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Module Iv

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20 views20 pages

Module Iv

Uploaded by

vishnuelano
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MODULE IV

HYPER THREADING
• Hyperthreading is a technology developed by Intel that
allows one physical core behaves as two separate logical
cores.
• Hyperthreading creates two virtual cores (Threads) within
a single physical CPU
• The virtual core shares the same execution resources of
the physical core.
• Virtual cores only share the execution unit of physical
processor but they have their own registers and control
logic.
• When one thread waiting for data or instruction fetch,
decode, the CPU can switch to another thread keeping the
execution unit busy.
• Here is an example of how hyper-threading can improve
performance:
• • A web browser is running two tabs: one tab is loading a web
page, and the other tab is displaying a video.
• • Without hyper-threading, the CPU would have to switch back
and forth between the two tabs, which would slow down the
overall performance of the browser.
• • With hyper-threading, the CPU can execute instructions from
both tabs simultaneously, which allows the browser to run
more smoothly.
HYPER THREADING
Single core processors
Core: A single processing unit in a CPU is called a core .
A processor core is a single, independent processing unit within a
computer's central processing unit (CPU). A single-core processor is a
microprocessor with a single core on its die. A core has its own set of
registers, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and instruction decoder.
Limitations of Single core Processors
➢ Performance: Can execute one instruction at a time
➢ Efficiency : Often they should wait for data.
➢ Scalability: They can not be scaled to improve
performance
➢ Slower Multitasking: Switching between tasks reduce the
speed.
➢ Inefficient resource utilization
MULTICORE PROCESSORS.
• A multicore processor is a microprocessor on a single
integrated circuit (IC) with two or more separate
processing units, called cores, each of which reads
and executes program instructions
Advantages of Multicore Processing
• Increased performance
• Energy efficiency
• Better multitasking
• Enhanced gaming and graphics
• Improved virtualization
• Future proofing
• Scalability
• Parallel programming
• Cost effective
Types of multicore processors

• There are two main types of multicore processors:


homogenous and heterogeneous.
• Homogenous multicore processors have all cores of the
same type. This means that they have the same architecture,
instruction set, and clock speed. Homogenous multicore
processors are the most common type of multicore
processor. They are relatively easy to design and implement,
and they can be used for a wide variety of applications.
• Heterogeneous multicore processors have cores of
different types. This means that they may have different
architectures, instruction sets, and clock speeds.
Heterogeneous multicore processors are more complex to
design and implement, but they can offer better
performance and efficiency for certain applications
• For example, a heterogeneous multicore processor might
have some cores that are optimized for integer operations
and other cores that are optimized for floating-point
operations. This would allow the processor to efficiently
execute applications that use both types of operations
Types of Multicore Processors
1. Homogenous 2.Heterogeneous
Characteristic Homogenous multicore processor Heterogeneous multicore processor

Core type All cores are the same type Cores can be of different types

Architecture All cores have the same architecture Cores can have different architectures
Cores can have different instruction
Instruction set All cores have the same instruction set sets

Clock speed All cores have the same clock speed Cores can have different clock speeds

design and
implementation Relatively easy More complex
Can be used for a wide variety of
Versatility applications Best suited for certain applications

Better performance for certain


Performance Good applications

Efficiency Good Better efficiency for certain applications


Comparison of Single core & Multicore
Processors

Characteristic Single-core processor Multicore processor

Number of cores One Two or more

Performance Slower Faster

Efficiency Low High

Operation One task at a time Multitasking

Speed Slow Fast

Cost Lower Higher

Power consumption Lower Higher

Heat generation Lower Higher

Processing Sequential Parallel


Major Issues in Multicore Processing
1. Software Parallelism
2. Load balancing
3. Complexity of programming
4. Memory hierarchy
5. Power consumption & Heat dissipation
6. Cache coherency
7. Scalability
8. Software license cost
9. Testing & debugging.
INTEL CORE 2 DUO
• The Core 2 Duo processor is a dual-core processor,
which means that it has two processing cores on a
single die. Each core has its own L1 cache and can
execute instructions independently of the other core.
The cores share a common L2 cache.
• The Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
(APIC) is a hardware component that is responsible
for generating and handling interrupts in the Core 2
Duo processor.
• The power management unit (PMU) in the
Core 2 Duo processor is responsible for
managing the power consumption of the
processor. It does this by monitoring the
activity of the processor and adjusting the
power accordingly. The PMU can also put the
processor into a variety of low-power states
when it is idle.
• The front-side bus (FSB) connects the processor to
the memory controller and the back-side bus (BSB)
connects the processor to the chipset. The chipset
provides a bridge between the processor and other
devices in the system, such as the graphics card and
hard drive.
• Archstate in the Core 2 Duo block diagram is a signal
that indicates the current architectural state of the
processor. It is used to control the behaviour of
various components in the processor, such as the
front-end, back-end, and cache.
• There are two main architectural states in the Core 2 Duo:
• • In-order state: This is the default state, in which the
processor executes instructions in the order in which they
are received.
• • Out-of-order state: In this state, the processor can
execute instructions out of order, which can improve
performance.
• The Core 2 Duo processor was a significant improvement
over the previous generation of Pentium processors. It
offered better performance, lower power consumption, and
better support for multitasking.
• Important technological features of IA processors
• • Virtualization :Intel Virtualization technology enables
the system works with more than one operating system.
• • Turbo boost: Turbo boost technology automatically
increases the operating clock frequency when needed in
order to improve the performance.
• • Hyper threading : A single processor core to be operated
as multiple logical cores.
• • Advanced vector extension: It is the extention of IA
instruction set.It uses 256 bit vector data. It is useful for
math and DSP operations
Comparison of Core i3, i5 and i7 processors
Feature Core i3 Core i5 Core i7
Entry Level Mid range High end
Cores 2-4 cores 4-6 6-8

Turbo Boost No yes yes


Threads 8 20 28
Hyper-Threading yes yes(depends on yes
generation)

Cache Size L3 12MB 24MB 33MB


Cache Size L2 5MB 20MB 28MB
Max Turbo 4.7GHz Up to 5.3 GHz Up to 5.6
frequency GHz

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