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Xii Ch-3 Matrices

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20 views82 pages

Xii Ch-3 Matrices

Uploaded by

pari.sriv0610
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© © All Rights Reserved
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CLASS - XII

Chapter - 3
TOPICS TO BE COVERED :
 Introduction and Recap
 Matrix
 Types of Matrices
 Operations on Matrices
 Transpose of a Matrix
 Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices
 Invertible Matrices
Order of a matrix
A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m × n or simply m × n
matrix (read as an m by n matrix).
5

Equality of matrices
Two matrices A = [a ] and B = [b ] are said to be equal if
ij ij

(i) they are of the same order


(ii) each element of A is equal to the corresponding element of
B, that is a = b for all i and j.
ij ij
Operations on Matrices

Addition of matrices
The sum of two matrices is a matrix obtained by adding the corresponding elements of the
given matrices. Furthermore, the two matrices have to be of the same order.

Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar

In general, we may define the multiplication of a matrix by a scalar as follows:


If A = [aij] m × n is a matrix and k is a scalar, then kA is another matrix which is obtained
by multiplying each element of A by the scalar k.

Negative of a matrix The negative of a matrix is denoted by –


A. We define
–A = (– 1) A.
Difference of matrices If A = [aij], B = [bij] are two matrices of
the same order,
say m × n, then difference A – B is defined as a matrix D = [dij],
where dij = aij – bij,
for all value of i and j. In other words, D = A – B = A + (–1) B,
that is sum of the matrix
A and the matrix – B.
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
The product of two matrices is another matrix
Two matrices A and B must be conformable for multiplication
to be possible
i.e. the number of columns of A must equal the number of rows
of B
Example.
A x B = C
(1x3) (3x1) (1x1)
CONDITION FOR MULTIPLICATION
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Zero matrix as the product of two non zero matrices


We know that, for real numbers a, b if ab = 0, then either a = 0 or b = 0. This
need
not be true for matrices, we will observe this through an example.
TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX
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For Transpose:
Interchange rows and columns
The dimensions of AT is the reverse of the dimensions of A

Properties of transposed matrices:

 (A+B)T = AT + BT
 (AB)T = BT AT (Reversed Law)
 (kA)T = kAT (‘k’ is some constant)
 (AT)T = A
SYMMETRIC MATRICES
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SKEW SYMMETRIC MATRICES

*NOTE* - The elements on the diagonal of a skew-


symmetric matrix are zero
NOTE:

For Transpose: Its not necessary to have a


square matrix. We can find transpose of any
matrix

For Symmetric and Skew symmetric


matrices: Its necessary to have a square matrix
If A is a square matrix of order m, and if there exists another square matrix
B of the same order m, such that AB = BA = I, then B is called the inverse
matrix of A and it is denoted by . In that case A is said to be invertible.
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