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Closed Loop Operations of Op

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47 views7 pages

Closed Loop Operations of Op

Uploaded by

muhammedasifpc30
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Closed loop operations of op-amp

The op-amp cannot operate linearly in open loop mode since


the open loop gain of an ideal op-amp is infinite.

The utility of the op-amp can be increased by operating it in


closed loop mode.

The op-amp is always used with negative feed back for


amplifying purposes.

A positive feedback is used while operating it as an


oscillator.

Negative feedback is possible by adding a resistor between


the output terminal and the inverting input terminal.

This resistor is called feedback resistor.

The gain resulting with feedback is called closed loop gain.

Due to feedback resistance, there is a reduction in gain.

The closed loop gain is much lesser than the open loop gain.
The negative feedback helps in controlling gain, which
otherwise drives the op-amp out of its linear range, even for
a small noise voltage at input terminals.

Inverting Amplifier

The circuit diagram of an op-amp in the inverting mode is


shown in figure. In this mode of operation, the non-inverting
terminal of the op-amp is grounded and input is applied to
the inverting terminal through a resistor Ri. Rf is the feedback
resistor.
Applying KCL at node A
(Vi – VA)/Ri = (VA -VO)/Rf
As the non-inverting terminal grounded, node A is
also grounded, at potential, from the concept of virtual
ground, so VA=0
Vi/ Ri = -VO / Rf
Vo/ Vi = - (Rf/ Ri) = A
Here VO /Vi is referred to as closed loop gain of the inverting
amplifier.
It is a negative quantity because this circuit reverses the sign
of the input signal , i.e., output is out of phase with input.
Gain of inverting amplifier depends on only on the ratio Rf /Ri.

Sign Changer
If Rf = Ri in an inverting amplifier, gain A=1. Sign changer is an
inverting amplifier with unity gain.

This circuit provides proper impedance matching. This circuit


can be used as an analog inverter.
Non-inverting Amplifier

In this the input signal is applied directly to the non-inverting


input terminal of the amplifier and the feedback resistor, Rf
and Ri are connected between the output terminal, the
negative input terminal and ground.
The node B is at potential Vi ,hence the potential of
point A is same as B which is Vi.
Applying KCL (0 – Vi)/ Ri = (Vi – Vo) / Rf
-VI /Rf – Vi /Ri= - V0 /Rf
Vi[ 1/Ri + 1/Rf] = -Vo /Rf
VO = Vi[Rf/Ri +1]
V0 /Vi = 1 +(Rf /Ri)
The positive sign indicates that there is no phase shift
between input and output.

Voltage Follower
The voltage follower circuit using op-amp is
shown in circuit. A circuit in which the output
voltage follows the input voltage is called voltage
follower circuit.
VA = VB = Vin
The node B is at potential Vin. Now node A is also at the same
potential as B. i.e., Vin. Now node A is connected directly to
the input. Hence we can write VO = VA. i.e., Vo = Vin. For
the circuit , voltage gain is unity. The voltage follower is an
ideal buffer between high impedance sources and low
impedance loads because of its infinite input impedance and
zero output impedance.

Virtual Ground Concept


A virtual ground is a node of a circuit that
is maintained at a steady reference potential, without being
directly connected to the reference potential. It is not real
ground.
This circuit
represents an op-amp in closed loop
configuration. The non-inverting terminal is
grounded and input is applied to the inverting
terminal. Theoretically, an ideal op-amp has infinite input
impedance and zero output
impedance. Because of infinite input impedance, there is no
current flow into either of the input terminals. As there is no
current through either of the input terminals, the current I ,
through Ri also passes through Rf . Since an ideal op-amp has
infinite open loop gain AOL ,Vi = Vo /AOL approaches to zero.
This indicates that the input is is effectively shorted and
hence it can be said that there exists a virtual ground
The term virtual ground means any point in a
circuit that has a zero voltage and draws no current.
As voltage is concerned, there is no difference between
ordinary ground and virtual ground. But for current , ordinary
ground can sink infinite current whereas virtual ground draws
no current. It is called virtual because it acts like ground as
far as voltage, but not current is concerned. For an op-amp ,
the input part appears as short for voltage and for current
purposes it appears as an open. This is why it is called virtual
gro

Virtual Ground – Opamp


Lets see how the virtual ground concept is employed in
inverting amplifier.

Virtual Ground – Inverting Amplifier using Op-amp

Using Infinite Voltage Gain

We already know that an ideal op-amp will provide infinite


voltage gain.
For real op-amps also the gain will be very high such that we
can consider it as infinite for calculation purposes.
 Gain = Vo/Vin

As gain is infinite, Vin = 0


 Vin = V2 – V1

In the above circuit V1 is connected to ground, so V1 = 0.


Thus V2 also will be at ground potential.
 V2 = 0

Virtual Ground – Inverting Amplifier using Opamp

Why we need Virtual Ground ?


Virtual Ground concept is very useful in analysis of an opamp
when negative feedback is employed. It will simply a lot of
calculations and derivations.
Equivalent Circuit – Inverting Amplifier – Virtual Ground – Opamp

Virtual Ground vs Real Ground


Virtual Ground Real Ground
Virtual Ground is a concept Real Ground is a terminal which is
that made for easy physically connected to ground or
explanation and calculation earth which acts as the reference
purposes. point for the entire circuit.
Voltage is approximately Zero Voltage is Zero
Not able to sink infinite It is an infinite current sink
current
Not electrically connected to Electrically connected to Ground
Ground

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