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Probability Intro

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2 views

Probability Intro

slides with information and examples

Uploaded by

chivav26
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROBABILITY

We assign values to our level of certainty about things, based on mathematical principals.
THE PROBABILITY SCALE
TERMINOLOGY
• Experiment: In probability theory, any action, situation or set of circumstances that leads to different
possibilities is called an experiment

• Outcome: The different ways an experiment can turn out are called the outcomes of the experiment. All
outcomes of an experiment are equally likely

• Sample Space: The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment is called the sample space.
The sample space is normally denoted by the letter S

• Event: A subset of the sample space, consisting of outcomes that satisfy a particular condition, is
called an event. An event is normally denoted by a capital letter (A, B, C etc.). If the actual outcome of
an experiment is one of the outcomes of an event E then we say that event E has taken place.
.

EXAMPLE 1:
A six sided die, with faces marked 1 - 6, is rolled

a) Write down the sample space in a set formed

b) If A is the event in which the die lands on an even number and B is the event
in which the die lands on a number greater than 4

1) Write down events A and B in set form, listing all their outcomes

2) Calculate the probabilities of events A and B.

EXAMPLE 2:
A coin is tossed twice. Each coin lands on either heads (H) or tails (T). The following events are de ned

X={The coin lands on heads twice

Y={The coin lands on tails exactly once

Z={The coin lands on heads at least once

A) Write down the sample space in set form

B) Calculate

1) P(X

2) P(Y

3) P(Z)
:

fi
:

EXAMPLE 3:
The names of seven people are placed in a hat and one name is drawn at
random from the hat. The names and genders of the 7 people are as follows.
Cindy F a) Determine the probability that the name drawn belongs to a
Lebo F male person
Lucas M
Yesheni F b) Suppose that it is known that the name drawn starts with the
Thabang M letter L
Leonard M
Amy F 1) Write down the new sample space

2) Taking this new information into account, what is the probability


that the name drawn belongs to a male person?
.

EXAMPLE 4:
A coin is tossed 100 000 times. The coin lands on heads 49 716 times. Calculate the relative
frequency of the event and determine whether it approximates the theoretical probability.
TO DO: MA PG 386 EX 1 B, C, D, F, G

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