO F T H E P U R C H A S E R

03 1.1.3 3.9.6-I nNotc E.r H5.22

t.l.9 3 . 9 . 7 -Nl o t e s A& D E.3.tZ l, \v, H - 5 . 22 3
I . 1l 3 3.9.1.6 E.3.2I 11,; H._5_3.1
1.r.19 3.9;1.1 E 3.3.i H_i32
1.20
1_ 3 -l 0 - 2 . 2 r..+. J L, H._ii 3
l a b l e I - l - A p p . Ei,, O . & P 3-r 0-2.4 E.5.3C r-ri.j j
1.3 3.r0.2.5.3 E.6.2.6 H.5 6
2.t.1 3.10.2.1 l:-o-!. I H 5.7
2 t.2 . 3.10.2.8 E.8.1 H.i.8
2 . 1 . 3 .& b c J. I U.J-.t E.8.2 H . 6r.
22.1.3 3.10-4.1 r-t-! H.6.2
T a b l e2 - l , N o t e I 3.10.4.4 F.7.4 H 6.4
2.2.5 3.r0.4.5 \J-I-.).I U A A l

Table2-2, Note C 3.10.5 G.r.3.2 r,_o.4-t

:-:.o.) 3.r 0.6 G.1.3.3 H.6.4.3
2.2.7.\ 3.11-1 G.l.4.l r.1.2
2.2_7.2 / l I
a - t - t - t
I
G.1.4.2 1.t.J
2.21.3 4-t-! G.2.1 I5.5
1 a 1 A
4.2.1 G.2.4 l.b- /
2.2.E.1 f ..t.l G.4.2.2.1 l-O.J
2.2.9.2 5.1.4 G.4.2.3.1 l A A

2.2.10.4 5.2.t.r u.4.2.5.! r.7.1

2.3 5.2.1.7 G.4.2.5 r.1.3.2
a 4 1 f
5.2.3.3 G.4.3 r.7.6
a A 1
5.2.4.1 G.5.3 J.1.2
!.o.1 5.2.4.2 G.6.2 J -)-!. I
27 5.3.2_3 G.7 J.3.6.2
i.l.).5_r) 5.3.5 G.8.1 J.3.1.1
3 1.5.9.e 5.3.6.2 G.8.4.1 J.3;1.2
3.2_) - 5.4.4 G.8.4.2 J.J-6./
3-!.1 5.5.1 G.9 J.4.2.2
3.2.3 6.1.2-7 G . l 0 . l r. Anrcndiv I
3.2.5 o-l-l-/ G.10.1.2 N{.2
3 . 3r. 6.1.8.2 b.l l.J \4.4.2
3.3.2 6.3.4 H.l N-2.1
6 . 6 . r1 H.2.1 N.2.2.b
7.2.i.1 H.3.r N.2 4
8 . 1 . 1 . ef ,,g , j & n H.4.1.6 N.2.5
J.o lNotesl&3 Figure 8-1, Nore H.4.t.8 N.2.6
3 61,2 A.1.1 H.4.1.10 o.2.2
J-o.1.-1 A.l-2 nA-!.! o26
3.6.1.6 n. J..+ H.4.2.5 U-J..t.4
Table 3-r, Note A A . 4 . 1C A H 4.2.6 P.l
3.6.3.2
G & CA A.6 H.4.2.9 P8.r
J.O.+.I A.8.2 H.4-3.1 P.E-2
3 7.r.2, t5 -l-! n.q-J.J 5-1.'
3 . 1. 1 . 4 8.3.3 H.4.3.3.1 s.2.1.2
3.1.3.4 8.3.4 1-14?4 s.2.2
a t a < L l r ? <
8.4..1.1 Table S-I, Notes 1-3 and 5
3.7.5.2 c.l H.4.4.2 5.3.2G & CA
3 . 1 , 1| c.3.1 H.4.6.1 s.4.3.2
Figure3-4A, Note I L-.J.J.Z H ! 6 ) s 4.4.3
F i g u r e3 - . 1 8 N
, o t e6 r 1 ^ 1
H.4.6.3 Q 1 < r
T a b l e3 - S ,N o r e sC & H L.r. / H 4 6 i s 4.9.2
T a b l e3 - 9 ,N o r eC c.3.8 J1.4.6.6 s . 1t 0 . l . r
Figure3--i.Note 4 \_ -_).y H.4.6;7 s.4.10.1_2
F i e u r e3 - 9 ,N o r e4 c.3.i 0.r H.4.6.8 s.4.13
3 . 7 . 8r. c . 3 . r1 . H . ) . 1 -I S.6.a
3.8.2 c.3.13 H . 5 . 1. 4
3.8.7 L.J.lq H-5.2.1
t by lie American Petroleum Institute
0 5 1 0 : 3 3 : 5 52 0 0 2
 A P P E N D I X [ \ 4 - R E Q U I R E M E N T S F O R T A N K S O P E R A T I N GA T
ELEVATEDTEMPERATURES

M.1 Scope e-xistin sonretanks operating at elerzted lemPeralures.\\rhere

si*snificantrlrerrnal effects u'ill be present, it is the inrent of
.1 This appendixspecifiesaddirionalrequirementsfor
f\4.'1
rhis appendix rhar rhe purchaserdefine suclr efl-ects-The man-
APJ Srandard650 tanks u,irh a ma;tinruntoperarir:sremplera-
ufacturrr shal! pmpro:e, subjectto Lhi Purchaser's?cceptance,
rure exceeding 90"C (200"F)- bur not oiceeding 260"C
derails rhat uill proride slren-qthand utility equirzlent to
(500"F).
rhose provided bl,rhe details specified b-r'this sranda-d in the
M-1 .2 11'r.fsll6q,ing shall not be usedfor operating tem- absence of such effects.
peraluresabove90"C (200"F): For operating temperatures above 90"C (200"F), particular
consideration should be given to the lbllowin-g thermal
a. Open-roptanks (see3.9)-
effects:
b. Floating-roofranls (seeAppendixC).
c- Bolted door sheets(seeA.i0 andA.1 1). a- Temperature djfierences between the unk bonom and the
d. Structurally supported aluminum dome roofs (see G.l.l lower ponion of rie shell. Such rhermal differences may
and note belou,). result from factors such as rhe merhod and sequence of filling
e. Intemal floating roofs consrrucredof alurcinum (seeH.3-r and headng or coolins, tlre degree of intemal circulation, and
and nole belorv). heat losses to r}e foundation and from the shell to the atmo-
f. Intema-lfloadng roofs consrrucredof plasic (seeH-3.4). sphere. \{ith such temperature differences, it may be
Note:An excepdon maybe madeb;'thepurchaserfor
ltcrnsd ande, necessary to provide for increased piping flexibility, an
if rhefollou'ingcrireriais mer: improved bonom-to-shell joint, and a thicker annular rin-s or
a. Allos'able srrerssreductions for alurninum allols are determined bonom sketch plates to compensale for increased rotation of
in accordance u'ith ANSI/ASME 896-1, IYeldel Alunzinunr AIIoS' rhe bonom-to-shell joint (see M.4.2).
Storage Tonk, and alloys are crzluated for rhe potentiai of
b. The ability of the bonom to expand thermally, which may
exfoliation.
be limited by the method of filling and heating. Wirh such a
b. Gaskes and seals are erraluatedfor suiubfiry s"ith elevated
condition, it may be necessary to provide improved boirom
lemperalJres.
u'elding in addition to the details su-sgestedin Item a.
M.1.3 Internal floadng roofs in accordance eithAppendix H c- Temperature differences or gradients between members,
may be used for operadng temperi:uies abore 90"C (200"F), such as the sheil and the roof or slair$'ays, the shell and stiff-
subject to rhe applicable requiremens of this appendix. The eners, the roof or shell and the roof suppons, and locations
\/apor pressure of the liquid must be considered- Sealing uith insulation discondnuities.
devices, panicularly those of fabric and nonrreuilic materials,
d- Whether or nol the contents are a-Ilowed to solidify and are
shall be suitable for the temperarurc-
larer reheated to a liquid, including the effect on columns,
M.1.4 Tanks for small internal pressures in accordance be-ams,and rafters. The possible buildup of solids on these
q,ith Appendix F may be used for operad-g temperatures components and the potenrial for plusging of the vent system
above 90"C (200"D, subject to the requirements of M-3.6, should also be considered-
l \ 4 . 3 . 7 .a n d M . 3 . 8 . e- The number and magnirude of temperature cycles rhe unk
is expected ro undergo during its design life.
M.1-5 Shop-assembled tanlis in accordance eitlr Appendix J
may be used for operalins temperarures above 90oC (200"F),
subject to the applicable requiremens of rhis appendix. M-3 Modifications in Stress and
Thickness
M.1.6 The nameplate of rhe tan]: shall indic=re that rhe tank
is in accordance with this appendi.xby the addition of M to M-3.1 For operating temperaturesnot exceeding 90"C
the information required by, 8.l.l.In additioo, rhe nameplate (200'F).the allo*'ablestressspecifiedin 3.6.2(Table3-2) for
shall be marl:ed uitlr the maximum operadns:temperature in calculatingshellthicknessneednot be modified.
r h e s p a c ei n d i c a t e di n F i e u r e 8 - 1 .
M.3-2 For operatingtemperatures exceeding90"C (200"F),
-tlre
sress specifiedin 3.6-' shall be modified as fol-
allo,'r'able
M-2 Thermal Effects iou's: The allog.ablesuessshall be t*'o-thirds the minimum
This appendir does not provide derailedrdes for limiting specified yield strengrh of the material multiplied by rhe
loadings and su-ainsresulting from tlrermal effecs, such as applicablereduction factor given in Table lr{-1 or the value
differential thermal expansionand rhermalcl€Iing, rhat may gir,'enin Table 3-r for productdesignstress,rvhicheveris less-
 API STAilDAFD 650

Table lr4-1-Yield Strenglh Reduciion Faciors

(Ibfiin r)I
1 . 1 i n i r r r u r ,S, p r c c i f i e dY i e I c l S r r e n s r h [ \ 4 P t

> 3S0 I1P:r

Tenrperaturc < 310 lr'lPa Frorn ) 3 l0 ro < 3S0 it'lPe
(< 4-5-O0Olbf/in.r) e 1-5.000to < 5i.0O0 lbf,[n.:) e 55.000lbf/rn.r;
("c) ("F)

0.91 08s 0.92

9l 201
O.ES 0.81 0.87
150 300
400 0.s5 0.15 0.33
200
500 0-80 0.70 0.?9
260

Note:Linearinterpolarionshallbeappliedforintermediatelalues.

-'3.3 The allou'ablestressof 145MPa (21'000 lbf/in'z) in *,here significant lemperaturedifferencesbetu'eenrhe rank
'il" in A'4' I shall be multi- bonom and rhe lou'est shell courseare expected-The use of
equurionfor shell-platerhiclrmess
plied by rhe applicable reduction factor given in Table N4-i ' the procedureis not intended to be mandatory-It is recog-
nized that other analytical procedures can be employed as
M.3.4 The requirements of 3.7.7 fot flush-type cleanout rvell as that operating conditionsmay precluderhe need for
fttings and of3.?-8 for ffush-type sheli connectionsshall be sucha procedure.
modified. The thickness of the bonom reinforcing plate' Shell-to-bonom junctions in elevated-remperature tanlis
bolting flaage, and cover plate shall be multiplied by the may be eraluatedfor liquid headand lemperaturecvcles u'irh
rario of 205 MPa (30,000 psi) to the material yield srrengrh the formulas, procedures,and exclusionsgiven belorv- (See
al the maximum operatingtemperatureif the ratio is greater
-.hanone. Conditions a and b in tre note belou', which exclude ranks
from suchaiatyses.)
M-3-5 The structuralallou'ablestressesspecifiedin 3.10.3,
Note: A c5'clic desi-en life eraluation need not be made if all rhe cri-
including the allou'ablestressesdependenton rhe rnodulusof teria of either of the follo*ing conditions are met:
elasdcity, shall be multiplied by rhe ratio of the material's
a. The design temperature difference (f is less than or equal to
f.ield strengthat the maximum operatingtemperatureto 205 2203C (4OO'F), K is less than or equal to 2-0, and C is less than or
I{Pa (30,000 psi) if the ratio is lessthan 1.0 (seeTable M-l equal to 0.5-
for yield strengrhreductionfactors). b. A heated liquid h*d, in feet, greater th;rn or e4ual ro Oj(Dr)oj is
normally mainuined in fie rank, except for an occasional cool-do\\'n
M-3.6 ln tlre two equationsin F.4-1and F5, rhe value I-1
(about once a 1'ear) ro ambient remp€ratures; f is less than or equal
(30,800) shail be multiplied by rhe ratio of the material's to 260"C (500"F); and K is less than or equal ro 4-0- (For back-
. :ld srrengrh at the maximunr operating temperature10 205 ground information on the development of tre suess formula-s,
. "Stresses
,-.rPa(30,000 psi) if the ratio is lessthan 1.0 (seeTable M-l -esign life criteria, and C and B factors, see C- C. Karcher.
for yield strengthreductionfactors)- at the Shell-ro-Bottom Juncrion of Elevated-Temperature Tanks.'')24 | 03

M-3.7 The allowablestressspecifiedin F.7-2shallbe mulri- In SI unirs:

at rhe ma-ri-
plied by rhe ratio of the materiai'syield stren-eth
mum operating temP€ratureto 188 I{Pa (27'300 psi) if the
ratio is lessthan 1.0 (seeTable M-l for yield strenslhreduc- N=(9'7xtor'1'"*
tion factors)- \ , ( S )

M.3.8 If rlre anchors are insulated,the allowable stresses (lf N is sreaterthan or equalto I 300,cycli ng at rhe shelI-to-
I soecifiedin Tables3.2I and 3.22 shall be multipliedby the botromjuncrionis not a controllingfactor.)
rario of the marerial'syield strengthaI lhe maximum operat-
ing temperarureto 2C5 MPa (3C,0O0psi) if dre ratio is less rvhere
rhan 1.0 (seeTableM-1 for yield strengrhreductionfactors)- N = numberof designliquidlevelandtemperature cy'cles
estimatedfor the tank designlife (usuallylessthan
fi4.4 Tank Bottoms : 1300).This desi-rn procedurecontains a consen'atire
M.4.1 Tanks u'irh diametersexceedin-s30 m (100 ft) shall
2jC- C. Karcher,"suessesat rle Shell-to-Bottom Juncdonof Ele- | 03
havebun-'*'eldedannularbonom plates(see3-15-6)-
vated-TemperatureTani:.s,"I 98 I Proceed i n3s- Refn i n3 D epa mn enr,
a M.4-2 The follo*ing simplified procedureis offered as a Volume 6d, Ame.ican PerroleumIrisrilure'Washington'D'C'' 1931'
ure tanl<s
recommended desigrr practi ce for elevated-temp€rat pp.154-159.
 '.hci-a-;ri'-i l:;;ti rtant:-up Procctil;t: L:ttl
c:ilcra'.i;I1
saicLYilr3rgi;r.It is nor llc--iiai\ i^r:Ioniror actu:'';
i:cet rr;:i-;fcr1olilc sL)gradc (so: ltxluroic )o)'
i:r-s:n'icr: lcrttl)cl-clurca:rciliquic =cad q'clo'
i:'r- - 0 . S i i i - : a ( . l l c r o ; r s s i ' c c i f i c cbi v t i r c p u i r i : : ' i i '
]. = s=css co:lccll:zdo" facro: fort]t': :'cilot:t ciaLcll
roc oir].rc inside shcll-ro-bouorn 5ilg1 11'sli, ri = fourdauor facror (sec footrroic l6)'
: .1.0 for shcll-ro-bonom fillet q'elis zrd 'leo-r''eldt<l : 2.0 fo; rz.l'-\son can-h foundzrio:r-s,
bo:ronr plates, = d.0 for r=,r}; olt canh fourlclariorrsu-iilr 3 conctetc
= 2.0 for butr-u.eldaj :nnu[2;'p]31gs;'here t]re sbeU-io- tiog*'all
bonon flllet rvetds bave irecn fus-:c::e'd b1' )009/o
ma-e-neticparticle cxaminztiol (s* 6-2)' Tirs mag- li: US Cusionlar-r'units:
netic p:nicle cremiaatiqn shalJ be po{orrned on the
root pdss at evsD' 13 rnm of depoitrd rveld metal
+-I-10'):-
u'hile rhe weld is beiag made aad oa rhe cornpleted ,u - 1,]
s'eld. Tbe eriami::ation 5h'll !s pcformed bcforc
\ L s )
hydrostatic testiag,
ro 1300, cycb:rg at r-lie sheU-ro-
Qf N is -snFler tljza or equel
bonom jrmction is aot a coauolling factor.)

rr'here

N = number of design liquid level ald temperature rycles

esdmated for the tadc desiga life (usuaXy less than
: one-balfthc maxisum srcss rangetlat occun inrhe
i300). This design procedure contails a conserwative
arauler platc at thc sheil-to-bouoe jrmction welci' ia
salbty maryrn It is not necessary to moaitor actual
lr&a- The -F/aad C7terms nust be lerge enoughto
in-servie rempsratrre and iiquid head qyclc,
causea positive S-A aegativeS in<iicatestbat ioadilg
coaditions arc :rot s:fficism to satis] the dcvelop- K : sress coDcstrfation factor for the bottom plate at t-tre
meat as$options ofthis formula Spccifcaliy toe ofthe ilside sheU-to-bonom filia u'eld'
srate4 the following ileguality m"s? bc saGfied : 4.0 for shel-to-bottops f llsl welds aad lapx'elded
.*'hgo the eguation for S is used: bouom plates,
= 2-0 forb:u-weldC alaular plates where tbe shell-to-
lss.nc z6.2crfl _ v_^l / <-EBS,r]
|
__-__-_ T __:__ _
| * bonom frllet u'elds have been inspected by 100% -
L(rt)"'' D'' J @t)'" magnetic particle exami:ration (see 6-2). This mag-
rtr/hen'&e equation forSis use4 tLe sheii rhickness t netic pardcle exami::ation 5hall 16 pe'rforrned oa the
must bc grealcr thzn or egual 1s &s zrru!2r-pl6te . root pass at every 1/2i:rch of deposited u'cld mctal
thickness 16, *'irile the q'eld is beiag rnade and orl the completed
s'eld The cxarnilzton shell be perforrnei before
I: differcnce bctvventhe minimun a=bient temPera-
hycirostaric tesring,
ure and the tank's 641imrrm opglaing tcgrpeftltu;e

r -
{"
: tp."n"d mirirrlrm yield scngth oirhe boaom plate
_ sB S , , -' 0G, l
"' _ 0 . 0 3 3 D ' r".l l,s' r. l u c * 4 3 6 C T r o
at the ta:rt's maxinum ope'rati:rgr-Icranue (ivIPa), r D" (D;)''' J
L,o,l-
D : nomi-nal tank diamctcr (m),
-.ac full level anci
H : difference in filiing height betrveea = oae-half rbe marimum stressmnge rhat occurs in the
the iow level (m), :nni!31 pis16 at the sheU-to-bononljLraction weld, i:r
G : desigp spe citrc graviry of the liquid poutds per square iach. The .F1and Clterms must be
Iargc cnough to cause a positivc S. A ncgative S iadi-
t : nomilal thic\:ness of the taali's boa,an shell coursc
carx rhat }oadi-ngconditions are no! sufBcient to sat-
(ni-m),
isfo the ieveloprnent assumptiors of this formula.
r; = nominal thiclness of the aa.nularirccorn plate (mm), Speciica!1y statcd ttre following i:requaliry must be
C : factor to account for radial restrai:rt ofthe telk's sarisfie<l *-ben the equation foi S is used:
shell-to-bonom juncrion with resper: to fre fiemlal
ls:'ac .136CTto'' ^l BS,t2o
expansion (C",^: l-0; Cn:,, = 0.25)- Tbe acrua.l
desig:r value of C shzll be esablisLei considerir-rg * | {or)o' D'' J {4,)''

t b5,the American Petro{eum Institute

0510:3:092002
 A9l Sl;rioAAD Gra-t

t
\\'ircrt rirc crlu':t:otllbr -l is us::ci'rirc silcli :-i:icknc-"s f\,i.5 Self-SuPPorting Roofs
D:ust w* lrciici:.iratt Or cqual to rbc an:ru:=-platc M-5.1 T i i r : ; c q u i r c n r c a . so 1 ' 3 - 1 0 . 5 a : : d 3 1 0 6 , r v i r i c ; t i r r i :
niocrllctl I '';
tlticl:nc:'sr;. appiicab)c lo scltsur:torirtl itrols, sirall Lrc
p0'C (2OJ"l:), :irc calculaicli
opc;aing lcilDcratui'Js 2i6v1:
T = oiilcrclct tciq't=:l tbc mrni;::ur: anrtbie:: lcllli)cra- a:ld
nri:ri::u-rr di.icl:lcss ol- rciol'platcs' is oclirled i:r 3-'10-5
rurc anci'.irc rank's m axi-r::u :r o rre;arin g i::l:Deralurc rhc raio oi 199'000 N'fl'a
3-I06. shal.l bc ircn=--<':db;'
("F),
(2S,8{P,000usi)ror-ncnrarcrial'snrociulusofciasr-icir)'atrirc
: spe ciieci m.intcr:rr yielci strcrg:rh of rhe bonom maniaunl oDcl?tll) g ieanteralurc'
l,
plarc at iJre rank's maxirnunr opcrzting t-nDeranne Tabie l''1-2 sh:ll ire u-qedro dere;Tninethe maicrial's
M-52
(lbiiir ?), mociulus of elasticiry ai rlc manin:urn opcratrng temDcr?turc
-
lJ = nomiral unk C:-:rercr (fi),
M.6 Wind Girders
-rl = dji'ereace j1 filtmg height bctn'evl r-befi:-:l lercl a:rd
the iou'level (fi). ln urc e4uarion ibr rac maximlmr heiglrt of ursti$bned
. sbell ir 3.9.7-1,rbc marimum hei-eht(//1) shall be reciucedby
G : desigp speci-hc,r.:avity oithe iiquid the rerio of the material'smoduius of elasiciry at the maxi-
/ : nomiffLl thicknss of the taak's botnm shell 66u1'5s mun operaringtempeznue to 199'000ivfPa (2E'800'0O0psi)
(io), whsr the ratio Lsles-stbaa i -0 (seeTable M-? for r^rodulusof
elasnciryrelucs).
/i : norrri-nal thicli:ness of the alaular botom elate (in.),

C : factor to accoun for radial restrainr ofthc uol<'s Table M-2-Modulus of Elasticity at the Maximum
shell-to-bottom jrmction with respcct to fi= rhermal OPeratingTemPeraiure
e'ipansiea (C*: I.0, Co,in= 0f5).The a6ual
Maiimr:m Operaring
design value of C shrll be established comidering Modulus ofEiesticig'
Teurpenfure
the ta:ik's opcrzing aad warm-up procc<iuc aad
r "F MPa lbf/i.D.2
heat tralsfer to the subgrade (see fmtnote 16),
90 200 199,000 28,800,000
: 0.85 if no C far.or is specifed by thc purcirser,
r50 300 195,000 28,300,000
B : fouadation facto; (see footnote 1Q,
200 400 19i,000 27.'700,000
: 2.0 for ta::J<son earlh lbundation;
?60 500 18S,000 27,300,000
= 4.0 for u*s oa eerth foundatioDs with a @ncrete
Note: Liner interpolation shdl be applied for iltermediate values'
tiog"all

:y the American Petroleum Insthu'€

5 10:-34:,252002
 1,316 lG !?3:?:! 0bl,qii33 5Zii r
STD. API./PE.iROSTD !58-LN6L

A P P E N D I XN - I ' S E O F N E W M A T E R I A L S T H A T A R E N O T I D E N T I F I E D

N.1 General o b. Each iength of pip shall be subjccrcd to a chern-icalchcck

a:ral1'sisa.ndsuficicnt physical tests10 sansfy'the Durchascr
New or unussd pi:res artd seanrlessor u'eldci pipc rhat ar: that all of rhe nrar:rial is propcr)y' idenrified u'irh a given hcat
not conrpletclv identjficd as complf ing w'ith an-r'Iisted spcci- or hc:t-:reament lot arrd rhat the chcmical a:rd physical
ficalion ma1, bc used in thc construcrion of tanls covered b)' r:quirernenu of thc dcsignared specificarjon are nlct. Material
rhis srandard,under thc condidons specified in N.2. specified as suitablc for rvelding. cold bcnding, closc coiling.
and the likc shall bc given sufficienl check tess to sarisfy rhe
N.2 Conditions purchascr rhat each length of mareria.l is suitable for the fabri-
"'tion Proccdure to bc used.
N-2.1 A rnaterial ma1, be used if an zuthentjc resi record for
each heat or hear-treating lot of marerial is available rhat N-2.3 Chqpy impact less musl bc performed when
pmves that the mercrjal has chemical requiremenE and required by Figure 2-1 to verify rhat the marerial possesses
mechanical properties *irhin the permissible range of a spec- the toughness required by Table 2-4.
ificarion listcd in rhis sandard. lf the rest requirement-s of t-he
r Nf-4 Afier a material is properly identjfied uith a desig-
listed specification are more resridive than any s1rcific:tion
nered spccificarion and lhe purchaser is satjsfied that the
or au*rcntic tcsrs thar have been reported {or the marerial,
marerial cornplies v.ith l]re specificarion in all rrspects, the
more restrictive tests shall be performcd in accordance with
resting agency shall stencil or otlrerwise mark, as permined
rhe requiremcnts of the listed specificarion, and the resuhs
shall be submincd ro rhe purchaser for approval by the specification, a serial S number on each plat" or each
length of pipc (or as alternarively provided for small sizes in
N.2.2 If an authenric resr record is nor available or if all rhe t-bespeciicarion) in the presence of the purchascr-
marerial carinot be posirively identified wirh rhe rest record by 'Report
o N2.5 Suitable repon forrns clearly marked on
legible slamping or marking, the followiag reguiremenrs
Tcss of Ngrnidentiied Marerials" shall be fumished by the
appll':
lank maaufacturer or tesring agency. The forms shall be prop
a Each plate shall be subjected to rhe chemical analysis and erly filled oul, certified by rhe testing agenry, and approved
physical tests required by rhe designatd specifirarion, wirh by the purchascr.
r.be following modifications: Thc'carbon and m:nganese con-
o N2.6 The purchaser shall have rhe right to accsp{ or rejecl
t;nrs shall be determined in a,ll checii a-nalyses. When r.hc
rh-- tesLin*gagency or the lesr resuhs.
designated specification does not specify carbon and manga-
nese limits, the purchaser shall decide u'hether rhese coolents N2.7 T!:: ;equirements for fabricarion applicable to the
arc acceptable. r*?ren rhe djrecrion of ro)ling is not definirely designated specificarion ro *'hich t}le nonidentified marerial
loown, lwo tension sp,ccimens shall be ul<:n ar right angles coresponds shall be followed, and the dlo*'abie design srress
to each orher from a corner of each plare, and one tension v-alues shall be thcse specified in rhis standard for the corre-
specimen shali meet rhe specification requiremenrs. sponding spccifi c,rioo.
 E D?32a3t 0bl,'lri:tr trtl] lfl
\TD-APJ/PfTRO STD 55C_EtT'GI1
. ::5

A P P E N D I X O - R E C O N I M E N D A T I O N S F O R U N D E R - B O T T O f \ 4C O N N E C T IO N S

O.1 Scope iiquid, srauc.i:;d C;niulic loads.Bolh dcflcc'ionard

shall be cons-jdercd in dre evzlluaiort.
This apptndi-r conlaJtrsrtcommcndeioc-s to be used for
thc design anci construciion of un&r-bonom aoru]ea-donsfor O-2.4 Considcrarion shall br: given to predictei sc-'ilent':nt
stomgc ra:rlcs. Thc recommendarions arc cdsrcd to oulline rhar would aff-ectt-)rerelative lrcsitions of thc tarrk and pipc or
good precrice and to point oul ctflain p;eca-nons that are to oipc suppon-souiside dre ranll (sct O-2. I )
be obsen'cd, Rcfcrcnce should be made to -4.ppendix B for O-2.5 Boflom connections used in floaring-roof tanks shall
considemrions i nvolving fouadadon and subg=de. be provided u'ith z baffie to prevenl impingement of thc inlct
product suearn direcrll' against rhe floaring roof-
O-2 Recommendatioris
o 0.2-6 All derajls are subject to agrecmcnt bct*'een rhe pur-
O-2.1 The recomme:rdarions of this appelcix a;e inlerrdri and the manufacrurer.
cbaser
for usc only' .*'here signifient foundation s=dement is not
cxpccted. It is not possibte to csrablish preose limirs, but if
O.3 Guidetine ExamPles
predicted senlement excecds l3 mm 1r/2 in-)-lhe recofllmen-
dations shorrld be subjected ro d:tailed cngrs.e=ring rcview for o-3-1 CONCFETEVAULT AND RINGWALL (SEE
possiblc additions. rnodificatjons, or climin-tion of bonom FIGURES G'l AND O-2)
comections. Panicular consideration shall b given to oossi-
O-3.1.1 The concrete ceiling vault shown in Figure O-2
ble diffcrential senlemeil in rlre immediate ar,ca of :he bonom
pnovides improved suppo t of the rank bonom and shell and
conne ction and r*ifh respecl to connecting pipng-
govides more uniform reinforcing-bar distribution around
o O-2.2 The arrangement and details of botom connections tlre ringwall oPening than thc detajls shown in Figure O-l
ma1' be varied to achieve the utiiir;', righuress, and strength povide.
re4uired for the prevailing foundation condi&ns- The details
0.3.1-2 Particular artention is required for the backfill
shown in Figures O-l, G2, and O-3 are exaroq:ies Figures O-
specificarions and placement of the bacldll around the vaull
1 and O-2 show derails used on a concrete riag"'all founda-
area and around the inside of the entire ringwall- Compactior,
tion, but simjiar designs may be uscd on eerrh foundations.
shall be adequale lo Prcvent significant localized sen-lemcnt.
Figure O-3 shor+'s another detail uscd on eath foundations.
Other arrangements of foundarion and consc.tion fncluding O.3-1.3 Consideration should be given to the soil charac-
combinatjon sump and pipe) mly be used eodcr rhe prori- teristics al t-he djffcrent elevations at lhe bonom of the ring-
sions of 0.2.6. When required b1'the purche-sr, seismic con- r+zl) and tie vzult- especially for rhe deeper vaults to
sidcrations (se.Appcndix E) shail be includ:C accommodate the largcr connections-

O.2-3 Suppcn of thc pipe by rhe soil and bouom connec- . O.3.1 .4 Recommended derails and dimensions are
tion shall be erz-luated to conf,rm ade4uacy aid resistance 10 shown in Figures O-1 and O-2 and Table O-1. Dimension

Table GI--Dimensions oi Under-Botlom Conneclions

lnlct
Diametcr mn (in.)
NPS
D DI: wt2 .str
6 525(2r ) 225 (9) 3 5 0( 1 4 ) 75o (3O) 575(23) 3oo(12) l1?i 1975(78)
/4.1\ 925(36) I 6 ()/s) sT4\\T8.5
8 isn r??\ 250 (10) 4m (16) 85 C32) 650(26) a r n / 1 " ) l r50(45) 2 0 5 0( 8 t ) 9s0(37) l6 (5/8) ST4\^T8.5
t2 600 (24) 3 0 o( 1 2 ) 450(l 8) 875 (34) 750(3O) 300(12) r20o(47) 2 I 50 (85) l00o(39) r6 (5/s) sr6\\T13.5
]E 675 (27) 3 7 5( 1 5 ) 50o(20) 95O (3?) 9O0(35) 300(12) 1 3 0 0 ( 5 i )2325 (92) r075(42) r6 (5/8) sT6\\' Ft3.5
AA
?5O(il) 4 5 0( 1 8 ) 600(2A) lrc(41) 1075(42) 30o(12) l4o0 (5s) 5i0 (1cn) l 150(45) r 6 (5/8) sT6\\T13.5
30 850 G3) 5r< /?l\ ?50(30) r r in rl5) l30o(5l) 30o(12) 1 5 0 0( 5 9 ) 2750( l0s) 1225(38) l 6 (5/8) ST6\AFl3.5
36 Q?S r?6\ 62s (25) 925(36) l2?5 ()O) 1 5 5 0(61) 3 0 c ( 1 2 ) 1625(s) 3OO0(i l 8) l 3 0 o( 5 1 ) I 6 (5/B) ST8WF18.0
ta
t00o(39) ?00(28) tafi @2) I 1':5 rSa t r775(70) 3 0 o( 1 2 ) r725(68) 3200(r26) 1375(54) 16(5/E) sT8\^' F18.0
48 1075(42) 825(32) 1225(48) 1475 (58) 205 (60) 3 0 o ( 1 2 ) 182_5(72) 3400 (r34) 1450(57) i6 (5/e) sT8rllFl8.0
aAppliesonly,toFigureGl.Fortz-rkhcighsg:e2n-rdtan 1g-2-2l.6mm(6-72ft)inclusive, lgmm(3(-in.1 plareshallbeused-Tshall
noi bc less thaa *re thickyress of r,'.e amular plate-
bOthe, con:posire sections may bc uscd to supprcrr:bc load.
Note: Scc Frgucs O-l and G] F6- djamcrcrs notshown, the dimensions of the next larger size shall be used.

o-1
 ],35^ E il?l??:D Ob]'rtrl5 3T? ltr
S T I ,- A P f / P f T R ( r S T D t 5 n - [ N G L

API S: r-r'cr.qr 6-43

See De'.aii c
s\eldr plaie
/

_--.J
F 3Z mnr (11/r') mi:r

Dctail a Ringwzll

Annular or
sketch Cale
€nd ol bea.n 25 mm
')
rr,ug b'e ovei wall min Derril b
radius

30" 10.

A
{
1", i
'|
L -
]-_i
1O0mm (a") prclection
beyoncicentedine
of shell plate
PLAN VIEW Detail c

I
Sted beam lo support ajl
Spfn t€e calo-rlated loads at shell

32 mm ;
(1 1t.')
25 mm (1') rin
7 groulor'nUerfo"tO
(also around @
lO 16
of yault wall)
f/.') fra:e --r I
-
l-r
\..-
\
Slbn
Gbod(cko
'.dE
t l
' l n I
r-------x------- : ^^.-r ^,
Foelb)
I S.lpporl p|3i,
oplionai
Dcocn &ppo.t (depencfirg
6 aaqucd gr nozje
load)

Reinlorcing bais 10 b€ conirnuous

l._--i around vaull oPening
3OOmnr
(12') n'!{l vlEw B-€
('.ank shell ornined lor clarity)
S€CTION A-A

Figure G1-Example of Under-Bottom Conneclion Wilh Concrete Ringlall Foundalion

K is considered adequa- to place the connection out of vide at leasr 3O0 mm (i2 in.) between the edge of rhc
tbe influence of shell-to-bonom rotatioo when the tank is pipe connection or reinforcing plate and the inncr edge
srzrically loaded. Seisnic loadiog shall be andyzed for of tbe annular plate or to locally cxlcnd rbe annular plare,
addirional considerarioas. The method shall be a maner rhic\cned if necessanr, to encompass rhc botlom connec-
of agreement betwee;i the manufactu-rer and rhe pur- tiocl The dimensio;:s in Table O-l may be changed to
cbaser. When tlre tank bonom has annular plares (r}icker achieve desired cl';rarces for insrall ations, inspection s,
rban tie rank bonom), it is recommended either ro Pro' and rie like-
 srD t5l-fNf,L llts E D?=?::! Dbl'qi:t el3 iE
S T D . A I ] ]/ P : T R O

W=-]-D5D Srtel Tar<s 595 Q:r- Srari4cl

r Ringwail S€c D€iail b

;llnular platc (:ff no:e)
I ank iloiionr
I I
I

St|ell dal€

-!
I -----
ll a
U
I
-llil l {ll t 8r2 Detail a

I
I
$I l
u
t
i
I
t ^ r i
Altemative backup ring \ 30"'10"

PARTTAL PLAN VIEW

As required
lor rlearance

See Detail b Annular

plat€
e *-.1-
Tank botiom (se€ nole) Slab roo{ to be designed
to carry liquid load over
the opening

I
I

25 mm
(1') min

Thrusl block See also B

I Reinforcing bars 10 be continuous
Design supportas amund vault oPening
Deiail a Nozzle support
required to supporl load
oPtional
(depending-on load)
sEcTloN A-A vtEw 8-B

Note: l{ skebh plaes are used, a full plaie shall b€ localed over 1n€ vauil.

Figure G2-Example ol Under-BottomConnectionWith Concrele RingwallFoundation

and lmPrs/ed Tank Bottom and Shell Support

O.3.1.5 Concrete walls, floors, and ceiling= shall be aicd to ensure t}rat reasonably uniform senlement (if ary) u'ill
dgsiened to me€t the minimum rcquiremenls of ACI 318 and occur under the loads ittposed.
loca.lsoil conditions.
0.3-2-3 W}en Ge pipe is connected to the bonom al an
angle, consideralion should be given to design for unbalanced
Q.3.2 EARTH FOUNDATTON (SEE FIGURE O-3)
forces if rhe pipe is rnmmed flush with the bonom.
O.3.2.1 The dctail shown in Figure G3 provides arr alter-
O-3.2.4 \1/hen seismically-inducedloadings are specified,
nadve arranqement for ranks where a concrEte ringwall is not
su-chloarlings under tie tz.rl bonom and shell shall be con-
providcd,
iidered whcn the depth and t1'pe of backfill around artd over
O.3.2.2 Soil a::d backfill suppon capabiliry shall be eva.lu- the pipe are selecred.
 S T D .A P I / P f T R O S T I t5B_fNGL ],::6

API Sr^ 5 AD €:'c

t,._1-Zm(<,')- 3 m (-10')nin

--_l
75 mm (3') min oi comPacted crtAned
sion€. scre€n;ngs, {ine gravel, cjean I
l]* rani< shell
sand, cr sintilar malerial I

{9o11 See D€tail b

,/\ -/l Stope 25 mm (1')

See Detail a .IL lin15m(60')
Tank bottom
300 rnm (12') min

)t

---) \ Ur,ci.trro"o.oit

i5O mtn (6') ot cit€d =adi g Tnoroughly comPacted illl of

gravel, coarse sand, or
other stabl€ malerial

75 mm (3') min oi compacied cnls'€d

stone, screenings, fine gravel, clean
sand. or similar tnaterbl
15O rnra (6') laYer ot oiled sand

sEcrroN C-C

Thorougtiiy comPacted fill of

grivel, coarse s=nd, or Proteclive coating ior PiPing
other stabl€ rir€letial Pipe OD Undish-:rbed s.cil

30'min
Ber.el pipe aier cllo'ii

\ Boilom plaie
Bottom pla16 3otlom Dlate
Aliemative baci<uPnng
Altematve backup ring -

Derail b
Detail e

shall not be used for grks with a diameter o{ tess tun 6 m (20 tt)
Note: This iyp€ ol connection

Foundalion
Figure o-3--Example of Under-Bottom conneciion vJilh Earth-Type

t
t

: t

:t \
n . \
. t n
 OPENINGS
A P P E N D I XP - A L L O W A B L E E X T E R N A L L O A D S O N T A N K S H E L L
sjfl p-'). li.:rit Load<)'
l.ilorenur.nbrrinrl ciranges in ireaden rhroughout -{:rpe nciir P (sranin.'r

P.i Introduction P-2.3 NOft'IENCLATURE

,al This appendix presenlstwo difierent pro€dures dealing

u,irh loadson tank shells-Section-P:esublisheslimit loads
and P-3is basecjon aiiowabiestress€s- This appendixis ba-sed F^
= outside radius of rhe opening connecdon (mm) (in.)'
= nrociulusof elasticiq' (lr4Pa)(lbf/in-2) (see Table P- l),
= radial drrusl applied at the mid-surface of rhe nnk
"StilTnessCoefficienrs
on H. D. Billimoria and J- Hagstrom's shell at the cpenino connection CN) (lb|'
anC A-llo*'able Loads for Nozzles in FIat ll'oftom Stora-qe
-Experiniental Fp = pressure end load on tlle opening for the pressure
Tan]<s"and H. D- BiUimoria and Ii Ii Tam's
resulting from the design product head arrhe eleva-
lnvesdsadon of Stiffness Coefficienrs and Allou'able l-oads
a Nczzle in a Flat Bonorn StorageTank-" rion of rhe openins centerline, na:p CI) (tUD,
. . 'for
-
G - design specifc gravity ofthe liquid'
;t P-z Limit Loads H = maximum allou'able tank filling heiSht (mm) (in-)'
P.2.1 SCOPE K6 = stiffness coefncient for th'- circumferential
moment (N-mm/radian) (in.-lbf/radian),
This appendix establishesminimum recommendationsfor
= stiffness coefficienr for the longitudinal moment
o 0 l rhe desigrrof sorage tank openingsrbat conforrr to Table 3-6 nl

and u'iU be subjectedto extemal piping loads-This appendix Q.{-mm/radian) (in--lbf/radian)'

shail be usedonly when specifiedb1'ttre purchaserand is rec- Kp = stiffness coefficient for the radial ihrust load
ommended only' for tanks larger than 36 m (iZO ft) in diame- (N,'mm) (lbf /in-),
rer.The recommendationsof this appe.ndixrepresentaccepted L
f
= "vertical distance from the opening centerlirte to the
practice for rhe design of shell openings in the lower ha-lfof rank bonom (mm) (in.),
the bo[om shell course that have a minimum elevation from
Mc = circumferential moment applied to the mid-surface
0 0 1 the tank bonom and meet rhe requiremens of Table 3-6- It is
of the tank shell Cl'l-mm) (in.-lbJ)'
recognized that the purchasermay spccify other procedures,
special factors, and additional requirements.S'tren the use of Mr = longirudinai moment applied to the mid-surface of
rhis appendix is specified, any deriation from its require- the ranl<shell Cl'i-mm) (in--lbf)'
mens shall be murually agreedupon by the purchaserand the p = pressure resulting from product head at the eleva-
manufacturer.It is not intendedrhar tris appendix necessarily tion of the openine centerline O'IPa) Qbf/in'2),
be applied to piping cornections similar in size and configu-
R = nominal tan]<radius (mm) (in.),
ration to those on ranks of similar size and rhickness for
vhich satisfactory sen'ice experienceis available. r = shellrhiclgress at tlie opening connection (mm)
(in.),

P.2.2 GENERAL AI = normal operating temperalure minus installation

lempemture ("C) ("F),
The designof an extemal piping systemthzr will be con-
11' unrestrained radial .'srowthof the shell (mm) (in )'
=
nected to a thin-r*'alled, largediarneter c1'lindrical venical
storagetank may pose a problemin the analysisof the inter- lVp = resuhantradial deflection at the oPening connec-
face betweenthe piping systemand rhe tar$lopeningconnec- tion (mm) (ir.),
rions. The piping designermust considerrhe sriffnessof rhe Y . = L+a(mm)(in.),
tank shell and the radial deflertionand meridionalrotation of
x B = l-a(mni)(in.),
rhe shell opening at the opening-stlellconnesdonresulting
from producthead,pressure,and uniform or dif,erentialtem- X c = I (mm) (in.),
peraturebetweenrhe shell and the bonom. The work of dre rv L- -- coefficient determined from Figure P-4B,
pipin-edesignerand the tanl<designermust be coordinatedto
Y . Y , = coefficients determined from Figure P-4A,
ensurerhat the piping loads imposedon the shell openins by
rhe connectedpiping are u'ithin safe limiu. AJthoughthree thermal expansion coefficient of the shell material
primary forces and rhree primary moln€nts ma-v- be applied to [mnV(mm-"C)] [in./(in.-"F)] (seeTable P-l)'
the mid-surfaceof the sheli at an opening connection,only (i/mm)
paramerer,1.285/(Rr)o'5
F = characrerisric
one force, Fp, and two moments,llyand M6, Ne normally (l/in ),
consideredsignificanr causesof shell deformarion (seeP.3 for
a descriptionof the nomenclature). ). = a l(Rr)05,
 API STANDAECAil

ol Elaslicityani lhermal
Table P-1---{r4ociulus P-2-5-2- Rotation o{ Shell
Expansion Coetficienl at the Design Tetnperature
T l r e u n r e s t r a i r i e dr o t a t i o n o f r l r c s i r e l l a t r i l e c e n t e r o i - t h c
'l-irer;l
Design Expansiort n o z z l e - s h e l lc o t t t t t c l i o t .rte s u h i n gf r o n l p r o d u c t l r e a d s l i a l i b c
Ternlxraturc N l i n i i u l u so f E l a s t i c i t l ' Coefilcicnt" cieterniinedas 1ollcu s:
irlPa (lbf/in.2) Inrnrx I#/(mnr-"C)]
"C "I: E per inch-"F) In SI units:
linclres x lF

20 70 203.000(29.j00.000) " C f i i i -1
-6

lao (6.67) 9.8x 10 , , { : - P " - D t ct o s ( P)l + s i n( P i ) l }

90 200 199.000(28.800.000r A -

iz-l (6-s7) l,t J

150 300 195.000(28.300.000)
200 400 191.000(27,700.000) l1? (?.07)
In US Custonrarl' unils:
260 500 iss.000 (2?,300.000) 1i-l o.25)
n 2t, . 1a -
0 . 0 3 6 G un\r-
^ = _-----=- - Pr lcoslpl;
9' a.eancoeflicient of rhermal expans'ion, going from ?0"C OO"F) tJ v. * .;"f0 r ) lj
:. re lenilerature inciicated. Lt Lr
r.Nore:Linear inrerpolarion mal'be applied for interrediate values.
P . 2 . 6 D E T E R M I N A T I O NO F L O A D S O N T H E
O P E N I N GC O N N E C T I O N
I = unrestrainedshell rotation resulting from product
he:d (radians), The relarionship bet*'een the elastic deformation of the
opening connectionand the extemalpiping loadsis expressed
0c = shell roiadon in the horizontai plane ar the opening
as foUows:
connecdon resulting from rhe circumferential
rnoment(radians), -
tr (u,\
l I /^^ = YJ-Ltan t L t , u /

gr = shell rotation in the verticalplanear tre opening ,'fi

[K.J
connectionresultingfrom the longirrrJinalmoment '
(radians). lrl, '['R l*e
QL , - -K- : - 1 v n
"L
\LK*)
P . 2 . 4 S T I F F N E S S C O E F F I C I E N T SF O R O P E N I N G
CONNECTIONS 14.
a - ___:
W
,Vt c
The snffnesscoefficiens Kn, Kt, and K6 correspondingto
the piping loadsFp- M1, andM 6 at an openin-e@nnection,as
shr*,n in FigureP-1, shall be obtainedby the use of Figures Kx, Kt, and K6 are the shell stiffness coefficients deter-
, \ rhroughP-?L- FiguresP-2A through P-2L shall be used mined from Figures P-2A rhrough P-2L- WR, €1' and 06 are
ro interpolateintermediatevaluesof coefficients- rhe resultant radial deffection and rotation of the shell at the
opening connection resultin-s from the piping loads Fn' Mu
P.2.5 SHELL DEFLECTION AND ROTATON and i16 and rhe product head, pressure' and uniform or differ-
ential temperature bet\\'een the shell and the tanli bonom. F4,
P-2-5.1 Radial Growth of Shell M1, and M6 shall be obrained from analyses of piping ffexi-
bility based on consideration of the shell stiffness derermined
The unrestrainedoutu'ard radial grouth of dre shell at the
from Figures P-?A through P-2L, the shell deflection and
centerof the opening connectionresultingfrom product head
rotadon determined as described in P-2-5,and the rigidity and 103
and/orthernralexpansionshallbe determinedas foilows:
resraint of the connected piping system.

In SI units:
P.2.7 DETERMINATION OF ALLOWABLE LOADS
FOR THE SHELL OPENING
-tsZ
9 . 8 x t 0 - 6 G H R xz
lr' = - L r - e c o s( P z, - t ) -
t.
c.R^r
Et P.2.7.1 Construction of Nomograms

P-Z:7.1.1 Determine rhe nondimensional quantities XAl

(Rr)05, X6l(Rr)0'5, and Xcl(Rr)O.5 for the opening configura-
units:
In US Customary
tion under consideration
')
II/_
O
v -Ov "JAvCv rH) R
' \-
xl
T.
I _e
-B
- -Lc o s
( g L ) - " - . . l +a R L r P-2.7.1 -2 Lay out t\\'o sets of orthogonal ares on graph
paper, and label the abscissasand ordinates as sho'*'n in Fig- l"
 \'{€LDED STEEI Trr.rxs rc: Otr SloFAGa P-3

l4l* (+)

FADIAL LOAD FF

---
ltlFf = F^f KA
I U, (-J

r\ € ,= tan-'(talo/f)
\
I

LONGITUDINAL MOMENT M,

I-t.----
i0r(+)- 0, = Mrf K,

),^:;. - M x
WaM= eD tan (€r)

CIRCUMFERENTIAL
MOMENT M.

[*)\

Figure P-'l-Nomenclature {or Piping Loads and De{ormation

'>-3
I ures P-3A and P-38, whereYC, YF, andYL are coefficients determined fromP.2j7.2,2 andP-2-'7 lie u'ithin the bound-
ot ari--s of the nomo-rams constructed for the panicular open-
l dererminedfrom FiguresP-4A and P-4B.
ing-unk configuration
P-2-7.1.3 Consrrua four boundaries for Fi-sure P-3A and
rwo boundariesfor Figure P-3B. BoundariesD1 and b2 sha)l
P2.8 MANUFACTURER AND PURCHASER
be constructed as line-s at 45degree angles betu'een the
RESPONSIBILITY
abscissaand rhe ordinate-Boundariesc1, c't, "rrd ca shall be
constructedas lines at 45-de,qree anglespassingthrough rhe o P-2.8.1 The manufacturer is responsible for furnishing to
calculatedvalue indicaredin FiguresP-3A and P-38 plotted rhe purchaser the shell stifhness coefficients (see P'?'4) and
o n t h ep o s i r i V xe a x i s . the unrestrainedshell deflection and rotation (see P.2'5)-The
purchaser is responsible for furnishing to the manufacturer
P.2.7.2 Determination of Allowable Loads the magnitude of the shell-opening loads (see P-2'6)' The
P-2.7-2.1 Use the valuesforFp,Il6and i/6obtained from manufacturer shall determine, in accord3nge.uirh P-2.7, the
rhe piping anal)'sesto determinethe quantities(L I 2Yi Fnl acceptability ofthe shell-opening loads furnished by the pur-
Fp), (X / aY)(!tl1/Fp), and (7.i aY)(!t16tFi. chaser- If the loads are excessive, rhe piping configuration
shall be modified so that the shell-opening loads fall rl'irhin
P.2.7.2.2 Plot rhe point (L / 2yi(FRtFil, (7 I aYD(MtlFp) the boundariesof the nomos-ams constructed as in P-2.?.i.
on the nomosram constructedas shourrin Fi3r-rreP-5A.
o P2.8.2 Changirg the elevation of the opening and chang-
P.2-7.2-3 Plor the point (7"/ 2Y1.)(FR/Fil, (). I aYd(M c/Fp)
ing rhe thickness of the sheil are altemative means of reduc-
on the nomo-gam constructedas sholrr in Fi-:r:re P-5B. ing stresses, but because these measures can affect
P.2.7.2.4 The externalpiping loads Fp, M 6 and M 6 to be fabrication, they may be coniidered only if mutually agreed
imposed on rhe shell opening are acceptableif both points upon by the purchaser and the manufacturer.
 A P I S T A N D A i D6 5 0

R e i n { o r c e n r e not n s h e l l

in
o
c
c

=
.:=
!
G

G
N e /a = o.oz
tlj

o
\ lr"l oJ.
o

o
c
'=
a

o o o o o o o o o
o O 6 6 0 O 0- a o
- 6 6 N o o r o 3
R

Figure P-2A-Stiflness Coefiicient for Radial Load:

Rein{orcemenlon Shell (L / 2a = 1.O)

Rein{orcementon shell

c
O
E
E
-E
-= alH=U.t )J
c

:
;
a /a = o.oz
UJ

i\'rl t T -
e 7n'=o.oo
q

=
a

8
- 8 8 1 8 8 8 8 8 I

Figure P-2B-Stiflness Coefficientior Longitudinal Moment:

Reiniorcementon Shell (L / 2a = 1.O)
 v t iE L D E DS r E : t T a r u x S; o a O [ S ] o : A G :

c
O
a
=
:c -/c-nru-
e I t 1 - v . v 4

E
f
o

N
a f a=o.oz
X

TI

c
o
:
o

o
c
=

o o o o o o o ro o 9
6 o 6 O O o 6 0 c ) a
(') s o (o NcoctJo
R 3

Fig u1e P-2C-Siff ness Coef{icientior Circumier=nlial Moment:

Rein{orcemenl on Shell (L /2a = 1.o)

Rein{orcementon shell

L l2a = 1.5
I
o
N

o
C
c

E
G

.9
rc

a /a = o.oz
rLl

.a
o
a
ill}I
'- a/R= o.o<

=
<D

8
- I 8 1 8 8 8 8 8 E

Figure P-2D-Stiflness Coeificient ior Radial Load:

R=iniorcemenl on Shell (L / 2a = 1.5)
 API S.IAI{DAFD 6S

Reiniorcemeni on sheil

c
o
E
E
=
-g
! t ^
f a/H= U.UU:,
c
o

N e ln= s-s2
x
UJ

c
o
=
o
o
q
@
o
c
=

o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o - o o
o f O 6 ( o r ( 5 o o R 3

Figure P-2E-stiffness Coefficientior LongiludinalMoment:

- Rein{orcemenl on Shell(L / 2a = 1.5)

Rein{orcementon shell

L /2a = 1.s
E
E
6

a /a = o.oos

x a/a=o.oz

\'" /^='oio
|
a

o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o
o

Figure P-2F-Stiffness Coefiicient{or Circumierentiallv4oment:

F e i n f o r c e m e n to n S h e l l ( L / 2 a = 1 . 5 )
 \(ELD:DSrerl Ti^-xs ro: Otr-Sroaac: ?'.'i

Rein{orcemenl on opening (necli) only

E
o
c
c

.G a /a= o.oos
!
6

a
N

o
=
o
o
I
a
@ lR=o.o4
c
=

o o o o o o Q Q o a
5 6 6 6 6 o O 6 r o A
c) - rr @ r ooo
R 3

Fioure P-2G-Stiffness Coefficient{or RadialLoad:

Rein{orcementin NozzleNeckOnly (L / 2a = 1.O)

Rein{orcementon opening(neck)only

L l2a = 1.0
z
@
E
E

€
2 a /a = o.oos
C
o
o

x a ln--o.oz
tu

c
'^
=
a

a la = o.oa
:

o o o o o o o o o o
o
c
6
)
o- o u R 9 )8 8 ( o 3
N O 3

Figure P-2H-stiffness Coefiicient {or Longiludinal Moment:

Reiniorcementin Nozzle Neck Only (L / 2a = 1 o)
f'l API STANDARDA5O

Reiaiorcement on opening (neck) only

c
o
E
E

-g
c
o
a
E

x
a la=o.oz

7
a
!
o
o
a
@
I

ICD 8 I 8 8 8 8 8 - 8 E

Fig ure. P-2l-stifiness Coeflicient{or Circumierential Moment:

- heinlorcernentin NozzleNeck Only (L | 2a = 1-0)

Reinlorcemenlon openirg (neck)only

o
F
N
O
c
c
o

6
o

= d

X
L:J a la = o.oz

o
-
o
llltj-
-\
a/R=O.04

=
U)

8 8 I5 i5 8
8 r 8 s 63
ts6
8 I
i6 ; R 3
Figure P-2}-Stiffness Coefficientlor Radial Load'
-
Rein{orcemenlin Nozzle Neck Only (L / 2a 1-5)
 V J : L D E DS r e e l T a t r x s ; o a O I S I o A A G ! P-9

f i e i n { o r c e m e n t o n o p e n i n g ( n e c i < )o n l y

E
o
E
E
q
=l A lH= U-uu.

;o
G

X
fU
a/a=o.oz
v-

o
:
a
o
a
@

o
E a /a=o.ot
=
U)

o o o o o o o o o I
5 o -( ) O 0 6 6 6 -
o ( o N a o o 8 8
N I

ness Co€flicientlcr Longitudinal Moment:

Fig.ure P-2K---Stiff
- Rein{orcemenl in NozzleNeckOrrly(L / 2a = 1.5)

Reinlorcem€nt on opening (neck) only

c L l2a - 1 q
o
E
o
E
o

c I
@ - a/ n = o . o o s
f
E
l I
-= \
1 x 10-3

N
\
X a n 0. 2 \
t!

=
o
I
I \
I

II ft.-
I
\'"/n'= o
=
= ait{
a
t l
1x104
o o o o o o o o
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c t = e @ r a o o

Figure P-2L-stiifness Coefficient{or CircumlerentialMomenl:

Reiniorcernentin Nozzle Neck Only (L I 2e = 1-5)
I rn A P I S T A N D A F D6 5 0

P-2-9 SAr\4PLE PROBLEM I n U S C u s t o m i l r )u' n r l s .

P.2-9.'1 Problem
K,L ---r
= 3.0x10
A rank is 60 nr (260 f1) in dianreter and 19-" m (6a tt) high'
and irs bononr shell coune is 3 mnl (t-33 in-) trick- Tlie tank .E(la)r
has a lo\\,-q'fE nozzle u'irh an outside diameter of 610 nrnt (?4
K 1 = ( 3 - 0x l 0 - i ) ( 2 8 . 8x 1 0 6 ) ( 2 4 ) 3
in.) in accordances'irh API Sundard 650, and th- no'"le center-
Iine is 630 mm (?4-?5 in.) up from t\i b'onom plare' uidr rein- = 1 1 9x 1 0 6i n . - l b / r a d
forcement on tlie opening (neck) only (see Figure P-6)- \\'liat are
rire end conditions (X{ €, Kn, X1, and lij for an analysis of pip
ing flexibility? \\trar are the limit loads for tlie nozzle?
For the circumferentialmonrent(from Figure P-2I),

o = 305mm (12in.), In SI unirs:

I _ 630mm (2a.75in.),
19,200mm (64x 12= 758in.), K-i -J
=5-0x10
90- 20 = 70"C(200- 70 = 130"F), E(2o)'
p -
80,00012- 40,000mm ((260x I?)P = 1560in-)'
34 mm (1.33in-). K6 = (5.0x l0-4)(199,000N/mm?X610mm)3

=22.6 x 109N-mm/rad
P-2.9-2 Solution
P-2.9-2.1 Calculate the stiftness coefficients for the nozzle- ln US Customaq'units:
unk connection:
R I t = 40,000/34= 1776 (1560/1.33=1173) Y J
= 5-0x.I0
a / R = 305/40,000=0.008 (12/1560=0.008)
E(2a)j
L / 2a - 630/610= 1.0 (24.75DA-=1-0)
K5 = (5-0x 1FX28 8 x io6xzq)3
For the radial load (from Figure P-2G),
= 199x 106in.-lb/rad
In SI unru:
Ko
^ = 3 . 1 x 1 J0 P.2.9-2.2 Calculate the unrestrained shell deflecdon and
E(2a) roiation at the nozzle centerline resulting from rhe hydrosraric
head ofthe full tank:
Kp = (3-l x 1fX199,000 N/mm?X6t0 mm)
=31 .6N/mm In SI units:

ln US Customaryunis: 1 'Q< i.285 = 000110mm

= -
Ko -r
_ - _ _ _ j=t _3 . l x l 0 ( Pt\-' ( 4 0 , 0 0 0x 3 l ; o ' 5
E(2a)
= 0-7rad
Ft = (0.00110X630)
Kp = (3-t x 10.4x28.8x 106lb/in.2x24in.)
= ) l 4 x 1 0 3l b f / i n .
W =
9 . 8 x 10 - " GHR
E,
:1 -At
l-e'-cos(Pl)-
L-f+ c.na'
H)
I

lo,
For the Iongirudinalmomenl (from FigureP-2FI),

ln Si units: ( g . sx t o - 6 ) (t ) ( t g , z o o ) ( s o , o o o ) 2
K,
( 19 9 , 0 0 0 ) ( i r )
I

.,^ 'j
L|a) [' - e-0'7-
c -o-'n
630-l + (12.0x1Fx40,000)(70)
s ( u'\/., - . 1
[ s:oo_J
KL= (3.0 x lf)(]99,000 N/mm2(6I0 mm)
= t 3.6 x l09 N-mm/rad = 5 9 . 7 7m m
 \'\,ELDEDSre e I TeNxS rG Otr SIOaAGE t--t I

Q . / a Y , ) ( L ' tL f F p )

0.1 or
/-- t
Ir.o-0.75 Xe/(Rt)45),
w . h i c h e v e rt s 9 r e a t e r

(). /2YF)Fa/Fp)

[ 1 . 0 - o . 7 sX ^ / ( R 1 ) o s ) ,
whicheveris greater

Figure P-3A-Construction o{ Nomogram {or b1, bz, ct, 2 Boundary

()'/aY.)(Mc/Fp)

[ 1 . 0 - 0 . 7 sx c l 6 t ) o s ] ,
whicheveris greater

(i,lzYF) f^/F')

Figure P-38--€onstruction o{ Nomogram{or b1, ca Boundary

 P 1 ? API STANDARD650

Twc*.::irds ol the required rein{orced ar€: r'ust b€ locaied

wrl;ri: e + O-5 (Fl )G of th€ opertiilg ccaieiine
\
t ,l 't
JU

20

YL

03I

YF
'1

o.7
o. 1 0.2- o.3 0-5 1.O 2-O
) , , =a / ( F t ; o s - ( a l f l G / t ) o s

Figure P-4A-Obtaining Coeflicients Ypand Y1

-
9 . 8x l 0 GHR
,l ( 7 6 q )1( 5 6 0 ) 2_[ ," - . r . o r ( 0 . 7 _)
_ 0 . 0 3 6 () 1
A _ Ln-O;Pttcos(Br)
+ sin(Fz)t] i #' "] J
E 1 ( 2 8 . 8 x t 0 6 ) ( t . : : L)
+ (6.61xlG-6X1560Xi30)
(9.8x 10-6)(1)( I 9,200)(40,000)2
( 19 9 , 0 0 0 ) ( 3 4 )
^ -0- .- E
un2[ r
0,.-3\ E6- G L )r )+ srirnr \(|F
T 5 . r)]]
o = rF. " - F rI [u.uoSs\ (PF
J
I r -o't I
o0lI d0.7[cos(0.7)+sin(0-;)]
]*fi-o i
) o.o:ot r ltro!lf riqqlt{fr-F;o tf.os(0.2)+sin
(0.r)l
( 2 S - 3 xl o o ) ( 1 . 3 3 ) L ' t }
= -0.032rad
= -0.032 rad

units:
In US Customary Perform rhe analysisof piping ffexibility using liz, 0, Kn'
Ky, and X6 as the end conditions at the nozzle-ro-piping
1.285
= - I _=1 6 ) = 0 . 0 2 8 2i n . connection-
(Rr)o'5 (t56oxl.3i)o-5
X s = 9 3 5m m ( i 6 . 7 5 i n . )
5) = O;7
FL = (0.0282)(24.1 Xs = 325 mm (12 75 in.)
X6 = 630 mm -(24.75in-)
)r
-p/ Determine the allowableIoads for the shell opening, as in
o.036GHR-1.
t1/= -tr-e c o s ( p-r:)- 1 - sRLT
E I L n) P.2.9.2.3.
 vVELDED ST:EI TAruXS TOA OII SiORAGE

200
Two-1h rds of lhe reqtired rei n{orced area mul
wittrin , r + O 5 ( F ; )oi ol the o cening centerline

1C0

0.3 o-5 r:o 2'O 3'o s'o 1o'o

0.1 o.2
)-= a /(Rt )o5 = (a I B) (R I t)a3

Figure P-4B-Obtaining Coefficient Y6

P -1 : 1 API STAI{DAFD 6S

(\ | aYr) (t'1 LlFp)

+ F", + /v4.
-F*, +M. (tension el B conlrols)
(compression
at A conlrols)

1-O
,-L-Ll- (). l2YE) (FR/Fp)

+ F^,-Mt-
(tension at A conlrols)

-Fa, -M.
(compression
al B controls)

Fioure P-SA-Determination ol AllowableLoads lrom Nomogr?m'-Fsand M1

1-O (L / aY"J (M" lFo)

+F^.*M.
- F^. *M. (lension at C' conlrols)
(compression
al C controls)

(i /zYF)F" /F')
-1.0 - o.5 0.5 1.0

Figure P-5B-Determiralion ol Allowable Loads {rom Nomogrem'- Fs and M6

 yVILDED STEEL TANKS TOA O:I S.TORAGE P .1 5

mm (1.33-)

--Z-

-t-
II 2a = 610 mm (24')
I
I
I
v
II
t -a?n rnn (2a-75")

Figure P-6-LorrrType Nozzle with Reiniorcemenl

Nozzle Neck Only ({orSample Problem)

P-2-9.2.3 Derermine the nondimensional quantities: From Figures P-4A and P-4B,
Y7 = 7-8 mm (in.)
In SI units:
- Yr = 2.0 mm (in-)
935 = 0-80
n< Yc = l5-0 mm (in.)
(Rr)05 [ (40,000)(34)]-"
P-2.9.2.4 Constructrhe load nomograms(seeFigure P-7):
X n - )l)
= OJ8
o < In SI units:
(Rr)-'- t (4o,ooo)(34)lo'5
xB^r=
^C 630 t.o-0.t5 l.o-0.i5(#) = o.le
+ = = O54 (Rr)o'5
n <
(rRr)-'' t (40,000)(34)lo'5
X, /o?<\
305 . = O26 r.0-0.75--iG= 1.0-0.151+)= 0-40
l l - - -
( Pt)'-''
_^ . 0 . 5
(34)lo'5 \..'/
(ftt ) t(4o,ooo)
Xc
t.o- o.ts = 1.0- 0.7sf639,)= 0.i9
In US Customaryunirs: (R')o'5 \ I 166/

- = 36.75 = 0-81 F p = P t t a 2 = ( 9 8 0 0 ) ( 1 . 0 ) ( 1 9 -. 2
0.630)a(0.305)2
n {
(^r) t ( r 5 6 0 ) (1 . 3 3 ) l o ' 5
= 53,200N
nB t2;75
- = = OJS
n <
t ( l 5 6 0 ) (1 . 3 3 ) l o ' 5 +f?l = :+=(:+) = i zzxio-6F^
2YF\FP) (2)(2.0)\53'2oo/
A - aA 1<
- = = 0i4 = (-*+ ..(:-*\= 2o5xto-sM,
L - . I J

( P r\-'-
I t t

t ( 1 5 6 0 )1( . 3 3 ) l o ' 5
, +f=l
aYr\F, 305)(7.8)\53,200)
)
l a

n <
= O26 rf*l = (,^-0,?9.
=.(:*\ = t.o7x to-s
M,
aYr\FrJ 305)(1 5)\53,200/
(fir) t ( l 5 6 0 ) (1 . 3 3 ) l o ' 5
t- t() API STA^-DAFD&50

Q- / a\'r) (L4rf Fp)

1-0
<--------------o.79 ----->

- Fa,+ 44-
(compression at A conlrols)

+F*.+M.
(tension at B conlrols)

(). /2YF) 6" / F")

0.5 1.0

+ F^,- Mt
(lension al A conlrols)
- F^'- M.
(compression at B conlrols)
- o.5

Mc o.4 ----->
4

FR

Q,/aY")UnclFp)

t -L,

-F^,+M" + F^, + lt4.

(compression at C conlrols) (rensionat C' conlrols)
-F^,+M" + F^,- M.
(compression ai C' controls) (tension at C controls)

(), /2YF) 6" /F)

- o.5

Figure P-7-Allowable-LoadNomogramslor SampleProblem

 \ \ ' E L D E DS t r E l T a N x s r o a O r l S l o t i A c E

In US Custontarl' uniLs: Thcretore,

x.. : ' "A' C

, {m r -
0.59 = 550 x 106N-mm (rensionat C conrrols)
t 0- 075---i: = 1.0-o?5f!'')) = o.?e r -q
/ A,,.\--. \ 45 6 / 1. 0 7> : 10

-0'59
X, - - i '- lC-m
- 3 \. . - - = - 5 5 0 x 1 0 6N ( t e n s i o na t C c o n t r o l s )
1 . 0 - 0 . 7 - s - - - +- = 1 . 0 - o . i s [ 3 9 r i r ' )= 0 . 4 0 -9

(,qt)o's \ 45'6/ 1-19x10

^'- For Fp - 0 andt'|6= g,

l.o-0.75 - = l . o - 0 . 7 5 f 2 1 ' ? 5=) 0 . 5 9
r\ P \ 4 5 . 6/
..'/ S
, r o _ 1 (,\t,) -n
F o r+ t 4 y , ; l ; = Z . O Sx 1 0 ' l { t < 0 - ' 7 9
|
F,' = ptta2- f <oz{x-r'ol'lt,* 1,,,l - 24.7
u r r v p I
5l.^r22 ! \

tt'6 L |
= 71,142pounds 1
" r - ^ 1 , )= -q
F o r - M", . l-j 2 . 0 5 xl 0 ' i 1 L < - C . 4
aYr\I ,., |

+f3) =,=?,Tr,[_+l = 5.35

x ro-6.F*
2vFlFP) (2)(2.0)u2,142./ Therefore,

+Mr ^-. - 0'79 - =

385x 106N-mm (tensionat B con-
+(Y\=
aYrlFr) ^#9=f*l = 22exto-st"r,
(12)(7-8)[12,142l 2 . 0 5x i 0
- 9-

n-ols)
-0'4
^ (Ys\ - 0.26 (-'.-) = r rex to-s -M,-^-= r = - 1 9 5 x l 0 6 N - m m( t e n s i o n a t A c o n -
t,r^
u -9 -
a Y r \ F ), ( 1 2 x 1 5 ) t l 2 , l 4 2 J 2 . 0 5x l 0
trols)

P-2-g.2.5 Determinerhe fimit piping toaOs. ln US Customaryunis:

In SI units: F o r l l y = 0 a n dM c = O ,

For M1= 0 and t1C- 0,

?'
fE^-
o r - f,f,'6 , , - r v lfril
V = 5.35x lo{F,<
, . 0.4
|
.- ?.rr'
, - o r + r 4 .. . r J l = l.zzxlo-6Fo<0.4
zrc\rP)
1 r . F \= - r - r t
F o r - F p#, l : l x l0-6.r^<-l.o
f o r -_
7.rF.
rp, "., l# l= -r.rrxlo-6F"<-l.o
z r F v P t

-' Fy P)
Therefore,
Therefore,
'' - = 74,800lbf (tensionat A controls)
Rma-r _A
0.4
*FR-"t = -=--^ = 328'000N (tension ).i) x lu
at A controls)
-
1.22x 10 0.4
-' - = -187,000lbf (compression
a! B con-
Rmrr
-r o ).J)XIU
-F = ---ri j - = -820'000 N (compressionat B controls)
*^u*
1 . 2 2x l 0 trols)

For ll1= 0 and FR = 0, F o r l { 2 = 0 a n dF,t = 0'

i ['ti.'1 = l l g x i o - e l ' / a < 0 . 5 9

For+iy'6, r.o7x r o-e,t/.< o.5e
;rr(*r)=
: F o r+ 1 1 6 .
"4+)
-r o7x ro-e,r/.<-0.5e ;. ('tr.'1 -0.59
For-M6,
#J+)=
For -lt'|6,
*J+) = - l l 9 x l o - 9t u l, <
 API STAIiOAFD 650

Tirereibre, P . 3 A l t e r n a t e P r o c e d u r e{ o r t h e E v a l u a t i o n
of External Loads on Tank Shell
*r\y'Cn,=. 0.59 = J-95x l(F in.-lbf(rersioc:tC controls) Openings
f.i9x]0
P.3.1 SCOPE
- ,\/c".., 0.59 - --1.95x ] 06in.-lbf(ten-rion
at C cott-
This alternarive melhod expands tlre data presenled in tlte
l.l9xl0 \\G.C Bullerin ?97. lr4aximum suess factors are presentedin
uols) fi-suresas rtell as in tables.\\/RC Bulletin ?97 q'as used to cal-
For F6,= 0 and t46- 0, culate the nreximum slressfactorsJ at tlte juncrion of the noz-
zle and tank shell. Tlre recommended limitations for \T.C
).(ML\ 297 are D/T < 2500. d/t < l0O. The method is I'alid for all
For +11y,
"\11)= 219x lo-9M r< t0-79 pracdcal sizes of tanks.

P.3.2 NOMENCLATURE

For -My,
t (u'1=
;+l+.1 2 ) 9 x l o - eM r < - 0 . r , B = 2(Dt)12, distance of nozzle removed from any other
gTossstrucrural stress continuity, (mm) (in.),

Therefore, D = nominal diameter of tank, (mm) (in.),

Do = diameter of reinforcing plate, (mm) (in.),
n ?o
u''u --3.44x lF in.Jbf
+it[, ^-,= =. ltensicmar B con- r K - radial thrust applied at ihe mid-surface of rhe rank
2-3x10 shell at rhe opening conneclion, (N) (1b0,
rols) t - venical distance from opening centerline to tank bot-
tom, (mm) (in.),
" = -1.14x ld in.-lbf (rersion ar A conrrols) Mc= circumferential moment applied to the mid-surface of
l m3-\ 1
l.i xtu the tank shelJ, (I.l-mm) (in.-lbi),

P.2.9.3 Summary
A,f. -
generic moment, (I.l-mm) (in.-lbs),

It'(1 = longitudinal moment applied to the mid-surface of the

The Limit piping loads are as follou's:
tank shell, G'i-mm) (in.-lbf),
In SI units:
l'17 = torsional moment applied 1o the mid-surface of rhe
r . JF - ^ 328,000N (rensionat A conuols)
}\NA\
tank shell. Q.J-mm)(in.-lbf),
- ^]m{
^ -S20,0O0N (tensionat B controls) c - stressintensity, O{Pa) (lbf/in.21,

+fu[6^a 550 x 1d N-mm (tensionat C'conarols) sdl = allorvablesuess intensity due to applied load on noz-
-'\'1 -550 x l0o N-mm (tensionat C coouols) zles, (r\{Pa) (lbfiin.2),
Cma-r
I x 56 for mechanical loads,
+t\7 1^2-1 385 x 105N-mm (tensionat B conrols)
1.5 x S6 for thermal loads,
-trl L^.t -l9i x 106N-mm (tensionarA coorols)
c . - allorvabledesign stress,Q'r4Pa)(lbflin.2),
In US Customarl'unis: l'c = shear force in transverse(cjrcumferential) direction,
+FR-.-. = 74,800lbf (tensionat A conuols) (N) (1b0.
-FR*.. = - I 87'000 lbf (tensionat B controls) v L = shearforce in longitudinal direction, Gtl) (lbs),

+|vl 6^u, 4.95 x 106in.-lbf (rensionar C'codrols) W, = resultantradial deflecrion at opening connection,
(mm) (in.).
-;"l . / ^
Lma\
-J.95 x 106ix.-lbf (rensionar C coorrols)
= o u t s i d er a d i u s o f o p e n i n g c o n n e c t i o n ,( m m ) ( i n . ) ,
+i'lLmzr 3-4-1x 106in.-lbf (tersionar B conu-ols) = o u r s i d ed i a m e t e ro f n o z z l e ,( m m ) ( i n . ) ,
-1 .11 x 106in.-lbf (rensionar A cocrrols)
r'Analysis of Load>t-orNozzles in API 650 Tanks"' N4.I-engsfeld,
I
Note: This secrion is ba--edon the paper'Anal-vsis of N-czzle Loads in K-L. Bardia. J. Taagepera,K. Hathaitham, D-G. I-aBounry. M C' I Of
API 650 Tanks.'5 I-cngsfeld.Paper P\P-\/61 430, ASN'IE'NervYork, 2001' I
 \ ' | ' E L D : DS r r r l lar'rxs FO; OIL S-loiAca P.19

(dinten- p.3.4 STRESS FACTORS DUE TO FR,Mc, h1L

,iC = stres-sfactor dur- to circumfcrential r::.onient'
sionless), Total stress has tiLree componenu: bending' nrembrane,
and shcar.The stress factors for calculation of slressesin tlte
-/L = stressfactor due to lon-qitudinalmomr:nt, (dinren-
sionless), shell at tlre nozzle junction hai'e been presentedfor the stress
equations.ir'loment load-sinclude circumferential and lon'itu-
-fA = st..ss factor due tc radial thrust, (dim:nsionless), dinal ntontents.

J = stress factor (generic), (dimensionles), (t)

o, = (FR./t2)(tt,* 6,,,,1 S.adial Load)
It = IJB, height rarion, (dimensioniess),
os = (FR/t2)(re+ 6a,e) (Radial Load) (2)
rr. = radial trcnding suess component, (dimensionless),

,ire = tnnsverse bending stress componenl (dimension- o, = [t1/(dP))Qtr+ 6m) (lr4omentLoad) (3)
less),
os = lM/(dr2)l(n6 t 61116) Gr4omentLoad) (4)
Irri = generic bending stress component, (dmensionless),
The dimensionlesslactors ,ri and xri were obtainei from
n, - radial membrane stress componenL (dimensionless),
WRC Bulletin 297, Figures 3 throush 58 for various nozzle
,re = transverse (circumfercntial) membrase stress com- The absolutema:iimum
sizes,tanli diamerersand thicknesses.
ponent (dimensionless), of rhese values as used in the stressequations I rhrough 4
havebeencombinedinro rhe dimensionlessstressfactors.
ni = generic stress component (membrane), (dimension-
1<\
less), f; = (ni!.6nt)

r = thiclaress of tanl< shell at location of nozzle, (mm)

The factors w'ere ploned after transformation into malhe-
(in.),
matical eluivalents in Figures P-8 through P- 10.
In = thiclrressof nozzle neck (mm) (in.), The actual maximum stressesfor specific nozzles in a tank
can be calculated by
lr = thicknessof reinforcin-epiare(mm) C:n.),

= (d/D)(DAl 2, geomeric parameter,(dimensionless), o; = (f{r2) f, for radial loaC

LI

a = stressreductionfactor,(dimensionless), and

= calcularedradial stress.(lr,{Pa)(lbf/in-2), o; = lll ; /(dt2)J fi for moment load. (6b)

oe = calcularedmembranesress, O{Pa) (tbfAn.2),

P.3.5 SHEAR STRESSES DUE TO M7, V6, V1
6v l. = calculatedgenericstress,(Irfa) (lbffia-2),
Shearstresses in rhe nnk shellat the nozzlejunction may
T = calcularedshearstress,O{Pa) (lbf/in-l). be esrimatedby:

Ttvfr = 2tIi/f'-dzt) for torsionalmoment (7a)

P.3.3 DESCRIPTION
\,i = 2v;l(rrli for shearforce (7b)
FiguresP-8 through P- l0 proride stressfaoors for nozzles
located au'ay from a -srossstructuraldisconiinuity.A gross
rr'here:
structuraldiscontinuityis definedas a major cban,geof geom-
junction.
erry, like a ring or the closenessof the bonorc./shell V; = \/6orv2'
The stressfactors are a combinationof memt"raneand bend-
in_9comoonents for each load applied. Equarions crealed The totalshearstressis the surnmadonof the threecompo-
from rhe data in \\rRC Bulletinl9T were usei to producerhe nents:
graphsin Figure P-8 rhrough P-10. The graphsrepresentthe TTourl = ay7+ ay6+ Ty2 (Ea)
absolutemaximum value,rvhichu'ill resultie a conservative
esdmateof the maximum stiessesat the nozzl.-to-shelljunc- -- However, if shear suessesdue ro \/6 and V2 beconle signif-
rion. F:ch graph includesthe matiematicalexpressionfor rhe icant, it should be recognized lhat rheir maximum value and
ploned graph-The mat}ematicalequationsare summarizedin zero value occur 90" apart from each other. ln this case the
Tables P-2 through P-4- Use of tre mathemaricalequations componen6 shall be seParatedinto:
rvill simplify the creationof computerprogralrs for the calcu-
junctioa aL = 'tlfT*-tvl. (8b)
Iationofstressesat the nozzle-to-shell
P-20 API STANDAAD 65C

Sa/t = I x S.7for ntechanical loads (seisnlic' thrust duc

r o l i q u i d f l 6 r r i r t P i P c .e r c )
'{C = ai;T+'ryc (Ec)
= l'5 x 5.1for rhermel loads
The larqer shear stress fron-i rhe above expresSon should
be rrsed for combined sresses- In $is reconrnrendation ir is assunred rhat the tanl: is
stressedto I x ^!4due to the h1'drosutic head of its contents-
P-3.6 STRESS REDUCTIONFACTORS
P.3.9 ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
Suess reduction facrors are presented in Fi-gure P- I l.
These factors compare the values shoun in I rgures P-S The procedure for the evaluation of nozzle loads is as fol-
through P-10 as derivei fronr the equarionsin Table P-l lorvs:
through P-4 u,ith valuesobuined using finire elementanal5'-
a. Establsh the valve of u, d/tr, and I/r,, from given tank data.
sis CFEA)for nozzlescloser to a grosssrnrcturaldiscontinu-
., -. ft should be noted that the stresses6lg61e3se as rhe b. Find the srress factor value fom Figures P-8 rhrough P-10
'nozzlzs moves closer Io a discontinuity.Depending on the
or fiom the equaticns cf Table P-2 rhruu-qh P-4 ior different
locarion of the nozzle, the value for rhe stressesu-lll be mul- nozzle sizes, thicloess, and tank diameters.
tiplied by rhe stressreduaion factor.
Al array of reduction faaors were found, but for simpliciry' c. Use stress formula to calculate stesses at nozzle-to-shell
Figue P-8 shows only one line. This line represeatsconser- junction. Include stress reduction factors as required-
vative reduction factors- Heighr factors greater tharr t have a
"2" r:alueof l. d. Combine various stress components.

e. Compare actual stress to allowable slress based on the

P.3.7 COMBININGSTRESSES nature of the-load (rhermal or mechanical).

For stressesdue ro rhe differentnozzle loads,B?C Bulle-

P.3.10 SAMPLE PROBLEM NO.1
t:r:'291 suggeststhe foUowing equationlo calculae the stress
intensitl'. P.3.10.1 Data

.S = largest absolute magnitude of (9) Calculate the stressesfor a tank nozzle using rhe follouing
data-
= 0.5 [(o,+oe) t [(o, - 06) 2 + 4.l1o5i
Tank Diameter D 9l4a mm (30 ft)

It should be noted thar rhe maximum $resses due to a cir- Tank Shell Thickness r, )2.1 mm (0.5 in.)
nferential moment, lvI6, and a longitudinal moment, /1,11,
NozzleOuaide Diameter d 4 5 1m m ( 1 8 i n . )
-e 9O" apart.
Thus rhe maximum stress for the tmnsverse plane is: Nozzle Neck Thickness ln 12.7mm (0.5 in.)

Nozzls f6621i6n From Botronr I 416 mm (18.75 in.)

o, = o;(FR) + o; (r1y'6')
+ t; (l0a)
Reinforcing Pad Thickness rr l r . 7 m m ( 0 . 5i n . )
for the longitudinalplane:
Material A 36i\'1(A 36)
6oi = oi (Fp) + o; (MD + <i ( r0b) Design Stress .S; 160 NlPa (23,tOOlbf/in.l)

\\'here i = r or e, oi (FR) = suessdue ro radia! load, and

s i m r l a r l yo,i Q v ' l ) , 6 i ( L I D a n dt ; . The loading from the atrached piping s1'sremto lhe nozzle
is as folloris:

P.3.8 ALLOWABLE STRESSES RadialThrust Fp 77.843N (17.50Olbs)

An accepubleguidelinefor establishineallo\\'3blestress Circularivtomenr :\1c E-5 x 106N rn"'r (75.0O0in.-lbs)

valuesma1,befound in.l,ppendix4 of the -ASMEBoiler attd 1 1.3 x: 106N'mm (I0O,0O0in.-lbs)
Loogirudinal\loment '\1t
PressureVesselCode,Sec:ion\rIII, Division 2.
The srressfactorshave beenderivedfrom rhe hi_srestsuess Torsional ir,loment '\lr 5.6 x l0b N mm (50,000in.-lbs)
ar the junction of the sszzlg to the shell.The simplifiedrec- Transverse Shear Force vc 0N(0lbs)
ommendationsfor allo'*'able suessesfor rlre diffr.ent loads
Loneirudinal Shear Force VL .1J.500
N (10.000
lbs)
are as follorls:
 \AIeLD=D STLEL.TANKS FON OIL SIOAiG= r__-t

Table P-2-Equations {or Slress Factors Due 1o RadialThrusl Fs

dlr, Equation Uppcr Limit (u) Iiqualicn No.

Frgure P-Ea
U n -i,= 4-91l4ln(u) + 1.6575 ) I
)
I ;- -O.9-384Ln(u)+ 1-?638
n 2 ;'= -0.7910l'n(u) + 0-80{-1 I J

U j'= -0.4 i57ln(u) + 0i728 tr-J

Iigure P-Sb
30 f': -O.9a50ln(u) + 1-618 ) 5
i, : 4.907 qLn(u)+ I -3398 J

f. = 4 -'1596Ln(u)+ 0-9036 1
1
30 2
30 ,f,= -O.3a65ln(u)+ 0-297I l r8
J, = 4.1496Ln(u)+ 0-l 187 0-5 1A
30 l0
figure P-Ec
50 0 J, : 4 -9507Ln(u)+ 1.6153 5 20
50 I .f, = -O-8?32Ln(u)+ l -4563 5 2l
50 L -f,: -4-7608ln(u) + 0.98a2 J 22
50 ) -f,= -03333l-n(u)+ 0.316 2 23
50 t0 .f-= -{.1304ln(u) + 0-t 07I 24
Figqre P-sd
r00 0 f,: 4-95a9Ln(u)+ l-6506 5 25
00 I i.: 4 -87'l2Ln(u)+ l.aSl 5 5 26
00 f, : 4.7 6+1Ln(u)+ 1.0928 21
00 5 t= -{3344l-n(u) + 0-33 2 28
00 IU -f. = 4.17'1 6l.n(u) + 0.O9'1
1 29
Figure P-8e
l0 0 fe = 4 -282'tLn(u) + 0.4S45 5 30
l0 I fg= 4.3427Ln(u)+ 05338 2 3l
IO 2 .fa= -4.555l-n(u ) + 0.4772 0.9 32
r0 5 .r'e= -0.8780ln(u)+ 0.7936 0.3 33
Figure P-8f

/e = -0-2833ln(u)+ 0.4378
a4
0 5
30 l: = -O.3440Ln(u)+ 0.6352 3 35
30 2 ,fe: -0-a868ln(u)+ 0.7312 2 36
30 5 ,f: = -{.8929l-n(u)+ 0-8883 J I

30 l0 ii = -l-096lln(u) + l -1698 0.5 33

Figure P-Sg
50 0 /e = -0.28a0ln(u)+ 0.a893 5 39
i0 A = -0.3355ln(u)+ 0.677I 5 40
50 2 Je= 4.a'7 l2Ln(u) + 0.7731 2 4l
50 5 /;=-0.8275ln(u)+ l-051
) i1

50 l0 J: = -1.0986ln(u) + 1.1733 I 43
Figure P-$h
q
100 0 fe = 4.2196Ln(u)+ 0.-18
I 5- 5
/<
100 la = 4.3302Ln(u) + 0.676{ 5
100 2 -fa=4.4346Ln(u)+ 0.8077 1

41
100 5 fe = 4.8'72aLn(u) + l -I 4J7 1.5
r00 t0 fa= -r.0774Ln(u)+ l.l45 48
P22 API STA^.DAAD650

Table P-3-Equalions lcr Stress Faclors Due io Circumierenlial Moment /ry'6

li<luatioIi U p l . r e rL i m i t ( u ) Fxluation No.

Figure P-9a
j 49
0 @57
) 50
0 /, = -{n=3(u)l - 0.t(u) + l-9J I 6
/ ' = - { . 1 5 1 4 ( u ) r+ 0 . 0 2 7 8 ( u+) 1 - 5 7 9 5
0 2 I J I

0 5 J,= o2lvlu)! - o.lo5(u)+ 0-83s6 03 52

Figure P-9b
30 U /. = -O-0O-J(u)r
- 0.0363(u)+ l -9571 1 53
.f. = -0.03o7(u)r- 0-0936(u)
<d
30 I + 1.9026 J
') 55
30 ) /, = -{.0G9(u)2 - 0.0753(u)+ I J88
JU 5 ---- f,= -o.oqg:(u):- o-0033(u)
+ o-7107 I 5(,
30 l0 1-V.cpo:(u)r - (J.o468(u)
+ 0-3018 0.5 51
Figure P-9c
50 0 /' = -{.0056(u)r - 0-0528(u)+ 1-9997 1 58
50 /'= 0.0011 (uX- 0.1a68(u) + l-92aS 5 59
50 j = -4.906a1u)2 - 0.I 948(u)+ 1-6473 J 60
50 5 /,= o-01t5(u)r-0.15(u) + o-735 2 6l
50 l0 y, = -4 n5ia1u)r- o.o12l(u)+ 0-263 62
Figure P-9d
'7
100 0 /' = -{.006(u)r - 0.0621(u) + 2-0226 63
00 /, = 0-0066(u)r - 0-1677(u) + l -960i 1 64
00 t = o.oog4(u)z - 0.2142(u) + l-7028 5 65
00 ,f, = -{.0c67(u)r - 0.0915(u) + 0.70-1 3 66
00 l0 /' = -0.0049(u)r- 0-056(u)+ 0-2aO
) 61
Figure P-9e
t0 0 fe = -0.cn: o(u)l - 0.0I 63(u)+ 0.5967 7 68
l0 I /e = 0-0229(uX - 0-1966(u) + 0-88f6 2 69
l0 -fe= -0.2,r12(u)r - 0-1027(u) + I .3079 I 10
E = i J6s(u -- o-8:3:(u) + u.ou69 0.3 1 l
r0 J

Figure P-9f
JU 0 .fe= -o.0ol 8(u)r- 0.0155(u)
+ 0.59-11 7 12
'13
i0 I /e = 0.0o.stul2- 0.06+9(u)
* 0-266t )
30 ? 7s= oo+sRgll-0.2+92(r)+ 1-227 1 2 14
------
30 /e= -{:2:-B(t)2 - +
0-0746(u) 2-0352 75
30 l0 /e = -O56S(u)r - 0.2a5(u)+ 2-a315 0.5 76
Figure P-99
50 0 .fe= -0.0O:9(u)r- 0.0157(u)+ 0-5999 1 11
50 - 0.029(u)+ 0.7i15
,fe= -0.0O19(u)r 5 78
50 ) - 0.15o-1(u)
/e = 0.01+5(u)r + l. I 317 J 19
) 80
50 5 ,fe= -{.G--16(u)r- 0.0959(u)+ l -979J
50 l0 / e = 0 . 3 2 3 1 ( u-) r0 . 3 5 7 i ( u+) 2 - 3 3 1 6 8l
Figurt P-9h
lc0 0 .fe= -o.00ll (u)r- 0.012(u)+ 0.5941 82
100 /o = -oFo6+G)l + o.ol76(u)+ 0.{t 32 1 83
100 2 /€ = -micaG)r - o.ooo:(u)
+ o-963I 5 84
100 @lo.os9l(u)+ t.aguo 3 85
100 l0 7oa(u)+ z-:o9o I ) 86
 SrErr-Tr^-xs Foa Olt S:osAGI
YJELDED Y-1-)

Table P-4-Equations {or slress Faciors Due'ic Longi'ludinalfr4omenlM1

dll n Equation Upper Limit (u) Etluati<ln No.

Figure P-10r
a?
0 0 /,= 0-0iS3(u)r - 6_7iQ-r(g)+ 2.0393
-l

I /, = -o-G59(u)r - 05507(u) + l-96?9

1 68
')
0 /, = -oJ708(u)r - o-239(u)+ 1.63'11 89
0 ) /. = oi5ix(u)2 - o-?62(u)
+ 0.E6$t 0.1 90
Figure P-10b
30 n
/, = 0-0612(u)z - o-6123(u) + 2.03i5 A
9l
JU /'= 0-0658(uX- +
0-695(u) 2-0052 J 92
30 /, = -C-@5(u)r - 04703(u)+ 1-6769 2 93
30 /'= -O-l r l2(u)j - 0.0737(u)+ 0.?396 94
30 l0 @6-OOn(u)+O.es0Z 95
Figure P-10c
50 0 /' = 0-098(uX- 0-6602(u) + 2.0144 96
I /, = 0-0$t8(u)t - O;182'7(u) + 2-092 J 97
50
') = 0-0399(u)r - 0.5612(u) + 1-7O47 98
/. J
')
50 /, = -{-0363(u)'i- 0.1429(u)+ 0.723I 99
50 l0 /,= -{.Q}l!(uF - 0.01X(u) + 0.2684 r00
Figure P-10d
100 0 t = 0.0601(u)r- 0.6672(u) + 2-031i 0r
100 I =
/, 0.0ii2(uX - 0.63a3(u)+ I -995I 02
100 2 0-06:9(u)t-0.6297(u) + 1.7638 ^ 03
/,=
100 /' = 0.@(u)2 - +
0.205(u) O-'7263
100 l0 /' = -0-0199(uX - 0-025a(u)+ 0-2a2a ) 05
Figure P-10e
l0 0 /e = 0-0IE6(u)2 - 0.20261u+ 0.6093 .a
106
l0 ,fe= 0-0769(u)r - 0.42(u)+ 0.8174 1 107
l0 2 fe = 0A1fi (,t)r- 0.935I (u) + 1-3637 I 108
l0 ) /e = -1.655(u)?- 0.335t 1u +2.0292 0.3 109
Figure P-l0f
30 0 ,fe= 0.01S9(uX- 0-2054(u+ 0 . 6 1 3 6 0
JU - 0.2132(u+ 0.7791
/e = 0.0205(u)z J lt
') ')
30 /e = 0.0737(u)r- 0.4233(u + l-2067 2
30 ) - 0.3208(u+ 2 . 0 1 9 i
/e = 0.02O1(u)r J

30 l0 / e = l - 0 H i ( u ) j - 0 . 7 1 9 6 ( u+ 2.4196 0.5
Figure P-109
50 U ,fe= 0.0iXu)r - 0.2oa7(u)
+ 0.603J l 15
50 /e = 0.006a(u)2- + 0.73l9
0.1406(u) _) I
50 2 II f -- nvn. v z- \ ur/ l r , , r J - r t l ov - -.r r t , .,\ re ,- r
Jb
tlls J 1
50 ) I fe={-1135(uX-0-2031(u)+2.CCi6 2 8
50 r0 ,fe= 4.2i16(u)r + 0-0373(u)
+ 2.3105 l l9

Figure P-10jr
00 0 @j+ffi145 ) 120
00 I /6 = Q.ffif-5(u)r- 0.0968(u)+ 0.6a86 ) l2l
00 2 ,fe= 0.0iI 9(u)z- 02t5t(u) + 1.0336 ) t22
00 ) ,fe= -O-055a(u)r - 0-2536(u)
+ 1.9884 J lr3
00 t0 .fe= -0.1: i3(u)r - 0.0926(u)
+ 2.4238 J t24
P2t API STA^*DAFD 650

P - 3 . ' 1O - 2 Solution Table P-5-Slress Faclors

P-3-'1O-2-1 Establish the values {or r. u, dlt- B, l' and: Stress Factor Figurc F4uation

fronr t}c dan providei- To deterniine lhe stresss at rhe junc- P-Sb& P-Sc t 7& 2 7
Fp ,f' = 0-SS-1
rion of ilre nozzle and the shell, rjre shell and rhe reinforcins
pad r.hicknessare combined, hence: F,1 fe= 0.165 P-Ef& P-Sg 36&41

ln SI Units: Alc .f,= l-:6 P-9b& P-9c 55&60

.5 , .r ' P-9f & P-93 1 0& 1 4
t't c ,fe= I -03
= 1 2 . 7m m + l ? . 7 m m
25-4mm t'lt .f,=l-2 P-l0b&P-l0c 93&98

t{t -/e=0-88 P-l0f&P-lOg 112&117

u = (d/D) x (Dn)o's
(451| 9 I 44) x (9 I 44125.4)0'5
Stress due to Fp
= 0.95
or = (Fi7/rJ) xJ,
u/tr7 457/12.7
= (77843P5.42) x 0.884
= JO
= 106"7 lr4Pa
p -
2x(Dxr)05 - - , 1 .
06 = (Fp/t!) xfs
= ?x (9144x 5.4;05
= Q7843p5.42)x 0.765
964 mm
= 92-3 lt'Pa
t . - UB
476t964 Srressdue ro iy'.
0.49 or == (M c/d * t?) ,7,
0.67from Figure P-l I = [(8-5x rcr/@57 x25.42)]x1.46
= 42\Ea
25.4t12.7
= 2 06 = (Mr/d x t2) .fe
= x 25.42)]x 1.03
[(8.5x 106)/(457
ln US Customaryunits:
= 29.1 \Ea

= 0.5 in. + 05 in. Stress due to t111

= 1 . 0i n .
or = (ML/d, t1| *7,

t l 8 ( 3 0 x l 2 ) l x [ ( 3 0x 1 2 ) / t ] o . s = [ ( i 1 - 3' t 0 6 ; l g : l x 2 5 . 4 ? ) )x 1 . 2
= 0.95 = 46 r\{Pa

18/0.5 6 9 = (M1/d x I?) "fs

=
[ ( t 1 . 3 x i 0 6 ) / ( 4 5 7 " ? 5 . 4 2 ) ]" 0 . 8 8
-]O

2x(30xl"xl)0'5
= 33.? lIPa
= 3 8i n
Shear sress
t , - 18.75138 't*rr = ) x (tlil(ii " dlt)
0.49
= 2 x ( 5 . 6 x 1 0 6 ) / ( 7xi 4 5 1 2 x 2 5 - 4 )
0.67 from Figure P- I I = 0.67 \1Pa

l/In = t/0.5 AL'C = 0

= )
2x(\/)/(;xCxt)

P-3.10-2.2 Calculatethe srresses. :"' (2 x +-1j00)/(nx J51 x25.4)

2.44 \[Pa
The chans and equationslist values for d/tn of 30 and 50.
Trcr:l 1tr9*'iy6i i.1t7
To derivethe stressfactor valuesfor d/tn = 36 one must inter-
polatebetweenthe pres€ntedvalues- 0.6'7+0+2A1
Stressfactorsare provided in TableP-5. 3-11 I{Pa
 \'y'ttDtuStiar Taruxsro; Orr-S'ron4GE t'- 13

ConrLrinelire srresses. { ( 7 5 . 0 m ) / ( l Sx ) 2 ) } x I 4 ( r
Snr.. - larsest absolute nragnitudeof
6083 lbf/in.r
- 0 - - 5 .x [ ( o , + o o ) t ( ( o . - o o ) ] , 4 . ? ; 0 5 ;
vti (11, ld x 12),, fs

Conrbinc lhe srress values front Fn ar,d A46. { ( 7 5 , O O 0 ) / ( 1x8 l 2 ) } x 1 . 0 3

or = 106'7+4? 4292 lbf lilt.2
= 14S.7r\{Pa
Suesses due to iy'1
oo = 92-3+29.1 or = (1,1L/dt r21*1,
= 122MPa
{ ( 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ) / ( x1 E1 2 ) )x t . 2
Combinethesuessvaluesfrom FVutdM1. 6 6 1 0 l b fl i n . 2
or = 106-'7+46 vu (lr4yld x t2) "fe
= 152.7lt{Pa t ( i 0 0 , 0 O 0 X 1 x8 1 2 ) )x 0 . 8 8
4890]bf/in.2
06 = 92.3+33|7
= 126 MPa Shear stress
't 2x(t4fl/(r-xd1r)
The maximunt stressis a combinationof rhe radial rhrusrand i|-T
rhe longitudinalmoment. 2 x (50,000)/(:tx 182x 1)
S-o* = 05 x 0.67x [(152-7+ 126)+ {(152.7- 126)2+ 98 lbf/in.2
4 x 3.11:10.s1 .VL 0
= 102.5rVPa
'cvL = 2x(\/)/(nxdxr)
(..
vatt l-0 x S7 (mechanical lo..l)
= 2 x ( I 0 , 0 0 0 ) / ( t t xl i i x l )
= 1.5x S7 (thermai load)
= 354 lbf ttn.?
l5 x 160 (rhermal load)
Ttor = 'E'yfT*ay6*'ty1
240 MPa
= 98+0+354
c.. \
J oII S-.*
= 452lbf ttn.2

In US Customary unirs:
Combine the stresses.
The charu and equations lisr values for d./;n of 30 and 50. '
Srn"r = largestabsolute magnitude of
To derive the stress factor values for d/tn = 36 one musr inter-
polate bet*,een the presented values. = 0 . i : - [ ( o . + 0 6 ) + { ( o , - o e ) 2 - n4 . 2 1 o . 5 ;
Using rhe stress factors from Table P-5:
Combine the stressvalues front Fpand lvl 6'.
Stressesdue to F4 or = l-5,470+6083
. . , a ,
at = (Fp/t!) xf, = 2l ,553 lbf/in.?
(17.500/r2)
x 0-s84 =
oo 13,383+4292
15,4?0lbf/in.2 = 1 7 , 6 8 0l b f / i n . 2
. f , 1,
Og lf ptI-) x1g
Combine suess values front F6 and l'l y
( 1 7 . 5 0 0 /2t ) x 0 . 7 6 5 =
: ar 1 5 , 4 ? 0+ 6 6 1 0
I 3 . 3 8 8l b f / i n . 2 = 22,1401bflin.2

Stressesdue to iy'g o0 = 13,388+4890

er = (M6/d x t2) xfl = 1 8 , 2 7 8l b f / i n . 2

 API STANDAFD650

Tirc nraxinrunrsutJs is a conrbinationof tjrc radial thrust d/r,, = 610112.1

a n d d r el o n g i t u d i t t ami o n r e n l . = 48 0j
5n,". = 0.5 x 0-67x [(22.140+ 18,2?S)* {(r2, 1.10-
Used/r" = 50
18'278)2 + 4 ' 45?2)0'51
= l a , S 6 9l b f / i n . t t/',, = 127/12.7
= l
Sall = 1.0x 5a (ntechanical
load)
l.5xS7 ( t i e r m al o a d ) E = 2 x(Dr;O>
= 15x23200 (r'ermalload)
B = 2(36,i00xr2-1)o'5
= 34,800lbf/in.2 = 1362mnr
Sar
h = l J B
.;-_J.10-3 Conclusion
lt = 53C/1362
Since the allou'ablestress is greater than the-maximum = 0.46
sress, the anachedpiping sys'.emis acceptable
In US Customaryunirs:
P3.11 SAMPLE PROBLEM NO.2
y = (d/D) x (D/t)o s
P.3.11.'1 Data
= (24/Ll2Ox l2l) x (120x 1210.5)05
Calculate the stressesfor a tank nozzle using the follou'ing = 0.9
data.
= 24/0-5
Tank material:A 36M (A 36), Sa= 160li4Pa(23,2O0lbf/in.2)
= 4 3
D = 36.500mm (120 feer).
Use d/tn = 50
| = 12.7mm (05 in.)
I/tn = o'5/o'5
tr = 6lemm (2-i in.)
= l
!,t = 72-7mm (05 in-)
B = ?x(Dr)o':
L = 63Omm (24.75 in.)
= 2x(120" l?*0.5)0'5
'No reinforcingpadis provided
= 53.67in.
The mechanicalloadsfrom the attachedpiping systemare
asfollorvs: h - UB
= 24;75/53.67
Fn = 87,700N (20,00Olbs)
= 0.46
A,1c- l1 x 1d N-mm (100,000in.-lbs)
P-3.11-2-2 Calculate the slresses.
142 = 13.3x 106N-mm (120,000in.-ibs)
Stressfactors are provided in Table P-6.
t(r - V6=V;=Q
Table P-6--Stress Faciors ior Sample Problem No. 1
P.3.11.2 Solution
Load StressFactor Figure Equation
P.3.11.2.1 Establisht}re valuesfor r, r, d/r,,.B, and ft from P-3c 2l
L= 1.1? |
rl.-,.l.tc ^.^.,;;ad
P' v iluLU.
fp r ^ -- I l 5
Jd P-89
ln SI unius: M6 r - 1 c P-9c 59
r{ = (d/D)x(Dh)o.s tvt C ,fe= 0-68 P-9s 78

tt = (610/36500)x (36,500/12.7)0r My f,= l'43 P-l0c 91

= 0.9 M1 Is=062 | P-lOg 116

 V.,.!DED STE€L TANXS TOA OII SIORAG.

StressduetoF6. Sn,.. = 0 . j x [ ( o r , , " , . , ] ' o 0 , , , 1 . ) : t{ ( o . , r e . - 0 6 r o . ) l +

or = 1F{t?) x-f, 4--..2 }o-i.l
or = ( S ? , 7 0 0 / 1 2 | i ? 1, , 1 . 1 ' >
= S","* = 0-5[(1136+70S.3])*{(1136-708.81)l+
935N/nrnr?
a g:10.:1
o€ = 87,700x1.15/1a.12 = lt36N{pa
= 6?: IrfPa

Fronr Figure P-8 u'irh a height factor of /r = 0.46, the stress

Stressdue to Mg'
rcduction i-aclor. = 0.64.
or = (M6/d-t2)xJ,

or = (l I x l06y(610 x 12.72)1.8 lr{ultipll, Sm.- \r.ilh the stress reduction factor-

= 201 MPa S - 5*..'l
t
oe = (1lxt06y(bi0xt2-72)x0.68 = ll;t;:-
= 76 MPa

CompareS rvith rhe allou'ablestress.

Stressdue to I16
S7 = 160N4Pa(seeTable3-2)
or = @,{y'd.rz)xf,
[ ,:I+ or = (13-3x 106)/(610x12.72)x 1.2
For rhermal loads:
= 193.3MPa S"1 _= 1.5 x Sa
06 = (Mild-iz) xfs Slt = l'5x160
= 240 lt{Pa
oe = ( 1 3 - 3 xl 0 6 y ( 6 1 0x t 2 ] ? ) x 0 . 6 2
UJ
s > s a r
727 \{Pa > 240 jt{Pa
Calculatethe suessintensiries.
. S - 0 . 5x [ ( o , + o s ) t { ( o , - o e ) 2 * 4 . ] 1 0 - 5 1 h US Cusroman,unirs:

Radial rhrust and circular moment (bending) Usin.'ethe stressfaclors from Table P-6'
Or = Orpp * 6rg SUeSs due tO Fp,

or = 935 + 201 ar (Fdt2) xf,

= I 136 N{Pa = (20.000/0--52)
x 1.72
= i 3'7600 lbf/in'2
Radialthrustand circularmomenr(membrane)
oo = oBFR+ o€c 06 = 1Fp/r2)xfB
os = 615+76
= 20,@0x1.15i0.52
= 701MPa
= 92,000lbf/in r
Radialthrustand longitudinalmomenr@ending)
=
Srressdue to I,l 6,
Or 6rpp* 611
ar = (t'lc/dr2) \f'
ar = 935 + 193.3
= = ( 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 ) t ( 2xa0 . 5 2 ) x1 . 8
I 1 2 8 . 3I P a
= i0'0o0 lbiln')
Radial rhrustand longirudinalmorrienr(membrane)
og = o€FR+ o8L oe : (:\'{5/d't2)'fQ

06 = 65+83.81 : l0x106/(240.i2)"068
= ? 0 8 - 8 1l { P a = I 1 . 3 3 3l b f / i n . 2
P-ztJ API STANDARD&50

Srt:s due to iy'1, For rhrmral loads

or $4/d-r2)xJ Salt : l-5x 57
: (r 20.000)/(240.52)x 1.4i = 1.5 - 23.200
= ?8,600lbf/in.? = 3a.800lbfiin.2

06 @4/d-r2) x-[6 S t Slr

( I 20,000y(24.0.52)
x.0:62
?G1lb17in'?> 34'800 lbf/in'2
1O7
= 12.40Olbf/in.l
P'3'11'2'3 conclusion
Carcularerhe srressinrensiries.
Sincerheactualstressexceedsrhe allowablestrass'S>S11'
^S 0.5 x [(o,+ oe)- {(or- oeF + a;:10.:1
-
a reinforcingplate shall be anached-
.-,, .dialthrusrand circularmomenr@ending) p3-11.2.4 Reinforcinq plate Calculatiorrs
6r OrFR * OrC
= 137,600+ 30,O0O Refer to Table 3-6 for the size of reinforcingpad.
167,6001bf/in.2 In SI units:
Do = 1525mm
Radial thrust and circular moment (membrane)
t- = l?.j mm
Oe o€FR+ O€C
= 92'oo0 + 1 1'333 To calcularerhe srressat the junction of the nozzle to the
= 103,333lbffin.2 shell, the cornbined rhiclness of the shell and reinforcine
plate is usedin rhe calculations-In this case:
Radial thrust and longirudinalmomenr(bending) | = )2.7 + 12.'l
61 6rFR* OrL = b.4 mm
= 137,600+28,600
tt = (d'D) x (Dnf's
= i66.20o lbf/in.2
u = (610/36.500)x(36,500/25.4)0'5
Radial thrust and longitudinal moment(membcle) = 0.63
06 oerx + ool
d/rn = 610112'
= 92,000 + 12,40O
- ,e
ao
= lO4,40OlbfAn.2
Use d/tn = 50
5-o. 0.5 x [(or-.* + 60.r*) - {(orr... - oo-r.)2 +
t/tn = 25'4ll2"l
4.-..2)0-5]
2
0 . 5 [ ( 1 6 7 , 6 0 0 + 1 G 1 , 4 0 0{ () ]- 6 7 , 6 ( ] 0
104,400)2+4'02)0'51 B = 2x(p1)o.5
= 1 6 7 ' 6 0 0l b f / i n - 2
B = 2x(36,500'?i.4)0i
= 19?6mm
From FigureP-8, uith a heightfactorof h = 0--:5,rhe srress
reduction factorZ = 0-64. lt = I-/B
fi = 63011926
trIuluplyings'o. *'i1l the st.essreducrionfacroc
: - = 0'327
J Jm3\xZ

= 167,600-0.64 - z = 0.55
= l07,2Ulbflin.?
CalculatedStresses
CompareS with the allo,*'ablesress Fn; o, = 177 MPa
S7 23,2001bf/in.2(seeTable 3-2) Fp: 06 = 136 I{Pa
 \!€LD€D STeELTANKS roa O[ Sloiic: P-29

A4C. gr 4r \{Pa Table P-7-stress Factors {or tire Feiniorcing PJale

A'16. os 29 lt{Pa l-oad StressFactor Fi gurc Equation
A47'. O. 46 Ir{Pa l-n r - l ? P-Ec ))
A'1y o6 30 N4Pa JH
_ 1.0 P-Eq

14c P-9c 60
Calcularesuessintensiry
h'[c -fe = 1'0> P-Qo 19
F p & t 4 6 : o . = 1 1 1+ 4 ) - '
Alt P-l0c 98
ar = 219 \'Pa
o,6 = 136+ 29
14t fe= 0-9 P-l0g t11
Fp & t46:
06 = 165I{Pa t , (Dr)o'5
Fp & lt4y: ar = 111+46 2xQ20x1?x1.0)o'5
6r = r23 MPa 76 tn.
Fp & t'l; cl6, = 136+ 30 L _ I /t2
os = 166MPa h - 24.75n6
0.326
Sm* = 0.5 x [(orrro* + cgmar):t { (or-a, - oeo,"r)2+
0.55
. 4.,n*2)o5l
S-"* = 05[(223+ 166)+ l(223 - 166)214-g:10.s1 Usin-e the stress reduction factors in Table P-7, t-hestresses
= 223 lvfPa can be calculated as foliows:
Fp = 26,000 lbf/in'r
!
c -- cu m i l .
tr^ 20,000 lbffin.2
S = 223x055
= 123MPa rvt C 6250lbfl\n.2
tvt C 4315lbf/\n.2
s>Sar
M7 6750 lbf/in.2
223lt4Pa > l23MPa
IWL 4500lbf/in.2
ln US Customaryunis:
Do = 60 in' Calculatesrressintensities.
Fp&1r16=26,000+6250
tr = 0'5 in'
= 32.250lbflin.?
To calculatethe stressat rlre junction of rhe nozzle to the
shell, the combined rhicknessof the shell and reinforcinq Fp&Mg =20,000+4315
plare is usedin rhe calculations.In this case: = ) 4 , 3 7 5 1 b f l i n2
I = 0.5+0-5
= 1 . 0i n . FR&lvlL = 26,000+6150
= 32,750lbfiin.z
Lt = (d/D)x(Dtt1o:
u = [ 2 4 ] ( 1 2 0 x1 2 ) ]x [ ( 1 2 0 x l 2 ) / i . 0 ] 0 5 FR&ML = 20.000+4500
= 24,500lbf/in.2
d/rn = 2410.5
- / Q
- S-., = + oe-rr) t {(o-ar - o€."*)2 +
0.5 * [(6rma-,
A-
rlmlx
2 r0it
, )
Use d/tn = 50 - 24,500)2
5-o* 0.5t(32,750 + 2a,500)! IG2,'150 +
t/rn = 1.0/0.5 4 g : 1 0s 1
a
= 32.'/50lbf/in.2
P-3.i) A P I S T A N o A a D6 5 0

1
./,
uttt -_ :.1/11
't1t))
J Jrr,a,'\ L

S - 32.750x0-j5 = 1.096
Use r/" = I
= 18.0j f lbf/in.2

.S > Slt In US Custtxlarl'unrls:

lS,ot 3 lbfiin.2 (d/D) x (D/t)O5

32.750 lbf/in.2 >
'
p . 3 . i 1 . 2 . sc o n c i u s i o n : Si!:t^:,x(3120/r'33)05
The anachedpipin,es)'stemwirh the reinforcinsplate is dh- = 24/l.2lg
accepuble for the tank since the acrualstressis l.ss than the - ?0
ma-rimunrsuess.
': t/rn = l ' 3 3 l l - 21 8
;"-3-12 SAMPLE PROBLEM NO.3 = t.0g2
This sample problem uses the altemadve method on the Use t/rn = |
data presentedin the sampie problem in P-9.The calculated
iimir loads from in P-2.9 are assumedro be from thermal P.3.12-2.2 To calculatethe stressfactors,interpolation is
loads. The stressesare calculated using rhe equations from required berrveend/r = lO and 30 to arrive at the values for d/t
TablesP-2 through P-4. = 18.

p-3.12.1 Data Fp fTfor d/r,, = i0 and t/tn= 1 Equarion 1?

-0-9384>Jrr(rr)+
-f, = 1-2638
Tankdiameter D =E0m(260ftor3120in) = -0.9384xln(0.37)+l-2638
Tankshellthickness I = tr4mm (l-33 in) - 2'197
diamerer
Nozzleourside d :610 mm (2ain)
Nozzleneckrhicloess r,t =31mrn(l.2l8in) fTfotd'/rn = 30and l/tn=1 Equation16
(x;sumed) fr = -0.9014 x ltt(u)+ 1.3398
Nozzlelocarionfrombonom L = 6 3 0m m ( 2 4 . 7 5 i n ) = - 0 . 9 0 1 4x [ r ( 0 . 3 7 ) + 1 . 3 3 9 8
Designstress 57 = 160NfPa(23,200lb7in.2) = 2.242

- rng the limit lodes fiom P.9.3: fTfor d/r, = 20 andt/rn= |

Fp = 320,0OO
N Qa800lbs) f, = 0-5(2.197+2-242)
= 2')19
l\4c = 550 x 105N-mm (4.95x 106in'lbs)
A4t = l 9 5 x l 0 6 N - m m ( 1. 1 4 x l 0 6 i n . l b s )
rR fgfor d/tn = 20 and t/rn= 1 Equarions3 I and 35
ll'lr = v6- l'L= o
fe = 0-i{(-0.3427x,r(rr)+0.5338)+(-0-3aa
p-3.12-2 Solution x ltt(u)+ 0'6352))
= 0.9r59
P-3-12-2.1 Establishthe valuesfor t, u, d/r,,.and lrnfrom
the dataprovided'
M6 f,for d-/t,, = 20 andr/r,= 1 Equarions50 and 54

f, = - 02. I x r i + 1 . 9 4 1 6+)
0.5{C0.0-)33xu
In Sl unirs:
lt = (d/D)x(Dt4o.s ( - 0 0 2 0 7 " , , 2 - 0 . 0 9 3 6 xr r 1.9026))

= 0.37 -fe = 0 . 5{ ( 0 . 0 2 1 9" , , ?- 0 . 1 9 6 6x r r+ 0 8 8 2 6 )

+ (0-00.13 " rr?- 0.0619x rr + 0-766I))
d/tn = 610/3I Equarions69 and 73
- 1i - li?f
 K=LDED STEELTANKS ;on OiL SrotrAGE T-J I

tlt ja = 0.5{(0.0769*,,?-0.4-rxrr-+0-8]7j)+ oc = (FRh2)xfe

*r,2-0.r13r xrr-+O.7797))
(0.0205 = 7J.S00",0.9259/1.332
Equationsl0Tandlll = 39.r53rbf/in.2
= 0.688

f, = 0-5{(-0.03-59xrr2-05507xrr+ Stressduetoiy'6'
19629)+ (0.O658" r,2- 0-695 * r, + 6r = (ilc/d rt21 ,7,
2-0052))Equations88 and 92 = (4.95* 106)/(24x I .332)x t _gg3
- I ?<<K
= 199'5941t4Pa

P-3-12-2.3 Calculaterhe slresses. oe = evI6/d , t?) tJg

In Sl unjrs: = (4-95x t06)/(24x l-332) x 1.32)
= 140'129lbfiin'2
Srressdue to F6,
or = (F{?) xf,
Sress due to It| y,
ar (328,000841 x2't19 or = (MLldx?)xfr
= 6?9 MPa - e-'r4 ' 106)/(24x 1.332)x l-7556
o 6 = ( F d t ? ) * J e = 7 1 , 9 5 5 1 b f / i n . 2
o€ = 328,000 x 0.9259/342 06 = Lld x 12)x fs
@,1
= 263 MPa F= (t-14 x l1r/e4 * I.332)x 0.688
= 28.198lbf/in.2
Srressdue to ltl6,
or = ( '|c/d x t21,7, P.3.12.2.4 Calcularerhe srressreducrionfacron.
6r = (550,.i06X610x342)x1.883 InSIunirs:
= 1469MPa B = 2x (D x r)0.5
B = 2x(80'000x34)0'5
6o6 = @Ic/dxr2)xJs
= 3298 mm
os = (5i0x i06X610 x3421xl-322
h - t-/B
= 10il lr{Pa
h - 630/3?98
Stressdue to II 6 = 0.19
or = (Ily'd x I?) xf,
In US Customaryunits:
or = ( 1 9 5 x 1 0 6 ) / ( 6 1 0 x 3 4 2 )1x. 7 5 5 6
B = 2x(Dxr;o's
= 485 N,Ipa
= 2 x ( 31 2 0x 1 . 3 3 ) o ' 5
0o6 = (r\'ly'd * t?1,fg

os = (i9jx i06y(610x342)x0.6S8 h - t-/B

= 190lr{pa = 21;75/129
- n ro
I n U S C u s t o m a r yu n i t s :
P*3.12.2.5 Calculatethe stressintensity.
Stressdue to F4,
ar = (Fdt:)xf, S = 0 5 x 1 x [ ( o , + o e ) + t ( o . - o e ) 2* 4 . 2 1 0 . 5 1

= (74.800/133\x2.219 \\rhere z = 0 .41 from Figure P- I I , and S*.* is from the com-
= 93,833lbf/in.2 binationof Fpand l'16.
P-32 API SIANDARD6S

ln SI unis. ln Sl unrts:

S*, = 0-5x0.47x[(629+263)*{(629-263)]+ Se' = i0x160}r,IPa

a-g:10s1 = 4go jr,lpa
= 296Nfe- c . . \/ q
"m3\
rfll

In US Cusronraryunirs: 480 lt4Pa > 296 it4Pa

S-"* = 0-5x 037 x [(93833+ 39153)+ {(93833-
In US Customaryunils:
39i53)2 * 4-62;o'51
= 44,l;2lbf/in.2 Satt = 3'0 x 23'200 lbf/in'2
= 69'600lbf/in'2
For rhis sampleproblem it is assumedthat the limit loads S11 ) Spal
ilciude the liquid load from the tank' thereforerhe precedin*e
,;'', ,ssesare roralsresses.In this caserheallowablesuessis: 69,600 lbf/in.2 > 44,l}2lbf/in.2

Sar = 2-0 S7 Mechanicall-oad p.3.12-3 Conclusion

= 3'0 s2 Thermal I-oad
Basedon rhe assumprionsmade,this analysisindicaresrhat
rhe piping arrangementfor exampleP-2'9is acceptable'
In this problem it is assumedthat the loadsare of rhermal
nature. therefore the allot*'able stressesare:
 \.V€LED STEgL TANKS FO. OIL SIOFAGE T -.1.1

-r Il
r--l tl-l -l -
d,t-=10 T- -#
--i--r--l
I l
-l I l
l
r
I
I r
I,O=-0.9414Ln(u)+1-6578
t.1=-O-938aln(u)+12636
I

l l I
I t l
I

\ \
\ l \

\ l

\ l

-t.=z *
t l r l
I

| - N

o+
o.0I O.l 1

Figure P-8A--Stress Factor /6 Due to Radial Thrust Fp, dlln= lQ

u'l I

Figure P-8B-Stress Factorf sDue to RadialThrustFs, d/|n=lQ

 P31 API STANDARD 650

dtl

{1O=-O.13o:b(u)+0.1071 I !

o-11

Figure P-8C-*Stress Factor fpDue to Radial T'hrust Fs, d/tn=$Q

n?

911

''r._

Figure P-8}-Stress Faclor/6 Due to RadialThrust Fa, d/tn= 1OO

 \T=!DFD STE:L TAN{S FOF OIt S.TORAGI P-35

, !
-02427ln(u)+ O.aBa5 r
LO=
L1 = -O-327Ln(u)+0,5338
1"2= -O.5255Ln(u)+O-a772
1,5= -O.6./A-n(u)+
0.7936

Figure P-8E-Stress Factor /e Due 1oRadialThrust Fp, d/tn= lQ

7
-lr-;
l,O = -O28331n(u)+ 0.4878

ts10 = -1.0961Ln{u)
+ 1.1698 I_!

Figure P-8F-Stress Factor f6Due 10 RadialThrust Fp, d/lp .3O

 P-36 API S-iANDACD
650

--l-l-l

dt.= 50 i---f----l--;--l-i- Lo = -O261Lr'(u). 0.S3

I l l l , f _ u - . . . U . \ g / - v . ' , J .
I
l " I t.5=-o6-/751n(u)+1r51 -i
r l t l
I-l_l-T--qr o =-r.o€e6h!) + r-r 733

Figure P-8G-Stress Factor f6Due to RadialThrust Fp, d/tn= $Q

03

leO=-O27961n(u}r0.46:
1"1=-0qg<Pg11rP9.6n
-O136L{uF0807
F=
= -O872a[r(u]+ 1 .1"*

J 1"10-1.021,l-n(u)+ 1

Figure P-8H-Slress Factor /e Due 1o Radial Thrusl Fp, d/tn = 10O

 API SIANDA;D 650

Figure P-8G-stress Factorf6 Due to RadialThrustFp, dlln= 50

Figure P-BH-Stress Faclor/6Due to RadialThrustFp,,dltn= 1Oo

 l-'.1./
W E T D E DS T E E LT A N K SF o i O J LS T O : A G :

i l l l ; r l l l l t,O= -O.OZaS.i* O.O239\r+1-9457

1 , r = - 0 . 0 2 3 3 u ?- O . 1 u+ 1 9 a 1 6
1 , 2= - o . 1 5 1 4 u 1 O . O 2 7 A+j 1 - 5 7 9 5
t 6 - - a . 2 1 2 u ?- o . 1 o 2 5 u + o - a 3 a 6

Figure P-9A-Stress Faclor f, Due to CircumierentialMomenl M6, d./tn=10

= -O.OO7J? - O.O363u + 1'9571

15 =-OO993l- O-OG3J + O.7107-t.O

t.1o= -OoCD7u2-O.O458u+ 0.3016- 1,1= -o o2o7u?-o o93a: + 1'926

1.2=-O.OB9!r - O.O753u+ 156

iir"=1oT-
r - - - l l l l l l

MomentM6,.d/tn=3Q
Figure P-9B-stress Factorf, Due to Circum{erenlial
P-:i3 API STANDAFD 6$

I l-5=o-o115ur-o.15u+o.?325 f.o=-o'o:66uiOO528u+ 1'9997

idl 1 O = { - O 2 1 4 u ? -O - O 1 2 1 u+ 0 - 2 6 3 - i , t = O - m r r r i - O 1 4 6 B u+ 1 - 9 2 4 9
L , ii- 1,2=-o-oc3:u? - 0 19{8u+ 1'6473
I t--l_l

-n- .l F

oJ
0!1

Figure P-9C-Stress Factorf, Due to CircumferentialMoment M6, d/tn= $O

= -o'coa' ' - 0 o621u+2 0226 Tl-

r,5= {@67u 2 - O.09 3r * O.Z6a J- to
2
tl o = -o.@gu - Q-OZB.J + O.24 + f' 1 =0' oc ll - o 1677u + 19601 I
| | | | | | 1-ft"z=ooos:.1'a.2142u+1jo28

| | I ll u^=1
l l l l l l
| | l l l l _ Ll l t l
l t l l t i " ' " - : I

i-l.l-il I t "=
l i l : r i I
i l i l l l i r l l
t i l l i i

- - t
t l l l , , I I | , i , l l l I

MomentM6, d/tn= 100

Figure P-9D-slress Faciorf,Dueto Ci]cumierential
 \{ELDED Sre e I Trrxs ro; Ott- SlonAG€

6u?- o-or63u o.ss6u-l-l

1"0=-o.oo1
d/l^:10 |
f =
!1 o.o229u:- o,r966e 0.6826 [l-l-i_-l
te = -o.8.2u 2- O.r ceTu*r.3O79
t_i-Il
L5= 1-5ff1u2-o-aggs,*z.ozog
TTT]

Figure P-9E-Stress Factor f6Due to Circum{erenlialMoment Mc, d/tn= 10

2
1"2- o.oaear - o.24€At + t.z2z t -1j:t
.{,5--o23aau"-O-O7aer+2.0362 | | |
-o.so€au 2 - o.245u + 2.43? s
L1 o = +Ll I

MomentMc, d/tr=30
Figure P-9F-Stress Factorf6Dueto Circum{erential
 API STAi.!^RD 650

! o = - O 0 0 1 9 u ? -0 . 0 6 7 u * 0 . 3 9 9 T -
d i = - Oo o 1 g u r - O . O 2 9 u +0 . 7 3 5 !
' ! 2 = O . O 1 4 ' J ' - O t 5 f l . * . 1t * t
t l l l l r l*,
!5 =-O.o4bu'- OO959r" r979<
!10= 0.3231u:-0.3573:+ 2-336

Figure P-9G-stress Factior f6Due to Circum{erenlial Mornent M5, dltr= $Q

n?

t l l r l l l l
tO = -O@21u' - O.012u+0.5,q51
t.1 = -o-@64u z + O.Ol76e+ 0.6-732 I L 5 = - O O 7 O 3 u 2 +O . O 5 9 3 r + 1 - 8 9 7 6
t; = -O-OrOgu' - O-OG3 + 0-c681 - l -t t 1 0 = -
- O . 1 7 O 5 u+. O . 1 7 € 8 s 2 . 3 0 9 6

Figure P-9H-stress Factor /6 Due to Circum{erentialMoment M6, d/le= 1OO

 \^/aLDEDS'rEEl Tarxs roa Orl S-ioaAGa

ttt-----l lo=o,o7B3u2- o,73o2u*20393 f

!1 =-oD359u:- O55O7u+t-n*n I
12= -O27O5u:- O239u+ 1 f 377 I

l - 5= o 5 5 o 6 J ' - O 2 6 2 u * 0 5 6 8 r $

Figure P-'1OA-stressFactorf,Dueto LongituJnalMomentMy, d,/In=19

tO = 0.0612rl - o.6723u + 2
'r,r
= o.oossf- o.69ss 2.oo52I I
la = 4a22sc - o.a7G3u+16789-L-
t S = . o . r r r z , f - o . o z 3 7 u +o . 2 3 9 6 - - l -
t r l o = - o 1 o 9 7 u 2 - o . o o 7 7 u +*ou r ' l ,

t l r l l l l

l i l t l
i t | l

r l l l l l l r l i
I i I ; i l l l I I I i L

MomentMv,'d'/tn=39
Figure P-1O&-stress Factor/, Due to Longitudinal
P<2 API STANDAFD650

r r -r''-,'l-l-l
1o = oo5atu'- o6@2u. 2,ora
1,1= O.OB7&:: - O.7R7o + 2.OQ
?
12 = O.O39r - 05612r + 1.7017
-O.O3€3u2 - 0.1<29u+ 0.731
15 =
2
f,1 O = -O.G|a!ou - O,O?3u + O-2664

! ! i i t l I I

vomenr M1, d/In= $Q

Figure P-10O-stress Factorf,Dueto Longitudina]

2
lO= OOoOau - Offi72u+ 2D341
t-063+3*
1 , 1= Q D 3 7 2 u 1Sg5t
2
1 . 2 =0 O 6 4 9 u - O € 9 7 u + 1 . 7 6 3 8
'
1,5= O-CO59u- 02O5w 07263
f,10= -001 99u' - O D254u+ Q2124

Figure P-10D-Stress Factorf,Dueto LongiludinalMomentMy, d'1n=lgg

 \4/ELDEDSreel Tetrxs roa OI SToRAGE

Figure P-1OE--StressFactor/6 Due to LongitudinalMornent M1, dlln= 10

L!o = o-oregJ? - o2csau + 0-6136

f-!r = oozos.r'- o 213at+ 0.7797

t 2 . = o - D 7 3 7 u'20 . < 2 3 3 : + r : m z I I l'

l l l l l t l

o.o1 o-11
U

Figure P-1OF-Stre-ss Factor /6 Due to Longitudinal Moment My, d/tn = 39

 API STA'{DARO 650

-------r ---].----r-i-r_l:tr
I r O = O , 0 1 9 u : - O 2 U ' ; u . O . O cIe < !
. O G r u ?- -o.1<oijur 0 . /3s
739 - T| i -
-ff
f"l = O
j fdl O.OcE4!' O . 1 < 6 u r 0.
L4z=o.ozi"' -o.2eiu+1 12s | | I
] t , s= - o . r r : : r ' - 0 . 2 @ 1 u2+. o o r 6J f
?+ o.o3/3u+2.37o5
f t,r o= +.zsoou

Figure P-1OG-stress Factor/6 Due to LongitudinalMomentM1, dltn= $Q

2-O.A68u+0.6145
LO=O.O191u r r-
= -0.@68u + 0.6486
L1 0.m35u'
t l = 0 . O 1 9 u ' - O 2 1 5 1 u +1 - @ 6

L5 = -O.055au' - O2536u + 19884

-0.1413u 2 - O.@2f,u+2-4m
ElO = :

I t l t l t l

Figure P-1OH-stress Factor /6 Due to Longitudinal Moment M1, d'tin= 1OO

 WELD.D STE.L TANKS FOF OIL STORAGE P-<,5

LL

..c
e,
!

-c

o.3-

o.2 (}-3 o.4 0.5 0-6 0.7

z, Stress Reduction Faclor

Figure P-'11-Stress Reductio_pFactor

 A P P E N D I X S - A U S T E N I T I C S T A I N L E S S S T E E L S T O R A G ET A N K S

S.1 Scope S-1.3 This appendix is intended to provide rJre petroleunr

industr;,- cliemical industry, and otjrer users u'irh tanks of safe
S-1 -'1 This appendlr covers rnslgrials,desi-sn,fabrication, desi_rnfor containnrentof fluids within the design limits.
erection, and resting requiremenlsfor venical, cylindrical,
S-1-4 The mjnimunr thicknessesin rhis appendix do not
aboveground,closed-and open-top,u'elded,austeniricstain-
contain any allou'ance for corrosion.
!:ss steel storagetanlis consFuctedof marerial grades3O4,
304L, 316, 316L, 31?, and 317L. This appendixdoes not S-1-5 This appendix statesonly the requirenrentsrhar differ
cover stainlesssteelclad plate or strip lined construction- from rire basic rules in this standard. For re4uiremenrs not
stated, the basic rules must be followed.
S-'1.2 This appendlr appiies only ro ranks in nonrefriger-
ated services wirh a maximum operatin-eternpeftrture not S.2 Materials
exceeding 260"C (50O=I). For the pu+oses of this appendix, S.2..1 SELECTION AND ORDERING
tire design remperatureshall be the maximum cperating tem-
peratue as specified by the purchaser-Ambient iemperarure S-2.1--1 Materialsshall be in accordanceu.irh Table S- l.
tanl<s(non-heated) shall have a design temperatureof 40"C o S-2-1.2 Selecrion of the type/grade of srainless sreel
(100"D. It is cautioned that exorhermic reactions occurring dependson the sen'ice and environmentro u'hich it will be
inside unheated storage tanks can produce temperatures exposedand the effecrs of fabrication processes.(See 5.4.3.2
exceeding40"C (100"D. and S.4.4.3)The purchasershail selectthe tlpe/_srade.

Table S-1a-ASTM Materialsfor StainlessSteel Components(Sl units)

Plates and Srucrural Piping and Tubing Scamless Forgings - Bolting and Bars
Members (Note 1) or Welded (Note 2) (Notes2,3) (Notes4,5)
A 240M, Tfpe 3O4 A 213M, GradeTP304 A l82M,GradeF3O4 A 193M,Classl, GradesB8, B8A, and88M
A 2a0M, Tlpe 3OaL A 213M, GradeTP304L A 182M. GradeF 3O4L A 194M,Grades88, B8A,88N4, andB8lr4A
A 240M, T5pe 316 A 2 1 3 M ,G r a d e T P 3 1 6 A I82M, CradeF 316 A 320M, GradesB8, B8A, B8I,t, andBSMA
A 240M, Type 316L A 213M, GradeTP3l6L A 182M, GradeF 3l6L A a79M, T5pe 304
A 240M, T;pe 317 A 2 1 3 M ,G r a d e T P 3 l T A 182N4,CradeF3l7 A a79lt4, Tlpe 30aL
A 240M, Ty'pe3l7L A 2 1 3 M ,G r a d e T P 3 l T L A l82M,GradeF3l7L A 479M, Type 316
A 312M, GradeTP 3O4 A 479M, T)pe 316L
A 312M, GradeTP3O4L A 479M, Tlpe 3i7
A 312M, GradeTP 316
A 312M, GradeTP 3l6L
A 312M, GradeTP 317
A 312M, GradeTP 317L
A 358M, Grade304
A 358M, Grade3O4L
A 358M, Grade3 l6
A 358M, Grade3l6L
A 403M, Class\\? 3O4
A 403M, Class\\? 3O4L
A 403N1,ClassVP 3 i 6
A 403M, Class\\? 3l6L
A 403M, Class\\? 317
A 403i\,1.Class\\? 317L

Nores:
l . U n l e s s o t h e n v i s e s p e c i f i e d b y t h e p u r c h : s e r , p l a t e , s h e e t ,o r s r r i p s h a l l b e f u m i s h e d r v i t h a N o . I f i n i s h a n d s h a l l b e h o r - r o l l e d , a n n e a l e d ,
and descaled.
2- Carbon steel ffanges a-nd./orstub ends m:v be used by agreement beru'eel^rhe purchaser and manufacrurer, providing rhe design and deails
consider the dissimilar propenies of the materials used and are suitable for the intended service.
3.Castingsshall notbeu-=dunlessspecifiedb;-lhep:rchaser. Ifspecified,castingsshallmeerAST\1 A35l andshall beinspecredinaccor-
dance *'ithAit4E Boiler ald Pressure Vesscl Code, Scction VIII, Division l, Appendix 7.
4. All bars in contact wirb rlre pro'duct shall be fumisbed in rhe hot-rolled, annealed, and descaled condition.
5. O*rer bolting materials may be used by egreement between the purchaser and marufacturer.

s-1
 API STA ,DARDA5O

Table S-1b--ASTM fr4aterialsior Stainless Steel Comoonenls (US Cuslomarv unils)

P l a t e sa n d S t r u c r u r a l Piping ard Tubinr Scanrless Foq:ings Bolting arrdBan

lr4embers (Note I ) or \\ clded (No: r ) (Norcs2, -3) ( N o t e s4 , 5 )

.A 2a0, T,r'pc3Gl A2I3, GradeTP-3G4 A 182, Gradc F -iG' A 193,Classl, CradesBS, 86.4,,aridBElr4
.A 2a0. TSpe 3OJL A213, GmdeTP3O4L A 182, Grade F 30-lL A l9{, Grzdes8, EA, 8N'1.
and SN,IA
A 2a0. Tlpe 3 I 6 A 2 1 3 .G r a d e T P 3 l 6 A 1 8 2 ,G r a d e F 3 l 6 A-3"0,CradesBE,B8A, B8lt,l,and B8N4A
A 2a0,Tlpe 3l6L A213, GradeTP3l6L A 182,GradeF 3 l6L A a?9, Tlpe 3G4
A 2a0, TSpe-ll? A213, GradcTP3lT A l 8 r , G r a d eF 3 1 7 A a79, Tlpc 3O4L
A 240,lpe 3l?L A213, GradeTP3lTL A I 82. Grade F 317L A a79, T1'pe316
A 276, T5pe 30.1 A 312"6radeTP-3O4 A 479, Tlpe 3 l6L
A 276, Tlpe 3O{L A 312 CradeTP304L A 419,'f5pe3r1
A 276, T5pe 316 A 312-GradeTP3l6
A 276, Tlpe 3l6L A 312"GradeTP3t6L
-A276, T.r'pe3)7 A 31a GradeTP3l?
A 312, GradeTP3lTL
A 358, Grade 3O4
A 358, Grade 3t4L
A 358, Grade316
A 358, Grade3ld-
A 403, ClassWP 3O4
A 403, ClasswP3O4L
A 403, Class\a?316
A 40-3,ClassWP 3l6L
A403, ClassWP3l?
A 403, Class\VP317L

Notes:
i. Unlessorhenvisespecifiedby rhe purchascr,plare.sheeqor strip shall be fumished wirlr a No. I finish and shall be hot-rolled, anne:led, and
descaled.
?. Carbon steel ffangesand/or stub ends rnay be usedby agreementberu'ecnlhe purchaserand manufacturer,providing
the design and derails
consider rhe dissimilar propenies of the marerialsuscd and are suirablefor the inrcnded sen'ice.
Casringsshall not bc used unless specified by rhe prrrchaser.If specffied"castings shall meerASTlvl A 35 I and shall be inspecred in accor-
-.urce widr ASME Boiler and Pressure VesselCode,Scction VIU, Division l, Appendix 7-
4. All bars in contact *ith rhe producr shall be furnisbcd in the hot-rolle4 annealed,and descaledcondirion,
5. Other boltine materials ma.1'beuscd by agrecmentbetwccn the purchascr ard manufacrurer.

5.2-1-3 External srucrural anachmenrsmay be carbon damage. If the intended service requires special precaurions,
steelsmeetinethe requirementsof Section? of this srandard, sp€cial insm..rctionsshould be specified by rhe purchaser.
providing they are prorecredfrom corrosioned rhe design
and detailsconsiderthe dissimilar propeniesof rhe marerials S.2.3 IMPACTTESTING
used. ffhis does not include shell, roof, or bocom openings
ancirheir reinforcement.)C:rbon sreelanachmenrs(e.g.,clips Impact tests are not required for austenitic srainless sreel
for scaffolding) shalt nor be welded direcrly ro any internal base metals.
surfaceof the tank.
S.3 Design
5.2.2 PACKAGING
s.3j'1 BOTTOMPLATES
Packagin_e stainlesssreel for shipmenris ira-ponanrro irs
corrosionresistance-Precaurionsto prorectthe s:rface of the 7,I bottom plates shall have a minimum nominal rhjckness
maierial will depend on rhe surfacefinish suppliedaad may of 5 mm (3/t6 jn.), exclusive of any corrosion ailou,ance.
var!' among manufacturers.Normal packagingmedlds may Unless otherwise agreed to by the purchaser, all recunqular
not be sufficientlo protecrr}remarerialfiom normal shipping and sketch plates @onom plates on rvhich the shell resu rhat
 \t'€LD€D STEELTnNxS roa O[ S'roaAGE 5--J

I lrave one end rectangular) shall havc a minimum nonrinal S.r = allo.rzblestressfor the designcondirion(lbf/in.2)
""1
n?l
u ' i d t l r o f 1 2 0 0m m ( a 8 i n . ) ( s e eT a b l eS - e 1 .
Sr = alloqablestressfor hydrostatictestcondirion
S.3.2 SHELL DESIGN
(lbfh:r.2)(seeTableS-2).
The required minimum.drickness of shell plares shall be
Nore: The allou'able stress€s recognize rhe increa-scd roughness of
rJregreater of rhe values compured by' rhe follorrins formulas
stainless sreels over carbon steels and rhe relarivell, lo*'f ield./tensile
^^ and rhe shell thiclness sha.llno1 beless rian rhe nominal plate
" " 1| -
rarios of tJrc srainless steels. The increased toughness permits
r h i c k n e s s l i s r e d i n 3 . 6l - l : designing ro a higher proponion of rhe 5,ield srrengrh, ho*.cver, rhe
manufacturer and purchaser shall be a*'are t}rat rhis ma;, result in
In Sl units: perrnanenl strain (see Table S-2).

*l ,- _ 4 . 9 D ( H - 0 . 3 ) G , ^ ,
. - r - - T l . a
(S,)E
S.3.3 SHELL OPENINGS
5-3.3-1 The minimum nominal thicloressof connections
and openingsshall be as follou,s:
,.' = !22.(H-!2
(s,xE) Minimum Nominal
rlhere Size of Nozzle Neck Thiclgrcss

t . -
desi_err
shell thickness (mm), NPS 2 and less Schedule 8OS
t -
hydroeraticrest shell rhiclrress (mm), NPS 3 and NPS 4 Schedule 4OS
D _ nominal diamererof ranh (m) (see3-6-1-1),
Over NPS 4 6 mm (0.25 in.)
T J _ desi_en liquid level (m) (see3.6.3-2),
o G - specific gavity of rhe liquid ro be stqed, as speci- Note:Reinforceme:lt
requirements
of 3.7musrbemaintained
fied by tlre purchaser
t r - joint efficiency,l-0, 0.85, or 0.70 (seTable 5.3.3-2 Thermal stressrelief requiremenlsof 3-7.4 are not
S-4), applicable.
corrosion allowance (rnm), as specificd by rie
purchaser (see3.3.2), 5.3.3.3 Shell manholesshall be in conformancewirh 3-.7.5
c . - allou'able stressfor rhe design condirion (lr{Pa) except that rhe minimum thiclsress requiremenrsshall be
(seeTable S-2), muldplied by the grearerof (a) rhe ratio of rhe marerial yield
sn-engthat 40oC (100"F) ro the materialyield strengrhar the
allo'*able stressfor hydrostatic test condition
design temperarure,or (b) the ratio of 205 MPa (30,0O0psi)
CIPa) (seeTable S-2)- to the materialy'ieldstrengthat the designremperature.

t-n US Customary tmis: 5.3.3.4 As an alrernativeto 5.3.3-3,plarering flan_ses

may
be designedin accordancewith API Srandard620 rules using

'.1 ( H_ 7 ) G n ^
., "_- )---6 -D 5 ;rr.--('^
the allou'ablestressesgiven in Table S-3.

S.3.4 ROOF MANHOLES

All stainlesssreel componentsof the roof manhole shall
". -_ 2 . 6(.t,xr)
D(H_1)
havea minimumrhiclgress of 5 mm 13/16
in.).

r*'here S.3.5 APPENDIX F-MODIFICATIONS

tor = desisn shell rhicLrress(in-), 5-3-5.1 In F.4-l and F-5-1,the value of 212lt{Pa (30,800
psi) shall be mukiplied by the ratio of the marerial yield
rr = h)'drosratictesr shell rhic|:ress (in.),
strenglhat the design lemperatureto )20 MPa (32,OO0psi).
D = nominal diamererof ran]<(ft) (see3-6-l . I ), (SeeTabieS-5for I'ield strengnh.)
H = design l.iquidlevel (ft) (see3.6.3.2), 5:3.5.2 ln F.7-1. the shell thicknessshallbe as specifiedin
G = specificgra"iry ofthe liquid ro be sroied,as speci- 5-3-? exceptthatrhe pressureP [in kPa (in. of *'arer)]divided
fied by the purchaser, by 9.8G (l2G) shall be addedto rhe designliquid heightin
E = joint efficiency,1.0,0.85, or 0.70 (seeTableS-4), met€rs(ft). The maximum joint efficiencyshall be 0-85-
't,
a CA = corrosion a-llowance(in.), as sp€cified by rhe pur- 5.3.5.3 In F.1 the allowible compressivestress of 140
chaser(see3-3.2), ir4Pa(20,000psi) shall be multiplied b;' rhe ratio of rhe mate-
S< API ST^^DAnD 65C

rial I'ield stressa1rhe designrenrpecrrure lo ??0 }ifa (32,000 S-4.3 THERMAL CUTTING
.
psi)- (SeeTable S-5 for f ield stren,sths.)
5.4-3-1 Themral curringof srainlesssteel shall be by rlre
S.3.6 APPENDIX M-.f\NODTFICATIONS iron pou,derburningcarbonarc or llre p)asnra-arcmerhod.
5-3-6-1 Appendix M requiremenrsshall be mer for stain- o 5.4-3.2 Thermalcuningof stainless steelmay leavea hear-
less sreel tanks u'ith desigrrremperaruresovcr 4OoC(100"F) affeaed zone and interyranular carbide precipirares.This
as modifiedb;,S.3-6-2rhroughS-3-6.7. heat-affectedzone ma), have reduced corrosion resistance
5-3-6.2 Allo*,able shell suesssfrai'iUein accordanceu,ith unlessremovedby machining,grinding, or solution anneal-
TableS-2. ing and quenching.The purchasershall specify if the heat-
affecred zone is to be removed.
5.3-6.3 In N4.3.4,tJrerequirementsof 3-7-1 for ffush-type
cleanout finings and of 3-7-8 for flush-rype shell connections S.4.4 FORMING
shall be modified. The rhicloress of the bouom reinforcing
:-rate, bolt;ng flange, and cover plare shall be multiplied by 5.4-4-1 Stainlesssteelsshall be formed by a cold, \{/arm,or
i.,: s'reater of 1a) the ratio of the material ield srrengrh at hot forming procedurerhat is noninjuriousto the material.
f
40'C (100'D to tre marerial yield strengrhar rhe design tem- 5.4-4-2 Stainlesssreelsmay be cold formed, providing rhe
peratu-re,or @) the ratio of 205 MPa (30,000 psi) mrhe mare- madmum strain produced by such forming does not exceed
rial f ield strength at rhe design remperarure-(See ?ible S-5 10Voand contol of forming spring-back is provided in rhe
for yield stren_sth-) forming procedure.
5-3.6.4 In I{.35, rhe stainless steel struaural allou'able . 5.4.4-3 Warm forming at 540"C (l00O"F) ro 650"C
stress shall be multiplied by the ratio of the marcrial yield (l20O"D may cause intergranularcarbide precipiurion in
stren_ethat the design remperarure to tlc marerial yield 304, 316, and 317 gradesof stainlesssteel-Unless srainless
srrength at 40"C (100"D- (SeeThble S-5 for yield snength-) steel in this sensitizedcondition is acceptablefor rhe service
5.3.6.5 The requiremenrs of M3.6 and M.3-Z are ro be of tlre equipirent, it will be necessaryto use 3041- 316L, or
modjfied per S-35.1. 317L gradesor to solution annealand quenchafter forming.
Warm forming shall be performed only with agreemenrof the
5-3.6.6 In M5-1, the requiremenr ;f 3.10-5and 3-10-6shall purchaser.
be multiplied by rhe ratio of rhe marerial modulus of elasticity
at 4O"C (100"R to rhe material modulus of elasricity at rhe 5.4.4-4 Hot forming, if required, may be performed *.ithin
design temperarure.(Sec.Table 5-6 for modulus of elasticiry.) a temperaturerangeof900oC (1650"F)ro l20O"C (??00"F).

5-3.6-7 In M-6 (rhe equation for the maximum hei_ehtof 5.4.4.5 Forming at temperaturesberween650"C (1200"F)
unstiffened shell in 3.9-7-1),rhe maximum height shail be and 9O0"C(1650'F) is not permined.
rltiplied by the rario of rhe material modulus of elasticiry at
--.-::design temperatureto the material modulus of elasticiw at S.4.5 CLEANING
40"c (100"D_ o S.4.5.1 When the purchaserrequires cleaning lo remove
S.4 Fabrication and Construction surface contaminantsthat may impair tlre normal corrosion
resistance,it shall be done in accordancewi& ASTM A380,
S.4.1 GENERAL unless orherwise specified. Any additional . cleanliness
Special precautionsmust be observedto minimize the risk of requirementsfor the intendedserviceshall be specifiedby the
damage to the corrosion resistanceof stainlesssreel Stainless Purchaser.
steel shall be handled so as ro minimize conuct rrirh iron or 5.4.5-2 When welding is completed,flux residuesand
other r)?es of sreel during all phasesof fabricatisr and con- weld spaner shall be removed mechanicallyusing srainless
struction. The following secrions describe the major precau- steeltools.
tions that should be obsened during fabrication and tnndlin-e.
5.4.5-3 Removalof excess'*,eld metal,if required,shallbe
S.4.2 STORAGE done uirh a grinding u,heelor belr rhat has not been previ-
Storage should be under cover and *,ell removed from ously usedon othermetals.
shop dirt and fumes from pickling operations.If ouside stor- 5.4.5.4 Chemicalcleanersusedshallnot have a derimen-
age is necessary,provisions should be made for rainwarerto uGffect on the stainlesssreeland weldedjoins and shall be
drain and allorv rhe marerialro dry- Suinless sreelshould not disposedof in accordancewith laws and regulationssovern-
be stored in contact wi& carbon sreel. Materials containing ing the disposal of such chemicals.The use of chemical
chlorides, including foods, beverages,oils, and greases, cleanersshall alu'ays be follo*-ed by thorough rinsing ri'irh
should not come in contactwith stainlesssteel. water and dry'ing(seeS.4-9).
 \\'artfD Stt:l Tr.as Foa Orr S;3:As: s-5

Table S-2-Allowable Stresses {or-Ibnk Shells

-lcn)pcrd-lut
Alloq'ablc Strrss lin MPa (psi)] for l)csr:rr Nor Ercccdtug (5)
!t{in. }icld Min. Tcrsilc
T)pc \{Pa (psi) MPa (pi) 4O'C(lCXl"R 90'CC2OO'D 150'CGm"D 20o"C(4OO"F)26O"C(iO0"R S,Ambicnt

3{:r1 205 (30.000) 515 O5.0OO) 155e500) 155(22JO0) 140(20-.iO0) 128(i8.6CO) l2l (17J00) l86c7.oo0)

3oll- 170 (25,000) 485 O0.0O0) r45 C2l.0O0) r32 (r9100) l 19(17:oo) t09 (15,800) l0l (1.1.?00) 155(22.500)

316 205 (30,0OO) 515 O5,0O0) r55 C22500) r55 (22JOO) r45 (2r.O0O) 133(19,3OO) 123(l7.9Oo) 186(27.0OO)

3l6L r70 (25.0OO) 485 OO,0OO) 145r2l-OO0) 131(19,0OO) r l7 (l7.0OO) lO? (r5.500) 99 (14-3OO) 155(22.500)

3r1 ?05 (30.000) 515 O5.oOo) r55 (21500) r55 (225OO) 145(2r-O0O) 133(t9,3OO) 123(l?.9O0) 186(2?,000)

3l7L ?O5(30,000) 515 O5,00O) r55 (2500) 155(22-5OO) r45 (2r,00O) r33 (19,300) t23 (17.900) 186e?,000)

Notes:
l - 56 ma5, be intcrpol8tcd belwcen tcmpcraDfes.
2. Thc desip srtss shall bcthe lcsscrof O3 of &cminimum tensilestrcogdcr 0-9 of tbc minimum yield sreogth. The facor of 0-9 of yield
corresponds to a pcrmaocat srain of O-l 0%. Wbco a lorvcr lcvcl of pcrmaocor o-ain is dcsltd, ttrc purchase; shall specify a rcduced 5icld factor
in accordance with TablcY-2 of ASME S<rctiol IL kt D. Thc yicld valucs ar Sc diffccat desigr tcDpcraturcs can be obtainc.i from lablc S-5.
3. For dual ccrtificd ma:trriels (e"g-. ASTM A t 82ItA I 82 Type 304I.6o-!). use the allog'able stess of the grade spccificd by th: g.rrches6L

Table S-3-Allowable Slresses for Plate Rinq Flanqes

Allorabl,c Swss tin MFa (Fi)l fo Desigl Temperau:re Not Excccdrng
Twe 40ec (t00"D 90ece00"F) r5o"c (3003D 2m"c (4oo"F) 260"C(sOo"D
301 l4o c2o,000) l15 (16.700) r03 (15,000) 95 (13,800) 89 (12900)

30{L lr7 (t6J00) 99 (14300) 88 (12,800) 8l (ilJ0o) 75 (10900)

316 r4o (20,000) l r9 (17,200) 1(}7(l5j0o) 99 (14,300) 92(13_ffi)

3l6L r 17(r6,?m) 97 (14.100) 87 (12,600) 79 (l lJOo) 73 (10.600)

)tt r4o (20,000) l 19 (17J00) 103(15,600) 99 (l4,3oO) 92 (l3iCO)

)t tL r{o c20,000) r'r9 (17.300) 108 (15,600) 99 (r4.3OO) c2 (133m)

Notes:
l. Allowable st€sses may bc inarpolated bcrwe€a tsrDpcrahJres.
2. The allowablc strcsscs arc based oo a lourer lcvcl dpcrmanear srail
3. Tbe dcsign suess sball bc rhc lcs-scr of 03 of rie r"-i'num tcnsile s&cogd or 2/3 of thc miDiror rm yield srcngh.
4. For dual ccnifcd marrials (c.g.. ASTMA l82itA 182 Tlpe 3OlI-m4). u-sethc allo*'able srress of the grade spec'ified by the purchaser

Table S-4-Joint Efliciencies

Joilt Efficieocl' Radiograph Requiremenc

1.0 Radiograph per 6. 1.2

0.85 Radiograpb perA5.3

0.70 No radio3r4hy required

oht bv thc Ameriean Pclrnlerrm In<tilrda

 API STsgAer e5C

Table S-5-\,ield StrengthValues in MPa (psi)

)icld Sur:ogrli tin I{Pa (psi)l for Dcsitn TcnrpcrarLue Not Exccedi-og

4c'c (100'D 90"c@rF) r50'c G{n"F) zOO"C(1OO"F) ?60"c (5{n"F)

Tlrx
'r34(r9.4OO)
205 (3O.m0) 170c5-(m) 155G25OO) t-13(20.10o)
304
l4s (2r.4{0) 132(r9.?O0) 121(17500) il3 (l6.400)
*4L 170 (25.000)
r7s (25-800) l6l (23.-iOO) 148(21.dto) r37 (l9.9OO)
Jlo 205 (il.00o)
145(21-r00) l3O (18.900) l 19 (r?:r0) I 10 (15.900)
316L 170 (25.0oo)
205 (3O.0O0) 179(zi9o0) l6r (2s,1491 l4s (2l,4OO) l3E (20,000)
i t I

2O5 (3O.0O0) 179(5-o0o) 16r @3,199; 143(2r.4OO) 138(20.u00)

) t l L

Nores:
l. Interpolac bcr*cta tcmperarurEs-
2. Rcfcrence: TablcY-l of ASi{E Sccrion tr' Part D.

Table s-G-Modulus of Elasticityat the Maxirnum operaling Temperature

D-Jgn'rcmpcr-alrre tg ("Dl Nrt Excccding h{odulus of Elasticity tN{Fa (Psi)l

40 (100) 193,000(28,m0,0oo)

90 c200) r89,000 (2?,400,0oo)

l5o(n0) l83,0OO(26,600,000)
2m (4O0) l8O,00o(26,10o,00o)
260(500) 174,000(25200,000)

Notc Intcrpolate berB'€cu teoptra$xes-

5.4.6 BLAST CLEANING 5-4.9-2 Rinse wacr sball be pouble and sball Dot coDtain
more lhan 200 parts per mi'llion chloride at temperarurcs
If blast cieaning is necessary, ii sball be done wirb sharp below 4ffC (100"D, or no more than 100 Parts per milliea
acicular graias of sasd or gil containi'g Dot rnore than 2%
chloride at temperatllres above 4O"C (l00"n and below 65"C
by weight iron as frce iron or iron oxide. Steel sbot or sand (150"F), rrn165sspscifed orlierwise by the purcbaser-
used previously to clean nonstaia.lesssteei is not permitted
5-4.9-3 Following final rinsing' the equipment shall be
S.4.7 PICKLING completeiy dried

If pickling of a sensitiz.ed staidess ste€l is n€c€ssary' an

S.4.1O HYDROSTATICTEST CONSIDEHATIONS-
acid mixture of niuic and bydrofluoric acids sbaLlnot be used-
OUALTTY OFTESTWATER
Afrer pickling, rbc srafuless steel sball be thoroughly rirsed
*"ilh water and dried S-4.1O.1 The materiais used in the construction of stainless
51sglrenks rDay be subject to severe pining' cracki-ng, or rltst-
S.4.8 PASSIVA'IION OR IRON FBEEING ing if rbey are exposed to coDtaminat€d test waler for
exended periods of n-e. The purcbaser sball specify a mini-
Wtren passirction or iron freeiog is specified by the pur-
mum qualiry of tesr water that conforms to the followilg
chaser, it may be rchieved by treatrnent '*'irh niuic or citric
requirements:
acid Ttre use of bydrofluoric acid mixtures for pa-ssivation
pu-rposesis prohibited for sensitized gai-nless- a. Unless otberwise sp€cified by the purchaser, water used
for bydro*atic testi-ogsf renks sha1l be potable and geated.
S.4.9 BINSING coDtaining at least 0-2 pafls per million free chlori-ne-
5.4.9.1 Wben cleanin! ard pickling or passiradon is b. Water shall be subsrantially clean and ciear-
requirei, t-hese op'erarioDs sbali be followed immd-iaely by c. \\tater sball have no objectionable odor (tlat is, no hydro-
ri-ns;-ng,not allo\\'itg tbe surfaces to dry berr*'eenogeradons- gen sulfide).

hr iw thc Anerican Pelroleum lnstilute

 \^,.-LDaD S;i!L Te.r.<S rOa OrL STC=iG:

d. \\aner pH stralJbe bct'*'ecn 6 and 8.3. S-4-14-2 inspection ol Welds by Liquid Penelrant
Method
o0l c. \\;etcr tcn)ttrature sball te bclon'-50'C (l?ifD.
'Ilre
i. chloride contc{lt of tle water shall be below 50 prrs
Ttre folloui::g component welds sba-Ube examrned by t-lrc
pcr million, unless specified orherwise by tbe pu.rcba-ser.
Iiquid penerrant mcthod before the b5'drovatic tes of the
S-4-1O-2 W}rcn testi-og wirh potable u'ats- the exposurc adr:
dme shall not oice€d 2l da1's. unless spccified otlrer*ise by
a- The shell-ro-bouom inside attachment \\'eld'
the purchaser.
b ALl welds of openino connegions il tank sbell that are not
S-4-1O-3 Wben testilg uitb other fr€sh rr:alers. the erac completell' radiograpbed, includi:og nozzle and manhole neck
sure dme shall not oiceed 7 daYs. u'elds aad oeck-ro-f ange u'eids-
c- A11 welds of artacbments to sbelis' sucb as stiffeners,
S.4-1O.4 Upon completion df the bydrosaric test" \4'ater
compression rilgs, clips, a-nd other nonPressure Parts for
sball be completeiy drained Wetted surfaces sball be wasbed
whictr the thickaess of both parts joilecl is greater Lban 19
u'irh porable u'ater wbcl nonpotable uater is u-cedfor rbe test
-- 13/4ir.)-
and completely dried- Farticular atteDtioD <h2'll be given to
d All bun-welded joints in tank shell and annular plate on
Ior*' spots, crevices, and similar areas. Hot ab drying is not '*'hictr bacl:i.g suips are to rcmail.
pe:mined

S-5 Marking
S.4.11 WELDING
Brazing shall be deletd from 8-l -2.
S-4-1'l-1 Tacoksand deir stnrctural attaclrmeuts shall be
welded by any of tbc proccsscs pennincd in 52f -f or by &e S-6 Appendices
plasma arc process. Galvadzed corDporleDts or colnpooeDts
The following agpendices are modified for use q'ir} auste-
pairted wit!;.c-rich paint sball not be $'ddcd dircctly to
nitic staidess steel storage tanks:
stai-nlesssteel
o a- Appendix C is applicable; however, rhe purcbaser shall
5-4-11-2 Frller mctat che-istry shall Earch the type of idcutify all materials of construction-
base metals joined Dissimilar welds to carbe seels sball use h Appendix F is modified as outlined h S-35 of this
fiIler rrcrals of E3O9 orhigbcr alloy contenl appcndix.
c- Appendix J is agpUcable, excePt lre minimum shell thick-
S.4.12 WELDING PROCEDURE ANDWELDER n€ss for all tanli'diameters is 5 mm (3/ro b.).
OUALIFICATIONS
d Appcndix K is not appligable to tanks built lo thiE
J*oact tests are not rcquircd for austenidc stainless steel agpendix-
9s I weld metal a:rdbeat-af[ectedzones. e- Appendix M js modified as outli-ned in 5-3-6 of this
appendix.
. S.4.13 POSTWELD HEATTREATMENT f- Appendix N is not applicable.
g. Appendi-x O is applicable: bowever, the structural mem-
Posr'*'eldhcat trrabcat of austeniticstaidess steelmateri-
bers of Table O- I sbali be of an acceptabie grade of material'
a-lsneednot be perform€d unlessspecifed by rbe purcha-ser.
h- Ali other appendices are applicable'*'ithout modjfications.

S . 4 . . I 4 I N S P E C T l O NO F W E L D S
S.4.14-1 Radiographic Inspection ol Btrtt-Welds
Radiographicglaminztiep of bun-weldss:ull be i-naccor-
dance *ith 6.1 andTable S-4.
 SUMIUIARY
A P P E N D IXT -N DE R EQUIREM ENTS

Re{erence
Process llJelds Requiring Inspection Seclion

Air Test Reinforcement plate u'elds irside and outside to 100 kPa (15 lbf/in.i) 53-5
Air Test Roofs designcd to be ainight if roof s=ams are not \?cuum box tested. 5-3.7-l -a
Air Test Drain pipe and hose systcrnsof primar-5'drains of extemal ffoating roofs c.4.5
AirTest Appendix F ranks nith anchors. F.7.
Air Test Aluminum dome roofs if required to tre gasdght G.10.1.2
Air Test Shop buiit tanks J.4-2.2
H;..dro Tank shcll- 5-3-6-a
N{T Flush-r5'peshell connections:nozzle*o-tank shell, repad r*,elds,shell-to-botrom reinforcing pad *'elds on 3-?.8.11
the roor pass, each l/2 inch of u'cl4 ml corr,plct.-dweld- After suess relievi-ngbefore hydro test.
MT Permar*rrt a[achrrlenl welds and tefi@orary weld removal arr-as. 5_2.3.5
MT \Ateldsmching nozzJes,man\\?ys, and slean out openings. 5_2-3-6
MT First pass of the intemal shcll+o-bouwr weld. 5-2.4-l.a
NfT Final shcll-ro-bottom *'elds, insideadourside instead of MI. PI, pen. oil, orVB of the initial inside pass. 5.2.4.2.c
Pen. Oil All scarn of internal floaring roofs oqposed to liquid or \€pors. H.4.3.4
Pen- Oil Fint pass of the intemal shell-to-boumr weld if approved instead of MT or PT. 5.2.4_l-d
Perr-Oil Tank shcll ifno warer for hvdrostatic rcsl 5.3.6.b
Pen. Oil Dcck scaurs of cxternal floarins 1006- c.4.2
Frr Permancnl auachmentwelds and terrForary weld removal areasinsreadof i\fT if approved. 5-2-3-5
PT Wsld5 an,sftisg nozzles, manways,ad clean out openings instead of MT if approved. 5.2_3.6
w Fint pzcs of the intemal shell-ro'bonqr weld if approved irstead of MT. < a / I L

orc
m Final shcll-ro-bottom u,elds,inside and outside instead of MT, PI, pen. oil, or VB of tie inidd inside pass. 5.2.4-2.c
P-T All aluminum structural welds and cocrponenr joined by welding. G.t l-3
PT Shell-tobouom welds, opening connerdons not radiographed all q,elds of anachmenrs ro shells, and all s.4.14.2
bun welds of shell plates and annular plates of stainless steel ranks.
RT Shell plare bun welds. 5.3.2.r
RT Bun welds of annular olates *rat are resuired bv 3.5.1 or M.4.1 6.1.2.9
RT Flush-q"peshell connectioos:l0O?oofal longitudinalbun weldsin the nozzleneck and ransition piece,i 3 . 7 . 8 . 1I
ary, and dre first circr:mferential bun qzcld in rhe neck closesrto rhe shell, excluding the neck-to.flan,ge
weld.
Tracer Gas Entire lcngrh of bonom u,eldjoina as ar alemative to \?cuum box resdng. 6 . 6 . 1I
LIT When spccified for weld examinarion-
\/p First pass of rhe intemal shell-to-bouorrinweld if approved insreadof lr,1l PI, or pen. oil. 5.2.4.1.e
VB Final sheU-to-bonom*,elds,insideand ouside insteadof MI, PI, pen.oil. or VB of *re initial insidepass. 5.2.4.2.c
VB Bonom q'elds. 5.3.4.a
\B \\'elds of roofs designedro be gasrightif not air resred. i -b
5.3.7.
\B AII scarrs of intemal ffoating roofs excosed ro liouid or vaDors. H.4.3.4
VB Fl exible mcmbraneliners- r.6.2
\E Flush-type shell connecrions:nozzle-tc>Enkshell, repadwelds, shell-ro-bouomreinforcingpad u,eldson 3 . 7 - 8 .I1
tlre root pass,each20 mm (l/2 in.) of sc'ld, and completedweld. After srre>srelieving beforehydro resr.
\E Tack of sbell bun welds lefi in olace. 5.2.1.8
Permaneot anachment q,elds and temEorarv weld removal :reas. 5.2.3.5
Wsld5 ena6ff ng nozzles, man\\?,vs,and clean out openings. ).l.J.o

VE First pass of rhe intema.lshell-to-bonoo we ld. 5.2_4.1

VE Fina.lshell-to-bouomwelds,insideand out-sideinstcadof MT, PI, pen. oii, or VB of rhe initial inside pass. 5.2.4.2.b
VE Shell plar- bun welds. 5-3.2.t

l- |
 API STANDARD 650

Re{erence
Process Welds Requirir,g Inspection Seclion

\IE Fillet u,elds- 5.3-2.2

\8, Welds on roofs not desigrrcdto be gas dgtrt- 5.3.7_2
\E Upper side of tre upperdeck u"eldsof pontoon and double deck ffoating roofs.
\E All aluminum structuralu'elds and comDonentsioined bv u'elding c_11_3
\8, Joint fit-up of burt *,clds-of boaoms supponed b5'grillage and each *'eld pass 1.1.4
\\rater Bottom u,elds if not vacuum box tested. 5.3.4-b
\\'ater Ex temal fl oari ng roofs-ff oatin_g test. c.4-3
\\/ater Aluminum dome roofs aier complction- c.r0-l.l
\\'ater Inrernal floatino roofs H.73

D-{nirions:
..,,,.;;.:.: lr4T= Magneric Fanicle Examination
Pen Oil = Pcncraring Oil Tixt
PT = Liguid Penctranl Exarnination
RT = Radiographic Testing
VB = Vacuum Box Tcsting
\{E = \risual Exarninarion

Accepance Standards:
MT: ASI{E Secrion V,ArticleT
PT: ASME Section Y Anicle 6, cxcluding aluminum dome parts-see AWS Dl-2.
RT: ASME Section VIII, Faneraph IIW-5IO)
Tracer Gas: None
UT: As €rccd upon by purcbaserard manrdacturer.
VB: None
vE:API65065t

Examiner Qualifi cations:

MTAPI 650. Section6.2.3
PT: API 650, Section 6.2.3
RT: ASNT l-cvel Il or UI
Tracer Gas: None
UT: ASNT Lcvcl II or III. A l-cvel I may bc used with restrictions---seeAPI 650, Section 6.3.3.
VB: None
\4E: Nonc

ProccdureRequiremenG:
MT: ASME Secrion V. Anicle 7
PI: ASir{E Secrion Y Anicle 6
RT. A proccdure is not required. Hou,ever,tie examination method must comply rvifi ASME Secdon V
,)-
Anicle Acccptance standardsshall be jn accordanoe r,r'ithASME Section VIll, Para,eraphtNt-5 I (b).
UT: ASME Section V. Anicle 5
VB: None
VE.: None
 A P P E N D I XT I ' _ T E C H NI C A L I N Q U I R YR E S P O N S E S

650 requlemen6- A more exlensrrc l-rsr:-n-g

Follo*'ilg are s€lecred resporses ro reques for hrerpreration API Srandard "standards"
oi
cal be fognd on tre Apl webs'te ar bnp://api-ep.api-ory under the section- Acidrrional informarion on
i_nrerpretations
rechnical i.nquiries can be found in Appendix D-

S E C T I O N1 . 1 SCOPE

65GI-03/00
Questionj: Regardingthe use of Sl udrr doesAPI 650 allo*'eir.ber of rbe foJ.lou'ir:g?
(l) Use of SI unis rbougbour tbe designprocess.
p) Use rhe original U.S. Gnsomary units l'r'ith a hard conversionto SI units as a fual srepto the design process.
Reply l: Yeq both are allowed-

Question2: When SI unirs are use4 doesAPI 650 require difierent dimension:l details comparedto prwious API 650 Fdr-
tions or USC uait details now specified in tbe l Otb Edition?
\
g Reply 2: The comlrriree currently hz< aDagendaitemto sudy this question.Any ch2ngesresulti-ngfrorr, this agendaiem
will appear in a finue addesdrm or edition to API 650.
Question3: Wben SI units are used, does API 650 require malerial thiclmess, marerial gropenies, coltrguratioog etc. based
solely on rhe SI units for a perdcular u*?
Reply3: The comminee cuuently bas an agendaitesr to sudy this guestion.Aly changesre*rltilg fiom tbjs agelda ilem
will appear ia a fi.rnrreaddead:o or edition to API 650.

Question4: Does the wordhg of rhe Fa,eword to API 650 require a separalecheck of tbe USC resu.la rvben SI unit arc spec-
itred and affer making zuch a cleck usilg $e USC results if more resrictive?
Reply 4: No.

S E C T I O N2 . 2 PLATES

65GI-09/01

Questio:l: For plate material certified iry rhe manuftdur€r to rneet more than one speci-ficatior, such as A 5l 6 Grade 60 and
A 516 Grade 70, r*ticb specifcation should be u-sedwhen applying the rules in Table 2-3, Figure 2-1, and Sec-
tion 2 ,.9 of API 650?
=._-J Reply: Dual cenitrcation ofmateriel is aot addressedi!API 650, exceptia Appendix S.
I
6slt- i i/01
Question: Does API 650 require tlar rbe material i-nrle bonom sbell courseand the annslavpiate be the saneematerial
specificarion?
Reply: API 650, Section22.9.1, reguiresbonom plaresrveldedto the shel Io comply wit-hFigure 2-1, but doesrot
and anaularplare rc be tbe samemarrial specificarion.
requirc the bonom sbell cor.:ss€

S E C T I O N2 . 5 P I P I N GA N D F O R G I N G S

65GI-l5100
Quesrion:I pipe be usedfor Dozles
For nozles madefiom pipe rnarerials,doesAPI 650, Seqion 2.5.2requi,rethat sea,'nless
in shellsmadefrom Group I, II, ilI, or IIIA mareriqlS?
R e p l yl : Yes,unlessASTI\'{A 67 I p=e is used.
l F I

i b y i h e A h e r i c a n P e t r o l e u mI n s t i l u t e
6 1 0 : 3 9 : 0 92 0 0 2
 I t - !
API SrA^TDAFD650

r-j I prccluderbe use of elecric-reisranceweldodpioe meetingASTIV{A ii, or elec-

euesrion:2: Do6 ApI 650, Secrion-
IVA V' or VI marerials,bur a.llow
ric-u,elded oipe m*ring.{PI 5L, ior nozles in shellsmade fron Group IY
use of elecfic-fusion.u,etded pipe rnzles made fronr .ASTN.{A 57 l?

RePIYr: Ye*

SECTION 3.5 ANNULAR BOTTOM PLATES

55GI-49/00
the
euescion: If a izdl basm slopesdo$award to*and tbe ceorcr of Ihe tal-\ are tbe anDularplates required to lap over
bonom plaes?
Repty: This is not coveredby API 650-

S E C T T O N3 . 7 SHELL OPENINGS
'. ' ,'':
:::,
65Gi-33/99
\
,t euesrion: Referring to API 650, Se*ion 3.7-4, must al-tflush-rype cleanouts aad flusFrype sheli connectioDs be stress-
relieved regardless of the mrterial used, the nozz-lediarneter, or tbe thicloess of rbe shell i-nset plate?
Reply: Yes, see Secrioo3.73.1.

65GI-53/99

euestion l: Per Secrio! 3 -7.42 for shell openfogsovsr NPS i2, if iDsenplaes are not usd to retforce the shell openi-Dg,is
the shell rhicloess a factor in deter,-ining if PWHT of the assemblyis required?
Reply l: Yes.'

Quesrion2: RegardingSecri oD3-7-4|is suess'relieviagmandatoryfor the prefabricaredassmbly when the thiclcnessof the
thickened iasert plare ercceedsI in- irespective of rhe shell opening size?
Reply 2: No. The r-eguiremeotappliesonly to NPS 12 or latgei coilnecdons-

65Gr-01/00

Quesrion: nozlea as describedthereil, after installatioo in the sbeil,

Does API 650, Sefiion 3-7-43, allcnv suess-reLieving
r.rsinglocally appliedheaters?

Reoly: No. The be:arueament must be pcrronned prior to i-nstallarionin ihe tal-k.
)
5 r G I -1 8 / 0 0

Q-restionl: to be in5irllsclnon-radially?
Reiereoci-lgFigure3-11, doesAPI 650 coverfl'-rshsbell connections
R:pty l: No.

Quesrion2: tban 8 in. co','eredin API 650?

ReierenclagFigrue3-12,are flusFrJpe sheUconnectioassrnaLler
R : o l y2 : No.

65GI-j.+/00

Question:DoesAPISi0,Section3'1'4'2reqr:ire*ress-relie'-ingformatedalsi.nooeningconnectionscomingLrnder
I, 11,111or III A, r*'henthe thickless of r]e shell is lessrian 1 ia., but the sum oiue shellplatethicknessard ule
rei-nforcs::eat plate thic!:nessexcds i i-n.for NPS l land larg:r?
Reply: No.

t b y t h e A m e r i c a nP e t r o l e u mI n s t i l s t e
0 5 10 : 3 9 : 2 62 0 0 2
 t|atsloeo Sreer- Tarq:s roq Ort SrcF/6€

65tr1_43/00
ts
maairoleassemblybe scressrelievedi f *re matenal
Quesuon: Refelri-ogro API 650, Sccdon3-?.4.2,must a prefrbricared
3)a i.,',.thick, and the openi-ngis a 24-'r' marLhole?
d-ramerer
Group II (A 13I , ot o ;;'-[ ,n"r, p,"," is

ReplY: No, becauserbe sheUis lessri:an I in- tbick'

65Ur47100
a blind fiange on a noz)e in a tan]<?
Question: Does ApI 650, Sectioo3.7 -6-l,permit maling a hot tapping connectioDon
plate i-na nerv tao-k-Refer ro API
Reply: No. Refer to API 650, Sectim 3-83, for rgle-sqa iD$alling a no-le i-na cover
653, Secrion Z-t4, fcn nrles zrvl guirlenceon hot rappingin al i*'service tarli

65GI-48/00
"necf as piping or nozle passi.Dgtbrough rbe sbell of the tanlcto the first flalge, rcgard-
Quesdon: Does ApI 650 defi:re a
another shon piece
less of rhe length ard configpa-arilu (such as a.uupumed pipe comected by an elbow and
.i pipe to tbe first flatgP) of thisPiPe?
lirnits of applicabiliry on piprng'
D-nl'r
^wyrJ. No. ApI does not defle this rnnL Alse, lgfer to Section12, s'hich delnes tbe

SECTION3.8 SHELL ATTACHMENTSANDTANKAPPURTENANCES

65GI-51/00
than the waluessho'*n i-n
Question: API 650, Section 3.83 ?, reqrires mixer manway boldng flangesto be 40% thicker
Table 3-3. Foomote U unOerf.alte 34 requires the miuimu$ manway neck thickness to be the lesser of the
flenge thickness or tbe shell alate. Is it thereforerequired thar rhe minimun Deck thickness on a nfxer m2nway
be the lesser of l40?o o;ths fiange thickness lzlue in Table 3-3 or the shell thicl:nss?
Reply: No.

65trI-53/00
Question: parricle testilg applicablefor inspeccilg permerent arcachmentsto the sbell
Referring ro API 650, is m-a.gaetic
aod ai ttmporary anachmem-:emovalareas,when the material group is of Group i (A 283, Grade C)?
Repiy: No- Se 3-8.1.2and 52-3.5,ia AddendumI to the lfth Edition of API 650'

S E C T I O N3 . 9 T O P A N D I N T E R M E D I A T E W I N DG I R D E R S
t
55GI-39/99
to nor proJect
O',-crinn | ' [s it acceptable for rhe prin=-w (uppet) bonorn, of an API 6i0 Appendix I double-bomom tarLk
tbrougb tile shell arrd to be a=3cbed oniy to the hside oithe sheLi?
tce of dre outer
Replyl: No. Api 6 j0, Secrioo 3.4.2 iequires rhe bonom plare project ar leasi 25 mm ( I Ll) ouside the
shelt-ro-bonom rveld- Secrion
j-5.2 requires the arnular plale project ar least 50 nrm (2 in-) outside rhe shell' Fur-
rhmne Section i I ; 7 res:ires the bonom be welded to the shetl on both sides oFthe sbeLt.Tbe only *'ay this
can be accomplished is wirh a shell projection- Figure i-4 ii.luso-atesan acceptabb dcuble-'oonom insial-lation'
"opdonal"?
C} '-sinn ?' Wbat is ihe flrnccioo of asob'\-imprepared boaid .rrinen as
and
R e p l y2 : The fi.ncrion of rhe a.-phah-urpregnated board is to minirnize *ater infiltrzrion u,aderneatj *re tan-il bocom
corrosioD of the ponion of r:e raok bonom i-ndirect conlact wiib rhe concreie rlcarall-

\\'hat is rhe expecred eifeci ctr radl annula::pla'es if fie a'-pba1t-impregnared

bold is nor insis!!3d?
Que*ion 3:
R e p l y3 : See repiy' to Question I.

- b y t h e A m e r i c a nP e t r o l e u mI n s t i t u t 3
2002
1510:39.44
 API STHDARo 650

S E C T I O N3 . 1 0 R O O F S

65G-i-5i/99
drictsresstirat tales into
Questionl: In ApI 650, Secdon3-10.5, is tbe calculared minimum rhicknessrhe acual required
accouDtthe spa-nof unstiffeoed coae Dlates with a toral load of 45 lbf/ft??

Repty I: yes, it is rhe midmum requiredtbicknesq exclu-siveof corrosionallowaace,for rbe tadl diametera-ndroof slope
lirnis rhe ta-okdiameter
under considerarion-It sbould be noted tbat r-hemaximrm allorrable roof plale rhickness
as a funcdon of tbe roof sloPe-
Question2: How is the minimum-thickness used?
applicadon
Reply2: ApI doesDoracr as a coDsultanron specific engineeriagproblernsor on rle generalurldfistaDdingor
in r€ard ro rechnical iaqujries are limired sricrty to interpreEtions of the staD-
of its staldards AII's activities
dard and to rhe considerarionof rc\"isioDsro tbe preseat snndard based on new data or tecblology.

6)&r-52/99
. ',;uesdon: Is gzelriingofrkmainroof uppon Dexnbsrsto &e roofplues allowed by rhe sa-ndard?
Repty: No, seeApi 650, Section 3.102j tbar sratesthat roof plaresof supportedconerocft shall not be anac\ed to the
supportingmemb€xs.

S E C T I O N5 . 2 DETAILS OFWELDING

65GI-11/00
eleqrcdes when maki.ng maDuzl horizontal
Quesdon1: Do€s API 650 Sectioo 5.21.10 requke the use of loq' hydrogen
rvelds berweeqrwo sbell plareswhen both plates are in Grorps I-I-tr, ole plate is greaterthan 12.5 mm (0-5 in.)
thick and the oiher plate is 12.5 rnrn (05 in-) tlick or less?
Reply l: Yes.
t h lc$nn /' Does API 650 Secdm 52.1-10 require the use of low hydrogen electrocis w'henmaki.ngmanual \\elds berween
the shell and bonom plates when bcth plates are ia Groups I-III, the shell plate is greaterthan 12-5mm (0-5 in.)
thick and rhe talk bouom plate is 12J mm (05 in.) thick or less?
Reply2: Yes-
a}reciinn i' Does API 650 Secdon5 t.l.l0 rcquire lorv hydrogenelectrodes*'hen rm-\i::g.*elG betweeawve ennulil-pl31s5
rbat are 12.5m- thick or less and are made of material i.nGroups i-Itr.
.eply3: No. This questionwiU be referred ro tbe appropriateSubco;nnLineeto coairm dis is the desiredrequirement.

650-i-28/00
{-}nesrinn 1' Referringro API 650, Secrion5-2-2-1,is the tadl maluhcrurer allorvedio serrbe sequenceeilvslrling the floor
olate.q,if rhe siquence has been found by rie manufacnrer ro yield tie l:ast disronion fiom shri,nkage?
p-nI,, 1. Yes,seeSecdsn5.2-2.1.
Question ?: I-iboaomDl?!. searrLs are left ogen ior shri-nl:age, cofllerr.v:[dbe pracricallycom-
tben must lhe sbell-co-boiTorn
compeosalion?
olete priofio ma-ting the *elds left cpen for shri-n-kage
Reply2: Yes, seeSecrioa5.2-2.2-

A,N D R E P A I R S
S E C T I O N5 . 3 I N S P E C T I N G , T E S T I N G

6 ) 0 - l -I 6 / 0 0
Qlesrion: Regardingthe hydroresringof a rad< to be Linedirremal], CoesAPI 650 requue the tan-klo be fill3d rvith rvater
before and a-fteirheLiningis insralled,or only beforethe tinilg is installed or only afterthe lining is installed?

r y t h e A m e r i c a nP e t r o l e u ml n s t i l u t e
5 10 : 3 9 : 5 62 0 0 2
 Tt-5
WgrDF*D gresr Te.r.+csFoR OtL SICR^6E

rn API
ad.ice on issuesrhataic noi address-;d
cons,-r.i.irg
Reply: ApI 650 doesnot cover tiris issue-ApI does nor provicie
o)u.

65GI-2i/00
5'3'6 for a
rhe hydrostatic (*zier) resrspecifiedin Section
Quesdonl: Does ApI 650 require any addidonal resn-,g bcyond
tbaD 1?
tank desigDedfor product with specific gavity greater
more srin-
Appendlx F talks The purchasernny require
Reply l: No. SecriouF.7.6proudes addidonal requiremeDtsfor
geil tesdlg as a supPlementalrequiremeor
rbe tan-k-30nr. beight of sbelt-I8'4 4 Tglotosphericd'
f\'o.'tian
\<svJqv!
?
- .' Given rhe followiig couditions:Domilal diamererof jcu-lation for test condition be executed
specific g..avityof cooent-l.3! top gauge PrGsItil. Can tbe design
onAPI550aldAppendixF(desi.gnplesslreonbo$omlevel233CPAoimore)?
problems or on rhe generalunderstardingand applica-
Reply2: ApI does not provide consultiag on specifc eogineeri-ng
-{PI 650 requirements' Pleas,e-referto Appendlr D
don of its staDdards.rA/ecan only provide interpretariois of
mea-oilg of a P-quiremeot i! API 650'
and re$ate your inquiry so thu iiposes a questioo on the

65GI-33/00
$ Quesdon: Does API 650, Sectioa 53.6, prohibit srzrtiag the
qarer frlling for bydroscatictesd-ngwhile completing some
q,elded anaclunentsoD the last sbell ring above the'*arer lev'el?

Reply No.

65LI-i2/0l
be checkedafier the consmtcrioD
Question 1: Doqs API 650 require that tolerances (ph:mbnesVpeaking bendingilounfuess)
of each shell course,rarher rhaDafter the completion of the erdre shell?

Theseolerances musr be meas.Eedby the purcbaser'si,Dspector at anydmeprior Io the hydro*atic tesl SeeSec-
Repiy l:
tions 42J, 53.12, ard 5.5.6.
be made?
Question2: If repain are required to meet rb3 sp€ciied tolerances, when must the repairs
Repiy 2: ApI 650 doesnot ad&Ess$g dning of theserepai:s.

S E C T I O N5 . 4 R E P A I R ST O W E L D S

650-l-4V99
by visua-l exani-nalion and determi-ned
\ Quesdonl: If welds in a noo-radiographed tank (e-g-, per Appendix A) are examined
exai'rhadon of rbe welds?
to be defective, do€s API 650 p<-mit the purchaser to then rcquire raciiog:aphic
'{l
'd

plan io iesolve the problem' The ramifications

R e p l y1 : Sefiion 5.4.1 requirs that the -Du-rchaseis i:rspecror approve the
dle rvelds in ihis case, become a
of a-ayupgrade ro rhe NDE pro,edure originalty required" such as r:ciiog-phing
conEacREl mafter.
\\'hri acc3piaic: criteria appLies?
Quesdon2: For pu.rchaser-sp€cixedNDE, r-irequired to solve a visual onding,

R e P L2Y: This is a contracrual roatter not covered by APi 650'

S E C T I O N5 . 5 DIMENSIONAL TOLERAN CES

6iGI-24/00
io tne tad< shell' Are rhere any
Quesdon: API 650 gives toler:aces for Dlumbnessand roundress, but these 'aie;elared
)
-
definedtolerancesol the ta-nk;oof, sucb as on i.l]r-Em sPac3 clmeislJil
RePII': No.

i r t b y t h e A m e r i c a nP e t r o l e u ml n s t i l u t e
I 0 5 1 0 : 4 0 : 0 72 0 0 2
 T r6 API Sreruoeno 650

6iGr-29/00
r\,,-.tin^.
YuuJtIUU.
Doesrhe phrasei-nSectioo5.5.52a of API 650,'lie rop of rhering wall sba-llbe levelu"irhin+/- 3mm ('/s in.) Ln
any 9 m (30 ft) of the circurnference",meanthat the riog *all upper plarc posidon is ro be ber*'eent*'o honzor)-
tal planes 6 mm apart or 3 mm apa:i?
Reply: 6 mm apan.

650-t-40/00
Quescion: For taaks built to API 650 2a6 somplying with Secdon 5.5 dimensioDaltolerancesand subsequeDdycommis-
sioned,do the minimurn reguiremeDisof API 650 witb respectto plurnbn-s, bandi-ng,etc.,sriU apply after a tank
has beeaplaced i-nsewice?
Reply: No. API 650 coversrhe desip and colstrucrion of DewEDlis. Any toleraacenrles that migbt apply afier the talk
haqlsgn pl2gedin service,rypicalty API 653 plus any $DplexneDtalo\\Ter IequiremeDc,areto be deternined by
the local jurisdictioo and the tank oeruer.SeeAPI 653, 1-l-1, Section E, and 10.5.2,for fi.rnherinforrnadon and
for some examples.
j.
.h r ^-rn'
u-)tFr.-U //U I
x
* (2uestron l: API 650, Section 5-5-1,statesthar rbe tolerancesas specitredmay be waived by (agreementberweeorhe pur-
v
chaser a-odthe maaufacnrrer). If a tank does not me€t the specifed tolerance with regards to one specifc area
such as the roundnessbur h:q met the toleralce in relarioa to plumbnessand tocal deviation as well as all the test-
ing requiremenB su.il as radiograplry and hydrotesting, can tle malufacrurer insist dat the pr.rrcbasr accept the
tank?
Repty l: No. Agremenr by bot! pardes is required
Question2: Si.nceSecrion5-5.1 *ates that the p:rpose of the tolerancesas speciied is for appearanceand to perrnit proper
fuactioning of floating roofs, is it tbereforecorrect to conciudetbat the pructraserhar no rigbt to refilse ro accept
a ulk which haspassd all testsreguired by API 650 but nay bave some out-of-toleranceil one or'more areas?
Reply 2: No.
.-
(2uesnonr: A-n inspection measureraentsho\*rsa nutximum out of roundoess of 28 mm on rbe uppermost she[ course at
three locarions il a ta*. Is this detrimental to rhe stuco:ral iategriry of rhe taak?
Reply3: API cal only provideinterpretatio"s.ofAPI 650 rcquirementsor considerrevisioos ro the standardbasedoo new
daa or ecb-nology.API does not tr;$dde consultilg on specific engr-n*rilg proble-ns or on the genera-lunder-
standingof ia staldards.

!r-08/01
C}t r-s ri nn' Doesthe 1OthEdition of API 650 sp€qfy toleraacesfor the eleration a-odorien'.ationof shell nozzles?
),
? Reply: No.

S E C T I O N6 M E T H O D SO F I N S P E C T I N GJ O I N T S

55UI,1t/99
Quesriol: DoesAPI 650 allow the purchaserro require radiographicexami-nationa-se requirementior acceptanceaiter fal>
ricacionoo a tank thai is not required.tobe radiographedper API 650 n:les?
. :
Reply: APi 650 doesnot prohibit the purchaserfrom specirli-ngaddiiiond iequirern:nts.Tbesea.reconu-acrual issues
outsiderhe scopeof the documenr.,
R e p t y2 : This ii a conracnralmanerDot coveredbv API 650.

t by the American Petroleum Instj-tr-rte

05 l0:.{0:302002
 W'aLED STeEL TA'4cs FoR O( Src'RAcE

S E C T I O N8 . 1 NAMEPLATES

65GI-49/00 'Nove:nber t 99S" in the

of API 650, is ir accepiable io merk
Quesrion: For a rzak built ro rbe lorh Edicioo, lst Addenciurrl
"Revisioo Nol' bot on rhe nameplate?
Editioa box and 1C' il tbe
.:monrh and yeai' of rbe Edidon i-orhe first box. and tie nurnbs of rhe addeodum
RePIY: No. The marks sbould be rbe
revision in the second box (e-g-' 0' i' 2)'

A P P E N D I XE S E I S M T CD E S I G N O F S T O R A G E T A N K S

65GI'14l99
the 1997Unifonn Building Code afrbct API
Quesion l: Do rhe changesto Chapter16,Dirision IV Eanhqua\e Design,of
650, Appendix E requirernents?
as a result of the revisioDs to rhe Uniform Build-
Da^ta, l. The cwrminee is cureDtly considering-cbangpsto Appendix E
650'
':..-'' ing Code. Approved changes*'r1l appear in fun:re addendaof API
Appendix E sligbdy difFereot for that
1:.:.:

1-)''ecinr
vsvgqve
?'
-. Why is rhe Sei<mic Zone lv{ap of tbe United Stares sho'*:n i! A-PI 650,
sUo*:o on page 2-37 ofthe 199YUnifonn Burlding Code' Figrue 1G2?
the revisions tc the uniform Builc-
r\vP^J !. The comrnittee is curently coDsiderilg shangesto Appendix E as a result of
ingCode.Approvedcbangesxrl'lappearinafuilIeaddendumoleditiooofAPl650.

6strr-45/99
Is the value obtabed from tbe e{retisa i-uE.4 ? equal to the dimeasioo measltred radially in'*ard from the inte-
Question:
rior fzce of the shell ro rhe eDdof rhe ,r,nulr plare (tbe
"end of the aanular piate" is defi-nedhere as the inner
plate)?
edgelperimeter of the qpical l+ joint berween the bouom and the a.naular
to the end 6f $g annular plate,
panli,.
No, the dimelsion is measllredndially iaward fiom tie ilterio'face of the shell
plare on &s :nnular plate is
defined xs tbs iTjcr edge of the armularplate.The eFenr of rheoverlapof the bonom
not a sig!.i,ficantcoasiderarioo-

65G.1-25100
periodof rhefirstslchi'ng modei-aSecdonEi '3'2 read:
euescionl: Shouldthemeu-icformulafqr calculacirgthenanrral

orrf I )
. ,'^r u
t : R /to5ti/

Repiy1: Yes.This conecdonwill apper ir Addendum 2 of API 6i0'

th: shellLr SecdonE'4'2read
plater.rndei
rhemeu-icformulafcncetcularilgtheu-idrhof rie dricker
euesrion2: Shou.ld

0 . 1 7 4 5x l T - i w r / G H ( m )

R e p l y2 : Yes.This correccionwiLl appearr-nAddendum2 of '{PI 650'

C}resion i' Is the foUo*'i-ogrevisionto SecdooE.5.1apprcpriate?
rie ran-kis
1\rben NI/[Df (rvg+ rvf] is gr3aierthan 1.57or u,b.enb/l000t (o/l2r) is gre3l3i il.L:uF. (seeE-5.3),
smrcFrally r]! .ableI'
R e p l y3 : Yes.This correcdonwill aooee;i-nAddendum2 oiAPI 650'
Or resdnn .l' revisionto SecdooE'5'3 appropriate?
is tb,efoLlowi-og
comoressivesiressi ibe suetl bil000i (bil2t), shall not exc::d ihe nr':hrum
.-fb,: ma,rimurnlongin:di-na.l
allo$eble sress,Fu,deternr-LreCby the follo*ilg formuJasfor F- $'nich ake h to account"'"

; h t b y t h a A m e r i c a nP e t r o l e u mI n s t j t u t e
r g 0 5 10 : 4 0 : 4 52 0 0 2
 4a1 561xso €50

2000'
Ilcpll't1 )t: T}t: congcg6nltr35medern Addcnc'lm I oiAPI 650,relea-=dur lr{:rch

A P P E N D I XF D E S I G N O F T A N K S F O R S M A L L I N T E R N A LP R E S S U R E S

650-r-12/00
'*'ill be gfeater than the w'eight
Question: Assume a unl is to be designedto APi 650, Appendix F-1.2,(the htemal pressure
r-Ue
sletl roof aDd framing). ln addidon' assurneanchors are ro be
of the roof plates bur tessian tbe u.eighrof
addedfor some reasoootberthaa i-arerna.l press.ue,for exenpie: seisnic, wind slidi-og,ovelTumilrgor us€f,man-
darcd- Does rhe taak bare lo be desiped ro APi 650 Section F ??
*'ild overn-rmi-og when spec-
Reptl': No, ooly SectioosF.2 tbrougb F-6 appli'. Sectioo3-11 appliesto alchors rbat resist
API's Subcommiue€ oD Pressure
ded bi rhe purchaser.Apfindlt e applies ro alcbortprovided for seismic.
\/esselsand Ta::ksis currentlyrevie*'iag API 650 ancborrequiremenc'

APPENDIX H I N T E R N A L F L O A T I N GR O O F S

'*p-I-50/99
''
quesdon l: Does ApI 650 require tbat toariog rcpf sea.lsbe ilstalleri grior ro hydrotestirg rhe ad<?
Reply 1: No.
Question2: Is a roof seal considereda major component ofde tan-k?
Reply 2: API 650 does not usethe term'baajor component".

65G.i-r 0/00
Question: Does ApI 650 provide a rr?y to obtain a fi'aogiole roof colrnecdoo on a smaUtaak describe as follows?
' Diameter:8 ft
- Heigbt l0 ft
"A": largerthan that allo*'ed by the equation in Section 3.10'
. CroL s€ctionarareaof the roof-to-shelljuuaion
fi*angible
No. The ApI Subcomminee on PressureV€sselsaad Tad<sis cu-rently rwiewing the design criteria for
Tanb with Fran-'
roofjoins.you may wish to review Publicarioa 937 Evaluation of Design Crileriafor Storage
gible RoofJoinx.

APPENDIX S AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL STORAGE TANKS

i 0-I-19/00
Par'
[\ ' e<ri on ' tn my opilion, rhe formulas given for sheli thicknesscalcularioofor stainlesssteeimaterials in Appendix S,
(CA) u'-ne wrong place.The formulas should consist of t'*'o parts, the sec-
S.3.2 iaclude the corrosionallow?rce
ond pan shoutd be the CA without the dir"isionby Sox E .
Reply: yes, you are correct.This rypographica-lerror sas colrened in Addendu:n i o API 650, 1OthEdidon'

rt by the American Petroleum lnstittrte

t 05 10:41:021002
 I N L t E UO F R A D I O G R A P H Y
A P P E N D I XU - U L T R A S O N I CE X A M I N A T I O N

U-1 General of text and/or and

U - 2 - 10 d o c u m e n t i n q : P r e D a r a r i o n
figures.
U.1.1 PURPOSE
This appendix provides detailed rules for the use of the U.3 Technique
ultrasonic examinadon (Lff) method for rhe examination of
tank seamsas permined by section5.3-2.1.This alrernativeis U.3.i The ulu-asoniccxamination volume shall include the
'*,eld menl, plus rhe lesser of 25mm (l in.) or t of adjoining
limited to joina where the thicknessof the rhinner of the trvo
membersjoined is -ereaterthan or equalto lOmm (i/s in.). base nretal on each side of the *,eld unless otherwise aEreed
upon by the purchaser and the manufacturer.
U..1.2 APPLICATION AND EXTENT U.3.2 Ultrasonic examination for the detection of flaws
I The provisionsof section 6.1 governing shall be performed using automated, computer-based data
acquisition except rJrat scanning of adjacent base meral for
a- w,hen adjacent plates may be regarded as the same
flaws that can interfere with the examination may be per-
thickness,
formed manually. Ulrasonic examination for sizing of flaws
b. application(6.1.I), and
shall be performed as described in U.6.3.1
c. number and locations(6.1-2)
U-3.3 A documenred examination strategy or scan plan
shall apply to this uiu-asonicmethod. When these sections
shall be provided showing transducer placement, movement,
ret'er to radiography, for purposesof rhis appendix, rhey shall
and component coverage that provides a standardized and
be read as appliedto ulu-asonicexamination-
repeatable methodology for weld acceptance. The scan plan
shall alsq include ultrasonic beam angle to be used, beam
U.2 Definitions directions with respect to weld centerline, and tank material
U-2.1 reflector: An interfaceat which an ultrasonic beam volume examined for each weld. The documentation shall be
encountersa change in aco'.rstic-ihpedance
and at which at made available to the Owner upon requesl
leastpart of rhe energr is reflected.
U.3.4 Data from the examination volume, per U.3-1, shall
lJ.2.2 indication: That which marks or denoresrhe ores-
be recorded and/or documented as follows:
enceofa reflector.
a. for automated computer-based scans, data shall be
U-2-3 flaw: A reflecrorrhat is not geometricor metallurgi-
recorded using rhe same system essential variables, specified
cal in origin ttrat may be detectableby nondesrucrivetesring
value or range of ralues, used for the demonstration of the
5ut is not necessarilyrejectable.
procedure per U.4.3 belorv.
U-2.4 investigation: Acrivitiesrequiredro determinetie b. for manual scans, results shall be documented in a written
interpretation
of an indication(seeU.6.1 andU.6.2) report.
U-2.5 interpretation: The dererminarionof rvhetheran
U.3.5 The ultrasoruc examination shall be performed in
indication is relevanror nonrelevant(i.e., u.hetherit origi-
accordance u'ith a rvrinen procedure w'hich has been reviewed
nat:s from a geomcric or metallurgicalfeanrreor conversely
and approved by the purchaser and conforms to the require-
originatesfront a flarv) (seeU.6.2).
menls of Section V Anicle 4 of the .{S.LfE code, except that:
U.2.6 evaluation: All activitiesrequiredin U.6-3 through
a. the calibradon block shown in Fig. T-112.2.1 of Section V,
U.6.6 to determinerhe acceprabliry
of a fla*'-
Anicle 5 shalt be us:d, and
U.2.7 flaw categorization: Whethera farv is a surface
b. for examination rechniques that provide plare quality
flarvor is a subsurfaceflarv (SeeU.6.4).Norethat a flaw need
information (e.g., TOFD), the initial base material sraight-
not be surfacebrealJng to be caregorizedas a surfaceflaw.
beam examinarion n:ed not be performed.
U-2-a f law characterization: The processof quantifying
U.3.6 The examinarion mettrodolo_ly(including paragraph
the size, locarionand shapeof a flarv.SeeU.6.3 for size and
-0-6.6) shall be demonsrraredto be efective over rhe tull rveld
location. The only shape characterizationrequired by this
volume. It is recogniz:d that time of flight diffraction CI-OFD)
appendix is applied ro rhe resultsof supplemenralsurface
may have limiations in detection of fla*,s at the surface such
examinationby MT or PT (seeU.6.6.2).
that it may be necessary to supplement TOF-D with pulse-echo
U.2.9 recording: The writing of ultrasonicdata onro an techniques suirable for the detection of near-field and far-field
appropriateelecrronicmedium- flaws. The variery of surface and sutssurface categor)' flaws in
 API Sraruonno e5O

the test plate mandatedb1' U.4.3-aare intendedto cnsure tlat U.6 Inter pr etationand Evalua ti on
any such Iimitationsare adequately'addressed.
U-6-1 Investigation Criteria-Reflectors that prooucea
responsegreater than 20c/oof the reference level shall be
U-4 Personnel Qualifications andTraining invesdgared.Altematively, for nrethodsor techniquesthat do
U-4-1 Personnel Qualifications-pgrssnnel perfornr- not use amplitude recording levels,sized reflectorslonger
ing and evaluatingL-ITexaminationsshall be qualified and than 407o of the accepable surface or subsurfaceflaws in
cerdfied in accordancewith their employer'swrinen pracrice. Thble U-l shall be investigated.The investigationshall inter-
ASNT SNT:TC-I.A or CP-l89 shall be used as a _guideline. pret rvhetherthe indication originatesfrom a ffaw or is a geo-
Only Level II or Itr personnel shalt perform UT examina- meric indication in accordancewith U.6.? belorv.When the
tions, analyzethe data,or interpretrhe resuls. reflectoris determinedto be a flaw. the flaw shall be evaluated
and accepuncecriteria of Table U- I as applicableshall apply.
U.4-2 Qualification Records-Quafification records of
U-6-2 Interpretation as Geometric/I\rletallurgical-
cenified personnelshall be approved by the manufacturerand
Ulu-asonicindications of geomeuic and metallurgical origin
i.; :i:rtainedby their employer.
shalt be interpretedas follows:
U.4-3 Personnel Testing-Personnel who acquire and
U.6-2.'l Indications that are determinedto originate from
analyze UT data shall be trained using the equipmenrof U.3 ?,
the surface configuradons (such as weld reinforcement or
and the procedureof U35 above.Additionally, they sha-llpass
root geometry) or variarions in metallurgical strucrure of
a practical examination based on the technique on a blind test
materialsmay be interpretedas geometricindications,and
plate. The testing prognrn details shall be by aereement
bets,'eenthe purchaserand the inspection company but shall h a- Need not be sized or categorizedin accordancewirh U.6.3
any caseinclude the following elementsas a minimtrm: and U.6.4 below:
b. Need not be campared ro the allowable flaw acceprance
a. The testplare shall contain a variery of surfaceaod suFsur-
crrtenaOt .tableU- I:
face category flaws including multiple flaws described in
c. The maximum indication amplitude (if applicable) and
section U.6.5. Some of the flaws shall.beacceptableand others
locadon shall be documented,for example: intemal attach-
unacceptableper rhe applicable criteria of Table U- l -
ments,ZOOVoDACmaximum amplitude, I in. aboverhe weld
b. The practical examination should cover detecdon, inter- centerline,on the inside surflace,from 90 to 95 deg.
preration, sizing, ploning, categorization,gror'5.ing,and
characterizationthat is sufficient to cover r}Iecasesoutlined U-6-2.2 The followins srepsshall be raken ro classify an
in U-6. indicationas geomer.ic:
c. Criteria for passine rhe test shall include limirs on rhe a- Interpret the area connining the indication in accordance
-"mber of miscalls borh of rejectable flaws missed u'ith the applicableexaminationprocedure;
or
ipted and acceptableregions rejected. b. Plot and verify the indication'scoordinates,provide a
d. Testing shall be facilirated by a third-parry or by the cross-sectionaldisplay showing the indication's posirion and
purchaser. any surfacecondirionssuch as root or counterbore:and
c. Revie,,r,fabricadonor',veldprepdrawings.
U.5 Level lll Review U.6.2.3 Altemarively,other NDE methods or rechniques
U.5.1 The final data package shall be reviewed by a UT may be appliedto inrerpreran indicarionas geomeu-ic(e.g.,
Le,.'el [I individual qualified in accordance with U.-1.1 and alternativeUT beam angles,radiography,ID and,/orOD pro-
U.4.3 above.The revierv shall include: filinS).

a. The ultrasonic data record. U.6.3 FLAW SIZING

b. Da:a interprerations.
U.6.3.1 Flarvsshall be sized using auromared,computer-
c. Evaluations of indications performed by another qualified
bas,.ddataacquisirionor by a supplemental
manualrechnique
Level II or III individual. The dara review may be p'erformed
that has beendemonsrrated to performacceptablyper U.4.3
by another indii'idual from the same orqanization.
abo+'e.
U.5.2 Alternarively,rhe review may be achievedb;' arrane- U.6.3.2 The dimensionsof the flaw shall be definedby the
ing for a data acquisitionand inirial interprerarionby a Ler,el recungle that fulty contains the area of the flaw- The lengrh
tr individual qualified in accordancewirh. U.4.1 znd U.4.3 (l) of the flaw shall be drawn parallel to the inside pressure-
above, and a final irterpreution and evaluationshelJbe per- retaining surfaceof rhe component.The height (h) of the fla"v
formed by a Level Itr indir"idualqualified per U.5.1- shall be dra""'nnormal to the insidepressureretaining surface.
 W:LDEDSrEel TervxsFoROrLStoaao: I r-1

U.6.4 FLAWCATEGORIZATION U.6.6 FLAW ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

If rhe spacebetween tlre surfaceand dre flas' in tlre thru- U.6.6-1 Acceptance Criteria Tables-Flau' dinren-
thicknessdirecrion is less than one-half dre measuredheight sions resuking after the applicarionof the rules of U.6.3,
ofthe flarv,then the flar+'shallbe categorizedas a surfaceflau' U.6.4 and U-6-5 shall be evaluatedfor acceptanceusing the
with flarv height extendingto the surfaceof the material. criteria of Table U- 1.
U-6-6.2 Surface Examination-A supplementalsurface
U.6.5 GROUPING OF MULTIPLE FLA,WS
examination (trff or PT) shall be performed in accordance
U.5.5.1 ,Discontinuousffaws that are orientedprimarily in with sections 62 or 6.4 as applicable for all surface flaws.
parallel planes shall be consideredto lie h a single plane if Any fla*'s u,hich are detectedby MT or PT and characterized
the disrance bec,*.eenthe adjacent planes is equal to or iess as planar are unacceptableregardlessof lengrh.
than l/u in.
U-6.5.2 If the space between two flaws aligned along the
U.7 Repairs
':,.axi5 of weld is less rhan two times the length of dre longer of All repairedareas,plus rl-relesserof 5mm (l in.) or r of
t;jr the t*o, the two flaws sha-llbe considereda singular flarv. the adjoining weld on each side of the repair, shall be rein-
spectedper this Appendix.
U.6.5.3 If the space between two flaws aligned in the thnt-
thickness direction is less than two times the height of the
larger of the two, the two flaws shall be considercda singular
U.8 Flaw Documentation
flaw. In addition to the data record prescribedby U.3.4, wrinen
documentationshall be producedfor each unacceptableflaw
and those acceptable flaw's rhat either exceed SOVoof refer-
ence level for amplitude basedtechniquesor exceed15Voof
the acceprablelength for non-amplinrdetechniques. c
Table U-1-Flaw Acceptanc€Criteria{or UT lndicationsMay Be Used for All Materials
Acceptable Flarv lrngrhs{l) mm (in)
L . , - .
For Surfae Flarvoxith HeiSht, ft) For SubsurfaceFlaw wirh Height, (h) mm (in.)
Thickrressat Weld (t) a mm (in.) mm (in.)
2 (0.08) 2.5(0.10) 3 (0.12) 2 (0.08) 3 ( 0 . 1 2 )| . 1 ( 0 . 1 6 ) 5 (0.2) 6 (0.2-1)
l0 (0.375)to <13 (0J0) 8 A 1,1
Not Not
(0.30) (0.30) (0_15) (0.55) In ,n) (0.15) allowed a.llowed
t3 (0.50)ro < l9 (O-75) 8 A
38 E 5 3
(0.30) (0.30) (0.rs) ( I .50) (0.30) (0.20) (0. l5) (0.10)
l 9 ( 0 . 7 5 )t o < 2 5 ( 1 . 0 ) a A
15 8 6 5
(0.30) (0.30) (0.l5) (3.00) (0.50) (0.30) (0.25) (0.20)
2 i ( 1 . 0 )t o < 3 2 ( l - 5 ) 9 /1
100 20 9 6
(0.35) (0.30) (0.l5) (4.00) (0.80) (0.35) (0 30) (0.25)
3 2 ( 1 . 2 5 )t o < 3 8 ( l - 5 0 ) 9 '1
125 30 10 6 8
(0 i5) (0.30) (o.r5) (5.00) (r.20) (0..10) (0.30) (0.30)
3 8 ( 1 . 5 0 )t o < 4 4 ( 1 . 7 5 ) 9 8 150 38 l0 9 I
(0 35) (0.30) (0.15) (6.0o) (1.50) (0.40) (0_i5) (0.30)
a. t = th.ickness of r}te weld e.rcluding any allow,able reinforcemenl For a butt weld joining members hat-ing differe nr rhickness at the rveld, t is
rhe thinner of the nvo.
b. Any surface flas', to trc d*med acceptable, must sadsfy both the siz: limitations of rhis nble and addirionrlly sarisfy the \,IT,PT characteriza-
tion Iimiutions of U.6.6.2.
i.:l

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4 A-rrrerican
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Institute
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,roductNo. c650A3