BTECH IV YEAR I SEMESTER (AR20)

Name of the Course : PRINCIPLES OF CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS

Course Code : 20EC7406
Name of the Course Coordinator :

QUESTION BANK
(PREPARE QUESTION BANK TO COVER ALL THE TOPICS)

S.No QUESTIONS
1 Explain why Multiple Access Techniques are needed.
ANS Multiple Access Techniques are essential for efficiently managing communication channels in
environments where multiple users need to share the same communication medium. Here are
some key reasons why they are needed:
1. Resource Optimization: Communication channels are limited resources. Multiple
Access Techniques allow several users to share these channels simultaneously,
optimizing the use of bandwidth and minimizing wasted capacity.
2. Collision Avoidance: In environments where many users transmit data, collisions can
occur (two or more users transmitting at the same time). Multiple Access Techniques
help manage or prevent these collisions, ensuring that data is transmitted reliably.
3. Scalability: As the number of users increases, systems need to scale efficiently.
Techniques like Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) or Frequency Division
Multiple Access (FDMA) enable systems to accommodate more users without
significant degradation in performance.
4. Fairness: These techniques can ensure that all users get a fair opportunity to access the
communication channel, preventing scenarios where a few users monopolize the
bandwidth.
5. Quality of Service (QoS): Different applications may have different requirements for
bandwidth, latency, and reliability. Multiple Access Techniques can be designed to
prioritize certain types of traffic, ensuring that critical communications are delivered as
needed.
6. Cost Efficiency: By enabling multiple users to share the same communication
infrastructure, multiple access techniques reduce the need for additional physical
resources, leading to cost savings in both infrastructure and maintenance.
7. Flexibility: Different techniques can be implemented depending on the specific
requirements of the network, such as the type of data being transmitted, the number of
users, and the physical medium used.
 2 Define capacity in case of TDMA,FDMA,CDMA
ANS In the context of communication systems, capacity refers to the maximum data rate that a
channel can support under specific conditions. Here's how capacity is defined for each
multiple access technique:
1. TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
 Capacity in TDMA is determined by the number of time slots available in a given
frame and the data rate of each slot.
 The total capacity can be expressed as: C=N×R
where N is the number of users (time slots) and R is the data rate per user.
 Each user gets exclusive access to the channel during their assigned time slot,
allowing for efficient use of the channel if users are synchronized properly.
2. FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
 Capacity in FDMA is based on the number of frequency channels available and the
bandwidth allocated to each channel.
 The total capacity can be represented as: C=N×B where N is the number of frequency
channels and B is the bandwidth of each channel.
 Users transmit simultaneously on different frequency bands, which can lead to
interference if not managed carefully.
3. CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
 Capacity in CDMA relies on the spreading codes used and the signal-to-noise ratio
(SNR).
 While there's no straightforward formula like in TDMA or FDMA, a common
representation is:

where B is the bandwidth, R0 is the minimum required data rate, and SNR is the
signal-to-noise ratio.
 Multiple users can transmit simultaneously over the same frequency band by using
unique spreading codes, which allows for high capacity but requires sophisticated
power control to minimize interference.

3 Explain space division multiple access techniques.

ANS
 4 What is frequency hopping?
ANS Frequency hopping is a wireless communication technique that rapidly switches the carrier
frequency among many different frequency channels during transmission. This method helps
to minimize interference and eavesdropping, enhancing security and reliability.
Here's how it works:
1. Multiple Frequencies: The transmitter and receiver agree on a sequence of frequencies
to use.
2. Rapid Switching: The system hops from one frequency to another in a predetermined
pattern, often many times per second.
3. Resistance to Interference: Because the signal is only present on a given frequency
for a short time, it becomes more difficult for interference or jamming to affect the
communication.
4. Security: The hopping sequence can be complex, making it harder for unauthorized
listeners to predict the transmission.
 Frequency hopping is commonly used in technologies like Bluetooth, military
communications, and some forms of secure wireless networks.
5 What is the near-far problem in CDMA, and how does it impact network performance?
ANS CDMA and Near-Far Problem
The near-far problem is a serious one in CDMA. This problem arises from the fact that signals
closer to the receiver of interest are received with smaller attenuation than are signals located
further away. Therefore the strong signal from the nearby transmitter will mask the weak signal
from the remote transmitter. In TDMA and FDMA, this is not a problem since mutual
interference can be filtered. In CDMA, however, the near-far effect combined with imperfect
orthogonality between codes (e.g. due to different time sifts), leads to substantial interference.

Impact on Network Performance:

1. Reduced Capacity: The effective capacity of the network can be reduced because the
base station may struggle to reliably decode signals from far users. This can lead to a
lower number of simultaneous users that the network can support.
2. Increased Error Rates: Far users may experience higher error rates due to interference
from closer users. This can lead to retransmissions and reduced overall throughput.
3. Quality of Service (QoS): The quality of service for far users can degrade, affecting
voice quality in calls or leading to slower data rates in mobile internet services.
4. Power Control Mechanisms: To mitigate the near-far problem, CDMA systems often
implement power control mechanisms. These adjust the transmission power of users so
that signals arriving at the base station maintain a consistent level, helping to balance
the differences in signal strength.

6 Discuss about the features of TDMA.

ANS Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is a channel access method used in
telecommunications to allow multiple users to share the same frequency channel by dividing
the signal into different time slots. Here are some key features of TDMA:
 1. Time Slot Allocation: TDMA divides the available bandwidth into distinct time slots.
Each user is assigned a specific time slot during which they can transmit their data,
ensuring no overlap occurs between users.
2. Efficient Bandwidth Utilization: By allowing multiple users to share the same
frequency channel, TDMA maximizes the efficiency of the available bandwidth,
reducing wastage.
3. Fixed Frame Structure: TDMA systems typically operate in a fixed frame structure,
where each frame consists of a set number of time slots. This predictability can simplify
network management and scheduling.
4. Synchronization: TDMA requires precise synchronization among users to ensure that
each user transmits during their designated time slot. This can be achieved using timing
signals.
5. Support for Voice and Data: TDMA is versatile and can support both voice and data
transmission, making it suitable for various applications, including mobile
communications and satellite systems.
6. Reduced Interference: Since users transmit in separate time slots, there is reduced
interference compared to other methods like Frequency Division Multiple Access
(FDMA), where users share the same frequency simultaneously.
7. Scalability: TDMA systems can be scaled by adding more time slots or users, making
it adaptable to increasing demand for communication.
8. Latency: While TDMA can provide efficient access, it may introduce latency,
especially if the time slots are not optimally utilized or if the number of users increases
significantly.
9. Complexity in Implementation: Implementing TDMA requires additional hardware
for synchronization and management, which can increase the complexity of the system.
10. Dynamic Allocation: Some TDMA systems support dynamic time slot allocation,
allowing for more flexible use of the available time slots based on current traffic
conditions.

7 Discuss about the features of CDMA.

ANS Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a digital cellular technology that uses spread-
spectrum techniques to allow multiple users to share the same frequency band simultaneously.
Here are some key features of CDMA:
1. Spread Spectrum Technology: CDMA spreads the signal over a wide frequency band
using a unique spreading code for each user. This helps reduce interference and
improves security.
2. Multiple Access: It allows multiple users to transmit data over the same channel by
assigning unique codes. Each user's signal can be distinguished from others based on
these codes.
3. Improved Capacity: CDMA can support a higher number of users within the same
bandwidth compared to traditional methods like Frequency Division Multiple Access
(FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA).
4. Soft Handoffs: CDMA enables soft handoff, allowing a mobile device to connect to
multiple base stations simultaneously during a call transition, which reduces call drops.
 5. Higher Voice Quality: Due to its interference resistance and error correction
capabilities, CDMA can provide better voice quality, especially in crowded network
conditions.
6. Adaptive Power Control: CDMA employs power control techniques to adjust the
transmission power of mobile devices, minimizing interference and conserving battery
life.
7. Robustness to Interference: The spreading of the signal makes CDMA more resistant
to interference and jamming, providing a more reliable communication channel.
8. Data and Voice Integration: CDMA technology allows simultaneous transmission of
voice and data, making it suitable for modern applications requiring high-speed data
services.
9. Channelization Codes: Each user is assigned a unique code (orthogonal codes),
allowing the receiver to differentiate between different users' signals even when they
are transmitted simultaneously.
These features make CDMA a powerful and efficient technology for mobile communications,
contributing to its widespread use in various cellular networks.

8 Compare TDMA, FDMA, SDMA, CDMA.

ANS TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
 Description: Divides the channel into time slots; each user transmits in their designated
time slot.
 Pros:
o Efficient use of the channel when users have bursty traffic.
o Reduced interference between users.
 Cons:
o Time synchronization is crucial.
o Idle time slots can lead to inefficiency if not fully utilized.
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
 Description: Allocates distinct frequency bands to each user; each user transmits
simultaneously on their frequency.
 Pros:
o Simple implementation and management.
o Works well for continuous traffic.
 Cons:
o Less efficient for bursty traffic due to fixed frequency allocation.
o Requires guard bands to prevent interference, which can waste bandwidth.
SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access)
 Description: Utilizes spatial separation; users are differentiated by their physical
location (often used in conjunction with antenna technology).
 Pros:
o Maximizes capacity by exploiting spatial diversity.
o Can accommodate a high number of users.
 Cons:
o Requires advanced antenna technology and algorithms.
 o
Performance can degrade in multi-path environments.
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
 Description: Uses unique codes to allow multiple users to occupy the same frequency
band simultaneously; users are distinguished by spreading their signals with a code.
 Pros:
o Efficient use of available bandwidth.
o Provides inherent security and resistance to interference.
 Cons:
o Complex power control and synchronization needed.
o Capacity can be limited by the signal-to-noise ratio.

9 Explain Frequency Division Multiple Access techniques and mention its merits and demerit
ANS
 Merits:

1. Simplicity: Easy to implement and manage due to fixed frequency allocation.

2. Reduced Interference: Each user operates on a unique frequency, minimizing cross-
talk and interference.
3. Constant Bit Rate: Provides a consistent data rate for each user.

Demerits:

1. Inefficient Spectrum Use: Can lead to underutilization of the spectrum, especially if

users do not use their allocated bandwidth fully.
2. Limited Users: The number of users is limited by the available frequency bands.
3. Frequency Planning Required: Requires careful planning to avoid interference
between adjacent channels.

10 What are the types of multiple access techniques? Explain detail.

ANS Multiple access techniques are essential for allowing multiple users or devices to share the
same communication channel efficiently. Here are the main types of multiple access
techniques, explained in detail:
1. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Description: TDMA divides the communication channel into time slots. Each user transmits
during their assigned time slot, allowing multiple users to share the same frequency channel
without interference.
Key Features:
 Time Slots: Each user is allocated a specific time period to transmit their data.
 Synchronization: Precise timing is crucial; all users must be synchronized to avoid
overlap.
 Applications: Used in cellular networks (like GSM) and satellite communication.
Advantages:
 Efficient use of bandwidth.
 Reduces the chance of collisions.
Disadvantages:
 Delays may occur if a user has no data to send.
 Requires complex timing mechanisms.
2. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Description: FDMA allocates different frequency bands to each user. Each user can
continuously transmit within their allocated frequency range.
Key Features:
 Frequency Bands: Each user has a distinct frequency channel.
 Continuous Transmission: Users can send data at any time within their band.
Applications: Common in analog broadcasting, traditional mobile communication, and some
satellite communications.
Advantages:
 Simple implementation.
 Allows for continuous data transmission.
Disadvantages:
 Inefficient use of bandwidth, especially if users don’t fully utilize their frequency.
 Limited number of users due to fixed bandwidth allocation.
3. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Description: CDMA uses spread-spectrum technology, where each user is assigned a unique
code to encode their data. All users transmit simultaneously over the same frequency but can
be distinguished by their unique codes.
Key Features:
 Unique Codes: Each user’s data is spread across a wide frequency band using a unique
code.
 Simultaneous Transmission: Multiple users can transmit at the same time without
interference.
Applications: Widely used in modern cellular systems (like CDMA2000 and WCDMA).
Advantages:
 Efficient use of bandwidth.
 Better resistance to interference and noise.
Disadvantages:
 Complex encoding and decoding processes.
 Requires precise power control to avoid near-far problems.
4. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)
Description: OFDMA is a multi-user version of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM). It divides the frequency spectrum into many smaller sub-carriers, which can be
allocated to different users.
Key Features:
 Sub-carrier Allocation: Users can be assigned different sub-carriers, allowing for
flexible bandwidth allocation.
 Parallel Transmission: Multiple users can transmit data simultaneously over different
sub-carriers.
Applications: Used in Wi-Fi (802.11ax), LTE, and 5G networks.
Advantages:
 High spectral efficiency.
 Adaptable to varying user demands and channel conditions.
Disadvantages:
 More complex than traditional FDMA or TDMA.
 Sensitive to synchronization errors.
5. Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
Description: SDMA utilizes spatial separation to allow multiple users to share the same
frequency band. It employs techniques such as beamforming and MIMO (Multiple Input
Multiple Output) to direct signals toward specific users.
Key Features:
 Spatial Separation: Users are separated based on their geographical locations.
 Advanced Antenna Systems: Utilizes multiple antennas to improve signal
directionality.
Applications: Common in advanced wireless systems, including 4G and 5G technologies.
Advantages:
  Increased capacity without additional bandwidth.
 Effective in dense urban environments.
Disadvantages:
 Requires sophisticated technology and infrastructure.
 Performance can be affected by physical obstructions.

11 Explain Time Division Multiple Access techniques and mention its merits and demerit
ANS
 Merits:
1. Efficient Spectrum Use: Better utilization of the frequency spectrum by allowing
multiple users to share the same frequency over different time slots.
2. Scalability: Can accommodate a large number of users with fewer frequencies.
3. Flexible Bandwidth Allocation: Can adapt to varying bandwidth requirements of
users.
Demerits:
1. Synchronization Needs: Requires precise timing synchronization, which can
complicate system design.
2. Delay in Data Transmission: Users may experience delays due to waiting for their
time slots.
3. Vulnerability to Jitter: Variability in delay can impact real-time applications.

12 Discuss about Code Division Multiple Access techniques and mention its merits and demerit
ANS
Merits:
1. High Capacity: Supports a large number of users by allowing multiple transmissions
over the same frequency band simultaneously.
2. Robustness to Interference: Uses spread spectrum techniques, which enhance
resistance to interference and multipath fading.
3. Better Security: The use of unique codes for each user provides an added layer of
security.
Demerits:
1. Complexity: More complex to implement and manage due to the need for coding and
decoding.
2. Power Control Requirements: Requires careful power control to prevent strong
signals from overpowering weaker ones.
3. Near-Far Problem: Performance can degrade if some users are much closer to the
base station than others.