WHAT’S INSIDE

14 NARROWBAND AND BROADBAND DISCRIMINATION

with a Spectrum Analyzer or EMI Receiver
Werner Schaefer

22 HARMONIC MEASUREMENT FOR IEC 61000-4-3

and Other Radiated Immunity Standards
Jason Smith and Pat Malloy

30 MIL-STD-464B:
A Review of the Latest Revisions to the Standard
Part 1
Ken Javor

34 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE

Part 5: Device Sensitivity and Testing
The ESD Association

40 ARE STANDARDS STILL IMPORTANT?

Even More So in the Global Economy
Fred Tenzer

4 LETTER FROM THE EDITOR

5 NEWS IN COMPLIANCE
10 THE INARTE INFORMER
42 THE FUTURE OF EMC ENGINEERING
44 BUSINESS NEWS
48 TEST EQUIPMENT MARKETPLACE
50 COMPLIANCE MARKETPLACE
50 EVENTS
December 2010 IN Compliance 3
LET TER FROM THE EDITOR

Magazine

Dear Readers, Lorie Nichols

Publisher & Editor
(978) 873-7777
[email protected]

Here we are – the December issue, the last issue of 2010. Sharon Smith
Director of Sales
I am in awe of the incredible words of support and gratitude (978) 873-7722
[email protected]
that we’ve heard from you during the year. Thank you for being
so willing to interact and tell us what you need. Your feedback Barbara Kovalchek
Media Consultant
helps us bring you a great magazine each month so please keep (978) 846-1656
[email protected]
your comments and suggestions coming. You can email me at
[email protected] Erin C. Feeney
Director of Media Services
(978) 873-7756
[email protected]
Beginning in 2011 we’ll be running a new monthly feature in
the magazine and we need your participation to start things up
and keep them going. We want to run your stories – stories of
IN Compliance Magazine
ISSN 1948-8254 (print)
how you overcame compliance engineering challenges that ISSN 1948-8262 (online)
is published by
stood in the way of your product passing the hurdles on the road
to compliance, stories of how things could have gone terribly Same Page Publishing LLC
P.O. Box 235
wrong but because of your engineering prowess, you saved the Hopedale, MA 01747
day! The more colorful the story, the more fun we’ll have with it. tel: (508) 488-6274
fax: (508) 488-6114
We’re calling this new feature “Reality Engineering.”
IN Compliance Magazine subscriptions
are free to qualified subscribers
So, let’s hear from you. You can email your stories to in North America.
[email protected] or if you prefer to Subscriptions outside North America
send a letter, the address is IN Compliance Magazine, Reality are $129 for 12 issues.
The Digital Edition is free.
Engineering Department, PO Box 235, Hopedale, MA 01747.
Please contact our circulation department
at [email protected]
And as we approach the holiday season, we wish you a peaceful,
For information about advertising
happy transition into 2011. We are so very grateful for your with IN Compliance, please contact
participation in making IN Compliance Magazine your first Sharon Smith at 978-873-7722
choice publication. [email protected]
Barbara Kovalchek at (978) 846-1656
[email protected]
Very best regards,

Copyright 2010 IN Compliance Magazine,

all rights reserved.
Contents may not be reproduced
in any form without the prior
consent of the publisher.
While every attempt is made to provide
accurate information, neither the
publisher nor the authors accept any
Lorie Nichols liability for errors or omissions.
Editor

4 IN Compliance December 2010

 NEWS IN COMPLIANCE

FCC Broadens School and Under a Second Report and Order

issued in September 2010 by the
Library Access to High-Speed Schools and libraries Commission, wireless carriers will now
Internet will now be able to be required to meet the Commission’s
wireless location accuracy requirements
As part of its effort to provide universal, use E-rate funds to in more numerous and geographically
high-speed Internet access to all
citizens, the Federal Communications connect to the Internet smaller areas. In addition, wireless
Commission (FCC) has modified the carriers will also be required to provide
provisions of its E-rate program for
in the most cost- reliability data on each 9-1-1 call they
schools and libraries. effective way possible, process, allowing 9-1-1 call centers and
emergency responders to better estimate
The Commission’s E-rate program including existing the location accuracy of each call.
(formerly known as the Schools and state, regional and
Libraries Universal Service program) The Commission’s Second Report
provides up to $2.25 billion annually local networks, as well and Order in connection with
to support telephone and Internet
connections at schools and libraries
as unused fiber optic wireless 911 services is available at
http://www.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/
across the country. However, the lines already in place. Daily_Business/2010/db1018/FCC-10-
Commission believes that high-speed 176A1.pdf.
broadband access is now essential to
meet the speed and capacity needs of
students, teachers and library patrons, FCC Proposes Fine Against
y Schools will be given the opportunity
and that the E-rate program emphasis
to share their high-speed broadband Taxi Company for Illegal
on basic broadband access must be
expanded to address that need.
Internet access with their local Transmissions
communities outside of school hours. The Federal Communications
Under the terms of a Report and Commission (FCC) has proposed a
The Commission’s Report and Order on
Order issue in September 2010, the $20,000 fine against a Florida taxi
its E-rate program modifications can be
Commission’s modifications to the operator who failed to cease operating
viewed at http://www.fcc.gov/Daily_
E-rate program include the following an unlicensed radio transmitter, despite
Releases/Daily_Business/2010/db1001/
changes: receiving multiple verbal warnings from
FCC-10-175A1.pdf.
FCC field agents.
y Schools and libraries will now be
able to use E-rate funds to connect to According to a Notice of Apparent
the Internet in the most cost-effective Commission Moves to Liability for Forfeiture issued by
way possible, including existing state, Improve Wireless 911 the Commission in September
regional and local networks, as well
as unused fiber optic lines already in
Services 2010, American Taxi Shuttle and
Limo, Inc. of Daytona Beach, FL
place. The Federal Communications
repeatedly transmitted unlicensed radio
Commission (FCC) has taken steps to
y The cap on E-rate funding will now communications on the 152.3900 MHz
improve the ability of 9-1-1 emergency
be indexed for inflation, with the frequency in late 2009. The taxi
call centers to locate callers using
additional funding coming from company owner reportedly told FCC
wireless phones.
the Universal Service Fund. This agents that the radio transmitters, along
change will allow schools to meet with the right to operate on the 152.3900
According to the Commission, nearly
the increased price tag for high-speed frequency, had been purchased from
two-thirds of emergency calls received
Internet service. The Plaza Resort & Spa for use in his
by 9-1-1 call centers originate from
y The process for educators and mobile handheld devices. But, the taxi operation. However, the owner was
librarians to apply for E-rate funds Commission’s data also indicates that unable to provide the FCC with written
will be streamlined. up to 40% of such emergency calls documentation supporting his claim, and
y A pilot program will be launched to fail to provide accurate caller location The Plaza Resort & Spa denied that any
support wireless Internet connectivity information through the Enhanced 9-1-1 agreement to transmit on their assigned
for mobile learning devices. (E9-1-1) service. frequency had been reached.

December 2010 IN Compliance 5

NEWS IN COMPLIANCE

Despite repeated verbal warnings from The Commission’s decision, including The revised list of standards can be
FCC agents that continued transmission the complete text of the revised Annex viewed at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/
on the contested frequencies was in to the RoHS Directive, can be viewed LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2
violation of FCC rules, and verbal at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/ 010:284:0001:0047:EN:PDF.
instructions to cease such transmissions, LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:251:
the taxi company continued its 0028:0034:EN:PDF. A correction to
transmissions, ultimately resulting in certain entries in the revised Annex was EU Commission Releases
the Notice of Apparent Liability for subsequently issued, and can be viewed
Forfeiture and the proposed fine. RAPEX Statistics for
at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/
LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:254: September 2010
The complete text of the Commission’s 0048:0048:EN:PDF. The Commission of the European Union
Notice of Apparent Liability can be (EU) has released statistics on notices
viewed at http://www.fcc.gov/Daily_ of unsafe consumer products that have
Releases/Daily_Business/2010/db0924/ been processed through the EU’s rapid
DA-10-1803A1.pdf. New List of Standards
information system (RAPEX) during
for the EU’s Machinery September 2010.
Directive
EU Commission Revises According to the Commission’s report,
The Commission of the European
Exemption List for RoHS 157 validated notifications of unsafe
Union (EU) has issued an updated
products (those posing either serious or
Directive list of standards that can be used to
moderate risk) were processed through
In an effort to reflect the latest scientific demonstrate compliance with the the RAPEX system during the month.
and technical progress in developing essential requirements of its Directive This compares with just 105 reports of
alternatives to hazardous materials used 2006/42/EC, also known as the unsafe products processed through the
in electrical and electronic equipment, Machinery Directive. system during the comparable period in
the Commission of the European Union 2009.
(EU) has amended its list of products The EU’s Machinery Directive
exempt from provisions of its directive defines the essential health and safety Of the notifications received during
2009/95/EC, also known as the RoHS requirements for a wide range of the period, 52 (36%) were related to
Directive. products, including: machinery and clothing, textiles and fashion items,
partly completed machinery; lifting with an additional 36 (25%) related to
Published in September 2010 in the accessories; chains, ropes and webbing; toys, and 9 (6%) related to electrical
Official Journal of the European Union, interchangeable equipment; removable appliances. The risk of electric shock
the Commission Decision provides a mechanical transmission devices; and and fire was identified in 10 of the
revised version of the complete Annex safety components. notifications (6%).
to the RoHS Directive. The revised
Annex ends the exemption for certain The Directive’s scope specifically Regarding the country of origin
products, and sets expiration dates for excludes electrical and electronic identified in connection with products
the exemptions currently granted to products covered under Directive posing a serious safety risk, more than
other products. 73/23/EEC (the so-called Low Voltage half of all notifications (88, or 61%)
were related to products originating
Directive), including household
Of particular interest is the from China, including Hong Kong.
appliances, audio and video equipment,
Commission’s position regarding Another 17 notifications (12%) of
informational technology equipment and
the repair of in-service electrical unsafe products originated in EU
ordinary office machinery.
and electronic devices that are no Member States. Fourteen notifications
longer exempt under the revised (10%) failed to identify any country of
RoHS requirements. According to the The extensive list of CEN and Cenelec origin.
Decision, original spare parts containing standards for the Machinery Directive
hazardous materials that are otherwise was published in October 2010 in the To view the complete text of the
banned may be used to repair only those Official Journal of the European Union, Commission’s updated report on
devices that were placed on the market and replaces all previously published RAPEX statistics, go to http://ec.europa.
before the exemption expired or was standards lists for the Directive. eu/consumers/safety/rapex/docs/
terminated. stats_09-2010.pdf.

6 IN Compliance December 2010 www.incompliancemag.com

 NEWS IN COMPLIANCE

Home Improvement Books Additional information about through August 2010 for between
this recall, including the titles of the $2.50 and $235.
Recalled books involved, is available at
Oxmoor House, Inc., a publisher based http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/prerel/ Additional information regarding
in Birmingham, AL, has issued a second prhtml11/11701.html. this recall is available at
recall in 10 months for certain titles of http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/
its home improvement books published prerel/prhtml10/10354.html.
under the Sunset and Southern Living Company Issues Recall for
imprints.
Defective Circuit Breakers
Recalled Fluorescent Light
The most recent recall involves about Siemens Industry Inc. of Alpharetta,
540,000 copies of the company’s books, GA has announced the recall of Bulbs May Pose Burn Hazard
and follows a recall in January 2010 about 2.2 million of its Siemens and Eastern America Trio Products of
involving about 951,000 copies. In both Murray brands of circuit breakers, load Flushing, NY is recalling about
instances, the publisher says that the centers and meter combinations, all 124,000 compact fluorescent light bulbs
books contain errors in the technical manufactured in Mexico. manufactured in China.
diagrams and wiring instructions that
could lead consumers to incorrectly Siemens reports that the recalled devices According to the company, the recalled
install or repair electrical wiring. These have a spring clip that can break during light bulbs can overheat and catch fire,
errors could lead to conditions posing normal use, leading to the loss of force posing a potential fire and burn hazard
an electrical shock or fire hazard to required to maintain a proper electrical to consumers. Eastern America says that
consumers. connection in the panelboard. According is has received four reports of incidents
to the company, this defect can lead to related to the light bulbs, including two
Oxmoor House reports that it has excessive temperature, arcing or thermal fires that resulted in minor property
not receive any reports of incidents damage at the connection point, and damage.
related to the erroneous diagrams and damage to the panelboard’s electrical
instructions, but has expanded its earlier insulation, and can result in a fire, The recalled fluorescent light bulbs
recall to prevent any incidents from property damage, or personal injury. were sold in discount stores in New
occurring in the future. York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and
Siemens says that it has received one Connecticut from January 2008
The recalled book titles were sold report of a circuit breaker spring clip through December 2008 for
through home improvement stores that broke during installation, but no between $1 and $1.50.
and bookstores nationwide from 1955 reports of injuries.
through December 2005 for between $5 Additional information regarding
and $20. While the books have been out The recalled devices were sold at The this recall is available at
of print since then, the company warns Home Depot, Lowes and other hardware http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/
that some consumers may still have and building supply stores and electrical prerel/prhtml11/11001.html.
copies of the books in their possession. distributors nationwide from June 2010

DILBERT: © Scott Adams/Dist. by United Feature Syndicate, Inc. Reprinted with permission.

December 2010 IN Compliance 7

NEWS IN COMPLIANCE

Recalled Fire Alarm Control y UL 96: Standard for Lightning y UL 1247: Standard for Diesel
Protection Components Engines for Driving Stationary
Panels May Fail to Alarm Revision dated October 4, 2010 Fire Pumps
Fire-Lite Alarms of Northford, CT y UL 96A: Standard for Installation Revision dated October 14, 2010
has recalled about 530 of its fire alarm Requirements for Lightning y UL 1254: Standard for Pre-
control panels manufactured in the Protection Systems Engineered Dry Chemical
United States. Revision dated October 4, 2010 Extinguishing System Units
The company says that, when used with y UL 103: Standard for Factory-Built Revision dated October 8, 2010
an expander module, the recalled fire Chimneys for Residential Type and y UL 1310: Standard for Class 2
alarm control panels can fail to sound an Building Heating Appliances Power Units
alarm in the event of a fire, posing a risk New Edition dated October 15, 2010 Revision dated September 30, 2010
of fire and burn hazards to consumers. y UL 312: Standard for Check Valves
y UL 1449: Standard for Surge
Fire-Lite says that it has not received for Fire-Protection Service
Protective Devices
any reports of incidents related to the New Edition dated September 30, 2010
defective fire alarm control panels, but Revision dated October 18, 2010
y UL 404: Standard for Gauges,
has initiated the recall to prevent any y UL 1482: Standard for Solid-Fuel
Indicating Pressure, for
such incidents in the future. Type Room Heaters
Compressed Gas Service
New Edition dated October 8, 2010 Revision dated October 8, 2010
The control panels were sold through
y UL 746A: Standard for Polymeric y UL 1653: Electrical Nonmetallic
authorized wholesalers and distributors
Materials - Short Term Property Tubing
nationwide from October 2008 through
Evaluations Revision dated October 26, 2010
March 2010 for about $2285 for the fire
alarm control panel, and $875 for the Revision dated October 27, 2010 y UL 1686: Standard for Pin and
expander module. y UL 746C: Standard for Polymeric Sleeve Configurations
Materials - Use in Electrical Revision dated October 1, 2010
Additional information regarding Equipment Evaluations y UL 1738: Standard for
this recall is available at Revision dated October 28, 2010 Venting Systems for Gas-Burning
http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/
y UL 796: Standard for Printed- Appliances, Categories II, III,
prerel/prhtml11/11702.html.
Wiring Boards and IV
New Edition dated October 8, 2010 New Edition dated October 4, 2010
y UL 796F: Standard for Flexible y UL 60730-2-9: Standard for
Standards Update – UL Materials Interconnect Automatic Electrical Controls for
Underwriters Laboratories has Constructions Household and Similar Use - Part
announced the availability of the New Edition dated October 25, 2010 2-9: Particular Requirements for
following standards, revisions and
y UL 796F: Standard for Flexible Temperature Sensing Controls
bulletins. For additional information
Materials Interconnect New Edition dated October 13, 2010
regarding the standards listed below,
Constructions y UL 60730-2-2: Standard for
please visit their website at
Revision dated October 25, 2010
http://www.ul.com. Automatic Electrical Controls for
y UL 1047: Standard for Isolated Household and Similar Use; Part
y UL 62: Flexible Cords and Cables Power Systems Equipment 2: Particular Requirements for
Revision dated October 20, 2010 New Edition dated October 7, 2010 Thermal Motor Protectors
y UL 65: Standard for Wired y UL 1083: Household Electric Revision dated October 12, 2010
Cabinets Skillets and Frying-Type y UL 60745-2-1: Hand-Held Motor-
New Edition dated October 26, 2010 Appliances Operated Electric Tools - Safety -
Revision dated October 20, 2010 Part 2-1: Particular Requirements
y UL 94: Standard for Tests for
Flammability of Plastic Materials y UL 1090: Standard for Electric for Drills and Impact Drills
for Parts in Devices and Appliances Snow Movers Revision dated October 6, 2010
Revision dated October 21, 2010 New Edition dated October 01, 2010

8 IN Compliance December 2010 www.incompliancemag.com

 The iNARTE Informer
Provided by the International Association for Radio, Telecommunications and Electromagnetics

ASSOCIATE LEVEL CERTIFICATION In today’s adverse and competitive marketplace, recent

graduates face severe competition for a limited number
Over the last three months we have discussed the
of positions. Employers need to identify the very best
various Elements that are required to be satisfied in
candidates to fill these positions. An iNARTE credential
order to achieve iNARTE Certification, the four “Es” of
has long been recognized as a symbol of excellence, and
Education, Experience, Examination and Endorsement.
iNARTE Certification is intended to identify the truly the iNAE or iNAT certificate could be the deciding factor
capable individual, the proven problem solver who can between a brilliant, rewarding career and settling for a
bring real value to any organization. less interesting option.

But what if you want to start to build your career in one Not only can iNARTE help you get started, but we,
of the iNARTE disciplines, and you have a good education, together with our technology partners at the IEEE
a sound knowledge of the subject matter, enthusiastic and the ESDA, will be there to provide opportunities
referees, but little or no working experience. How can for continuing professional development and
you get recognition of your special knowledge to get that personal growth.
first, or maybe second, position? iNARTE has introduced
the Associate Certification for just such an individual; a GETTING STARTED
new graduate or a practitioner with just a few years of iNARTE has established several ways in which a young
experience, but with the ambition to be at the top of their engineer or technician can become certified at the
engineering field.
Associate level. This credential is available to qualified
applicants with less than the 9 years, or 6 years,
ASSOCIATE INARTE CERTIFIED experience required for full iNARTE Certification:
ENGINEER (INAE) AND ASSOCIATE
INARTE CERTIFIED TECHNICIAN (INAT) The Accredited University or
The iNARTE Associate Engineer Credential, iNAE, and Training Institute Route
Associate Technician Credential, iNAT, have been created iNARTE has been given copies of the engineering curricula
as a stepping stone to full iNARTE Certification. They are from a number of universities and other institutes
intended to recognize the abilities of graduate engineers
having EMC, ESD or PSE related programs. Those with a
and technicians who have not yet accumulated the work
sufficiently comprehensive program have been recognized
experience required to meet iNARTE’s traditional
as iNARTE Accredited. A list of such Institutes is available
program criteria.
at the iNARTE web site. Graduates from an approved
curricula at an iNARTE Accredited University or Institute,
iNARTE Associate status is available in the disciplines of
Electromagnetic Compatibility, EMC; Electrostatic Discharge and carrying a GPA >3.0, can be awarded the Associate
Control, ESD; and Product Safety Engineering, PSE. Certification with no further examination.

10 IN Compliance December 2010 www.incompliancemag.com

Examination determined in 6 minutes
or less, and references
Graduates with a degree
or solutions need to be
or diploma in Electronics,
included.
Physical Science or similar,
from a non-Accredited
Forms showing the reference
Institute, will be required to
requirements and the style
pass an iNARTE Associate
and format of the five
level examination. The
questions are included as
Associate examination is a
part of the iNARTE Associate
short form of the normal
application pack to be found
examination with just one
at http://www.narte.org/d/
four (4) hour paper covering
assocapp.pdf.
the fundamentals of the
discipline.
All new questions must
Alternatively any person at be presented in electronic
any stage of their education format, including all
or early career can pass the full eight (8) hour iNARTE formulae, supporting calculations and explanatory figures.
Certification examination and be awarded an Associate “Word” documents are preferred, but other formats are
Certification that will automatically be upgraded when acceptable if they can be copied and pasted into the
their experience years have been attained. iNARTE data pools without transposition errors.

Associates who have been credentialed as a result of All new questions will be presented to a committee of
graduating from an accredited institute or by passing experts for review. Unsuitable or incorrect questions will
the short form examination will be required to pass a be returned to the candidate for correction.
second short form examination before they can attain full
certification status. This second examination will also be Renewal
a four (4) hour paper with most questions based upon
Associates may renew their certification each year until
knowledge of the industry standards, instrumentation,
they have reached their normal certification experience
methods of metrology and mitigating engineering
requirement of nine (9) years for engineers and six (6)
(the type of knowledge usually gained through work
years for technicians. They can then renew for one further
experience).
year, during which time they will be expected to complete
whatever steps may remain for full certification. Each year
Endorsement of Associate certification renewal should be accompanied
New graduate applicants must provide a letter of by a further five (5) new questions that follow the
endorsement from a professor or department head same style and format as those required for the initial
attesting to their scholastic aptitude and suitability certification.
for a career in the selected discipline. Applicants who
are already in employment should provide a letter of Partners in Professional Development
reference from their immediate supervisor. If their
iNARTE has formal Agreements in place with the following
employment has been for less than one year, we will
Engineering Groups:
require letters from both their supervisor and a professor
at their last seat of learning.
y The IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Society

New Questions y The IEEE Product Safety Engineering Society

As further evidence that an applicant understands the y The Electrostatic Discharge Association
discipline, iNARTE requires the submission of five (5)
technical questions, each with four (4) multiple choice Each of these groups has agreed that any iNARTE Associate
answers. The correct answers should be able to be Engineer or Technician will be awarded one free year of

12 IN Compliance December 2010 www.incompliancemag.com

membership with all the associated rights and privileges. EMC QUESTION OF THE MONTH
This would typically include attending local chapter
The answer to last month’s question is: C) 5.0 meters
meetings, special price attendance at annual symposia,
training sessions and workshops and special discounted
This month’s question is:
prices on standards, text books and other technical
papers and proceedings. These local chapter and national
What is the damping factor of a damped sinusoid with the
meetings are great networking opportunities for the
following parameters:
ambitious young engineer or technician.
1. Peak current = 20A
FAQ: Can I take the examination before graduation?
2. Current at 50% decay = 7A
ANS: The iNARTE full eight hour examination can be
taken at any time. The initial short form Associate 3. Number of cycles at 50% decay = 4
examination has to be after graduation. The second
Associate short form examination can be attempted
at any time after the first examination, but it is
recommended that the applicant gain a few years
of work experience before attempting this second
examination.

FAQ: Where do I take the examination?

ANS: If you are still attending a university or training
institute, we can normally arrange examination
at your school. Alternatively all Authorized Test
Centers are listed on the iNARTE web site. There are
approximately 200 Centers and individual proctors
listed there, and they are situated across the United
States and overseas.

FAQ: What if there is no Test Center near me?

ANS: This can sometimes happen and iNARTE will then
arrange testing at your place of work, at a local
Community College, a library or a similar facility
where a suitable proctor can be found. Choose the correct answer:

FAQ: What do I have to do to get my full certificate? A) 5

ANS: If you have passed the iNARTE full examination, or B) 9
passed both the first and second Associate level C) 11
examinations, and met the other requirements for D) 14
Associate certification, the only things we will need
from you is an updated resume. If you have not
previously taken the Associate examination, or have Watch for the answer in the next iNARTE Informer. n
only passed the first Associate examination, then you
will need to pass the second Associate examination
and provide an updated resume.

FAQ: What if I fail the examination?

ANS: You can retake the examination as many times as you
wish, allowing a period of 90 days between attempts.

December 2010 IN Compliance 13

NARROWBAND
AND with a
BROADBAND Spectrum
Analyzer or
DISCRIMINATION EMI Receiver
by Werner Schaefer

Spectrum analyzers and scanning receivers are widely used in EMI laboratories
today. Their use for measuring both narrowband and broadband signals requires
specific understanding of certain instrument and signal characteristics in order
to correctly interpret the displayed results. This article explains methods for
the discrimination between narrowband and broadband signals and provides
guidance for the proper operation of test instrumentation.
 Narrowband and Broadband Discrimination FEATUR E

I
n the field of EMC, the two main categories of signals correctly determine its frequency and amplitude.
encountered are of particular importance: narrowband In some cases, the characteristics must be known in order
signals and broadband signals. The International to select the correct limit for the determination of EUT
Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) defines a narrowband compliance. The measurement results displayed on these
disturbance as “an electromagnetic disturbance, or instruments are also dependent on some control settings, such
component thereof, which has a bandwidth less than or equal as the sweep time and resolution bandwidth. Their impact
to that of a particular measuring apparatus, receiver or on the measurement of signal parameters, like frequency
susceptible device.” Consequently, a broadband disturbance and pulse width, must be understood to avoid erroneous
is defined as “an electromagnetic disturbance which has interpretations of measurement results.
a bandwidth greater than that of a particular measuring
apparatus, receiver or susceptible device.” This means that THE ROLE OF INSTRUMENT IF
the classification of a signal as narrowband or broadband is
Most modern scanning receivers, spectrum analyzers and
determined by the occupied frequency spectrum of the signal
traditional EMI receivers are super-heterodyne receivers
under investigation, relative to the resolution bandwidth
using one or multiple stages to convert the frequency of the
(RBW) of the instrument used for measurement. If the signal
RF input signal to a fixed IF. This is achieved by mixing
spectrum is completely contained in the passband of the
the unknown signal with a local oscillator (LO) signal in a
IF filter, it is defined as a narrowband signal. The general
mixing stage. Since a mixer is a non-linear device, its output
definition of a narrowband and broadband signal is depicted
includes not only the two original signals at the input but also
in Figure 1. It is important to note that
continuous wave (CW) signals are a
specific case of narrowband signals, since
they consist of only one spectral line which
is within the passband of the intermediate
frequency (IF) filter. This case is depicted
in Figure 2 (right). If the occupied signal
spectrum exceeds the bandwidth of
the filter, the signal is considered to be
broadband. This is the case for the spectra
of pulses (which are coherent signals)
and noise (non-coherent signals). This
scenario is shown in Figure 1 (left). This
article presents various methods that are
suggested for the determination of signal
characteristics in EMC standards and
literature. It also discusses their advantages
and disadvantages. The presented material
builds on previous papers that addressed Figure 1: Generic definition of narrowband and broadband signals
the measurement of impulsive signals and
discussed test equipment parameters such
as the definition of impulse bandwidth and
the purpose of preselection. Therefore, this
article will defer to previous publications
for details, as necessary.

Narrowband and broadband signals can

be generated by a variety of sources and
usually represent different interference
potentials for radio services. Very often
an interference spectrum from equipment
under test (EUT) contains both signal
types. Since both signal categories require
a different interpretation of the result
measured with a spectrum analyzer or
EMI receiver, it is essential to know the
characteristics of a signal in order to
Figure 2: Two different types of narrowband signals

December 2010 IN Compliance 15

FEAT U R E Narrowband and Broadband Discrimination

their harmonics and the sums and differences of the input receivers are not rectangular, the charge time of the detector
signals and their harmonics. If any of the mixed signals falls needs to be a fraction of the reciprocal of the IF bandwidth
within the passband of the IF filter, it is further processed at (e.g. one-tenth) to obtain the envelope of the IF signal.
the IF and finally displayed. After the filtering, the signal is
amplified by either a logarithmic or linear amplifier, rectified Specific instrument parameters like the selected detector,
by the envelope detector, possibly filtered by a low-pass resolution bandwidth and sweep time do have an impact
filter (“Video Filter”) and finally graphically or numerically on the displayed measurement result, dependent on the
displayed. characteristics of the signal to be measured. Therefore,
they can be used to determine if a signal is broadband or
EMI receivers as well as spectrum analyzers convert the IF narrowband.
signal to a video signal using an envelope detector. These
signals have a frequency range from zero (dc) to some upper When using spectrum analyzers or receivers for EMI
frequency which is determined by the detection circuit troubleshooting measurements, no standard is to be applied
elements. In its simplest form an envelope detector consists that calls out a specific setting of the IF bandwidth. Therefore,
of a diode followed by a parallel RC combination, as shown it is mandatory to know if a measured signal is displayed
in Figure 3 (top). The output of the IF chain is applied to the as a narrowband or broadband signal in order to correctly
detector. The time constants of the detector are chosen such determine the frequency of signals. Furthermore, some EMI
that the voltage across the capacitor equals the peak value of standards like the older MIL-STD 461B provide two different
the IF signal at all times which requires a fast charge and slow limits for narrowband and broadband signals, which require
discharge time. In case the preceding resolution bandwidth a determination of the signal characteristic as part of the
of the receiver has only one spectral line in its passband compliance measurement process. In both cases, suitable
(meaning, a CW signal is being measured), the IF signal is a discrimination methods are necessary to determine a signal to
steady sine wave with a constant peak amplitude. The output be narrowband or broadband.
of the envelope detector will be a constant dc voltage without
any variation for the detector to follow, as depicted in Figure RESOLUTION BANDWIDTH TEST
3 (top). However, often times there is more than one signal in
As mentioned before, the reference for a signal to be
the IF filter passband. For instance, in case of two sine waves,
broadband or narrowband is the resolution bandwidth setting
as shown in Figure 3 (bottom), these interact to create a beat
of the test instrument used for the measurement. Some
note, and the envelope of the IF signal varies according to
standards suggest the variation of the resolution bandwidth of
the phase change between the two sine waves. The maximum
the test instrument and observation of the resultant amplitude
rate at which the envelope of the IF signals can change is
change of the signal under investigation. It is stated that
determined by the resolution bandwidth. Since IF filters of
an amplitude change, introduced by the variation of the
resolution bandwidth, indicates the presence of a broadband
signal. Conversely, if no amplitude change is observed, the
signal is considered to be narrowband. Figure 4 depicts the
measurement of an impulsive signal with a pulse repetition
frequency (PRF) of 1 kHz and a pulse width of 7.7 μsec.
If this signal is initially measured with a 100 Hz resolution
bandwidth and the bandwidth is changed to 300 Hz, no
change in amplitude is observed. Bandwidth settings that are
lower than the PRF of the signal to be measured will result
in the resolution of each individual spectral component. This
will result in a narrowband measurement of the signal. A
further increase in resolution bandwidth to 10 or 30 kHz will
result in multiple spectral components located in the passband
of the IF filter. A change in resolution bandwidth will result
in an amplitude change of the measured signal, since wider
IF bandwidths will encompass more spectral components
and thus result in higher levels at the filter output. Using
bandwidth settings that are wider than the PRF will indicate
the presence of a broad band signal, since amplitude changes
can be observed. Further increases of the resolution bandwidth
to 1 MHz or greater will not yield changes in signal
amplitude. This would indicate the presence of a narrowband
Figure 3: Envelope detector signal, which is incorrect, in accordance with the definition.

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FEAT U R E Narrowband and Broadband Discrimination

Large resolution bandwidths encompass the main spectral peak and an average measurement. Both measurements
components of a signal (i.e., the main lobe and the first two are preferably made with the same instrument settings,
side lobes of the spectrum), and do not lead to changes in the especially with an identical resolution bandwidth setting.
measured amplitude. Therefore, the variation of the resolution If no amplitude changes are observed between the two
bandwidth as a means for determining the signal characteristic measurements, a signal is considered narrowband. A signal
is of limited usefulness. Further information about the signal is considered broadband if an amplitude change between the
to be measured is required to avoid erroneous results. In two measurements is observed, with the average measurement
addition, a change of bandwidth represents a change of the yielding the lower amplitude. In practice, EMI standards that
reference for the narrowband-broadband discrimination, call out this discrimination method, like CISPR 25, specify an
which is very often neither permissible (by EMI standards) amplitude difference of, for example, 6 dB which is used as
nor desirable for troubleshooting applications. It should be a decision criterion. Per CISPR 25, a signal is considered to
noted that this method provides conclusive results only when be narrowband if the amplitude difference between the peak
the signal under investigation is a CW signal. and average detected signal is less than 6 dB. If the amplitude
difference is greater than 6 dB, the signal is determined to
PEAK VS. AVERAGE DETECTION TEST be broadband. This approach is meaningful since the relative
A second discrimination for the determination of signal amplitude accuracy of the instrument is to be considered
characteristics is the amplitude comparison between a as well as other uncertainty factors that are introduced by
different instrument settings between the two
measurements (e.g., change of reference level
setting).

Figure 5 demonstrates the principle of this

method by depicting the functionality of
the peak and average detector. The peak
detector will determine the envelope of the
signal to be measured, which results in a low
frequency signal at the detector output or a
DC signal in case the signal to be measured
is a CW signal. Since the peak detector
determines the amplitude envelope, it will
provide the maximum signal amplitudes.
The average detector is often implemented
as a low pass filter that is placed after the
peak detector in the signal processing chain.
This low pass filter, often referred to as video
Figure 4: Impact of resolution bandwidth setting
filter, will be used as an integrator by setting
on measured amplitude of broadband signal
the bandwidth value to either a predefined
value, called out in a standard (e.g., CISPR
16-1-1, which specifies an integration time)
or to a value that is smaller than the lowest
spectral component of the signal to be
measured. For example, a video bandwidth
setting of less than 100 Hz will result in the
display of the average value of the signal
depicted in Figure 4. It should be noted
that the instrument is to be used in linear
display mode in order to obtain the average
value of the signal under investigation. The
proper video bandwidth setting can be easily
determined empirically by reducing the
video bandwidth step-by-step and observing
the resultant amplitude change. If further
reductions in video bandwidth do not cause
Figure 5: Peak versus average detection further reductions in measured amplitude, the

18 IN Compliance December 2010 www.incompliancemag.com

FEAT U R E Narrowband and Broadband Discrimination

proper video bandwidth for making an average measurement (PRF) cannot be determined directly from the display by
has been found. measuring the frequency difference between two responses
with marker functions, since a broadband signal is measured.
The comparison of peak and average detected signal The receiver’s IF bandwidth is much wider than the PRF;
amplitudes allows the conclusive determination of signal thus the displayed responses are individual input pulses
characteristics without changing the resolution bandwidth. separated by the pulse period and the frequency and may be
This method can also be automated easily and thus allow calculated from the sweep time of the receiver. The correct
further automation of the overall compliance measurement interpretation of the measurement result is difficult without
process. prior knowledge of the presence of a broadband signal. After
a single sweep, it is not obvious that the displayed responses
SWEEPTIME TEST are due to an impulse and not caused by individual sinusoidal
signals or some type of modulation. However, a narrower
The presence of broadband signals is easily noticeable when
measurement span and longer sweep time will lead to more
a measurement is performed with a scanning receiver or
intercepted pulses; hence the well-recognized sin(x)/x
spectrum analyzer. Moving responses can be observed on
envelope shape will be traced out, and the impulsive signal
the instrument display; their actual location and number
will be easily identified. Broadband signals are displayed as
are dependent on the relationship of the pulse period and
time domain responses with amplitudes that are proportional
the sweeptime setting of the instrument. Figure 6 (top
to the envelope of the spectrum. With the instrument tuned
graph) shows how a scanning receiver or spectrum analyzer
to a particular frequency at a point in time, the spectral lines
intercepts an impulsive signal when a slow, single sweep and
contained within the impulse bandwidth [1] around the tuning
peak detection is used. The impulse envelope is depicted on
frequency, will add periodically at a rate corresponding to the
the vertical frequency axis, and the occurrences of the impulse
signal PRF. As the analyzer is tuned to a different frequency,
are indicated by vertical frequency lines spaced along the time
the maximum pulse amplitude will change in relation to the
axis. The impulse of the period TP is detected only half way
change in the envelope of the pulse spectrum. A scanning
through the receiver sweep. The measured amplitude at the
receiver or spectrum analyzer will therefore display a
detection instant is determined by the envelope of the pulse
response every 1/PRF seconds with an amplitude proportional
spectrum, as traced out by the IF bandwidth and represents
to the spectrum envelope at the tuning frequency of the
the impulse response of the receiver to the input signal. The
instrument.
bottom graph of Figure 6 represents the scanning receiver’s
display, showing responses only at the detection instances.
This phenomenon is used for the discrimination of
It is important to note that the pulse repetition frequency
narrowband and broadband signals. When changing the
displayed frequency span on
the instrument, the spacing
of responses resulting from
a broadband signal will not
change, since they are a time
phenomenon. In case of a
narrowband signal, the responses
are a frequency phenomenon
and a change in span will cause
a change in the spacing of the
displayed responses. A change
in sweeptime, however, will not
affect the spacing of narrowband
responses but have an impact
on the spacing of the broadband
responses. Slower sweeptimes
will cause the display to show
more responses, since more
responses will be intercepted
during a single sweep.

This discrimination method is

useful to quickly determine the
Figure 6: Broadband signal detection of a scanning receiver signal characteristic. However,

20 IN Compliance December 2010 www.incompliancemag.com

 Narrowband and Broadband Discrimination FEATUR E

if a complex spectrum is displayed, it may be difficult to ACKNOWLEDGMENT

observe the changes in spacing of responses.
The author would like to thank Mrs. Tori Barling for proof
reading this manuscript.
TUNING TEST
Some older commercial and military EMC standards REFERENCES
proposed a tuning test as a method for discrimination between
narrowband and broadband signals. This test involves the 1. W. Schaefer, “Understanding Impulse Bandwidth
de-tuning of a receiver by one or two impulse bandwidths Specifications of EMI receivers,” IEEE International
to either side of the initial tuning frequency. The initial Symposion on EMC, 1999, pp. 958-961.
tuning frequency is to be identical with the frequency of the
maximum signal response observed. The observed amplitude 2. W. Schaefer, “Measurement of Impulsive Signals with a
change on either side is then compared to a criterion (e.g., Spectrum Analyzer or EMI receivers,” IEEE International
3 dB or 6 dB) to determine if the signal is narrowband or Symposion on EMC, 2005, pp. 267 – 271.
broadband. If the de-tuning results in an amplitude change are
greater than the criterion, the signal is considered narrowband. Werner Schaefer is a compliance quality manager and
Conversely, if the amplitude change on either side of the technical leader for EMC and RF/uwave calibrations at
initial tuning frequency is less than the criterion, the signal is Corporate Compliance Center of Cisco Systems in San Jose,
determined to be broadband. CA. He has 25 years of EMC experience, including EMI test
system and software design, EMI test method development
This method can provide inconclusive results when the de- and EMI standards development. He is the chairman of
tuning on one side of the maximum response is larger than the CISPR/A/WG1 and a member of CISPR/A/WG2 and CISPR/B/
criterion, and on the other side a smaller amplitude variation WG1. He also is the US Technical Advisor to CISPR/A and
is determined. This situation can occur if a signal spectrum is a member of ANSI C63, SC1/3/5/6/8, and serves as an A2LA
investigated that is rather complex, which may not allow the
and NVLAP lead assessor for EMI and wireless testing,
exact determination of the frequency at which the maximum
software and protocol testing and RF/microwave calibration
response really occurs. Furthermore, this method requires
the knowledge of the impulse bandwidth of the instrument, laboratories. He also serves as an ANSI representative to ISO
which is not identical to the 3 dB or 6 dB bandwidth of the CASCO, responsible for quality standards like ISO 17025 and
measuring instrument. Furthermore, this method was initially ISO 17043. He is a member of the Board of Directors of the
based on the use of a fixed tuned receiver, as such, this IEEE EMC Society.
approach is not suitable for automated testing.
He was actively involved in the development of the new
SUMMARY standard ANSI C63.10 and the latest revision of ANSI C63.4,
mainly focusing on test equipment specifications, use of
In the literature and standards, four main methods for the
spectrum analyzers and site validation procedures.
determination of signal characteristics are described. Their
main aspects are summarized in Table 1.
Werner Schaefer is also a RAB certified quality systems lead
Their advantages and limitations have been described, and auditor, and a NARTE certified EMC engineer.
the peak versus average detector method has been identified
as most suitable. This method is also called out by most He published over 50 papers on EMC, RF/uwave and
EMC standards that currently require the determination of quality assurance topics, conducted numerous trainings and
signal characteristics as part of the compliance measurement workshops on these topics and co-authored a book on
process. n RF/uwave measurements in Germany.

Discrimination Method Narrowband Broadband

Bandwidth Test (par. 3) No change in amplitude Change in amplitude
Peak vs. Average Test (par. 4) No change in amplitude Change in amplitude
Sweeptime Test (par. 5) No change in response spacing Change in response spacing
Tuning Test (par.6) Δ amplitude > 3dB (6 dB) Δ amplitude < 3dB (6 dB)

Table 1

December 2010 IN Compliance 21

Harmonic Measurement
for IEC 61000-4-3
and other Radiated Immunity Standards

Jason Smith, Applications Engineer Manager

Pat Malloy, Senior Applications Engineer
AR RF/Microwave Instrumentation
 Harmonic Measurement for IEC 61000-4-3 FEATUR E

I
n the rush to complete RF immunity testing on schedule, it harmonics. His determination is primarily based
is not all that unusual to overlook inherent test equipment on test standard mandates. In EMC testing applications,
limitations. While some test equipment characteristics RF power amplifiers are responsible for most of the
such as power amplifier harmonics are obviously a limiting unwanted harmonics.
factor, the broadband characteristics of antennas, directional
couplers, power meters and isotropic field probes can hardly UNDERSTANDING HARMONICS IN AN
be considered a limitation for most applications. However, AMPLIFIER
when used with power amplifiers exhibiting significant
harmonic distortion in Immunity test systems, the broadband All amplifiers exhibit harmonic distortion to some extent.
characteristics of these devices can result in measurement While some applications like industrial RF heating and
uncertainty and unacceptable errors. plasma generation are not affected by harmonics, high levels
of signal distortion will introduce unacceptable errors when
A case in point is the ubiquitous broadband isotropic field testing for EMC immunity. Accordingly, harmonic distortion
probe that provides an E-field reading representative of the is a key power amplifier specification. It has been proven that
total energy from all frequencies within its operating band. properly designed Class A amplifiers when operated in their
Given the ideal, albeit rare, case of a pure sinusoidal signal, linear region have acceptable levels of harmonics and are an
field probes provide an extremely accurate reading. To the ideal choice for EMC test applications.
extent that additional frequencies are present, errors are
introduced and depending on the number and strength of the Keep in mind that even a properly designed, robust Class A
additional signals, a point is reached where the field reading is RF power amplifier does not guarantee a distortion free test
totally unrepresentative of the required test level at the desired field. Care must be taken to operate within the linear range of
frequency. The most troublesome unwanted frequencies are the amplifier, even at the sacrifice of a smaller output signal.
harmonics generated by RF test system nonlinearities. Often While driving the amplifier harder will indeed provide greater
power amplifiers, especially those driven into saturation, are a field strength, the inherent signal distortion resulting from
major source of harmonics. To a lesser extent, signal sources, a spike in the harmonic levels will introduce uncertainty
directional couplers and antennas exhibit
some degree of nonlinearity and also
contribute to the system level harmonics.
Accordingly, the IEC 61000-4-3 has
instituted system requirements intended to
limit the allowable harmonic levels in the
test field.

While it is imperative to consider

instrument harmonic levels supplied
by instrument vendors, test engineers
must also confirm manufacturer’s data
by testing. While this article specifically
addresses ways to check for harmonic
levels mandated by IEC 61000-4-3, the
procedures can be readily applied when
testing to other RF immunity standards.

HARMONICS
Harmonics are unwanted frequencies
generated by system nonlinearities. They
are multiples of the fundamental test
frequency, and generally, the higher the
multiple, the less the amplitude of the
harmonic. All “real” test systems have
a finite amount of nonlinearities, and
thus, exhibit some degree of harmonic
distortion. The test engineer must
ultimately determine acceptable levels of

December 2010 IN Compliance 23

FEAT U R E Harmonic Measurement for IEC 61000-4-3

and error in the resultant E-field. Ultimately, the question all frequencies where harmonics are produced at the output
becomes, “Just how much input signal is required to ensure of the amplifier, the rejection of these harmonics in the field
the desired signal purity in any given application.” It can be by more than 6 dB below the fundamental is adequate.” In
seen that an EMC amplifier should not be operated beyond other words, there is now a 6dBc harmonic requirement in
the 1dB compression point. In fact, operating in a more linear the test field. Note that dBc is a measurement of a specific
region below the 1dB will drastically minimize harmonics. harmonic level in relation to the carrier. A measurement of
Another less desirable option is the use of harmonic filtering -6dBc by definition means that the amplitude of the harmonic
at the output of the amplifier. Since this approach adds cost, is 6dB less than the carrier amplitude. Past IEC 61000-4-3
insertion loss and complexity to the system, it should only standards have specified the output harmonic level from the
be considered when there is no other practical option. For power amplifiers. The latest version of the standard considers
example, some TWT amplifiers are best served by the use of the entire system when it mandates a 6dBc requirement.
harmonic filters. This level takes into account the fact that the transmitting
antenna operates more efficiently at the 3rd harmonic than
Since it is all but impossible to predict the cumulative effect at the fundamental. It is not uncommon to see as much as a
of all the system devices on the purity of the E-field, a system 5dB gain variation. As discussed in IEC 61000-4-3 annex D,
level measurement must be taken. While vendor data should limiting all harmonics in the test field to -6dBc will result is
be consulted and relied on when selecting a power amplifier, no more than a 10% field strength error. Figure 1 graphically
there is no substitute for actual system measurements when it plots this relationship. Note that with a -6dBc harmonic level
comes to validating the viability of a system design. a field probe reading of 10V/m actually represents about a
9V/m carrier level. If the test calls for more accuracy, the
harmonics must be further reduced. For example, a 5% error
HOW DO MULTIPLE SIGNALS INFLUENCE in field strength requires the harmonic to be at least -10dBc.
POWER MEASUREMENT? Standards that do not take into consideration the effect of
Most field probes and power heads use diode sensors with the transmitting antenna concentrate on the power amplifier
broadband characteristics. These devices are not frequency harmonics. For example, older versions of IEC 61000-4-3
selective and will measure all signals within their operating limited amplifier harmonic levels to -15dBc. When compared
range. The resultant reading is the square root of the sum of to the new -6dBc total field specification, the -15dBc results in
the squared amplitude of the fundament and all harmonics slightly less field level error.
present. Clearly, harmonics will add proposition. Thus, the
conundrum is determining what would be an acceptable level. METHODS OF MEASUREMENT
Fortunately IEC 61000-4-3 provides guidance in this area. There are two generally accepted methods used to determine
The latest version of IEC 61000-4-3 states the following: “For the harmonic content of a test field. In both cases a frequency
selective device is required to
measure the level of the fundamental
frequency as well as the harmonics.
The most popular instrument used for
this purpose is a spectrum analyzer.
The required frequency range of the
spectrum analyzer is determined
by the frequency range mandated
in the EMC standard. For example,
since IEC 61000-4-3 covers 80MHz
to 6GHz, the spectrum analyzer
should have a minimum bandwidth
of 80MHz to 18GHz in order to
respond to at least the 3rd harmonic.
For the rare occasion where there is
significant harmonic content beyond
the 3rd harmonic, a higher frequency
analyzer is required. In most cases
harmonic levels are inversely
proportional to frequency and are not
a factor outside the operating band
Figure 1: Single Harmonic Contribution to Measured Field of the amplifier. Since there are some

24 IN Compliance December 2010 www.incompliancemag.com

FEAT U R E Harmonic Measurement for IEC 61000-4-3

exceptions to this general rule, it is prudent to always verify Recommended frequency assignments for both transmit and
harmonic levels by testing. One needs to look no further than broadband biconical receive antennas are shown in Figure 2.
to some TWT amplifiers which exhibit significant harmonics This is an ideal solution since each receive antenna covers the
well beyond the frequency band of the amplifier. The message harmonics from each transmitting antenna. Since there is no
here is to be keenly aware of the predicted harmonic levels need to switch in additional antennas, this is a rather simple
as published by the amplifier manufacturer, but always test to solution. While not as elegant as a single receive antenna, it is
verify the published data. the next best thing and quite amenable to control via software.

RECEIVE ANTENNA METHOD In the event that a single receive antenna were not available
to respond to the 3rd harmonic of each transmitting antenna,
The test setup used for this method replicates that used for the
one could opt for a less desirable, overlapping approach as
actual test. Since the harmonics are measured directly without
shown in Figure 3. This setup is commercially available by
the need for calculations, it is the preferred method providing
combining a Biconical Log-Periodic with a double-ridge
the most accurate data.
antenna. It can be seen that the lower frequency transmit
antenna requires both the receive antennas to adequately
Required Equipment cover all the harmonics. This is a much more difficult setup to
y Spectrum analyzer 80MHz – 18GHz implement either manually or via software control.
y Receive antennas
Procedure
y Coax cables, calibrated for losses
1. Setup test as shown in Figure 4
y Optional: Control software
2. Begin the test at the lowest frequency point and adjust
Selection of Equipment the output of the power amplifier to generate the required
As noted above, the spectrum analyzer used is primarily test level. The test level used to measure harmonics must
determined by the test frequency range of the EMC test replicate the actual level used for EMC testing. Since
standard. The IEC 61000-4-3 covers 80MHz to 6GHz. To IEC 61000-4-3 calls for 80% amplitude modulation, adjust
measure out to the 3rd harmonic, the spectrum analyzer must the level to 18V/m CW or 10V/m with 80% amplitude
cover 80MHz to 18GHz. An ideal solution for the receive modulation. By doing so, the additional power required to
antenna would be one that covered the entire frequency range provide the modulation is accounted for and the resultant
of 80MHz to 18GHz. Since typically this is not possible, the effect on harmonic levels is produced.
next best approach is to break the overall band up to coincide 3. Measure the fundamental field level as well as the 2nd and
with the band breaks of the transmit antennas. 3rd harmonics with the receive antenna. Higher level

Figure 2

Figure 3

26 IN Compliance December 2010 www.incompliancemag.com

 Harmonic Measurement for IEC 61000-4-3 FEATUR E

harmonics are generally not a problem and do not require Required Equipment
measurement.
y Spectrum analyzer 80MHz – 18GHz
4. Correct readings by applying the receiving antenna’s y Directional coupler used during test
calibration factors and adjust readings to account for all
y Any additional directional couplers for higher frequency
cable losses.
measurements
5. Calculate the relative level (dBc) for each harmonic, where y Coax cables calibrated for losses
dBc = harmonic level – fundamental level.
y Optional: Control software
6. Step to the next test frequency according to the test
standard and repeat 1 through 5. Selection of equipment
a. If it appears that the harmonic measurements are high In addition to the considerations noted with the receive
enough to require the use of a higher frequency receive antenna method covered above, additional directional couplers
antenna, in the interest of time hold off on switching must be compatible with the power amplifier in terms of
out the receive antenna. Continue testing and take power handling capability as well as frequency range.
all measurements possible. At the completion of the
test, switch to a higher frequency receive antenna Procedure
and run the test again to fill in the missing harmonic 1. Setup test as shown in Figure 5
measurements.
b. If amplifier harmonics trail off significantly as 2. Begin the test at the lowest frequency point and adjust
measurements are taken at higher test frequencies AND the output of the power amplifier to generate the required
the amplifier is not being driven close to saturation, test level. The test level used to measure harmonics must
testing can be halted and it can be assumed that the rest replicate the actual level used for EMC testing. Since
of the harmonics will be within required levels. IEC 61000-4-3 calls for 80% amplitude modulation, adjust

7. Setup for the next amplifier band and repeat the

above steps.

DIRECTIONAL COUPLER/S METHOD

The Directional coupler method can also be used to measure
system level harmonics. This approach is more complex than
the receive antenna method and given the following inherent
uncertainties, it is the least desirable choice.

y The transmit antenna is usually not calibrated. Since the

manufacturers test data is not specific to the actual transmit
antenna used, relying on vender supplied “typical” data for
the antenna gain results in error.
y The out of band performance of the transmit antenna where
harmonics are present is usually unknown.
y The harmonic test may require additional directional
couplers than used during the actual EMC test causing
small changes and disruption to the calibrated test setup.
y Calibration of the coupled ports of the directional coupler
might be required.

Based on an assumption that harmonics should fall off at

the top end of the amplifier band and not reappear at points
outside the band of the amplifier, one can limit the extent of
measurements taken. However, tests should be run to backup
any assumptions made.

December 2010 IN Compliance 27

FEAT U R E Harmonic Measurement for IEC 61000-4-3

the level to 18V/m CW or 10V/m with 80% amplitude b. If amplifier harmonics trail off significantly as
modulation. By doing so, the additional power required to measurements are taken at higher test frequencies AND
provide the modulation is accounted for and the resultant the amplifier is not being driven close to saturation,
effect on harmonic levels is produced. testing can be halted and it can be assumed that the rest
of the harmonics will be within required levels.
3. Measure the fundamental field level as well as the 2nd and
3rd harmonics using the directional coupler. Higher level 8. Setup for the next amplifier band and repeat the above
harmonics are generally not a problem and do not require steps.
measurement.
Note: Care should be taken that if an additional directional
4. Correct readings by applying the directional coupler’s coupler is used it does not add significant losses to the test
calibrated coupling factors and adjust readings to account system. n
for all cable losses.
Pat Malloy has been the sales application engineer at
5. Apply the transmitting antenna’s gain to the readings. Amplifier Research, now AR, since 1987. Previous work
a. If the harmonic level is outside the known gain of experience includes four years with the U.S. Navy as a
the antenna, use the last know value. Estimating the guided-missile electronic technician, seven years in an
unknown gain can contribute significant error to engineering group at AT&T Bell Laboratories, and 16 years
the results. as a senior sales engineer for Tektronix. He graduated from
Lafayette College in 1972 with a B.S.E.E. Mr. Malloy can be
6. Calculate the relative level (dBc) for each harmonic, where reached at [email protected].
dBc = harmonic level – fundamental level
Jason Smith has been the applications engineering manager
7. Step to next test frequency according to the test standard at AR since 2004. Previous work experience includes test
and repeat 1 through 6. engineer and EMC lab manager at Radiation Systems and
a. If it appears that the harmonic measurements are EMC lab manager at Analalb, LLC. Jason has over 10 years
high enough to require the use of a higher frequency experience in EMC testing experience with military, avionics,
directional coupler, in the interest of time hold off on commercial, medical, telecom and automotive applications.
switching out the directional coupler. Continue testing He is a member of the USNC to SC77B and SC77C and a
the frequencies and take all measurements possible. At participating member of WG10 (IEC 61000-4-3, -6). He
the completion of the test, add in the higher frequency graduated from the University of Delaware in 1997 with a
directional coupler and run the test again to fill in the B.S. in Engineering Technology. Mr Smith can be reached at
missing harmonic measurements. [email protected].

Figure 4: Basic Setup Diagram for Receive Antenna Figure 5: Basic Setup Diagram for Directional Coupler

28 IN Compliance December 2010 www.incompliancemag.com

 A Review of the
Latest Revisions to the Standard
Part 1
by Ken Javor, EMC Compliance
 MIL-STD-464B: A Review of the Latest Revisions to the Standard FEATUR E

LATE-BREAKING NEWS UPDATE! MIL‑STD‑464B is the latest in a long line of standards that
goes back to at least MIL‑I‑6051, “Interference Limits and
Due to problems in the digital publishing process, Methods of Measurement; Aircraft Radio and Electronic
MIL-STD-464B 01 October 2010 is scrapped and Installations,” released in 1950. The ‑6051 series culminated
MIL-STD-464C, release date 01 December 2010 will in MIL‑E‑6051D, “Electromagnetic Compatibility
take its place. There are no technical changes from what are Requirements, Systems,” released in 1967 and used until
described in this three part article, but the replacement for MIL‑STD‑464 replaced it in 1997.
MIL-STD-464A will be MIL-STD-464C. MIL-STD-464B
dated 01 October 2010 will cease to exist. The A & B revisions of MIL‑STD‑464 amend the original
release but are evolutionary, not revolutionary changes.

A
MIL‑STD‑464B has many changes, so many that the new
s you read this article, MIL‑STD‑464B, Section 6.8, “Changes from Previous Issue” states, “Marginal
“Electromagnetic Environmental Effects notations are not used in the revision to identify changes
Requirements for Systems” is newly minted with an with respect to the previous issue due to the extensiveness of
official release date likely to be 01 October 2010. the changes.” However, there are no major departures from
MIL‑STD‑464A. There are some additional requirements and
MIL‑STD‑464 is the DoD top‑level E3 requirement set for changes to environment definitions, but the overall standard
procurement of complete or modified systems. “Systems” has the same look and feel, and if readers have worked with
meaning an integrated platform of one type or another, such MIL‑STD‑464A, they will be right at home with the “B”
as a ground or air vehicle, a ship or submarine, a spacecraft or revision. In fact, the changes are subtle and buried enough that
launch vehicle. Note that some systems can be parts of other the point of this review is to flag things that might not leap
systems, such as an F‑18 fighter aircraft that operates from an out at the reader at first glance. This review functions as the
aircraft carrier. non‑existent “marginal notations.”

December 2010 IN Compliance 31

FEAT U R E MIL-STD-464B: A Review of the Latest Revisions to the Standard

Aside from the contractual for verifying the compatibility of

aspect of being the E3 discipline radio and antenna installations on the
procurement standard, the appendix A very user- same platform.
of MIL‑STD‑464B continues to be
where the really good lessons‑learned friendly feature, And now, a section‑by‑section
type information may be found. summary of changes. Only changed
The appendix has been significantly non‑content‑related, sections are listed. In the list that
revised. For each main body change follows, the bold section number is
identified in the article, the reader is that the table of for MIL‑STD‑464B. If the section
is well‑advised to seek out the number is the same as it was for
corresponding Appendix section(s). contents is hyperlinked MIL‑STD‑464A, then it only appears
once. If the number is different, then
Fair Warning: What follows is to the various sections the ‑464A number appears after it in
intended to be a comprehensive parentheses.
aid to the user. Making this list a
“page‑turner” was well beyond the
of the document. An Section 2.2.1 in the applicable
author’s meager capabilities.
So, with no further ado, and coffee
electronic copy of documents section adds
MIL‑STD‑1605(SH), Procedures
cups filled, we wade in. for Conducting a Shipboard
the standard is more Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
A very user‑friendly feature, Survey (Surface Ships)
non‑content‑related, is that the table desirable than ever.
of contents is hyperlinked to the Section 2.2.2 in the applicable
various sections of the document. documents section adds an
An electronic copy of the standard is HPM‑related Intel report:
more desirable than ever. There is no hyperlink between main “Information Operations Capstone Threat Assessment Report
body and appendix material yet – leaving the user community (Latest Edition)”
something to look forward to in revisions yet to come…
Section 3 is definitions. This first installment includes all the
The major additions to this revision of the standard are the new or changed definitions in Section 3.
high power microwave (HPM) requirement and the new The next installment will continue on with Section 4, General
requirement on unintentional emissions, about which more Requirements, and Section 5, Detailed Requirements.”
later. The HPM requirement is described at an unclassified
level, in keeping with the unlimited distribution status of (Section 3.1) The MIL‑STD‑464A definition “Above Deck:
MIL‑STD‑464. The HPM environment presented in the An area on ships, which is directly exposed to the external
appendix represents known threats, not what might exist at electromagnetic environment, and is not considered to be
some time in the future “if present trends continue.” A second below deck as defined herein,” is replaced by the more general
addition is a requirement levied to limit interference from Section 3.27 “Topside Area” definition in Section 3.27:
co‑located Army systems. The scenario that prompted this “All shipboard areas continuously exposed to the external
new requirement is the side‑by‑side juxtaposition of systems electromagnetic environment, such as the main deck and
not previously expected to operate side‑by‑side, such as a above, catwalks, and those exposed portions of gallery decks.”
ground vehicle parked immediately adjacent to a Tactical
Operations Center (TOC) antenna installation, or perhaps Section 3.4 (3.5) The definition of Electromagnetic
two different vehicles very close to each other in a convoy. Environmental Effects is expanded to include electronic
The requirement is that placement of the culprit‑victim pair protection, HPM, and ultra‑wideband devices.
of systems at one meter separation not cause unacceptable
degradation to each other’s communication abilities. The Section 3.5 is new: a definition for HERO Safe Ordnance:
requirement is verified by bringing antennas of the sort used “Any ordnance item that is sufficiently shielded or otherwise
by the victim platform within one meter of the culprit and so protected that all electrically initiated devices (EIDs)
measuring the antenna output with an appropriate spectrum contained by the item are immune to adverse effects (safety or
analyzer or EMI receiver for comparison to the victim radio’s reliability) when the item is employed in the radio frequency
noise floor. The requirement verification is borrowed from the environment delineated in MIL‑STD‑464. The general
spectrum analyzer technique already used in MIL‑STD‑464 hazards of electromagnetic radiation to ordnance requirements

32 IN Compliance December 2010 www.incompliancemag.com

 MIL-STD-464B: A Review of the Latest Revisions to the Standard FEATUR E

defined in the hazards from electromagnetic radiation manuals shelters, a metallic enclosure or a metallic mast; and areas in
must still be observed. Note: Percussion‑initiated ordnance screen rooms on nonmetallic hull ships.”
have no HERO requirements.
Section 3.21 is new: a definition for Spectrum‑dependent
Section 3.6 is new: a definition for HERO Susceptible systems: “All electronic systems, subsystems, devices, and/or
Ordnance: “Any ordnance item containing electro‑explosive equipment that depend on the use of the spectrum to properly
devices proven by test or analysis to be adversely affected accomplish their function(s) without regard to how they were
by radio frequency energy to the point that the safety and/ acquired (full acquisition, rapid acquisition, Joint Concept
or reliability of the system is in jeopardy when the system is Technology Demonstration, etc.) or procured (commercial
employed in the radio frequency environment delineated in off‑the‑shelf, government off‑the‑shelf, non‑developmental
MIL‑STD‑464. items, etc.).

Section 3.7 is new: a definition for HERO Unsafe Ordnance: Section 3.23 is new: a definition for Subsystem: “A portion
“Any ordnance item containing electrically initiated of a system containing two or more integrated components
devices that have not been classified as HERO SAFE or that, while not completely performing the specific function
HERO SUSCEPTIBLE ordnance as a result of a hazard of of a system, may be isolated for design, test, or maintenance.
electromagnetic radiation to ordnance (HERO) analysis or Either of the following are considered subsystems for the
test. Additionally, any ordnance item containing electrically purpose of establishing EMC requirements. In either case,
initiated devices (including those previously classified as the devices or equipments may be physically separated when
HERO SAFE or HERO SUSCEPTIBLE ordnance) that has in operation and will be installed in fixed or mobile stations,
its internal wiring exposed; when tests are being conducted on vehicles, or systems.
that item that result in additional electrical connections to the
item; when electrically initiated devices having exposed wire a. A collection of devices or equipments designed and
leads are present and handled or loaded in any but the tested integrated to function as a single entity but wherein
condition; when the item is being assembled or disassembled; no device or equipment is required to function as an
or when such ordnance items are damaged causing exposure individual device or equipment.
of internal wiring or components or destroying engineered
HERO protective devices.” b. A collection of equipment and subsystems designed and
integrated to function as a major subdivision of a system
Section 3.8 is new: a definition for HPM: “A radio frequency and to perform an operational function or functions.
environment produced by microwave sources (weapon) Some activities consider these collections as systems;
capable of emitting high power or high energy densities. The however, as noted above, they will be considered as
HPM operating frequencies are typically between 100 MHz subsystems.
and 35 GHz, but may include other frequencies as technology
evolves. The source may produce microwaves in the form Section 3.24 is new: a definition for System: “A composite
of a single pulse, repetitive pulses, pulses of more complex of equipment, subsystems, skilled personnel, and techniques
modulation, or continuous wave (CW) emissions.” capable of performing or supporting a defined operational
role. A complete system includes related facilities, equipment,
Section 3.18 is new: a definition for platform: “ A mobile subsystems, materials, services, and personnel required for its
or fixed installation such as a ship, aircraft, ground vehicles operation to the degree that it can be considered self‑sufficient
and shelters, launch‑space vehicles, shore or ground station. within its operational or support environment. See 3.18.” n
For the purposes of this standard, a platform is considered a
system.” Ken Javor has worked in the EMC industry for thirty years.
He is a consultant to government and industry, runs a pre-
Section 3.19 (3.15) adds a sentence at the end of the definition compliance EMI test facility, and curates the Museum of EMC
of Safety Critical: “A term also used when a failure or Antiquities, a collection of radios and instruments that were
malfunction of a system or subsystem can cause death or important in the development of the discipline, as well as a
serious injury to personnel.” library of important documentation. Mr. Javor is an industry
representative to the Tri-Service Working Groups that write
Section 3.20 is new: a definition for Shielded Area: “An area MIL-STD-464 and MIL-STD-461. He has published numerous
not directly exposed to EM energy. This includes shielded papers and is the author of a handbook on EMI requirements
spaces, compartments and rooms; areas inside the hull and and test methods. Mr. Javor can be contacted at
superstructure of metallic hull ships; areas inside metallic [email protected]

December 2010 IN Compliance 33

Fundamentals of
Electrostatic Discharge
Part 5:
Device Sensitivity and Testing
by the ESD Association
 Fundamentals of Electrostatic Discharge FEATUR E

I
n Part 2 of this series we indicated that a key element in previous ESDA and JEDEC methods, STM5.1-2007 and
a successful static control program was the identification JESD22-A114F respectively. A typical Human Body Model
of those items (components, assemblies and finished circuit is presented in Figure 1.
products) that are sensitive to ESD and the level of their
sensitivity. Damage to an ESDS device by the ESD event is Testing for HBM sensitivity is typically performed using
determined by the device’s ability to dissipate the energy of automated test systems. The device is placed in the test system
the discharge or withstand the current levels involved. This is and contacted through a relay matrix. ESD zaps are applied.
known as device “ESD sensitivity” or “ESD susceptibility.” A part is determined to have failed if it does not meet the
datasheet parameters using parametric and functional testing.
Some devices may be more readily damaged by discharges
occurring within automated equipment, while others may CHARGED DEVICE MODEL (CDM) TESTING
be more prone to damage from handling by personnel. In
The transfer of charge from an ESDS device is also an
this article we will cover the models and test procedures
ESD event. A device may become charged, for example,
used to characterize, determine and classify the sensitivity
from sliding down the feeder in an automated assembler.
of components to ESD. These test procedures are based on
If it then contacts the insertion head or another conductive
the two primary models of ESD events: Human Body Model
surface, which is at a lower potential, a rapid discharge may
(HBM) and Charged Device Model (CDM). The models
occur from the device to the metal object. This event is
used to perform component testing cannot replicate the full
known as the Charged Device Model (CDM) event and
spectrum of all possible ESD events. Nevertheless, these
can be more destructive than the HBM for some devices.
models have been proven to be successful in reproducing
Although the duration of the discharge is very short - often
over 99% of all ESD field failure signatures. With the use of
less than one nanosecond - the peak current can reach several
standardized test procedures, the industry can:
tens of amperes.
y Develop and measure suitable on-chip protection.
y Enable comparisons to be made between devices.
y Provide a system of ESD sensitivity classification to assist
in the ESD design and monitoring requirements of the
manufacturing and assembly environments.
y Have documented test procedures to ensure reliable and
repeatable results.

HUMAN BODY MODEL (HBM) TESTING

One of the most common causes of electrostatic damage is
the direct transfer of electrostatic charge through a significant
series resistor from the human body or from a charged
material to the electrostatic discharge sensitive (ESDS)
device. When one walks across a floor, an electrostatic charge
accumulates on the body. Simple contact of a finger to the
leads of an ESDS device or assembly allows the body to
discharge, possibly causing device damage. The model used
to simulate this event is the Human Body Model (HBM).

The Human Body Model is the oldest and most commonly

used model for classifying device sensitivity to ESD. The
HBM testing model represents the discharge from the
fingertip of a standing individual delivered to the device.
It is modeled by a 100 pF capacitor discharged through a
switching component and a 1.5kW series resistor into the
component. This model, which dates from the nineteenth
century, was developed for investigating explosions of gas
mixtures in mines. It was adopted by the military in MIL-
STD-883 Method 3015 and is referenced in ANSI/ESDA-
JEDEC JS-001-2010: Electrostatic Discharge Sensitivity
Testing - Human Body Model. This document replaces the

December 2010 IN Compliance 35

FEAT U R E Fundamentals of Electrostatic Discharge

The device testing standard for CDM (ESD STM5.3.1:

Electrostatic Discharge Sensitivity Testing - Charged
Device Model) was originally published in 1999. The
test procedure involves placing the device on a field
plate with its leads pointing up, then charging it and
discharging the device. Figure 2 illustrates a typical CDM
test circuit. The CDM 5.3.1 ESDA document was last
published in 2009.

OTHER TEST METHODS

Machine Model (MM) Testing
A discharge which is different in shape and size to the
HBM event also can occur from a charged conductive
object, such as a metallic tool or an automatic equipment
or fixture. Originating in Japan as the result of trying
Figure 1: Typical Human Body Model Circuit
to create a worst-case HBM event, the model is known
as the Machine Model. This ESD model consists of a
200 pF capacitor discharged directly into a component
with no series DC resistor in the output circuitry. The
industry is in the process of removing this model from
qualification requirements. The technical background on
this change is described in Industry Council White Paper
1, “A Case for Lowering Component Level HBM/MM
ESD Specifications and Requirements.”

As a worst-case human body model, the Machine Model

may be over severe. However, there are real-world
situations that this model may simulate, for example the
rapid discharge from the metallic contacts on a charged
board assembly or from the charged cables or handles/
arms of an automatic tester.

Testing of devices for MM sensitivity using ESD

Association standard ESD STM5.2: Electrostatic
Discharge Sensitivity Testing - Machine Model is similar
Figure 2: Typical Charged Device Model Test
in procedure to HBM testing. The test equipment is
the same, but the test head is slightly different. The
MM version does not have a 1,500 ohm resistor, but
otherwise the test board and the socket are the same as
for HBM testing. The series inductance, as shown in
Figure 3, is the dominating parasitic element that shapes
the oscillating machine model wave form. The series
inductance is indirectly defined through the specification
of various waveform parameters like peak currents,
rise times and the period of the waveform. The MM 5.2
document was last published in 2009.

Socketed Device Model (SDM) Testing

SDM testing is similar to testing for HBM and MM
sensitivity. The device is placed in a socket, charged
from a high-voltage source and then discharged. This
model was originally intended to provide an efficient
way to do CDM testing. However, the model did not
Figure 3: Typical Machine Model Circuit have sufficient correlation with the CDM standard and

36 IN Compliance December 2010 www.incompliancemag.com

 Fundamentals of Electrostatic Discharge FEATUR E

there was too great a dependency on the specific design of (See Tables 1 and 2). These classification systems have
the SDM tester. A Standard Practice (SP) document, SDM- a number of advantages. They allow easy grouping and
5.3.2, was first published in 2002 and re-published in 2008. comparing of components according to their ESD sensitivity
A technical report, ESD TR5.3.2 (formerly TR08-00): Socket and the classification gives you an indication of the level of
Device Model (SDM) Tester is also available from the ESD ESD protection that is required for the component.
Association.
A fully characterized component should be classified using
DEVICE SENSITIVITY CLASSIFICATION Human Body Model and Charged Device Model. For
example, a fully characterized component may have 2 of the
The HBM and CDM methods include a classification system
following: Class 1B (500 volts to <1000 volts HBM) and
for defining the component sensitivity to the specified model
Class C3 (500 volts to <1000 volts CDM). This would alert

Class Voltage Range Class Voltage Range

Class 0 <250 volts Class C1 <125 volts
Class 1A 250 volts to <500 volts Class C2 125 volts to <250 volts
Class 1B 500 volts to < 1,000 volts Class C3 250 volts to <500 volts
Class 1C 1000 volts to < 2,000 volts Class C4 500 volts to <1,000 volts
Class 2 2000 volts to < 4,000 volts Class C5 1,000 volts to <1,500 volts
Class 3A 4000 volts to < 8000 volts Class C6 1,500 volts to <2,000 volts
Class 3B ≥ 8000 volts Class C7 ≥ 2,000 volts

Table 1: ESDS Component Sensitivity Classification - Table 2: ESDS Component Sensitivity Classification -
Human Body Model (Per ESD STM5.1-2007) Charged Device Model (Per ESD STM5.3.1-2009)
FEAT U R E Fundamentals of Electrostatic Discharge

y “Charged Device Model Testing: Trying to Duplicate

Device failure models and device test Reality,” Avery, L.R., EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings,
1987, ESD Association, Rome, NY.
methods define the sensitivity of the y “Critical Issues Regarding ESD Sensitivity Classification
electronic devices and assemblies to be Testing,” Pierce, Donald C., EOS/ESD Symposium
Proceedings, 1987, ESD Association, Rome, NY.
protected from the effects of ESD. y “Beyond MIL HBM Testing - How to Evaluate
the Real Capability of Protection Structures, Avery, L.R.,
a potential user of the component to the need for a controlled EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 1991, ESD Association,
environment, whether assembly and manufacturing operations Rome, NY.
are performed by human beings or machines. y “Mechanisms of Charged-Device Electrostatic Discharges,”
Renninger, Robert G., EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings,
A word of caution; however, these classification systems 1991, ESD Association, Rome, NY.
and component sensitivity test results function as guides,
not necessarily as absolutes. The events defined by the test y “Analysis of HBM ESD Testers and Specifications Using a
data produce narrowly restrictive data that must be carefully 4th Order Lumped Element Model,” Verhaege, Koen, et al,
considered and judiciously used. The two ESD models EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 1993, ESD Association,
represent discrete points used in an attempt to characterize Rome, NY.
ESD vulnerability. The data points are informative and useful, y “A Comparison of Electrostatic Discharge Models and
but to arbitrarily extrapolate the data into a real world scenario Failure Signatures for CMOS Integrated Circuit Devices,”
can be misleading. The true utility of the data is in comparing Kelly, M., et al, EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 1995,
one device with another and to provide a starting point for ESD Association, Rome, NY.
developing your ESD control programs.
y “Study of ESD Evaluation Methods for Charged
SUMMARY Device Model,” Wada, Tetsuaki, EOS/ESD Symposium
Proceedings, 1995, ESD Association, Rome, NY.
Device failure models and device test methods define the
sensitivity of the electronic devices and assemblies to be y “A Compact Model for the Grounded-Gate nMOS
protected from the effects of ESD. With this key information, Behavior Under CDM ESD Stress,” Russ, Christian, et al,
you can design more effective ESD control programs. EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 1996, ESD Association,
Rome, NY.
FOR FURTHER REFERENCE y “Recommendations to Further Improvements of HBM
y ESD STM5.1-2007: Electrostatic Discharge Sensitivity ESD Component Level Test Specifications,” Verhaege,
Testing - Human Body Model, ESD Association, Rome, NY. Koen, et al, EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 1996,
ESD Association, Rome, NY.
y ESD STM5.2-2009: Electrostatic Discharge Sensitivity
Testing - Machine Model, ESD Association, Rome, NY. y “Very Fast Transmission Line Pulsing of Integrated
Structures and the Charged Device Model,” Gieser, H., and
y ESD STM5.3.1-2009: Electrostatic Discharge Sensitivity
Haunschild, M., EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 1996,
Testing - Charged Device Model, ESD Association,
ESD Association, Rome, NY.
Rome, NY.
y ESD TR 5.3.2- (formerly TR08-00): Socket Device Model y “Investigation into Socketed CDM (SDM) Tester
(SDM) Tester, ESD Association, Rome, NY. Parasitics,” Chaine, M., et al, EOS/ESD Symposium
Proceedings, 1998, ESD Association, Rome, NY.
y ESD Industry Council White Paper 1: “A Case for
Lowering Component Level HBM/MM ESD Specifications y “Issues Concerning CDM ESD Verification Modules -
and Requirements,” August 2008, http://www.esda.org/ The Need to Move to Alumina,” Henry, L.G., et al,
IndustryCouncil.html. EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 1999, ESD Association,
Rome, NY.
y ESD Industry Council White Paper 2: “A Case for
Lowering Component Level CDM ESD Specifications y “The Importance of Standardizing CDM ESD Test Head
and Requirements,” March 2009, http://www.esda.org/ Parameters to Obtain Data Correlation,” Henry, L.G., et al,
IndustryCouncil.html. EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 2000, ESD Association,
y “A Closer Look at the Human ESD Event,” Hyatt, Hugh, Rome, NY.
et al, EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings, 1981, y “Component Level ESD Testing,” Review Paper, Verhaege,
ESD Association, Rome, NY. Koen, Microelectronics Reliability Journal, 1998.

38 IN Compliance December 2010 www.incompliancemag.com

Are Standards Still Important?
Even More So in the Global Economy
by Fred Tenzer, Vice-Chair ESDA STDCOM

S
tandards are increasingly important in our modern published an article about a premium computer mouse with
global economy – supply chains can be dizzyingly the label “Made in China.” The article detailed the global
complex, and implementing the economic theory of supply chain effort to efficiently bring all components to
comparative advantage has been more and more possible assemble the mouse together. The logistics were complex
as the relative cost of transportation has declined over the and quite impressive. The two highest value components,
years. Since the 1890s, the United States has been the world’s an integrated chip and the optics, were manufactured in the
top manufacturing country. The world continues to change. United States. The plastic parts were molded and the mouse
Recently it was reported that China surpassed Japan as the assembled in China. Globalization has produced a plethora of
second largest economy, and it is estimated that China will goods at attractive pricing, a modern miracle.
soon surpass the United States.
How do all the various manufacturers, customers and
What does “Made in China” mean? Or for that matter, suppliers communicate to have meaningful metrics from
“Made in America?” The Wall Street Journal recently facility to facility around the world? Industry Standards

40 IN Compliance December 2010 www.incompliancemag.com

 Are Standards Still Important? FEATUR E

play a major role in ensuring that what is designed in one Edition 1.0: Electrostatics - Part 5-1: Protection of Electronic
place can be built in another. For instance, in manufacturing, Devices from Electrostatic Phenomena General Requirements
having uniform quality requirements and testing procedures is is technically equivalent to ANSI/ESD S20.20. According
necessary to make sure that all involved parties are speaking to Ryne Allen’s 1999 article, “The [S20.20] standard was
the same language. In ESD control programs, standard test initiated under the guidance of the late Joel P. Weidendorf
methods have been developed for component ESD test of IBM when he was chairman of the ESD Association
models to measure a component’s sensitivity to electrostatic Standards Committee. It went through 18 versions before the
discharge from various sources. Standard test methods for final approval by the ESD Association and then was reviewed
product qualification and periodic evaluation of wrist straps, and approved by the American National Standards Institute.”
garments, ionizers, worksurfaces, grounding, flooring, shoes,
static dissipative planar materials, shielding bags, packaging, In order to meet the global need in the electronics industry
electrical soldering/desoldering hand tools and flooring/ for technically sound ESD Control Programs, the ESD
footwear systems have been developed to ensure uniformity Association has established an independent third party
around the world. certification program. The program is administered by the
ESD Association through country-accredited ISO 9000
The ESD Association (ESDA) is dedicated to advancing Certification Bodies that have met the requirements of this
the theory and practice of ElectroStatic Discharge (ESD) program. The Facility Certification Program evaluates a
avoidance. The ESD Association is an American National facility’s ESD program to ensure that the basic requirements
Standards Institute (ANSI) accredited standards developer. from industry standards ANSI/ESD S20.20 or
The ESD Association’s consensus body is called the Standards IEC 61340-5-1 are being followed. There are currently
Committee (STDCOM) which has responsibility for the more than 180 facilities certified worldwide.
overall development of an array of documents. Volunteers
from the industry participate in working groups to develop Global competitiveness is facilitated by promoting and using
new and update current ESDA documents. The ESD voluntary consensus standards and conformity assessment
Association document categories are: systems. Does it work? The improving complexity, value and
reliability of products containing electronics would indicate
y Standard (S): A precise statement of a set of requirements that the answer is a resounding “Yes.” Standards greatly
to be satisfied by a material, product, system or process enhance the ability to understand and communicate technical
that also specifies the procedures for determining whether requirements around the world. n
each of the requirements is satisfied.
A complete list of all ESD Association published documents
y Standard Test Method (STM): A definitive procedure for can be found at http://www.esda.org/standards.html.
the identification, measurement and evaluation of one or In addition, the ESD Association offers a selection of
more qualities, characteristics or properties of a material, complimentary key download documents, including ANSI/
product, system or process that yield a reproducible test ESD S20.20 in English, traditional Chinese, simplified
result. Chinese, Japanese, Spanish and Thai. Other complimentary
key download documents available include ANSI/ESD S541 -
y Standard Practice (SP): A procedure for performing
Packaging Materials for ESD Sensitive Items, ESD ADV1.0 -
one or more operations or functions that may or may not
ESD Association Glossary of Terms, ESD awareness symbols
yield a test result. Note, if a test result is obtained, it is not
and a select number of Device Testing standards.
reproducible.

y Technical Report (TR): A collection of technical data or REFERENCES

test results published as an informational reference on a y ESD Association: www.ESDA.org
specific material, product, system or process.
y American National Standards Institute: www.ANSI.org
The standard covering the requirements for creating and y White paper by Ryne Allen: ESDSystems.com
managing an ESD control program is ANSI/ESD S20.20:
ESD Association Standard For the Development of an Fred Tenzer is the National Sales Manager for the Desco
Electrostatic Discharge Control Program for Protection of Brand of Desco Industries, Inc. He is a founding member
Electrical and Electronic Parts, Assemblies and Equipment of the ESD Association (ESDA) and a member of ESDA’s
(Excluding Electrically Initiated Explosive Devices). ANSI/ Standards Development since 1982. Fred is currently Vice-
ESD S20.20 is a commercial update of MIL-STD-1686 Chair for ESDA’s Standards Committee & Chair of the
and has been adopted by the United States Department of Standards Staff/Technology & Administrative Support for all
Defense. In addition, the 2007-2008 update of IEC 61340-5-1 Standards Working Groups on Standards Development.

December 2010 IN Compliance 41

 The Future of EMC Engineering
by Mark I. Montrose, Montrose Compliance Services, Inc.

EMC versus Compliance Engineering

When we mention the acronym EMC, or electromagnetic to ensure products are designed to survive high levels of
compatibility, we generally think about how to ensure immunity to maintain reliability and quality.
products comply with regulatory requirements mandated
by an entity, be it a government agency, a private What will occur when everyone with a hand phone
certification organization or voluntarily/industry-driven containing multiple wireless features talk at the same
requirements. Why do compliance engineers always seek time? Is undesired EMI now a concern according to a
that elusive 3 dB? Is it because a published standard standard? However, if a strong RF signal from a high-
considers this level appropriate for certain environments power transmitter nearby is present, all devices could
of use? Is this limit realistic for, for example, an MP3 become non-operational. The same for power generation
player used within an industrial environment? Does and distribution systems related to the Smart Grid. We
violating a Class A or B specification by a few dBs mean should not worry about radiated EMI generated from the
the system is an electromagnetic hazard? Will authorities grid but preventing EMI threats from shutting down the
having jurisdiction take the time, money and effort to network. How about ensuring medical systems are robust
prosecute companies for non-compliance over a few dBs? against high intensity RF fields in a hospital environment?
Does the general public know about the need for EMC,
Transportation systems must be 100% reliable when
and most importantly, do they care?
traveling anywhere in the world
Should we focus on meeting a specification or ensuring
Therefore, in the future, should one work as an EMC
“electromagnetic compatibility?” Think about products to
engineer by definition for products operated in an RF rich
be designed in the future and their use. Should radiated
emissions be more of a concern than immunity? EMC broadband wireless world or as a compliance engineer
ensures electrical systems are compatible when used with a focus on achieving that 3 dB margin to a generic
within a certain environment. For future technologies, specification?
emissions become not the concern but immunity.

Technology of the future includes the Smart Grid, Mark I. Montrose is an EMC consultant with
Broadband over Power Line (BPL), Photovoltaics, Global Montrose Compliance Services, Inc. having 30 years of
Earth Observation System (GEOS), advances in health applied EMC experience. He currently sits on the Board
care, nanotechnology products and their applications, of Directors of the IEEE (Division VI Director) and is a
ultra high-frequency communication networks, intelligent long term past member of the IEEE EMC Society Board
transportation system, along with other products that of Directors as well as Champion and first President of
have exemption from regulatory compliance mandates the IEEE Product Safety Engineering Society. He provides
(why do exemptions exist?). With technological advances professional consulting and training seminars worldwide
on the horizon, our focus as EMC engineers should be and can be reached at [email protected]

42 IN Compliance December 2010 www.incompliancemag.com

BUSINESS NEWS

Laboratory Announces Pre-Certification typically designs, and saving up to 70% of the

Testing Service for LTE Devices +7 dBm. board space and up to 15% bill of
AT4 wireless has announced the launch material (BOM) costs.
of its pre-certification testing service for Engineered
LTE devices. By extending its laboratories’ and manu- The device features 15kV (air gap) and
LTE expertise, AT4 wireless now offers factured in 12kV (HBM) ESD protection, as well as
LTE device manufacturers the ability to the USA, 0.01 percent (typical) total harmonic
test against critical industry-standard the model distortion (MIC). The FSA8008 is available
or operator-specific test plans prior CVCO55CC-3475-3475 is packaged in the in a 10-lead UMLP package (1.4 x 1.8 x
to submitting their devices for formal industry-standard 0.5-in. x 0.5-in. SMD 0.5mm, 0.4mm pitch).
certification. package. Input voltage is 8V, with a max.
current consumption of 35 mA. Pulling For more information on please visit
Using market-leading LTE device testing and Pushing are minimized to 0.2 MHz www.fairchildsemi.com.
solutions developed by AT4 wireless, and 0.2 MHz/V, respectively. Second har-
AT4 wireless’s laboratory in Taipei, monic suppression is -15 dBc typical.
Taiwan is able to ensure that devices Self-Adhesive Cooling Patch
are thoroughly pre-tested to industry- The CVCO55CC-3475-3475 is ideal for A new thermal material breakthrough
standard requirements. A partnership use in applications such as digital radio from Fujipoly allows engineers to reduce
with Spirent Communications also equipment, fixed wireless access, satellite chip and circuit temperature by as much
enables the laboratory to offer communications systems, and base as 11% without the need for a heatsink.
pre-testing to the open access and stations.
proprietary certification requirements of The advanced 4-ply, peel-n-stick FPDSEM
the leading North American operators For further information please visit 90 Cooling Patch offers the fastest and
deploying LTE. This will help to assure www.crystek.com. easiest way to radiate heat from an
high levels of device quality, performance electronic component to the surrounding
and optimization, as well as to expedite environment. All you need to do is
the operator device certification process. Audio Jack Detection and Configuration apply the
Switch Simplifies Designs, Reduces BOM patch like
“These pre-testing services allow us to and Saves Board Space a sticker to
offer manufacturers in the Asia Pacific The traditional 3.5mm audio jack in cell the surface
region the assurance that their LTE phones, smartphones, MP3 and personal of any “hot
devices are ready for industry-standard media players (PMPs) is still the primary spot”. The
certification, or for certification by way for users to connect headsets for material
leading North-American operators. Our speaking as well as headphones for can also be custom cut or trimmed to fit
pre-testing services will play an important listening to music. To accommodate this virtually any shape.
role in supporting the device certification efficiently, designers need a device that
cycle; they can help with early detection can detect and configure the audio jack The low resistance Cooling Patch
of faults, speed time to market and for different accessories. provides a thermal conductivity of 1.5
reduce overall development costs” said W/m°K and a thermal emissivity of 0.97.
Andrés Moreno, Sales and Marketing Fairchild Semiconductor developed Fujipoly’s FPDSEM 90 is 25mm thick and
Director at AT4 wireless. the FSA8008 audio jack detection and can be ordered in sheets, rolls or kiss-cut
configuration switch as a one-chip audio rolls depending on your application.
For more information, visit jack detector and switch for 3- or 4-pole
www.at4wireless.com. accessories. While current solutions For more information, call (732) 969-
use several discrete components (dual 0100 or visit www.fujipoly.com.
comparator, analog switch and MOSFET)
NEW 3475 MHz Voltage Controlled with software
Oscillator control to meet Laboratory Named “EPA Recognized
Crystek’s CVCO55CC-3475-3475 VCO this need, Certification Body” for ENERGY STAR®
(Voltage Controlled Oscillator) operates the FSA8008 Intertek has announced that it has been
at 3475 MHz with a control voltage integrates this named an “EPA Recognized Certification
range of 0.5V~4.5V. This VCO features functionality Body” (CB) for the new ENERGY STAR®
a typical phase noise of -115 dBc/Hz @ into a single Enhanced Testing and Verification
10KHz offset and, the company reports, device, procedures. Effective December 31,
has excellent linearity. Output power is simplifying 2010, the new ENERGY STAR® third-

44 IN Compliance December 2010 www.incompliancemag.com

 BUSINESS NEWS

party certification requirements will a unique, designers tasked with driving a large
require manufacturers seeking use of the highly number of loads.
ENERGY STAR® label to submit products conductive
for third-party certification from EPA nickel/ Digital control of all output stages can
Recognized Certification Bodies. copper be carried out through the integrated
ripstop standard Serial Peripheral Interface
Intertek is the only EPA Recognized CB outer fabric. (SPI). This also allows diagnostic fault
which covers certification for all gas All FSG gaskets exhibit low compression information to be acquired. In addition,
and electrical ENERGY STAR® product characteristics and offer a shielding four channels can be pulse width
categories, including more than 60 effectiveness up to 18 dB. modulation (PWM) controlled via
product types across Appliances, external control input pins. The new
Home Electronics, HVAC, Information A digital copy of the Fabric Shielding device has a typical on state resistance
Technology, Lighting, and Commercial Gasket catalog is available for immediate (RDSON) of just 1.2 ohms (Ω), at 25 ⁰C,
Food Service Equipment. download from the company’s web site helping to significantly extend battery
at www.leadertechinc.com. Reservations life.
For manufacturers requiring testing, are also being accepted for the print
Intertek recently deployed 18 global catalog. Finally, ON Semiconductor has
Energy Efficiency Centers of Excellence, announced the development of the
throughout North America, Asia and Automotive Solutions for Next NCV786xx Power Ballast and Dual LED
Europe. These Energy Efficiency labs Generation Body Electronics Driver product platform for advanced
provide immediate testing capacity for Applications LED front lighting systems. Developed
qualification and verification testing, ON Semiconductor has announced the to support system level requirements for
strategically located in key regional launch of three new products specifically driving multiple LED strings of up to 60
manufacturing centers. Additionally, for targeted at the automotive market V, PWM dimming to maintain LED color
ENERGY STAR® Partners that will conduct sector. All three devices support current temperature, and controlled average
testing in their own labs, as part of and next generation body electronics current,
Intertek’s SATELLITE Data Acceptance applications. the product
Program, Partners will submit test data platform
to Intertek for engineering review to The new NCV7321 is a fully featured enables
product specification requirements, and local interconnect network (LIN) designers
then ENERGY STAR® certification will be transceiver designed to interface to control
awarded for compliant products. between a LIN protocol controller and high and
the physical bus in low data rate in- low beams,
For more information on Intertek’s vehicle networking (IVN) applications. daytime
Energy Efficiency capabilities or ENERGY Excellent electromagnetic compatibility running
STAR program requirements, call (EMC) coupled with robust system lights, turn indicators, and fog lights with
1-800-WORLDLAB (967-5352) or visit level electrostatic discharge (ESD) one system-on-chip device. The platform
www.intertek.com/energystar. performance of up to 13 kilovolts (kV) allows communication with an external
that negates the need for external ESD microcontroller to change operating
components, makes the NCV7321 ideal parameters after power-up, implement
Fabric Shielding Gasket for the typically harsh environments LED-short detection, and provide
Product Line Launched found in automotive applications. advanced system diagnostics.
Leader Tech has announced the launch
of a new Fabric Shielding Gasket product The new NCV7608 is an octal The first product – the NCV78663 -
line. This introduction is marked by configurable low-side / high-side driver. will be released to market in 2011.
the publication of a dedicated FSG The compact AEC Q10X-12 (rev.A) For further information visit
catalog that provides performance and qualified SOIC-28W packaged device is www.onsemi.com.
application data on over 125 gasket able to operate at junction temperatures
profiles and sizes. ranging from -40 °C to +150 °C. With
a wide input voltage range of 3.15 V Company Achieves Accreditation for
The light-weight, easy-to-install gaskets to 5.25 V, and eight fully independent Calibration Services
are ideal for most electronic enclosure output drivers that can be configured Restor Metrology has become the
shielding applications. The company’s in any combination of high-side, low- third calibration services provider
FSG products are manufactured with a side, or half-bridge configurations, the in the US to achieve accreditation to
resilient polyurethane foam core and NCV7608 offers maximum flexibility to ANSI/NCSL Z540.3-2006.

December 2010 IN Compliance 45

BUSINESS NEWS

According to Alan Keith, Restor Areas of use include grid measuring, simplified cabling and connections
Metrology’s Director of Operations, power measurement, harmonic and a shortened set-up time, making
“Achieving accreditation to both ISO/IEC measurement and energy meter. In the system a cost-effective, integrated
17025 and ANSI/NCSL Z540.3-2006 is the addition, the MMI7000 can be used solution with less error sources and
foundation on which to build customer as an additional external measuring insertion loss. For additional information,
trust and loyalty. Service expectations system accessory for the EPCOS BR6000 please visit www.teseq.com or
have grown significantly in recent years controller (e.g. for 3-phase measuring), call (732) 417-0501 ext. 239.
and Restor is committed to being an and as a transmitter for external systems.
industry leader in quality, technical
expertise, and continuous improvement. Further information on the MMI7000 New Testing Service Offers
Restor has and continues to make Multi Measuring Interface can be found Product Certification for
significant investments in standards and under www.epcos.com/pfc. Photovoltaic Module Manufacturers
systems to meet that commitment.” FM Approvals and TÜV Rheinland PTL
LLC have joined forces to deliver a
You may view Restor’s scope of Enhanced Test System Provides
More Flexibility comprehensive Approval Standards
accreditation at http://a2la.org/ available for both flexible and rigid PV
scopepdf/3088-01.pdf. Teseq Inc., has improved its ITS 6006 modules.
(Immunity Test System) for radiated EMC
immunity The new FM Approval Standard
New Multi Measuring Interface testing by 4476, Approval Standard for Flexible
TDK-EPC is expanding its power factor enhancing Photovoltaic Modules, and Approval
the RF Standard 4478, Approval Standard for
correction portfolio with the introduction
power Rigid Photovoltaic Modules, currently
of a new EPCOS brand Multi Measuring
meters are undergoing final review and will
Interface.
used in
The EPCOS be released by the end of 2010. These
conjunction with the unit.
MMI7000 is new standards will enable PV module
a universal manufacturers and others to obtain
The ITS 6006, ideal for use in a variety of
measuring FM Approval for their products when
EMC applications including information
device to used as part of an FM Approved roofing
technology, medical, RF, traffic telematics
measure assembly.
and mobile communications, features
and control two updated, rugged RF power meter
the most Under an agreement signed by the
models, the PMR 6006 and PMU 6006,
important grid parameters in a PFC with an expanded frequency range from two testing laboratories, FM Approvals
system. Harmful conditions in the grid 1 MHz to 6 GHz and linear measurement will test the fire and natural hazard
(such as high harmonic content) that range of -45 dBm to +20 dBm. Both performance of PV modules as part of
negatively impact the system can be models feature a large dynamic range, complete large-scale roof assemblies at
immediately detected. fast measurement, a sturdy design and its Natural Hazards Laboratory in West
a frequency range that matches the Glocester, R.I., USA. TÜV Rheinland
The MMI7000 is designed for three- application being performed to meet PTL will provide the electrical safety
phase measuring, display and recording the rigorous demands of EMC immunity and performance certification testing
of values. In addition, it can be used testing. required by the new FM Approval
in combination with a PF-controller standards.
series for external measurements. The PMR 6006 and PMU 6006 are used
With dimensions of 144 x 144 mm, the in conjunction with Teseq’s compact FM Approvals tests and certifies products
MMI7000 was designed in the same way ITS 6006, comprised of an RF signal and services that meet its rigorous
as EPCOS PF controllers and is suited for generator with AM and PM modulators, property loss prevention standards.
switchboard mounting. Like all controllers RF switches, inputs for up to three Architects, consulting engineers, plant
and measuring devices, the MMI7000 external power meters, EUT (equipment managers and product buyers rely on
features an easy-to-use graphical menu under test) monitoring and control ports, FM Approvals to help them make well-
and an integrated help function. Menu amplifier control outputs and software informed decisions about which products
languages are English, German, Russian, for comprehensive EMC testing. and services on the market will best
Spanish and Turkish. The LCD full graphic reduce their property loss risks. For more
display shows bar graphs, diagrams and The key benefit of the ITS 6006 is that information, visit www.us.tuv.com and
different font sizes. it features integrated RF switching, www.fmapprovals.com.

46 IN Compliance December 2010 www.incompliancemag.com

Test Equipment Marketplace

CALIBRATION & REPAIR SERVICES ESD TEST EQUIPMENT

EMC TESTERS

FIBER-OPTIC SYSTEMS

48 IN Compliance December 2010 www.incompliancemag.com

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RECEIVERS, EMI/EMC

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49 49
EVENTS

Seminars & Training December 6 - December 10

December 1 - December 2 2010 Wireless and EMC Seminar Program
Hazard-Based Safety Engineering (HBSE) Elliott Laboratories
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50 IN Compliance December 2010 www.incompliancemag.com