Q. Discuss different protocols used in TCP/IP suite.

 TCP/ IP stands for transmission control protocol/ internet protocol.

 TCP / IP is a network model that is used to transfer data from one computer to another over the internet
 Protocols in TCP/IP Suite
 Each layer in TCP/IP suite has its own protocols.
 Different protocols are designed to perform different tasks.
 Some most widely used protocols used in application layers include FTP, HTTP and SMTP.
1. FTP

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard TCP/IP protocol.

Used

1. It is used to transfer files from one computer to another.

2. It is a client -server protocol where the client requests for a file and the server provides it.
3. It is used for download and uploading files.

Example

if you want to transfer a document file to a remote computer then we can use this protocol

2. HTTP

It stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a protocol.

A web server is also known as HTTP server

Used

1. It is used by World Wide Web (WWW) to transfer webpages between a client and a web server.
2. It is used for browsing internet

SMTP

It stands for simple mail transfer protocol.It is very popular protocol for email communication

Uses

it is used to send and receive emails.

( According to book)
The Need for Addressing

A packet is the unit of data sent from one device to another.

It requires its destination address just like we written address on an envelope while sending an letter. An application
running on the recipient side a accept packets and assembles them to show a meaningful information. If there are more
than one applications ready to accept a packet, then a number called port number (. The port number is used to
distinguish the target application if more than one applications are ready to accept a packet .) distinguishes the targeted
application from the other applications. So, proper addressing is required for reliable data transfer.

Importance of Addressing in Data Communication

Before sending a message, source must know the destination address. Devices on a network need addresses in order to
communicate with each other. So giving an address to a message is the first step and the second step is to transmit the
packet to I intended recipients.
Q. What is the use and importance of address in data communication?

Address in Data Communication

 An address in data communication is used to uniquely identify a device on the network.

 It is also known as IP address. IP stands for Internet Protocol.
 Different devices over a network communicate with each other using their unique addresses.
 The data is transferred over a network in the form of packets.

Packet

 A packet is a unit of data sent from one device to another over the network.

It requires its destination address to be delivered successfully. It is similar to writing an address on the envelope
when sending a letter. The letter cannot be delivered to the destination if it does not have the correct address.
Similarly, the data cannot be transferred to the desired location without the correct address The application on the
recipient side accepts packets and assembles them into meaningful information.

Port number

The port number is used to distinguish the target application if more than one applications are ready to accept a packet .

Q. How telephone addressing relate with network addressing?

Mapping between Telephone & Network Addressing

IP address acts as a telephone number.

Example

Suppose a user needs to call another person. The telephone number is required to make the call. Similarly, a device uses
the IP address of the other device to communicate with it.

Explanation

 Each device connected to the Internet has an IP address.

 All IP addresses are unique like the telephone numbers.
 All devices communicate with other devices using the IP addresses.
 The IP addresses can be static or dynamic

1.Static IP Address

 Static IP address is a type of IP address that remains the same every time the device is connected to the internet.
 The server uses static IP address.

Dynamic IP Address

 Dynamic IP Address Dynamic IP address is a type of IP address that is assigned each time a device is connected to
the Internet.
 The user computers typically use dynamic IP address

Q A Describe the method of sending HTTP requests and receiving HTTP response over the Internet.

HTTP Request & Response

 The World Wide Web (WWW) is a system of Internet servers.

 The clients send requests to the server.
 The servers receive requests from client and serve them.
 A request from a client is called HTTP request.
  The communication between client and server is based on request response.
 The system is called client-server system.
 The data in this system is typically stored on servers.
 The server shares the data with the clients based on their requests

Example

Ed Suppose the user opens the web browser and types www.pakistan .gov. pk in the address bar. It is a request to a
server to display the contents of this website. The server responds to the request and displays the contents. The website
may consist off on text, images, audio and video etc. The user computer works as a client and receives the contents
from the web server or HTTP server

Q. What is IP address? Describe different IP addressing standards.

IP Address
IP address is a unique number that identifies a computer or a device on the network.

 Each computer on a network must have an IP address.

 In order to Communicate with other computers. It is assigned by Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP).
 It ensures that no two different networks are assigned the same IP hetwork address. IP addresses are managed
by Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA)

IP Addressing Standards

Two types of IP addressing standards are

1. IPv4
2. IPv6
1. IPv4
 The original (IPv4 protocol is still used today on both the internet and many business networks. IPy4 is a
32-bits in size.
 It provides approximately 4.3 billion addresses.
 The 32 bits are divided into four parts known as octet.
 One octet is equal to 8 bits.
 The four octets are separated by dot(.)
 Each octet in the IP address is written in decimal format.
 Each octet can contain a decimal value from 0 to 255.
Example
The following example shows an IPv4 address:
Decimal 10. 10. 20. 1.
Binary. 00001010. 00001010. 00010100. 00000001
Octet-4. Octet-3. Octet-2. Octel-1

Structure of IPv4 address

2. IPv6
 Many devices are connecting to the internet. It was a concern that IPv4 may not be enough for all these
devices.
 IPV6 was introduced as a solution for expanding the possible number of users on the internet. It was
developed by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
 It became draft standard in December 1998 and internet Standard in 14 July 2017
 IPv6 is a 128-bits in size.
 If provides approximately 3.4x108 addresses.
  It is 7.9 x10 28 more than the number of addresses in IPv4.
 IPv6 is written in hexadecimal.
 It has eight groups separated by colon (:).
 Each group has four hexadecimal digits. One hexadecimal digit needs 4 bits and a group of foure
hexadecimal digits needs 16 bits. IPV6 address has eight groups of 16 bits so ones address needs 128 bits
Example
An example of IPv6 address is as follows.
2DAB:FFFF:0000:3EAE:01AA:00FF:DD72:2C4A
Q. What is a router
Router
 Router is a networking device that connects multiple networks.
 It can transmit data from one network to another network in less time.
 It manages the best route between any two communication networks.
 It can be used on a network of any size
 A router analyses the destination IP address of the incoming data packet.
 It determines the best route to forward the packet.
 It then sends the packet to that route.
Describe the routing process with an example.
Routing Process
Define
Routing is a process of transferring data from the device on one network to the device on another
network.
Explanation
 Every data packet has two addresses called source and destination.
 The source address identifies the device that sends data.
 The destination address identifies the device that receives data.
Example
Suppose Host A and Host B are on two different networks and Host A wants to communicate with Host
B. The Host A will send the data packet to the router. The router will check the destination address in the
routing table. The routing table is used to determine the path to the destination network. The router will
then forward the data packet to the appropriate destination. The router will discard the packet if it does
not find the destination address in the routing table.
Q. How the routing works over the Internet?
Routing over the Internet
 The user gets the Internet services from internet Service Provider (ISP).
 A request from the user device is sent to ISP where the router is installed.
 The router analyses the message header and forwards the request accordingly.
 There may be hundreds of networks between the sender and the receiver.
 The data packets may be transferred by hundreds of routers from one network to another to reach the
final destination.