BDwbU

1
e¨emv‡qi cwiwPwZ
(Introduction to Business)

f~wgKv

gvby‡li Afve Acwimxg| gvby‡li GB Afve‡eva Ges Afve c~i‡Yi Rb¨ wewbgq-e¨e¯’vi m~Î a‡iB e¨emv‡qi Rb¥|
e¨emvq cY¨ ev †mev mieivn K‡i gvby‡li Afve †gvPb K‡i| GB cY¨ ev †mev e¨emvq wb‡R Drcv`b K‡i A_ev
Ab¨ Drcv`‡Ki wbKU n‡Z msMÖn K‡i wewbgq K‡i| gvby‡li Afve †hgb evievi Abyf‚Z nq e¨emvq I †Zgwb cybt
cybt Dnv c~iY K‡i| myZivs cybt cybt wewbgqB e¨emv‡qi ag©|
e¨emv‡qi Bs‡iRx Business kãwU Busy (Busyness) kã n‡Z D™¢~Z n‡q‡Q, hvi AwfavbMZ A_© nj- †h †Kvb
Kv‡R e¨¯— _vKv (Being busy in any work)| wKš—z e¨emv‡qi G A_© AZ¨š— e¨vcK I Am¤ú~Y©| †KD †Ljvayjvq,
MvbevRbvq wKsev wbQK Mí-¸R‡e e¨¯— _vK‡Z cv‡i| wKš—z Bnv‡K KLbB e¨emvq ejv hvq bv| Ab¨w`‡K, gvby‡li
mKj A_©‰bwZK Kv‡R e¨¯— _vKv‡KI e¨emvq ejv hvq bv| A_©‰bwZK wµqvKjvc Aek¨B cÖPwjZ AvB‡b ˆea n‡Z
n‡e| A_©vr A‰ea A_©‰bwZK ZrciZv‡K e¨emvq e‡j we‡ePbv Kiv nq bv| †hgb- †PvivKvievix, Kv‡jvevRvix|
e¨emvq nj ˆea A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vejx, hvi D‡Ïk¨ nj gybvdv AR©b Kiv| †hgb- K…wlKvR, grm¨ Pvl, nvm-gyiMx dvg©,
†WBwi dvg©, wkí cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb Ges wkí cY¨ ˆZix, Wv³vix, IKvjwZ, e¨vswKs cÖf…wZ| myZivs gvbyl Zvi Afve
c~i‡Yi j‡¶¨ gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cY¨ ev †mev Drcv`b, e›Ub I Gi mswk−ó †h mKj ˆea A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û
e¨¯— _v‡K Zv‡KB e¨emvq ejv n‡q _v‡K| gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ wb‡æv³ mKj KvRB e¨emvq wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nqt
K. cY¨ I †mevi Drcv`b, L. cY¨ ev †mevi µq-weµq A_©vr e›Ub, M. Drcv`b I e›U‡bi mnvqK Kvh©vejx †hgb-
e¨vsK, exgv, cwienb, ¸`vgRvZKiY, evRviRvZKiY BZ¨vw`|
GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 1 e¨emv‡qi msÁv, cÖK…wZ, AvIZv I ¸i“Z¡

 D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 e¨emv‡qi msÁv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e¨emv‡qi cÖK…wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e¨emv‡qi AvIZv ev cwiwa eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e¨emv‡qi ¸i“Z¡ ev f‚wgKv KZLvwb Zv Abyaveb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

welqe¯—z t
e¨emv‡qi msÁv t mvaviY A‡_© e¨emvq nj gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ïk¨ Kgg~‡j¨ cY¨mvgMÖx µq K‡i †ekx g~‡j¨ Zv
A‡b¨i wbKU weµq Kiv| wKš—z cÖK…Z A‡_©, e¨emvq ïaygvÎ cY¨-`ªe¨ µq-weµ‡qi g‡a¨B mxgve× bq| Gi A_©
AviI e¨vcK I we¯—„Z| cY¨ mvgMÖx I †mev Drcv`b †_‡K ïi“ K‡i †fv³v ev e¨enviKvixi Kv‡Q †cŠ‡Q †`qv ch©š—
hveZxq ˆea A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÊB e¨emvq| myZivs e¨vcK A‡_© ejv hvq, ˆea Dcv‡q gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨
cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` AvniY K‡i Zv Øviv e¨env‡ivc‡hvMx cY¨-mvgMÖx I †mevµg Drcv`b, Drcvw`Z c‡Y¨i e›Ub
(¸`vgRvZKiY, cwienb, exgv, e¨vswKs, evRviRvZKiY, µq-weµq BZ¨vw`) Ges cÖZ¨¶ †mev msµvš— gvbexq
Kvh©vejx‡K e¨emvq e‡j|

e¨emvq cÖK…wZ
cÖK…wZ (Nature) nj †Kvb wKQyi ¯^fve ev mnRvZ ˆewkó¨ ev Zvi aib, Pjb, ejb, ixwZbxwZ cÖf…wZ| gvby‡li eûwea
Afve c~i‡bi j‡¶¨ gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cY¨ I †mev K‡g©i Drcv`b, e›Ub, µq-weµq, cÖZ¨¶ †mev`vb
m¤úwK©Z †cŠbt cywbK Kvh©vejx e¨emv‡qi mnRvZ ˆewkó¨| wb‡æ e¨emv‡qi KZ¸‡jv mnRvZ ˆewkó¨ ev ¯^fve eY©bv
Kiv n‡jv, hvi Øviv e¨emv‡qi cÖK…wZ dz‡U DV‡e t
1. gybvdv AR©‡bi j‡¶¨B e¨emvq cwiPvwjZ nq, Rb‡mevi Rb¨ b‡n|
2. cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` msMÖn Ges Gi Øviv gvby‡li e¨env‡ivc‡hvMx cY¨`ªe¨ I †mev Drcv`b e¨emv‡qi Ab¨Zg
ˆewkó¨|
3. SzuwK I AwbðqZv e¨emv‡qi Av‡iKwU ¯^fve| gybvdv AR©b cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jI gybvdv bv n‡q †jvKmvb n‡Z
cv‡i, Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ weµq bvI n‡Z cv‡i, cwienb, ¸`vgRvZKiY cÖf…wZ †¶‡Î cY¨`ªe¨ bó ev Pywi n‡Z
cv‡i| A_©vr SuywK I AwbðqZv e¨emv‡qi cÖavb mv_x|
4. A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kjv‡ci ev †jb-†`‡bi avivevwnKZv ev †cŠbt cywbKZv e¨emv‡qi Av‡iKwU Ab¨Zg mnRvZ
ˆewkó¨| nVvr K‡i 2/1 wU †jb‡`b n‡j Dn‡K e¨emvq ejv hvq bv| e¨emvwqK †jb‡`b ev Kg©KvÛ Aek¨B
†cŠbt cywbK|
5. e¨emvqx weµ‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨B cY¨ ev †mev Drcv`b ev msMÖn K‡i| ZvB weµ‡qi AwfcÖvq e¨emv‡qi Av‡iKwU
ˆewkó¨|
6. e¨emv‡q cY¨ ev †mevi †jb‡`‡bi Aek¨B Avw_©K wewbgq g~j¨ _v‡K|
7. cY¨ ev †mev n‡jv e¨emv‡qi cÖavb DcKiY ev mË`v|
8. e¨emvq cwieZ©bkxjZvi mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q P‡j|
9. bvh¨g~j¨ I myweavRbK k‡Z© ¸YMZ cY¨ I †mevi †hvMvb †`qv e¨emv‡qi Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨|
10. e¨emvq Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó Ges mgv‡Ri †mevg~jK wewfbœ Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g RbMY‡K †mev cÖ`vb Ki|

BDwbU GK c„ôv-2
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e¨emv‡qi AvIZv
e¨emv‡qi AvIZv ej‡Z e¨emv‡qi ¯^vfvweK Kvh©‡¶Î ev Kv‡Ri MwÛ‡KB †evSvq| e¨emv‡qi AvIZv ev cwiwa
AZ¨vš— e¨vcK I we¯—„Z| gybvdv AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ gvby‡li e¯—zMZ I Ae¯—zMZ Afve wgUv‡bvi Rb¨ cY¨-`ªe¨ I †mev
Drcv`b, msMÖn I e›Ub Ges G‡`i mnvqK hveZxq Kvh©vejx AvaywbK e¨emv‡qi AvIZvfz³| g~‡j¨i wewbg‡q
†fv³v‡K †mev cwi‡ekbI AvaywbK e¨emv‡qi AvIZvfz³| e¨emv‡qi †¶‡Î Drcv`b msµvš— KvR wk‡íi gva¨‡g,
msMÖn I e›Ub msµvš— KvR evwY‡R¨i gva¨‡g m¤úvw`Z nq| e›U‡bi †¶‡Î µq-weµq ev cY¨ wewbgq gyL¨ KvR
wn‡m‡e MY¨| Ab¨vb¨ KvR cY¨ wewbg‡qi mnvqK Kvh©vejx wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| GB Av‡jv‡K e¨emv‡qi AvIZv‡K
wbæwjwLZ 4wU fv‡M fvM K‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvqt
1. wkí, 2. evwYR¨ 3. wkí I evwY‡R¨i mnvqK KvR I 4. cÖZ¨¶ †mev|
wkí
wk‡íi KvR n‡jv cÖK…wZ n‡Z cÖvß m¤ú`mg~n D‡Ëvjb, †kvab I cÖ¯—zZKiY| wkíRvZ †mevI wk‡íi AvIZvfz³|
GQvov c‡Y¨i iƒcMZ cwieZ©b mvab K‡i byZb bZzb Dc‡hvM m„wó KivI wk‡íi KvR| Drcv`‡bi cÖwµqv I
Kg©cÖ‡Póvq wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y wkí‡K cÖavbZt wb‡æv³ fv‡M fvM Kiv nj t
K. cÖRbb wkí
†h wk‡í Drcvw`Z mvgMÖx cybivq m„wó ev Drcv`‡bi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K cÖRbb wkí e‡j| †hgb- bvm©vix,
n¨vPvix, nuvm-gyiMxi Lvgvi, cïcvjb BZ¨vw`|
L. wb®‹vkb
†h cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g f‚Mf©, cvwb ev evqy n‡Z m¤ú` D‡Ëvjb ev AvniY Kiv nq Zv‡K wb®‹vkb wkí e‡j| LwbR c`v_©
D‡Ëvjb, grm¨ wkKvi BZ¨vw` Giƒc wk‡íi AvIZvfz³|
M. wbg©vY wkí
†h cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g iv¯—vNvU, †mZz, euva, `vjvb‡KvVv BZ¨vw` wbg©vY Kiv nq Zv‡K wbg©vY wkí e‡j|
N. hvwš¿K ev mR©b wkí
kªg I h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ cÖwµqvq KuvPvgvj ev Aa© cÖ¯—zZ wRwbm‡K gvby‡li e¨env‡ivc‡hvMx P~ovš— c‡Y¨ cÖ¯—zZ
Kivi cÖ‡Póv‡K hvwš¿K ev mR©b wkí e‡j| Giƒc wkí‡K we‡k−lY, †hŠwMK, cÖwµqvwfw³K, ms‡hvRb BZ¨vw` fv‡M
fvM Kiv hvq|
O. †mev cwi‡ekK wkí
gvby‡li RxebhvÎv mnR, wbwe©Nœ I Avivg`vqK Kivi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ wkí‡K †mev cwi‡ekK wkí e‡j| M¨vm
mieivn, we`y¨r ms‡hvM, †Uwj‡dvb, cvwb mieivn BZ¨vw`i `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ cÖwZôvb G †kªYxfz³|
evwYR¨
evwY‡R¨i KvR n‡jv wk‡í Drcvw`Z cY¨ mvgMÖx e›Ub Kiv Ges e›Ub Kv‡j m„ó cÖwZeÜKZv mg~n `~i K‡i †fvM
Kvixi wbKU cY¨ †cŠ‡Q †`qv| evwY‡R¨i gva¨‡g e¨w³MZ, KvjMZ, SuywKMZ, A_©MZ, ¯’vbMZ cÖwZeÜKZv `~i K‡i
cY¨mvgMÖx †fvMKvixi wbKU †cŠQv‡bv nq| evwY‡R¨i AvIZv wbæiƒc t
K. cY¨ wewbgq ev µq-weµq
cY¨ `ª‡e¨i µq-weµq‡K wewbgq e‡j| wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g c‡b¨i gvwjKvbv n¯—vwiZ nq Ges e¨w³MZ ev ¯^Z¡MZ
cÖwZeÜKZv `~i nq| cY¨ wewbgq `y'cÖKvi t
1. Af¨š—ixY cY¨ wewbgq
†`‡ki †fŠMwjK mxgvbvi g‡a¨ †h wewbgq msNwUZ nq Zv‡K Af¨š—ixY wewbgq e‡j| GUv Avevi `yai‡bi nq|
h_v- cvBKvix, wewbgq I LyPiv wewbgq|

BDwbU GK c„ôv-3
GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

2. ˆe‡`wkK cY¨ wewbgq

GKwU ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg †`‡ki mv‡_ Ab¨ GKwU ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg †`‡ki cY¨ wewbgq n‡j Zv‡K ˆe‡`wkK cY¨
wewbgq e‡i| Dnv Avevi wZb ai‡bi| h_v- Avg`vbx, ißvbx, cybtißvbx|
L. cwienb
cwien‡bi gva¨‡g c‡Y¨i ¯’vbMZ cÖwZeÜKZv `~i Kiv nq| †hgb- ewikv‡j Drcvw`Z Pvj XvKvq meivn Kiv nq|
M. exgv
cY¨ mvgMÖx Drcv`b Ges Drcv`‡bi ci †fv³vi Kv‡Q †cŠQv‡bi †¶‡Î †h mKj SzuwKi mgy¶xY nq, exgvi gva¨‡g
†mB SzuwKMZ cÖwZeÜKZv `~i Kiv nq|
N. ¸`vgRvZKiY
Drcvw`Z cY¨ mvgMÖx myweavRbK mg‡q weµ‡qi Rb¨ ¸`vg N‡i h_vh_ fv‡e msi¶Y Ki‡Z nq| cY¨ mvgMÖx h_vh_
fv‡e msi¶Y K‡i mgqMZ cÖwZeÜKZv `~i Kiv nq|
O. e¨vswKs
e¨emv‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯’vqx I PjwZ g~jab mieivn K‡i e¨vsKmg~n evwY‡R¨i A_©MZ cÖwZeÜKZv `~i K‡i|
wkí I evwY‡R¨i mnvqK KvR
wkí I evwY‡R¨ mnvqZv K‡i G ai‡bi wewfbœ KvRI e¨emv‡qi AvIZvfz³| †hgb- cY¨ M‡elYv, evRvi M‡elYv,
†KŠkj D™¢veb, evRviRvZ KiY cÖmvi BZ¨vw`|
cÖZ¨¶ †mev
gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ ¯^vaxb‡ckvq wb‡qvwRZ Wv³vix e¨emvq †hgb wK¬wbK I nvmcvZvj, AvBb e¨emvqx †hgb-
GUbx©dvg©, BwÄwbqvwi dvg© BZ¨vw` cÖZ¨¶ †mev weµqKvix cÖwZôvb m½Z Kvi‡YB e¨emv‡qi AvIZvq Av‡m| Dc‡ii
Av‡jvPbvq GUv ¯úó †h, e¨emv‡qi AvIZv AZ¨š— e¨vcK I we¯—„Z| mf¨Zvi cÖv_wgK ¯—‡i Gi AvIZv GZ e¨vcK
wQjbv| AvaywbK mf¨Zvi µgweKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ Gi AvIZv AviI e„w× cv‡”Q Ges fwel¨‡Z Gi cÖmvi AviI
evo‡e, G‡Z †Kvb m‡›`n †bB| wb‡æ wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨emv‡qi AvIZv ev cwiwa Zz‡j aiv nj t
e¨emv‡qi AvIZv

wkí evwYR¨ wkí I evwY‡R¨i mnvqK Kvh©vejx cÖZ¨¶ †mev Kg©

cÖRbb cY¨ wewbgq cY¨ M‡elYv wK¬wbK e¨emvq

wb®‹vkb cwienb evRvi M‡elYv AvBb e¨emvq
wbg©vY ¸`vgRvZKiY ‡KŠkj D™¢veb wnmve e„wË
hvwš¿K exgv cÖ‡KŠkj dvg©
‡mev cwi‡ekK e¨vswKs

Avf¨š—ixY cY¨ wewbgq ‰e‡`wkK evwYR¨ ev cY¨ wewbgq

cvBKvix wewbgq Avg`vbx
LyPiv wewbgq ißvbx
cybtißvbx
wPÎ t e¨emv‡qi AvIZv
BDwbU GK c„ôv-4
 e¨emvq bxwZ I cÖ‡qvM 1g cÎ

e¨emv‡qi ¸i“Z¡
eZ©gvb we‡k¦i cÖwZwU †`‡k, cÖwZwU mgv‡R, cÖwZwU e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi wbKU e¨emv‡qi ¸i“Z¡ GZ †ekx †h, G m¤^‡Ü
wKQy ejvi †Póv Kiv n‡e evûj¨Zv| we‡k¦i ivRbxwZ, ivóªbxwZ, mgvRbxwZ, A_©bxwZ me wKQyB e¨emvq Øviv
we‡klfv‡e cÖfvweZ| Pjgvb we‡k¦i me wKQyB †_‡g hv‡e hw` e¨emvq †_‡g hvq| we‡k¦i cÖwZwU gvbylB cÖZ¨¶ I
c‡iv¶ fv‡e e¨emvq Øviv DcK…Z n‡”Q|
Ab¨w`‡K, RxweKv AR©‡bi me‡P‡q ¯^vaxb, mnRZg I m¤§vb RbK Dcvq n‡jv e¨emvq| e¨emv‡qi gva¨‡g ab
m¤ú` AR©b K‡i wb‡Ri, mgv‡Ri Z_v †`‡ki AMÖMwZ mvab Kiv m¤¢e| wewfbœ a‡g©I wb‡Ri, mgv‡Ri Ges †`‡ki
m¤ú` e„w×i Rb¨ e¨emv‡qi wb‡`©k †`qv n‡q‡Q| cweÎ †KviAv‡b e¨emvq‡K nvjvj †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avj−vn
e‡j‡Qb, ÒbvgvR mgvß n‡j †Zvgiv c„w_ex‡Z Qwo‡q co Ges Avj−vni AbyMÖn A‡b¦lY Ki A_©vr e¨emvwqK KvRKg©
I wiwRK A‡b¦l‡Yi †Póv Ki|Ó cweÎ nvw`‡Q mZ¨ev`x, b¨vqcš’x I wek¦¯— e¨emvqx‡K bex, wmÏxK I knx`‡`i mg
gh©v`v cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| nvw`Q kix‡d AviI ejv n‡q‡Q †h, ÒRxweKvi `k fv‡Mi bq fvM Av‡m e¨emvq †_‡K
Ges mr I wbôvi mv‡_ e¨emvq Kiv GKwU DËg Bev`Z|Ó Avgv‡`i wcÖqbex nhiZ †gvnv¤§` (mt) wb‡RI e¨emvq-
evwYR¨ K‡i‡Qb| Kv‡RB `ywbqv I AvwLiv‡Zi Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ e¨emvq GKwU DËg nvwZqvi|
Aci w`‡K, Avgiv hw` DbœZ we‡k¦i w`‡K ZvKvB Zvn‡j †`L‡ev †m me †`‡ki DbœwZi g~‡j i‡q‡Q e¨emvq Z_v wkí
I evwY‡R¨ DbœwZ| e¨emvq K‡iB Bs‡iRiv `y'k eQi Avgv‡`i kvmb I †kvlY K‡i‡Q| eZ©gvb we‡k¦I †h me †`‡k
c„w_ex‡Z Avw`cZ¨ I cÖfve we¯—vi Ki‡Q Zv‡`iI g~j kw³ n‡”Q e¨emvq-evwYR¨| eZ©gvb we‡k¦ mvgªvR¨ev` bv
_vK‡jI e¨emvwqK Z_v A_©‰bwZK mvgªvR¨vw` Pj‡Q| ¸i“Z¡ cv‡”Q †`‡k †`‡k A_©‰bwZK KzUbxwZ ev Economic
Diplomacy. e¨emvq evwY‡R¨i gva¨‡gB Pj‡Q A_©‰bwZK mg„w× AR©‡bi cÖ‡Póv| Kv‡RB RvZxq I Avš—R©vwZK
Kj¨v‡Y e¨emv‡qi ¸i“Z¡ e‡j †kl Kiv hv‡e bv| ZeyI wewfbœ w`K †_‡K e¨emv‡qi ¸i“Z¡ Zz‡j aivi †Póv Kiv nj t
1. †`‡ki Qov‡bv wQUv‡bv m¤ú‡`i Dchy³ e¨envi m¤¢e †Kej e¨emv‡qi gva¨‡gB|
2. e¨emv‡qi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb wewb‡qvM, Avi wewb‡qvM Av‡m mÂq †_‡K| Kv‡RB e¨emvq Rb¨B m‡q Drmvn
Av‡m|
3. e¨emv‡qi gva¨‡g e¨w³MZ Avq I myL ¯^v”Q›`¨ e„w× cvq, d‡j RvZxq AvqI e„w× cvq|
4. e¨emvq cÖ‡qvR‡b KuvPvgvj I cY¨ Avbv †bIqvi Rb¨ miKvix †emiKvix D‡`¨v‡M cwienb e¨e¯’vi Dbœqb
N‡U| e„wUkiv cÙv b`xi Dci nvwW©Ä weªR ˆZix K‡i †ij e¨e¯’vi Dbœqb NwU‡qwQj e¨emvwqK D‡Ï‡k¨B|
5. e¨emv‡qi d‡j e¨w³i Kvh©`¶Zv, Drcv`bkxjZv e„w× cvq Ges A_©‰bwZK DbœwZ mnR nq|
6. e¨emv‡qi cÖ‡qvR‡b wewfbœ cÖ‡Póv I M‡elYvi d‡j cÖhyw³MZ Dbœqb mvwaZ nq| djkª“wZ‡Z gvbyl cvq Kg
`v‡g DbœZgv‡bi wbZ¨byZb cY¨|
7. e¨emvq-evwY‡R¨i cÖmvi NU‡j miKv‡ii ivR¯^ Av`vq cÖPyi e„w× cvq| d‡j miKv‡ii A_©‰bwZK mvg_©¨ e„w×
cvq Ges RbMY Gi mydj †fvM K‡i|
8. e¨emvq-evwY‡R¨i e‡`Šj‡Z c„w_exi †h †Kvb †`‡ki †h †Kvb ¯’v‡b Drcvw`Z †h †Kvb cY¨ Avgiv N‡i e‡mB
cvw”Q| G‡Z Avgv‡`i Rxeb n‡q‡Q mnR, Avivg`vqK I DbœZ|
9. wb‡Ri I Ab¨‡`i Kg©ms¯’v‡bi me‡P‡q mnR I DËg Dcvq n‡jv e¨emvq-evwYR¨| Avgv‡`i gZ †`‡ki gvivÍ
K
†eKvi‡Z¡i Awfkvc †_‡K gyw³i GKgvÎ Dcvq nj e¨emvq-evwY‡R¨i cÖmvi NUv‡bv|
10. e¨emv‡qi mvnP‡h© I cÖZ¨¶ AwfÁZv jv‡fi Kvi‡Y †`‡k `¶ D‡`¨v³v †kªYx I e¨emvqx m¤úª`vq M‡o D‡V|
hv‡`i f‚wgKvi Kvi‡Y †`‡ki A_©bxwZ I mgvR DcK…Z nq| ejv nq ÒGKkZ BwÄwbqv‡ii †P‡q GKRb
D‡`¨v³v AwaK ¸i“Z¡c~Y©|Ó
11. e¨emv‡qi cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ cÖfv‡e †`‡k wk¶v I ms¯‹…wZi gvb DbœZ nq|
12. Avš—R©vwZK e¨emvq-evwY‡R¨i Kvi‡Y wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ I wewfbœ †`‡ki gvby‡li g‡a¨ my m¤úK© M‡oD‡V|
G‡Z K‡i ÁvbvR©b I cvi¯úwiK mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZvi †¶Î cÖmvwiZ nq|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvq GwU ¯úó †h, e¨w³, mgvR Z_v RvZxq DbœwZi MwZ Z¡ivwY¦Z Kivi Ab¨Zg ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Dcvq n‡jv
e¨emvq| `ª“Z ab-m¤ú` e„w×i GKgvÎ mnR c_ n‡jv e¨emvq| e¨emv‡qi gva¨‡gB kZKiv 90 fv‡MiI †ekx †jvK

BDwbU GK c„ôv-5
GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

Zv‡`i RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, Avš—R©vwZK †¶‡Î wewfbœ †`kI Zv‡`i A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ AvÂwjK
A_©‰bwZK †dvivg ev mwgwZ †hgb- SAPTA, NAFTA, EEC, ASEAN cÖf…wZ MVb Ki‡Q|

cvV-ms‡¶c
gvby‡li Afve †eva I Afve c~i‡Yi Rb¨ wewbgq e¨e¯’vi m~Î a‡iB e¨emv‡qi Rb¥|
Business k‡ãi Av¶wiK A_©- Ò‡Kvb Kv‡R e¨¯— _vKvÓ (Being busy in any activity).
gybvdv AR©‡i j‡¶¨ cY¨ I †mev K‡g©i Drcv`b, e›Ub, µq-weµq, cÖZ¨¶ †mev`vb m¤úwK©Z †cŠbt cywbK
ˆea Kvh©vejx‡K e¨emvq e‡j|
gybvdv AR©bB e¨emv‡qi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨|
SzuwK I AwbðqZv e¨emv‡qi wbZ¨ mv_x|
†jb‡`b avivevwnKZv ev †cŠbt cywbKZv e¨emv‡qi mnRvZ ˆewkó¨|
e¨emv‡qi cÖavb DcKiY ev mI`v nj cY¨ ev †mev|
cY¨ ev †mevi †jb‡`‡b Aek¨B Avw_©K wewbgq n‡Z n‡e|
cY¨ I †mev Drcv`b, msMÖn I e›Ub Ges G‡`i mnvqK hveZxq Kvh©vejx AvaywbK e¨emv‡qi AvIZvfz³|
g~‡j¨i wewbg‡q †fv³v‡K cÖZ¨¶ †mev cÖ`vbI e¨emv‡qi AvIZvfz³|
we‡k¦i A_©bxwZ, mgvRbxwZ, ivRbxwZ, cÖf…wZ me wKQyB e¨emvq-evwYR¨ Øviv cÖfvweZ|
mgv‡Ri cÖwZwU gvbylB cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶ fv‡e e¨emvq Øviv DcK…Z|
RxweKv AR©‡bi me‡P‡q ¯^vaxb, mnRZg I m¤§vbRbK Dcvq n‡”Q e¨emvq|
mr I wbôvi mv‡_ e¨emvq Kiv GKwU DËg Bev`Z|
mZ¨ev`x, b¨vqcš’x I wek¦¯— e¨emvqxi gh©v`v bex, wmÏxK I knx`‡`i mgZ‚j¨|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vq t 1.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK wPý w`b--
1. e¨emv‡qi g~j ev cÖ_g D‡Ïk¨ wK?
K. gvby‡li †mev Kiv; L. fvj cY¨ Drcv`b Kiv;
M. gybvdv AR©b Kiv; N. Kgg~j¨ avh© Kiv|
2. Business Gi evsjv kã wK?
K. Kvievi L. evwYR¨
M. µq-weµq N. e¨emvq
3. RxweKv AR©‡bi ¯^vaxb †ckv wK?
K. PvKzix Kiv L. e¨emvq Kiv M. gvby‡li †mev Kiv N. we‡`k ågY Kiv
4. e¨emv‡qi cÖavb DciKY wK?
K. cY¨ I †mev L. UvKv-cqmv M. KuvPvgvj N. wewìs
5. †KvbwU e¨emv‡qi AvIZvfz³ bq?
K. wkí L. µq-weµq
M. Kv‡jvevRvix N. cÖZ¨¶ †mev
6. SuywKMZ euvav `~i nq wK‡mi gva¨‡g?
K. exgv L. e¨vsK
M. cwienb N. ¸`vgRvZKiY
7. e¨w³MZ ev mË¡MZ auvev `~i nq wK‡mi gva¨‡g?
K. exgv L. µq-weµq ev wewbgq
M. e¨vsK N. cwienb
8. †cvjUªx I n¨vPvix wK ai‡bi wkí?
K. cÖRbb L. wb®‹vkb
M. cÖwµqv wfwËK N. †mev cwi‡ek
9. mZ¨ev`x I b¨vqcš’x e¨emvqxi gh©v`v Kv‡`i mgZzj¨?
K. bex, wmÏxK I knx`‡`i L. ivóªcwZi
M. ivRbxwZwe`‡`i N. Pjw”PÎ bvqK‡`i|

BDwbU GK c„ôv-6
 e¨emvq bxwZ I cÖ‡qvM 1g cÎ

cvV 2 e¨emv‡qi cÖKvi‡f` ev †kªYxwefvM

 D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 e¨emv‡qi cÖKvi‡f` ev †kªYxwefvM m¤^‡Ü Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wk‡íi msÁv I Gi †kªYx wefvM ev AvIZv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evwY‡R¨i msÁv-Gi †kªYxwefvM ev Kvh©vejx Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evwY‡R¨i wewfbœ cÖwZeÜKZv Ges Dnv `~ixKi‡Yi Dcvq Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkí I evwY‡R¨i mnvqK Kvh©vejx m¤^‡Ü aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖZ¨¶ †mevg~jK KvR m¤^‡Ü aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e¨emv‡qi mv‡_ wkí, evwYR¨ I cY¨-wewbg‡qi cvi¯úvwiK m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

welqe¯—z
e¨emv‡qi cÖKvi‡f` t e¨emv‡qi Aš—f©y³ wewfbœ Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZ I ˆewk‡ó¨i wfwˇZ e¨emvq‡K cÖavbZ Pvifv‡M fvM
Kiv hvq| h_vt
1. wkí 2. evwYR¨ 3. wkí I evwY‡R¨i mnvqK Kvh©vejx 4. cÖZ¨¶ †mev|
D³ cÖwZwU fvM‡K Avevi wewfbœ kvLvq fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| wb‡æ wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ GB cÖKvi‡f` ev †kªYxwefvM †`Lv‡bv
n‡jvt

e¨emv‡qi AvIZv

wkí evwYR¨ wkí I evwY‡R¨i mnvqK Kvh©vejx cÖZ¨¶ †mev Kg©

cÖRbb cY¨ wewbgq cY¨ M‡elYv wK¬wbK e¨emvq

wb®‹vkb cwienb evRvi M‡elYv AvBb e¨emvq
wbg©vY ¸`vgRvZKiY ‡KŠkj D™¢veb wnmve e„wË
hvwš¿K exgv cÖ‡KŠkj dvg©
‡mev cwi‡ekK e¨vswKs

Avf¨š—ixY cY¨ wewbgq ‰e‡`wkK evwYR¨ ev cY¨ wewbgq

cvBKvix wewbgq Avg`vbx
LyPiv wewbgq ißvbx
cybtißvbx

wPÎ t e¨emv‡qi cÖKvi‡f`

BDwbU GK c„ôv-7
GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

wb‡æ cÖwZwU †kªYx‡K ev cÖKvi‡K c„_K fv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvt

wkí
†h cÖwµqv ev Kg©cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g cÖK…wZ †_‡K m¤ú` AvniY Ges wewfbœ Dcv‡q I ch©v‡q AvnwiZ m¤ú‡`i AvKvi ev
iƒcMZ Dc‡hvM m„wói gva¨‡g gvby‡li e¨envi Dc‡hvMx cY¨ Drcv`b Kiv nq Zv‡K wkí e‡j| †hgb- eb †_‡K KvV
msMÖn - msM„nxZ KvV‡K m wg‡j †Pov‡bv nq - †Pov‡bv KvV †_‡K cÖwµqvi I cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g dvwY©Pvi ˆZix Kiv nq
- dvwb©Pvi gvby‡li cÖ‡qvR‡b e¨eüZ nq| e‡bi KvV †_‡K dvwb©Pvi ˆZixi GB cy‡iv cÖwµqv‡KB wkí e‡j|
wk‡íi †kªYx wefvM ev cÖKvi‡f`
wkí‡K wbæwjwLZ wewfbœ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq t
K. cÖv_wgK wkí
cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i Dci wfwË K‡i cÖv_wgK fv‡e †h wkí cÖwZwôZ nq Zv‡K cÖv_wgK wkí e‡j| G¸‡jv n‡jvt
1. K…wl wkí
gvwU‡Z km¨mvgMÖx †hgb- avb, cvU, AvL, kvK mewR BZ¨vw`i Drcv`b‡K K…wl wkí e‡j|
2. cÖRbb wkí
cÖRbb A_© Rb¥`vb cÖwµqvq cybivq m¤ú` m„wó Kiv| myZivs †h wkí Drcvw`Z mvgMÖx cybivq m„wó ev Drcv`‡bi
Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡K cÖRbb wkí e‡j| †hgb- cïcvjb, grm¨ Pvl, nvm-gyiMxi cvjb, bvm©vix BZ¨vw`|
3. wb®‹vkb wkí
†h cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g fzMf©, cvwb ev evqy n‡Z m¤ú` D‡Ëvjb ev AvniY Kiv nq Zv‡K wb®‹vkb wkí e‡j| †hgb Lwb
†_‡K M¨vm D‡Ëvjb, mgy`ª †_‡K grm¨ AvniY, eb †_‡K KvV msMÖn BZ¨vw`|
L. †MŠY wkí / wØZxq ch©v‡qi wkí
cÖv_wgK wkí n‡Z cÖvß m¤ú` mg~n‡K AviI e¨envi Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ †h cÖwµqv Aej¤^b Kiv nq Zv‡K
†MŠY wkí e‡j| †MŠY wk‡íi AvIZvfz³ wkí¸wj wbæiƒct
1. Drcv`b wkí
kªg I h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ cÖwµqvq KuvPvgvj ev Avav-cÖ¯—zZ wRwbm‡K gvby‡li e¨env‡ivc‡hvMx P~ovš— c‡Y¨ cÖ¯—zZ
Kiv cÖ‡Póv‡K hvwš¿K ev Drcv`b ev mR©b wkí e‡j| †hgb A‡kvwaZ LwbR †Zj‡K cwi‡kva‡bi gva¨‡g †c‡Uªvj,
wW‡Rj, †K‡ivwmb BZ¨vw`‡Z cwiYZ K‡i, AvL cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g wPwb, ¸i, wPQwi BZ¨vw` Drcv`‡b Kiv
hvq| Drcv`b wkí‡K Avevi wb‡æv³ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvqt
we‡k−lY wkí
GKB c`v_© we‡k−l‡Yi gva¨‡g GKvwaK c`v_© ev cY¨ mvgMÖx ˆZixi cÖwµqv‡K we‡k−lY wkí e‡j| †hgb- LwbR
Kqjv n‡Z †KvK Kqjv, b¨vc_wjb, AvjKvZiv BZ¨vw` cÖ¯—zZ Kiv G wk‡íi g‡a¨ c‡o|
†hŠwMK wkí
Giƒc wk‡í c„_K c„_K c`v‡_©i mswgkª‡Y bZzb `ªe¨ ˆZix nh| †hgb- †jŠn AvKwiK, Kqjv, g¨v½vwbR Pybvcv_i,
†µvwgqvg BZ¨vw` c`v‡_©i wgkªY NwU‡q B¯úvZ ˆZix Kiv nq|
cÖwµqv wfwËK wkí
†h wk‡íi KuvPvgvj wewfbœ Drcv`b cÖwµqvi ga¨ w`‡q P~ovš— c‡Y¨ cwiYZ nq, Zv‡K cÖwµqv wfwËK wkí e‡j|
†hgb, Zzjv †_‡K myZv nq, myZv †_‡K Kvci ˆZix, G wk‡íi D`vniY|
ms‡hvRb wkí
wewfbœ wk‡í wfbœ wfbœ fv‡e Drcvw`Z DcKiY ev Ask we‡kl‡K GKwÎZ K‡i bZzb fv‡e P~ovš— cY¨ mvgMÖx Drcv`b
Kiv‡K ms‡hvRb wkí e‡j| †hgb, gUiMvox, †ij BwÄb, Kw¤úDUvi BZ¨vw`| P~ovš— cY¨ ˆZix Ki‡Z wewfbœ DcKiY
ev Ask‡K GKwÎZ K‡i Kv‡R jvMvb nq|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-8
 e¨emvq bxwZ I cÖ‡qvM 1g cÎ

mshy³ wkí
G RvZxq wk‡í wewfbœ ai‡bi wkí cÖwµqvi GKB mv‡_ mgb¦q N‡U| †jŠn I B¯úvZ wkí Gi D`vniY|
wbg©vY wkí
†h cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g iv¯—vNvU, cyj, KvjfvU©, weªR `vjvb †KvVv BZ¨vw` wbg©vY Kiv nq Zv‡K wbg©vY wkí e‡j|
3. †mev cwi‡ekK wkí
gvby‡li Rxeb‡K mnR, wbwe©Nœ I Avivg`vqK Kivq Kv‡R A_©vr Rb Kj¨vYg~jK Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ wkí‡K †mev
cwi‡ekK wkí e‡j| M¨vm, cvwb, we`y¨r, †Uwj‡dvb, cÖKvkbv, Rbcwienb BZ¨vw` mieivn GB wk‡íi AvIZvfz³|
wet `ªt wk‡íi D³ cÖKvi‡f` ev †kªYxfvM wk‡íi AvIZv, cwiwa, welqe¯—z ev †¶Î wn‡m‡eI we‡ewPZ nq|
evwYR¨
evwYR¨ e¨emv‡qi Ab¨Zg kvLv| mvaviYfv‡e cY¨ Drcv`‡bi ci †_‡K evwY‡R¨i Kvh©µg ïi“ nq| A_©vr wk‡í
Drcvw`Z cY¨ †fv³vi wbKU †cŠQv‡bv ch©š— cw_g‡a¨ †h me evav ev cÖwZeÜKZv Av‡m Zv `~ixKiY Kivi hveZxq
Kvh©µg‡K evwYR¨ e‡j| Avevi K…l‡Ki wbKU n‡Z cvU msMÖn K‡i wkí ev wgj gvwj‡Ki wbKU cieZx© AwaK
Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ mieivn KivI evwY‡R¨i AvIZvfz³ n‡e| AZGe, GK wkí n‡Z Drcvw`Z mvgMÖx cieZx©
Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ Ab¨ wk‡í A_ev wk‡í Drcvw`Z †fvM¨ cY¨ cÖK…Z †fvMKvixi wbKU †cŠQv‡bvi †¶‡Î †h mKj
Kvh©vejx m¤úv`b Ki‡Z nq Zvi mgwó‡KB evwYR¨ e‡j|
g‡b Ki“b, Avcwb `k©bv wPwb Kj †_‡K 100 e¯—v wPwb wKb‡jb| Avcbvi D‡Ïk¨, †ekx `v‡g †fv³vi wbKU D³
wPwb weµq K‡i jvfevb nIqv, D³ wPwb wgj †_‡K µ‡qi ci †fv³vi wbKU †cŠQv‡bvi †¶‡Î Avcwb wbðqB
KZ¸‡jv mgm¨vq co‡eb| †hgb- wPwbi e¯—v¸‡jv wKfv‡e `~i`yiv‡š—i †fv³vi wbKU wb‡q hv‡eb, H ¸wj †bIqvi
c‡_ Pywi, wQbZvB n‡Z cv‡i ev bó I n‡Z cv‡i, H wPwb †Kv_vq ivL‡eb, H wPwb weµ‡qi Rb¨ wK wK e¨e¯’v wb‡eb,
D³ KvR¸‡jv Kivi Rb¨ A‡_©i Afve n‡j wK Ki‡eb, †fv³v‡`i wbKU weµ‡qi KvRwU †K Ki‡e BZ¨vw`| A_©vr
cY¨ (wPwb) Drcv`‡bi ci †fv³vi wbKU †cŠQv‡bvi †¶‡Î Avcwb ¯’vbMZ, SzuwKMZ, KvjMZ, A_©MZ, cÖPvi MZ I
e¨w³MZ mgm¨vq co‡eb| evwYR¨ Avcbv‡K h_vµ‡g cwien‡bi gva¨‡g, exgvi gva¨‡g, ¸`vgRvZKi‡bi gva¨‡g,
e¨vswKs e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g, evRviRvZ Ki‡bi gva¨‡g, me©‡kl µq-weµq ev wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g D³ mgm¨v mg~‡ni
mgvavb †`‡e|
D³ Av‡jvPbv †k‡l Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Drcvw`Z cY¨ e›Ub c‡_ D™¢~Z ¯’vbMZ, KvjMZ,
SzuwKMZ, A_©ms¯’vbMZ, mgq MZ, e¨w³MZ cÖwZeÜKZv `~ixKi‡Yi hveZxq Kvh©µg‡K evwYR¨ e‡j|
evwY‡R¨i cÖKvi‡f`
wb‡æ evwY‡R¨i cÖKvi‡f` wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †`Lv‡bv nj Ges wP‡Î ewY©Z welqmg~n ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t
evwYR¨

cY¨ wewbq cwienb ¸`vgRvZKiY exgv e¨vswKs weÁvcb

Af¨š—ixY cY¨ wewbgq

‰e‡`wkK cY¨ wewbgq
ev µq-weµq

cvBKvix µq-weµq LyPiv µq-weµq Avg`vbx ißvbx cybtißvbx

wPÎ t evwY‡R¨i cÖKvi‡f` I AvIZv|

BDwbU GK c„ôv-9
GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

K. cY¨ wewbgq
Drcv`bKvix I †fvMKvix wfbœ wfbœ Ae¯’v‡b _vKvq Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †Kvb e¨w³MZ †hvMv‡hvM _v‡K bv| evwYR¨ e¨w³MZ
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi GB cÖwZeÜKZv cY¨ wewbgq ev µq-weµ‡qi gva¨‡g `~i K‡i| c‡Y¨i gvwjKvbv n¯—vš—i †K cY¨
wewbgq e‡j| µq-weµ‡qi gva¨‡g c‡Y¨i gvwjKvbv n¯—vwiZ nq| cY¨ wewbgq `yB cÖKvi| h_v-
1. Af¨š—ixY cY¨ wewbgq ev Af¨š—ixY evwYR¨
GKwU †`‡ki †fŠMwjK mxgvbvi g‡a¨ †h µq-weµq Kvh© m¤úvw`Z nq Zv‡K Af¨š—ixY evwYR¨ e‡j| †jb-†`‡bi
cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx Giƒc evwYR¨‡K Avevi `y'fv‡M fvM Kiv Kiv hvq t
cvBKvix evwYR¨ ev µq- weµq t
Drcv`bKvix ev Avg`vbxKviK‡`i wbKU †_‡K A‡c¶vK…Z Kg g~‡j¨ †ekx cwigvY `ªe¨ mvgMÖx µq K‡i †ekx g~‡j¨
Aí Aí K‡i LyPiv e¨emvqxi wbKU weµq Kiv‡K cvBKvix µq-weµq e‡j|
LyPiv µq-weµq
cvBKvix we‡µZvi wbKU †_‡K A‡c¶vK…Z Kg `v‡g †ekx cwigvY `ªe¨ mvgMÖx µq K‡i A‡c¶vK…Z †ekx `v‡g Aí
Aí cybivq †fv³v‡`i wbKU weµq Kiv‡K LyPiv µq-weµq ev LyPiv evwYR¨ e‡j|

2. ˆe‡`wkK cY¨ wewbgq ev ˆe‡`wkK evwYR¨

GK mve©‡fŠg †`‡ki mv‡_ Ab¨ mve©‡fŠg †`‡gi ev GK mve©‡fŠg †`‡ki e¨emvqxi mv‡_ Ab¨ mve©‡fŠg †`‡gi
e¨emvqxi †h µq-weµq m¤úvw`Z nq Zv‡K ˆe‡`wkK evwYR¨ ev ˆe‡`wkK µq-weµq e‡j| ˆe‡`wkK evwYR¨ wZb
cv‡it
Avg`vbx
we‡`k †_‡K cY¨-mvgMÖx µq K‡i wbR †`‡k Avbv‡K Avg`vbx e‡j †hgb- evsjv‡`k we‡`k †_‡K hš¿cvwZ
µq K‡i _v‡K|
ißvbx
we‡`‡ki wbKU ev we‡`‡ki †Kvb e¨emvqxi wbKU wbR †`‡ki cY¨ mvgMÖx weµq Kiv‡K ißvbx e‡j| †hgb-
evsjv‡`k, cvU, Pv, ZvgvK, Pvgov we‡`‡k ißvbx K‡i _v‡K|
cybt ißvbx
we‡`k †_‡K cY¨ mvgMÖx Avg`vbx K‡i Zv cybivq Ab¨ †`‡k ißvbx Kiv‡K cybtißvbx e‡j| †hgb- evsjv‡`‡k
ˆZix †cvkv‡Ki KuvPvgvj Avg`vbx K‡i Dnv Øviv P~ovš— fv‡e ˆZix †cvkvK Avevi we‡`‡k ißvbx K‡i Zv‡K|
L. cwienb
Drcv`bKvix I †fvMKvixi g‡a¨ ¯’vbMZ `~iZ¡ evwY‡R¨i GKwU eo euvav| wewfbœ ai‡bi cwienb †hgb- moK
cwienb, †ij cwienb, †bŠ cwienb, AvKvk cwienb e¨e¯’v Drcvw`Z mvgMÖx ga¨¯’ e¨emvqxi nvZ Ny‡i cÖK…Z
†fvMKvixi wbKU †cŠQv‡bvi gva¨‡g evwY‡R¨i D³ ¯’vbMZ euvav `~i Ki‡Q| †hgb- wSbvB`‡n Drcvw`Z Kjv
cvBKvix †µZviv moK cwien‡bi gva¨‡g XvKvq †fv³v‡`i wbKU †cŠ‡Q w`‡”Q|
M. ¸`vgRvZKiY
¸`vgRvZKiY evwY‡R¨i KvjMZ ev mgqMZ cÖwZeÜKZv `~i K‡i| P~ovš— cY¨ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ KuvPvgvj wKQy mgq
¸`vg N‡i gRyZ ivL‡Z nq| Avevi Drcvw`Z P~ovš— cY¨ Drcv`‡bi ci n‡Z †fv‡Mi mgq ch©š— wewfbœ ch©v‡q Zv
msi¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb nq| A_©vr Drcvw`Z mvgMÖx ms‡M ms‡M weµq nq bv ev Drcvw`Z nq GK mg‡q Ges e¨envi nq
mviv ermi| GB †h mg‡qi cv_©K¨ GwU evwY‡R¨i GKwU eo euvav| ¸`vgRvZ Ki‡bi gva¨‡g GB euvav `~ixf‚Z nq|
Gi gva¨‡g Avgv`vbx K…Z ev Drcvw`Z `ªe¨mvgMÖx gRy` †i‡L cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq †fv³v‡K †hvMvb †`qv nq|
N. exgv

BDwbU GK c„ôv-10
 e¨emvq bxwZ I cÖ‡qvM 1g cÎ

SzuwK e¨emv‡qi wbZ¨ mv_x| cY¨ cwien‡bi mgq, ¸`v‡g _vKv Ae¯’vq, Pywi n‡Z cv‡i, bó n‡Z cv‡i, wQbZvB n‡Z
cv‡i, Av¸‡b cy‡o †h‡Z cv‡i, †bŠKv ev RvnvR Wzex n‡Z cv‡i| Kv‡RB A`„k¨ GB SzuwK ev AwbðqZv evwY‡R¨i
†¶‡Î GKwU eo euvav| exgv evwY‡R¨i GB SzuwKMZ euvav `~i Ki‡Z cv‡i| mvgvb¨ wcÖwgqvg cÖ`vb K‡i wewfbœ exgv
†hgb- AwMœexgv, †bŠexgv, Rxeb exgv mn wewfbœ cwjwm MÖnY K‡i mn‡RB SzuwK `~i Kiv hvq|
O. e¨vswKs
e¨emvq-evwY‡R¨i †¶‡Î A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv ejvi A‡c¶v iv‡L bv| †Kvb e¨emvq cÖwZôvbB A_© Qvov Pj‡Z cv‡i
bv| ZvQvov, Avw_©K wbivcËv I myôz †jb‡`‡bi Dci e¨emvq-evwY‡R¨i Dbœqb wbf©i K‡i| e¨vsK my‡`i wewbg‡q
e¨emvq cÖwZôvb‡K A_© mieivn K‡i A_© msµvš— cÖwZeÜKZv `~i K‡i|
P. weÁvcb
fvj wRwbm Drcv`b Ki‡jB n‡e bv ev †`vKvb mvwR‡q ivL‡jB Pj‡e bv| fvj wRwb‡mi Lei †fv³v‡`i Rvbv‡Z
n‡e| wRwb‡mi ¸Y, e¨envi, `vg BZ¨vw` Rvwb‡q weÁvcb w`‡Z n‡e| †Kbbv cÖPv‡iB cÖmvi| weÁvc‡bi gva¨‡g cY¨
m¤^‡Ü †µZv‡`i AÁZv `~i K‡i weµq evov‡bv hvq|
evwY‡R¨i wewfbœ euvav Ges euvav `~ixKi‡Yi Dcvq
evwY‡R¨i KvR n‡jv cY¨ `ªe¨ I †mev Kg©mg~n wewfbœ Drm n‡Z msMÖn K‡i wbivc‡` †fv³v‡`i wbKU †cuŠ‡Q †`qv|
wKš—z cY¨-`ªe¨ e›Ub Kv‡j e¨emvqx‡K bvbvb ai‡bi euvavi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq| wb‡æ evwY‡R¨i wewfbœ euvav Ges GKB
mv‡_ euvav¸‡jv Acmvi‡Yi cÖwµqvq Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
1. e¨w³MZ cÖwZeÜKZv
cY¨ `ªe¨ Drcvw`Z nq GK ¯’v‡b Ges †fvM Kiv nq wewfbœ ¯’v‡b| d‡j Drcv`bKvix I †fvMKvixi g‡a¨ †Kvb
cÖZ¨¶ †hvMv‡hvM _v‡K bv| Gi d‡j †hvMv‡hv‡M e¨w³MZ cÖwZeÜKZvi m„wó nq| cY¨ wewbgq ev µq-weµq
evwY‡R¨i GB e¨w³MZ cÖwZeÜKZv `~i K‡i _v‡K| Drcv`bKvix I †fvMKvixi g‡a¨ µq-weµq cÖwµqv †hvMv‡hvM
NwU‡q e¨w³MZ euvav `~i K‡i|
2. ¯’vbMZ cÖwZeÜKZv
c‡Y¨i Drcv`b ¯’vb I †fv‡Mi ¯’vb mvaviYZ GK RvqMvq nq bv| GK ¯’v‡b Drcvw`Z cY¨ †`‡ki mg¯— RvqMvq
GgbwK we‡`‡kI e¨envi ev †fvM nq| d‡j Drcv`bKvix I †fv³vi g‡a¨ ¯’vbMZ cÖwZeÜKZvi m„wó nq| evwYR¨
wewfbœ ai‡bi cwienb †hgb moK cwienb, †ij cwienb, †bŠ cwienb, AvKvk cwienb, cvBc jvBb Gi gva¨‡g
cY¨-`ªª‡e¨i ¯’vbMZ cÖwZeÜKZv `~i K‡i|
3. mgqMZ cÖwZeÜKZv
c‡Y¨i Drcv`b I †fv‡Mi mg‡qi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨RwbZ Kvi‡Y mgqMZ cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó nq| †Kbbv Drcv`‡b mv‡_
me cY¨ weµq nq bv ev †fvM Kiv nq bv| †Kvb †Kvb cY¨ Drcv`b nq erm‡i GK †gŠmy‡g wKš—z e¨eüZ nq mviv
ermi †hgb- wPwb ev ¸o, Avevi †Kvb †Kvb cY¨ Drcv`b nq mviv ermi wKš—z e¨eüZ nq GK †gŠmy‡g †hgb-
kxZKv‡j Mig Kvci e¨eüZ nq wKš—z Drcv`b nq mviv ermi| Drcv`b I †fv‡Mi g‡a¨ GB mg‡qi cv_©K¨
evwY‡R¨i †¶‡Î GKwU eo euvav|
c‡Y¨i ¸`vgRvZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g evwYR¨ mgqMZ cÖwZeÜKZv `~i K‡i| A_©vr Drcv`‡bi mgq n‡Z †fvM ch©š—
wewfbœ ¯’v‡b cY¨ `ªe¨¸‡jv‡K ¸`vgRvZ K‡i evwYR¨ c‡Y¨i mgqMZ aviv `~i K‡i|
4. SzuwKMZ cÖwZeÜKZv
wewfbœ cÖKvi SzuwK I AwbðqZv e¨emv‡qi wbZ¨ mv_x, hv e¨emv‡qi Rb¨ eo ai‡bi A`„k¨ mgm¨v| †hgb- cwienb
Kv‡j ev ¸`v‡g _vKv Kv‡j Pywi, WvKvwZ, Av¸b jvMv, bó n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z K‡i e¨emvqx‡K me mgq SzuwKi
g‡a¨ KvR Ki‡Z nq|

BDwbU GK c„ôv-11
GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

mvgvb¨ wcÖwgqvg cÖ`vb K‡i wewfbœ exgv cwjwm †hgb- AwMœexgv cwjwm, †bŠexgv cwjwm, `~N©Ubv exgv cwjwm cÖf…wZ
eûwea cwjwm MÖnY K‡i evwYR¨ mn‡RB e¨emv‡qi SzuwK `~i Ki‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr exgvi gva¨‡g evwY‡R¨i SzuwKMZ
cÖwZeÜKZv `~i Kiv m¤¢e|
5. A_© msµvš— cÖwZeÜKZv
A_© nj e¨emv‡qi i³ ev Rxebx kw³ (Life Blood) wKš—z †Kvb e¨emvqxi c‡¶B e¨emv‡qi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mg¯—
A‡_©i †hvMvb †`qv m¤¢e nq bv| Aci w`‡K, weµxZ c‡Y¨i g~j¨ wVKgZ msMÖn bvI n‡Z cv‡i| Gme KviY e¨emvi
Rb¨ A_©MZ mgm¨v ev cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i|
6. Drcvw`Z cY¨ m¤^‡Ü AÁZv
fvjcY¨ Avg`vbx ev Drcv`b Ki‡jB nq bv, c‡Y¨i ¸Y, e¨envi, g~j¨, eªvÛ cÖf…wZ m¤^‡Ü †fv³v‡`i Rvbv‡Z nq|
wKš—z mdjfv‡e cY¨ Z_¨ †fv³v‡`i Rvbv‡bv GKwU KwVb KvR|
evwYR¨ AvaywbK †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM K‡i c‡Y¨i weÁvcb I cÖPv‡ii e¨e¯’v K‡i mn‡RB †fv³v‡`i cY¨ m¤^‡Ü Rvbv‡Z
cv‡i|

wkí I evwY‡R¨i mnvqK Kvh©vejx

wkí I evwY‡R¨ mnvqZv K‡i G ai‡bi wewfbœ KvR I e¨emv‡qi AvIZvfz³| †hgb- cY¨ M‡elYv, evRvi M‡elYv,
Pvwn`v m„wó, DbœZ Drcv`b †KŠkj D™¢veb BZ¨vw`|
cÖZ¨¶ †mev
A_© DcvR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ ¯^vaxb †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ †ckvRxexMY cÖZ¨¶ fv‡e †mevKg© weµq K‡ib| †hgb- g¨v‡bR‡g›U
Kbmvj‡U›U e¨e¯’vcKxq mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi civgk©‡`b, KÚwkíx Mvb Mvq, PvUvW© GKvDb‡U›U wnmve wbix¶v K‡i,
BwÄwbqvi cÖhyw³MZ civgk© †`q, AvBbRxex g‡°j‡K AvBb civgk© †`q, Wv³vi †ivMxi wPwKrmv K‡i A_© DcvR©bb
K‡i| D³ cÖZ¨¶ †mev weµqKvix †ckvRxex‡`i Kvh©vejx e¨emv‡qi Aš—f©y³|
e¨emv‡qi mv‡_ wkí, evwYR¨ Ges cY¨ wewbg‡qi m¤úK© / Zzjbv
e¨emvq mgvR weÁv‡bi GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© kvLv| cY¨ I †mevKg© Drcv`b I e›U‡bi gva¨‡g mgv‡Ri gvby‡li Afve
†gvPb I gybvdv AR©b Gi j¶¨| wkí, evwYR¨ I cY¨ wewbgq e¨emv‡qi Aš—f©y³ wewfbœ Ask| A_©vr e¨emv‡qi mv‡_
wkí, evwYR¨ I cY¨ wewbg‡qi m¤úK© AZ¨š— wbweo Ges I‡Zv‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| e¨emvq‡K hw` mvgwMÖK fv‡e GKwU
e„¶ wnmv‡e wPš—v K‡ib, Zvn‡j wkí, evwYR¨ I cY¨ wewbgq n‡e H e„‡¶i kvLv, cvZv, dzj ev dj| dj Qvov †hgb
Mv‡Qi Rxeb A_©nxb, cvZv Qvov †hgb MvQ k¦vm-cÖk¦vm wb‡Z cv‡i bv, A_©vr MvQ euvP‡Z cv‡i bv, Z`ª“c, wkí,
evwYR¨ I cY¨ wewbgq Qvov e¨emvq Zvi D‡Ïk¨ AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| AZGe e¨emv‡qi mv‡_ wkí evwYR¨ I cY¨
wewbg‡qi m¤úK© A½vA½xfv‡e RwoZ| wb‡æ e¨emv‡qi mv‡_ wkí, evwYR¨ I cY¨ wewbg‡qi Zzjbvg~jK m¤úK© Zz‡j
aiv nj t
1. msÁvMZ m¤úK©
e¨emvq
gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cY¨`ªe¨ I †mev mvgMÖx Drcv`b, e›Ub I e›Ub mswk−ó hveZxq Kvh©vejx‡K e¨emvq e‡j|
wkí
cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` w`‡q gvby‡li e¨env‡ivc‡hvMx cY¨-`ªe¨ Drcv`b Kivi cÖwµqv‡K wkí e‡j|
evwYR¨
Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ I †mev †fv³vi wbKU †cŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ †h mg¯— KvR Ki‡Z nq, Zvi mgwó‡K evwYR¨ e‡j|
cY¨-wewbgq

BDwbU GK c„ôv-12
 e¨emvq bxwZ I cÖ‡qvM 1g cÎ

Drcv`bKvix ev we‡µZv KZ©„K cY¨`ªe¨ I †mevmg~n †µZvi wbKU weµq Kiv‡K cY¨ wewbgq e‡j| cY¨ wewbgq
evwY‡R¨i GKwU kvLv Ges Gi Øviv evwY‡R¨i e¨w³MZ †hvMv‡hvM cÖwZeÜKZv `~i nq|
2. Kvh©MZ m¤úK©
e¨emv‡qi KvR Drcv`b I e›Ub Df‡qi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z| wk‡íi KvR Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Zv evwY‡R¨i KvR
e›U‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Zv cY¨-wewbg‡qi KvR n‡jv e›U‡bi †¶‡Î m„ó e¨w³MZ †hvMv‡hvM euvav µq-weµ‡qi gva¨‡g
`~i Kiv|

3. AvIZvMZ m¤úK©
wkí I evwYR¨ e¨emv‡qi AvIZvaxb| cY¨ wewbgq evwY‡R¨i AvIZvaxb|
4. D‡Ïk¨MZ m¤úK©
e¨emv‡qi D‡Ïk¨ nj gybvdv AR©b Ges c‡iv¶ D‡Ïk¨ nj gvby‡li Afve †gvPb Kiv| wkí-evwYR¨ I cY¨ wewbgq
e¨emv‡qi Aax‡b GKB ai‡bi D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b KvR K‡i|
5. Ae¯’vbMZ m¤úK©
e¨emvq wkí, evwYR¨ I cY¨ wewbg‡qi Ae¯’vbI ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³| e¨emv‡qi g‡a¨ wkí I evwYR¨ GKxf‚Z| cY¨
wewbgq evwY‡R¨i Aax‡b e¨emv‡qi mv‡_ m¤ú„³|
6. mn‡hvwMZvg~jK m¤úK©
cY¨ wewbgq eÈb Z_v evwYwR¨‡K mnvqZv K‡i| evwYR¨ Drcvw`Z cY¨ e›U‡bi gva¨‡g wkí‡K mnvqZv K‡i| Avi
cY¨-wewbgq, evwYR¨, wkí mK‡j wg‡j e¨emvq‡K kw³kvjx K‡i|
7. wbf©ikxjZvi m¤úK©
cY¨-wewbgq ev µq weµq Qvov e›Ub m¤¢e bq| e›Ub ev evwYR¨ Qvov Drcv`b Z_v wkí A_©nxb, Avevi wkí Qvov
evwYR¨ A_©nxb| GKB fv‡e e¨emvq Zvi D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ Ab¨‡`i Dci wbf©ikxj|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvq G welqwU ¯úó †h, e¨emv‡qi Aax‡b wkí, evwYR¨ I cY¨-wewbgq ¯^ ¯^ †¶‡Î cvi¯úwiK
mn‡hvwMZvq Kvh© m¤úv`b K‡i Ges ci¯úi GK I Awfbœ m~‡Î †MÖvw_Z|

cvV-ms‡¶c
Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZ I ˆewk‡ó¨i wfwˇZ e¨emvq‡K Pvifv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| fvM¸wj nj- wkí, evwYR¨, wkí I
evwY‡R¨i mnvqK Kvh©vejx I cÖZ¨¶ †mev|
†h cÖwµqvi cÖK…wZ †_‡K m¤ú` AvniY Ges wewfbœ Dcv‡q AvnwiZ m¤ú‡`i AvKvi ev iƒcMZ Dc‡hvM m„wói
gva¨‡g gvby‡li e¨env‡ivc‡hvMx cY¨ Drcv`b Kiv nq Zv‡K wkí e‡j|
K…wl wkí, wb®‹vkb wkí I cÖRbb wkí cÖv_wgK wk‡íi Aš—f©y³|
cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i Dci wfwË K‡i cÖv_wgK fv‡e †h wkí, cÖwZwôZ nq Zv‡K cÖv_wgK wkí e‡j|
cÖv_wgK wkí n‡Z cÖvß m¤ú` mg~n‡K AviI e¨env‡ivc‡hvMx K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ †h cÖwµqv e¨envi Kiv nq
Zv‡K †MŠY wkí e‡j|
†MŠb wkí 6 cÖKvi| h_v- Drcv`b wkí, we‡k−lY wkí †hŠwMK wkí, cÖwµqv wfwËK wkí, ms‡hvRb wkí I
mshy³ wkí|
gvby‡li Rxeb‡K mnR, wbwe©Nœ I Avivg`vqK Kivi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ wkí‡K †mev cwi‡ekK wkí e‡j|
wk‡í Drcvw`Z cY¨ †fv³vi wbKU †cŠQv‡bv ch©š— cw_g‡a¨ †h me euvav ev cÖwZeÜKZv Av‡m Zv `~ixKiY
Kivi hveZxq Kvh©µg‡K evwYR¨ e‡j|
evwY‡R¨i Kvh©µg‡K cY¨-wewbgq, cwienb, ¸`vgRvZKiY, exgv, e¨vswKs I weÁvcb cÖf…wZ fv‡M fvM Kiv
hvq|
ˆe‡`wkK evwYR¨ ev cY¨-wewbgq wZb cÖKvi| h_v- Avg`vbx, ißvbx I cybtißvbx|
cwienb e›U‡bi ¯’vbMZ euvav`~i K‡i|
c‡Y¨i ¸`vgRvZKiY e›U‡bi mgqMZ euvav `~i K‡i|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-13
GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

exgv SzuwKMZ euvav `~i K‡i|

e¨vswKs A_© msµvš— euvav `~i K‡i|
weÁvcb cY¨ m¤^‡Ü †µZv‡`i AÁZv `~i K‡i|
cY¨-wewbgq ev µq-weµq e›U‡bi e¨w³MZ †hvMv‡hvM cÖwZeÜKZv `~i K‡i|
e›U‡bi †¶‡Î euvav ev cÖwZeÜKZv¸‡jv nj- e¨w³MZ †hvMv‡hvM cÖwZeÜKZv, ¯’vbMZ, mgqMZ, SzuwKMZ, A_©
msµvš— cÖwZeÜKZv BZ¨vw`|
†ckvMZ fv‡e cÖZ¨¶ †mev weµq e¨emv‡qi AvIZvfz³| g¨v‡bR‡g›U Kbmvj‡U›U, MvqK, PvUvW© GKvDb‡U›U,
BwÄwbqvwis dvg©, GUbx© dvg©, wK¬wbK cÖf…wZ †ckvMZ cÖZ¨¶ †mevi D`vniY|
cY¨ M‡elYv, evRvi M‡elYv, weµ‡qi †KŠkj BZ¨vw` wkí I evwY‡R¨i mnvqK Kvh©vejx wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|
cv‡VvËi gyj¨vqb t 1.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK wPý w`b-
1. e¨emv‡qi kvLv ev †kªYx cÖavbZt KqwU?
K. 1wU L. 2wU
M. 3wU N. 4wU
2. e¨emv‡qi †Kvb †kªYx cY¨ e›U‡bi KvR K‡i?
K. wkí L. evwYR¨
M. cÖZ¨¶ †mev N. µq-weµq
3. evwY‡R¨i e¨w³MZ euvav`~i K‡i †Kvb &KvR?
K. cY¨-wewbgq ev µq-weµq L. exgv
M. e¨vswKs N. ¸`vgRvZKiY
4. KvjMZ cÖwZeÜKZv `~i K‡i †Kvb& KvR?
K. ¸`vgRvZKiY L. cweinb
M. weÁvcb N. e¨vswKs
5. cY¨ M‡elYv, evRvi M‡elYv e¨emv‡qi †Kvb †kªYxi Aš—f©y³?
K. wkí L. evwYR¨
M. wkí I evwYR¨ mnvqK KvR N. cÖZ¨¶ †mev
6. Avg`vbx I ißvbxi wgkª‡Y †h wewbgq ev evwYR¨ nq Zv‡K wK e‡j?
K Avg`vbx L. ißvbx
M. cybt ißvbx N. †KvbwUB bq|

BDwbU GK c„ôv-14
 e¨emvq bxwZ I cÖ‡qvM 1g cÎ

cvV 3 e¨emv‡qi cwi‡ek I Gi Dcv`vbmg~n

 D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 e¨emv‡qi cwi‡ek m¤^‡Ü GKUv aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e¨emv‡qi cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb¸‡jvi bvg Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 AvBbMZ, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, cÖhyw³MZ Ges mvgvwRK cwi‡ek wKfv‡e e¨emv‡qi
Dci cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i †m m¤^‡Ü Ávb jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjv‡`‡ki e¨emv‡qi cwi‡ek m¤^‡Ü GKwU aviYv cv‡eb|

welqe¯—z
e¨emv‡qi cwi‡ek wK?
†h mg¯— cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’vi Dci wfwË K‡i e¨emvq M‡o D‡V, Zv‡K e¨emvwqK cwi‡ek e‡j| †hgb- evsjv‡`‡k
cv‡Ui Dci wfwË K‡i cvV wk‡íi cÖmvi N‡U‡Q, cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i mvi KviLvbv, wm‡g›U KviLvbv,
we`y¨r †K›`ª M‡o D‡V‡Q| ga¨cÖv‡P¨ †Z‡ji Dci wfwË K‡i †Zj wk‡íi cÖmvi N‡U‡Q, Rvcvb I Av‡gwiKvq cÖhyw³
wbf©i wkí KviLvbv M‡o D‡V‡Q| e¨emv‡qi Dci cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i ev †h mg¯— ev¯—e Ae¯’v ¯^xKvi K‡i e¨emvq M‡o
D‡V †m¸‡jv nj- †fŠMwjK Ae¯’v, A_© e¨e¯’v, ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v, weÁvb I cÖhyw³MZ Ae¯’v, miKvix wbqgbxwZ,
A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v BZ¨vw`| D³ me¸‡jv Ae¯’vB e¨emv‡qi evB‡ii wewfbœ Dcv`vb| Dcv`vb¸‡jv e¨emv‡qi Rb¨
AbyKzj n‡Z cv‡i, Avevi cÖwZK‚j ev ¶wZi KviYI n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e e¨emvq KL‡bv D³ Dcv`vb ev Ae¯’v¸‡jv‡K
Gwo‡q Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| e¨emv‡qi cwi‡ek †hgb GKwU wbw`©ó e¨emv‡qi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨, †Zgwb GKwU †`‡ki mg¯—
e¨emvq LvZ I Gi Dci cÖ‡hvR¨| Avevi †`‡ki wfZ‡i m„ó wewfbœ Dcv`vb †hgb e¨emvq‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| †Zgwb
Avš—R©vwZK ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZI e¨emvq‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i|
D³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq †h, e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi evB‡ii wewfbœ Dcv`vb ev Ae¯’v ev c¶ ev kw³ (hvi Dci
cÖwZôv‡bi †Kvb wbqš¿Y †bB) hv e¨emv‡qi MVb I cwiPvjbvi Dci BwZevPK ev †bwZevPK cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i,
Zv‡KB e¨emvwqK cwi‡ek e‡j|
e¨emv‡qi cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb
Avgv‡`i Pvwicv‡ki wewfbœ e¯—zMZ, Ae¯—zMZ, `„k¨gvb, A`„k¨gvb Dcv`vb wb‡qB Avgv‡`i cwi‡ek MwVZ| G mg¯—
Dcv`vbmg~n cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶ fv‡e Avgv‡`i Rxeb I RxweKvi Dci cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i| e¨emvq †h‡nZz gvby‡li
RxweKv AR©‡bi Ab¨Zg Dcvq, ZvB Gi DciI wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶ cÖfve we`¨gvb| G‡KB Avgiv
e¨emv‡qi cwi‡ek e‡j _vwK| wb‡æ e¨emv‡qi wewfbœ Dcv`vb¸‡jv Av‡jvwPZ n‡jv t

e¨emvwqK cwi‡ek

cÖvKwZK cwi‡ek A_©‰bwZK cwi‡ek mvgvwRK cwi‡ek ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek cÖhyw³MZ cwiek AvBbMZ cwi‡ek

1. f~cÖK…wZ 1. mÂq I wewb‡qvM 1. RbmsL¨v 1. miKvi I miKvix 1. weÁvb I KvwiMwi wk¶v 1. evwYwR¨K AvBb
2. Rjevqy 2. g~jab 2. agx©q wek¦vm bxwZgvjv 2. weÁvb M‡elYv cÖwZôvb 2. wkí AvBb
3. b`-b`x 3. A_©e¨e¯’v 3. wk¶v I ms¯‹…wZ 2. ivR‰bwZK `j 3. DbœZ cÖhyw³ cÖwZôvb 3. cwi‡ek msi¶Y AvBb
4. Avw_©K cÖwZôvb 3. AvBb-k„•Ljv BZ¨vw` 4. Avš—R©vwZK AvBb BZ¨vw`|
4. cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` 4. mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb
5. cvnvo ce©Z 5. kªg I gvbe m¤ú`
5. Avš—R©vwZK m¤ú` 4. mve©‡fŠgZ¡ BZ¨vw`
BZ¨vw`

wPÎ t e¨emvwqK cwi‡ek Ges Gi Dcv`vbmg~n

BDwbU GK c„ôv-15
GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

K. A_©‰bwZK cwi‡ek
mÂq wewb‡qvM, g~jab, gvbe m¤ú`, A_© I FY e¨e¯’v, A_©‰bwZK cÖwZôvbmg~n, Avq-e¨q, †fv‡Mi cwigvY, g~j¨¯—i,
cÖv_wgK wkí, cweinb e¨e¯’v BZ¨vw`i Dci wfwË K‡i †Kvb †`‡k †h cwi‡e‡ki `„wó nq Zv‡K A_©‰bwZK cwi‡ek
e‡j| e¨emv‡qi DbœwZ ev AebwZ A_©‰bwZK cwi‡e‡ki Dci A‡bKvs‡kB wbf©i K‡i| A_©‰bwZK cwi‡e‡ki
Dcv`vb¸wj hw` e¨emv‡qi Rb¨ BwZevPK nq Zvn‡j e¨emvq evwYR¨ cÖmvi jvf K‡i| †h †`‡k Af¨š—ixY I
ˆe‡`wkK wewb‡qvM fvj, g~jab msMÖn mnR, A_© I FYe¨e¯’v Db¥y³, †mB †`k A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bI ZZB AMÖMwZ
jvf K‡i| †`‡ki Drcv`‡bi cwigvY e„w× †c‡j e¨emvq evwY‡R¨iI Dbœqb N‡U| d‡j ¯^vfvweK fA‡eB gvby‡li
gv_v wcQy Avq e„w× cvq Z_v RvZxq Avq e„w× cvq| Avq e„w× †c‡j GK w`‡K †hgb †fv‡Mi cwigvY ev‡o, Ab¨
w`‡K mÂq I wewb‡qv‡Mi cwigvY I e„w×cÖvß nq| GKB fv‡e wewb‡qv‡Mi cwigvb Kg n‡j Drcv`b Kg nq, Avq
Kg nq, †fvM Kg nq, mÂq Kg nq; Ges wewb‡qvMI Kg nq, djkª“wZ‡Z e¨emv‡qi DbœwZ †_‡g hvq| ZvB †`‡ki
A_©‰bwZK cwi‡e‡ki Dci e¨emv‡qi cwi‡e‡ki Ae¯’v wbf©i K‡i|

L. mvgvwRK cwi‡ek
mgvR ej‡Z ci¯úi wbf©ikxj gvbe †Mvôx‡K eySv‡bv nq| GLv‡b wewfbœ †kªYxi gvbyl evm K‡i| Zv‡`i i“wP, cQ›`,
g~j¨‡eva, ˆbwZKZv, AvPvi-AvPiY, ms¯‹…wZ, wk¶v-`x¶v, wbqgKvbyb, ag©vbyf‚wZ BZ¨vw` wg‡j †h cwi‡ek M‡o D‡V
Zv‡K mvgvwRK cwi‡ek e‡j| mvgvwRK cwi‡ek e¨emvq-evwY‡R¨‡K `vi“b fv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i| mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡ki
Dcv`vb¸‡jv nj t

RbmsL¨v
GKwU †`‡ki RbmsL¨v GKw`‡K †fv³v, Ab¨ w`‡K Drcv`K| †`‡ki RbmsL¨v hw` †ekx nq, Zv‡`i‡K hw` †fv³v
wn‡m‡e wPš—v Kiv nq Ges Zv‡`i i“wP, cQ›` Abyhvqx `ªe¨ mvgMÖx Drcv`b Ki‡j e¨emvq-evwYR¨ m¤úªmvwiZ nq|
ZvQvov Zviv hw` `¶ Rbkw³ nq Zvn‡jI e¨emv‡qi DbœwZ nq| Ab¨w`‡K Kzms¯‹viv”Qbœ, †`Mvov, eY©ev`x I nxbgb¨
mgv‡R e¨emvq Dbœqb euvav cÖvß nq|

wk¶v-`x¶v
mgvR Z_v †`‡ki gvbyl hw` wkw¶Z nq Zvn‡j Zuviv eyw×gËv cÖ‡qvM K‡i e¨emv‡qi Dbœqb NUv‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨w`‡K,
Awkw¶Z Aa©-wkw¶Z RvwZ e¨emv‡q Dbœqb NUv‡Z cv‡i bv| j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKv, `w¶Y Gwkqv, Avwd«Kvi †`k mg~n
Awkw¶Z e‡j Zuviv e¨emv‡q †Zgb DbœwZ Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| †mRb¨B ejv nq- wk¶vB RvwZi †gi“`Ê|

agx©q Abyf‚wZ
agx©q Abyf‚wZI e¨emv‡q cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i| agx©q Abykvmb †g‡b Pj‡j †hgb e¨emv‡q DbœwZ Kiv hvq, †Zgwb agx©q
†Mvovgx, e¨emv‡qi cwi‡ek‡K ¶wZMÖ¯— I K‡i| Avevi agx©q wb‡lavÁv _vKvq gymwjg †`k mg~‡n gv`K `ª‡e¨i
e¨emvq m¤úªmvwiZ nq bv|

RvwZ
RvZxqZv‡eva, RvwZmË¡v, RvwZi ¯^v¯’¨ Ae¯’vI e¨emvq-evwYR¨‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| †h RvwZi g‡a¨ ¯^‡`k †cÖg cÖej,
hv‡`i ¯^Zš¿ RvwZ mË¡v Av‡Q, †h RvwZi ¯^v¯’¨ fvj, cwikªwg, †m RvwZi A_©‰bwZK DbœwZ Aem¤¢vex| †hgb Rvcvbxiv
ˆ`wnK MV‡bi w`K †_‡K †QvU n‡jI Zv‡`i i‡q‡Q cÖej †`k †cÖg, ¯^Zš¿ RvwZ mË¡v, my¯^v¯’¨, eyw×gËv| ZvB Zviv
wkí I e¨emv‡q DbœZ|

BDwbU GK c„ôv-16
 e¨emvq bxwZ I cÖ‡qvM 1g cÎ

M. ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek
miKv‡ii Avw_©K bxwZ wkíbxwZ, evwYR¨bxwZ, bxwZgvjvi ¯’vwqZ¡, miKvix kvmb e¨e¯’vi aib, AvBb-k„´Ljv,
ivR‰bw`K `j mg~n I Zv‡`i `k©b, miKv‡ii w¯’wZkxjZv, RbM‡Yi ivR‰bwZK wPš—v-fvebv, †`‡ki mve©‡fŠgZ¡
BZ¨vw` wg‡j †h cwi‡e‡ki m„wó nq, Zv‡K ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek e‡j| AbyKzj ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek DbœZ e¨emvwqK
cwi‡ek m„wó‡Z mnvqK| †Kbbv, miKvi w¯’wZkxj n‡j, AvBb k„´Ljv fvj _vK‡j, ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv _vK‡j
miKv‡ii aib I miKvix bxwZgvjv AbyKzj I ¯’vqx n‡j †`‡ki mÂq I wewb‡qvM ev‡o Ges we‡`kx cuywR wewb‡qvM
e„w× cvq| G‡Z e¨emvq evwYR¨ cÖmvi jvf K‡i| Ab¨ w`‡K AbybœZ I Amnbkxj Z_v cÖwZKzj ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek
e¨emvq-evwYR¨ cÖmv‡i euvavi m„wó K‡i|

N. AvBbMZ cwi‡ek
miKv‡ii Avw_©K bxwZ, ivR¯^bxwZ, wewb‡qvM bxwZ, Avg`vbx-ißvbx bxwZ, kªg bxwZ, gRyix bxwZ, KviLvbv AvBb,
†fv³v AwaKvi msi¶Y AvBb, wewb‡qvM msi¶Y AvBb BZ¨vw` wg‡j †h cwi‡e‡ki m„wó nq Zv‡K AvBbMZ cwi‡ek
e‡j| Amvay e¨emvqxi nvZ †_‡K mvaviY gvbyl‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ Ges e¨emvqx‡`i g‡a¨ ¶wZKi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv
wbi“rmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ mgq wewfbœ bxwZ ev AvBb cÖYqb K‡ib| Avi G AvB‡bi †eovRv‡ji ga¨ †_‡KB
e¨emvqx‡K Zvi e¨emvq cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z nq| †Kvb e¨emvqx Zvi ¯^v‡_© hv Lywk ZvB Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| RbMY Z_v
mvaviY gvby‡li mvwe©K Kj¨v‡Yi K_v we‡ePbv K‡iB Zv‡K e¨emvq Pvjv‡Z nq| Kv‡RB AvBbMZ cwi‡ek e¨emv‡qi
Dci ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cÖfve we¯—vi Ki‡Q|

weÁvb I cwi‡ekMZ cwi‡ek

e¨emv‡qi Dci weÁvb I cÖhyw³MZ cwi‡e‡ki e¨vcK cÖfve we`¨gvb| †h †`k weÁvb I cÖhyw³‡Z hZ †ekx DbœZ,
†m †`‡ki wkí-evwYR¨ Z_v e¨emvq ZZ †ekx DbœZ| cÖhyw³MZ Ávb‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q †hgb bZzb bZzb cY¨ I †mev
Drcv`b m¤¢e n‡”Q, †Zgwb cÖhyw³MZ Áv‡bi mvnv‡h¨ ¯^í mg‡q Kg Li‡P AwaK cwigvY cY¨ Drcvw`Z n‡”Q| d‡j
e¨emv‡q D‡Ëviv‡Ëvi DbœwZ NU‡Q Ges cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i wU‡K _vKv m¤¢e n‡”Q| weÁvb I cÖhyw³‡K Kv‡R
jvwM‡q cwðg BD‡ivc, DËi Av‡gwiKv, Rvcvb cÖf…wZ †`k e¨emvq-evwY‡R¨ AmvaviY DbœwZ jvf Ki‡Q| Avi hviv
cÖhyw³MZ cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Pj‡Z cvi‡Q bv Zviv evRvi nviv‡”Q| evsjv‡`k mn we‡k¦i eû AbybœZ †`k
Gi D`vniY|

P. cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek
†Kvb †`‡ki †fŠMwjK KvVv‡gv, AvqZb, Ae¯’vb, cvnvo-ce©Z, b`-b`x, Rjevqy, g„wËKv BZ¨vw` wgwj‡qB Zvi
cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek MwVZ| cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ekI e¨emvq evwY‡R¨i Dci we‡kl cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i| †Kvb †`‡ki
cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek K…wl Kv‡Ri Dc‡hvMx, d‡j †m‡`‡k K…wl wfwËK wkí M‡o D‡V‡Q| Avevi †Kvb †`k ebf‚wg‡Z
mg„×, †Kvb †`k LwbR m¤ú‡` mg„×, †Kvb †`k grm¨ Pv‡l mg„×| GB mKj cÖvK…wZK myweavvw`i Dci wfwË K‡i
wewfbœ iKg wkí-KviLvbv, e¨emvq-evwYR¨ M‡o D‡V‡Q|

evsjv‡`‡ki e¨emvwqK cwi‡ek

evsjv‡`k GKwU Dbœqbkxj K…wl cÖavb †`k| GLv‡b e¨emvq-evwYR¨ GL‡bv †Zgb DbœwZ jvf Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
¯^vaxbZvi ci mgvRZš¿, Zvi wKQy Kvj c‡i abZ‡š¿ hvÎv GB mgvRZš¿ I abZ‡š¿i Uvbv †cv‡ob GLv‡b wgkª
A_©bxwZi Avov‡j †Zgb †Kvb D‡j−L‡hvM¨ wkí-KviLvbv M‡o D‡Vwb| e¨w³gvwjKvbvq hv wKQy cÖwZôvb M‡o D‡V‡Q
ZvI eûwea mgm¨vq RR©wiZ Ges Zuv‡`i AMÖhvÎv ¯—ã| Aci w`‡K, miKvix gvwjKvbvaxb cÖwZôvb¸‡jv †jvKmv‡bi
fv‡i nvey Wzey Lv‡”Q| Avi †h¸‡jv †_‡K cyuwR cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jvI nq eÜ n‡q‡M‡Q, bq‡Zv eÜ nevi
Dcµg n‡q‡Q|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-17
GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek K…wlKv‡Ri Rb¨ LyeB Dc‡hvMx n‡jI GLvbKvi K…wl e¨e¯’v †m‡K‡j I A‰eÁvwbK|
GLv‡b K…wl wfwËK wkí KviLvbvI †Zgb cÖmvi jvf K‡iwb| fviZ KZ©„K Awfbœ b`x‡Z euva †`qvq GLvbKvi †bŠ
cwienb e¨e¯’v I †mB mv‡_ M‡o DVv MÄ I e›`i AvR ¶wZi mgy¶xY| Aek¨ Ae¯’vbMZ Kvi‡Y mvgyw`ªK e›`‡ii
w`K †_‡K mg„×| LwbR m¤ú‡` mg„× Abygvb Kiv n‡jI A‡_©i Afv‡e Zv AbymÜvb I D‡Ëvjb m¤¢e n‡”Q bv|
evsjv‡`‡ki A©‰bwZK cwi‡ek e¨emv‡qi Rb¨ cÖwZKzj ejv hvq| GLv‡b Af¨š—ixY I ˆe‡`wkK wewb‡qv‡Mi cwigvY
nZvkve¨ÄK| gv_v wcQy RvZxq Av‡qi cwigvY Kg nevi Kvi‡Y m‡qi cwigvY Kg| Kv‡RB wewb‡qvM Kg nIqvq
g~jab MVb †Zgb Avkve¨ÄK bq| A_© I FY e¨e¯’vI †Zgb kw³kvjx bq| ZvQvo, GLv‡b e¨vsK FY wb‡q Zv †g‡i
†`qvi KvjPvi cÖKU| RvZxq DbœwZ K_v Lye Kg †jvKB fv‡e| we‡`kx wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i AvK…ó Kivi Rb¨ †h
ai‡bi ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK cwi‡ek _vKvi K_v Zv GLv‡b †bB|
Rbeûj G †`‡k AvKlY©xq Af¨š—ixY evRvi _vK‡jI Zv‡K wfwË K‡i †Zgb wkí KviLvbv M‡o D‡Vwb| Aeva
Avg`vbx bxwZ I †Pviv Pvjv‡bi Kvi‡Y †`kxq wkí¸‡jv G¸‡Z cvi‡Qbv| Gi ciI GLv‡b mnRjf¨ kªwgK I kªwgK
e¨q Kg nIqvq †cvkvK wk‡í cÖmvi jvf N‡U‡Q| RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ †`k‡cÖg m„wó Kiv †M‡j Ges ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv
mwÏ”Qvi D‡`ªK n‡j G †`‡ki wkí KviLvbvi cÖmvi NU‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq|
evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK cwi‡ek e¨emvq-evwY‡R¨i Rb¨ †ek AbyKzj| GLvb Kvi gvby‡li wPš—vaviv wek¦vm| ixwZ-bxwZ
e¨emv‡qi Rb¨ cÖwZK‚j bq| Z‡e wk¶vi nvi Kg nIqvq `¶ I †hvM¨ Kgx©i Afve i‡q‡Q| GLv‡b `~bx©wZ †e‡o‡Q
Ges Drcv`bkxjZv n«vm †c‡q‡Q| byZb byZb D‡`¨v³v †kªYx M‡o DV‡Q bv| G Ae¯’vq mvgvwRK cwi‡ek DbœwZ
NUv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb mr, †hvM¨ I ewjó mvgvwRK †bZ…Z¡|

evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek LyeB nZvkv e¨ÄK| ivR‰bwZK †bZ…‡Z¡i A`~`wk©Zv, e¨w³ ¯^v_©ciZv, †MvôxcÖxwZ,
`j evwRi cÖeYZv, ˆbwZKgv‡bi AebwZ BZ¨vw` mgm¨v GLv‡b cÖKU| ivR‰bwZK nvbvnvwb, wek„sLjv, Puv`vevwR,
`jxq Ki‡Yi gvbwmKZv, ivR‰bwZK n¯—‡¶c, †ckxkw³i cÖvavb¨, Z_v Kw_Z ivRbxwZK KZ©„K †`‡ki fveg~wZ© webó
BZ¨vw` e¨emvq-evwY‡R¨i Rb¨ LyeB ¶wZi KviY n‡q `vwo‡q‡Q| K_vq K_vq niZvj, ag©NU, Puv`v`vex, †`‡ki
e¨emvwqK cwi‡ek‡K gvivÍ K fv‡e ¶wZMÖmZ Ki‡Q| Z‡e Avkvi K_v nj- eZ©gvb MYZvwš¿K †`k †cÖwgK
RvZxqZvev`x miKvi D³ mgm¨v `~i Kivi Rb¨ cÖvYcY †Póv Ki‡Q Ges mš¿vm, Pv`vevwRi wei“‡× K‡Vvi e¨e¯’v
MÖnY Kivq †`‡k AvBb-k„sLjvi h‡_ó DbœwZ n‡q‡Q| G cÖ‡Póv Ae¨vnZ _vK‡j e¨emvq-evwY‡R¨i Rb¨ AbyKzj
cwi‡ek wbwðZ n‡e BbkvAvj−vn|

evsjv‡`‡ki AvBbMZ cwi‡ekI e¨emv‡qi Rb¨ †Zgb BwZevPK bq| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b AvBb k„ysLjv Dbœqb mn gvwjK
I we‡kl K‡i kªwg‡Ki ¯^v_© i¶vi Rb¨ †ek wKQy AvBb cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Dnv ev¯—evq‡bi me©vÍ
K †Póv Pj‡Q|

evsjv‡`‡ki e¨emvq-evwY‡R¨i †¶‡Î cÖhyw³MZ cwi‡ek I †Zgb fvj bq| GLv‡b cÖPyi Rbkw³ _vKvi ciI
KvwiMwi Áv‡bi Afve I Dnvi e¨env‡ii mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i‡K `¶ KvwiM‡i cwiYZ Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| weÁvb
I cÖhyw³MZ Dbœq‡b M‡elYv †Zgb GKUv GLv‡b nq bv| Giƒc Áv‡bi Rb¨ Avgiv me©‡Zvfv‡e we‡`‡ki Dci
wbf©ikxj| GB Ae¯’v †_‡K †invB †c‡Z n‡j Avgv‡`i‡K weÁvb I cÖhyw³MZ M‡elYv Pvwj‡q †`kxq cÖhyw³i D™¢veb
Z_v †UKkB cÖhyw³i Dbœqb NUv‡Z n‡e|

Dcmsnv‡i ejv hvq, evsjv‡`‡ki e¨emv‡qi Rb¨ Dnvi ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, AvBbMZ, cÖhyw³MZ, mvgvwRK
cwi‡ek AbyKz‡j bq| wKš—z G Ae¯’v Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| †hLv‡b wek¦ cÖwZw`b GwM‡q hv‡”Q †mLv‡b Avgviv wcQ‡bi
w`‡K PjwQ| GUv RvwZi Aw¯—‡Z¡i Rb¨ ûgwK| ZvB †`k †cÖwgK miKvi, ivR‰bwZK `j, Avgiv AvBb k„sLjv
i¶vKvix ms¯’v, cÖkvmb, e¨emvqx, wkícwZ mn mKj RbMY Z_v m~ax mgvR‡K e¨emvwqK cwi‡ek Dbœq‡b Avš—
wiKfv‡e GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|

BDwbU GK c„ôv-18
 e¨emvq bxwZ I cÖ‡qvM 1g cÎ

cvV-ms‡¶c
e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi ewnf©~Z wewfbœ c¶ ev kw³ ev Ae¯’v ev wewfbœ Dcv`vb, hv e¨emv‡qi MVb, cwiPvjbv ev
cÖe„w×i Dci BwZevPK ev †bwZevPK cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i, Zv‡K e¨emvwqK cwi‡ek e‡j|
e¨emvwqK cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb ¸wj njt cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek, A_©‡bwZK cwi‡ek, mvgvwRK cwi‡ek,
ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek, cÖhyw³MZ cwi‡ek I AvBbMZ cwi‡ek|
Avq e„w× †c‡j †fvMev‡o, mÂq I wewb‡qvM ev‡o| djkª“wZ‡Z g~jab MVb mnR nq| hv e¨emv‡qi Rb¨ LyeB
AbyKzj|
gvby‡li i“wP, cQ›`, wk¶v`x¶v, g~j¨‡eva, ˆbwKZv, ms¯‹…wZ, ag©vbyf‚wZ BZ¨vw` wg‡j mvgvwRK cwi‡ek M‡o
D‡V|
miKv‡ii kvmb e¨e¯’vi aib, AvBb-k„sLjv cwiw¯’wZ, ivR‰bwK `j mgy‡ni `k©b, miKv‡ii w¯’wZkxjZv,
RbM‡Yi ivRbxwZ wPš—v-†PZbv, †`‡ki mve©‡fŠgZ¡ BZ¨vw` wg‡j ivR‰bwZK cwi‡e‡ki m„wó nq|
AbyKzj ivR‰bwZK DbœZ e¨emvwqK cwi‡ek m„wó‡Z mnvqK|
miKv‡ii ivR¯^bxwZ, wewb‡qvM bxwZ, Avg`vbx-ißvbx bxwZ, kªg bxwZ, gRyix bxwZ, †µZv AwaKvi msi¶Y
bxwZ, wewb‡qvM msi¶Y AvBb, wk¶v m¤úK© AvBb, KviLvbv AvBb, weµq AvBb BZ¨vw` wg‡j e¨emv‡qi
AvBbMZ cwi‡e‡ki m„wó nq|
wewfbœ AvB‡bi †eovRv‡ji g‡a¨ †_‡KB e¨emvqx‡K Zvi e¨emvq cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z nq|
†h †`k weÁvb I cÖhyw³MZ Áv‡b hZ DbœZ †m †`k e¨emvq-wk‡í I evwY‡R¨ ZZ DbœZ|
wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK myweavw`i Dci wfwË K‡i wewfbœ †`‡k wewfbœ iKg wkí-KviLvbv, e¨emvq-evwYR¨ M‡o D‡V‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek e¨emv‡qi Rb¨ AbyKzj n‡jI GLv‡b cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek wbf©i wkí-KviLvbv
†Zgb M‡o D‡Vwb|
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cwi‡ek, ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek, cÖhyw³MZ cwi‡ek e¨emv‡qi Rb¨ AbyKzj bq|
evsjv‡`‡ki nZvkve¨ÄK e¨emvwqK cwiw¯’wZi DbœwZi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb, †`k †cÖwgK RvZxqZvev`x miKvi,
ivR‰bwZK `j mg~‡ni BwZevPK ivRbxwZ, AvBb k„´Ljv i¶vKvix ms¯’v, cÖkvmb, e¨emvqx, wkícwZ mn
m~axR‡bi mw¤§wjZ Avš—wiK cÖqvm| me‡P‡q †ekx cÖ‡qvRb, mr, †hvM¨ I ewjó †bZ…Z¡|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 1.3

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK wPý w`b-
1. AvBb-k„´Ljv cwiw¯’wZ †Kvb& cwi‡e‡ki Aš—f©y³?
K. mvgvwRK L. ivR‰bwZK
M. A_©‰bwZK N. AvBbMZ cwi‡ek|
2. gvby‡li a¨vb-aviYv I wek¦vm †Kvb& ai‡bi cwi‡e‡k Aš—f©y³?
K. mvgvwRK L. ivR‰bwZK
M. A_©‰bwZK N. cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek

BDwbU GK c„ôv-19
GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 4 e¨emv‡qi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡, g~j¨‡eva I ˆbwZKZv

D‡Ïk¨
 GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 e¨emv‡qi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ ej‡Z wK †evSvq Zv eyS‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e¨emv‡qi mv‡_ RwoZ wewfbœ c¶mg~‡ni bvg Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wewfbœ c‡¶i cÖwZ e¨emv‡qi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡mg~n wK, Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e¨emv‡qi g~j¨‡eva I ˆbwZKZv m¤^‡Ü Ávb jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e¨emv‡qi †¶‡Î ¯^xK…Z ˆbwZKZv ev bxwZ‡eva¸‡jv wK wK †m m¤^‡Ü aviYv jvf Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|

welqe¯—z
e¨emv‡qi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ ej‡Z wK †evSvq?
e¨emvq Ges mgvR A½vA½xfv‡e RwoZ| †Kbbv mgv‡RB e¨emv‡qi Rb¥, mgv‡RB Dnvi jvjb-cvjb Ges mgv‡RB
Dnvi weKvk I m¤úªmviY| GRb¨B e¨emvq‡K GLb mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| e¨emv‡qi GKwU
mvgvwRK mËv i‡q‡Q| mgv‡Ri gvby‡li wewfbœ e¯—zMZ I Ae¯’vMZ Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi gva¨‡g gybvdv AR©b KivB
e¨emvqxi KvR| †h e¨emvq Giƒc Afve c~i‡b e¨_© nq, †mB e¨emvqxi c‡¶ mvdj¨ AR©b Kiv m¤¢e bq| GK mgq
e¨emv‡qi g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj hZ †ekx m¤¢e gybvdv AR©b Kiv| eZ©gv‡b G aviYvi cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| gybvdv AR©‡bi
mv‡_ mv‡_ e¨emv‡qi mv‡_ mswk−ó e¨w³ ev c¶ mg~‡ni cÖwZI `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z nq| hv e¨emv‡qi mvgvwRK
`vwqZ¡ wn‡m‡e MY¨|
e¨emv‡qi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ †mB mKj `vqe×Zvi ms‡M m¤úK©hy³ hv cvj‡bi d‡j mgv‡Ri Kj¨vY I Gi AMÖMwZi
cvkvcvwk cÖwZôv‡bi wbR¯^ ¯^v_© I msiw¶Z nq| G cÖms‡M wek¦weL¨vZ e¨e¯’vcbv wekvi` Petter F. Drucker-Gi
e³e¨ ¯§iY Ki‡Z cvwi| wZwb e‡j‡Qb-Òe¨emvq cÖwZôvb Ggb fv‡e cwiPvwjZ n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Zv gvbe Kj¨v‡Yi
gva¨‡g e¨w³MZ Kj¨vY mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i|Ó GB †cÖw¶‡ZB L. F. Urwick AviI my›`i K_v e‡j‡Qb, Rxeb avi‡Yi
D‡Ïk¨ †hgb ïaygvÎ †fvRb Kiv bq †Zgwb e¨emv‡qi D‡Ïk¨ ïaygvÎ gybvdv AR©b bq|Ó
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K cwi¯‹vi †h, †Kvb e¨emvq cÖwZôvb hv Ki‡Z AvBbZ eva¨ †mUv Kiv‡K e¨emv‡qi mvgvwRK
`vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi AvIZvq †djv hvq bv| e¨emv‡qi mv‡_ cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e RwoZ wewfbœ c¶ †hgb- †µZv ev
†fv³v, KuvPvgvj mieivnKvix, wbR¯^ e¨emvqx m¤úª`vq, cvIbv`vi, gvwjK, miKvi, kªwgK-Kgx©, wewb‡qvMKvix,
cÖwZ‡ekx I mgvR cÖf…wZ c‡¶i cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i mn‡hvwMZv AR©b I DËg m¤úK© cÖwZôvi
gva¨‡g e¨emvq cwiPvjbv‡KB e¨emv‡qi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ ejv hvq|
e¨emv‡qi mv‡_ RwoZ wewfbœ c¶mg~n
e¨emv‡qi mv‡_ RwoZ wewfbœ c¶mg~n wbæiƒc, hv‡`i cÖwZ e¨emv‡qi `wqZ¡ cvj‡bi my‡hvM i‡q‡Qt
K. gvwjK ev wewb‡qvMKvix L. †µZv ev †fv³v
M. kªwgK-Kgx© N. ¯^‡MvÎxq e¨emvq
Q. GjvKvevmx R. mgvRevmx cÖf…wZ|

e¨emv‡qi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡mg~n

AvaywbK e¨emvq cÖwZôvbmg~n wbæwjwLZ wewfbœ c‡¶i cÖwZ wewfbœ fv‡e Zv‡`i `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Q| wb‡æ ch©vqµ‡g
e¨emv‡qi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡mg~n Zz‡j aiv njt
1. gvwjK ev wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i cÖwZ-`vwqZ¡

BDwbU GK c„ôv-20
 e¨emvq bxwZ I cÖ‡qvM 1g cÎ

wewb‡qvMKvixiv Zv‡`i K‡ói mÂq‡K wewb‡qvM K‡i gybvdv‡q cÖZ¨vkvq| Avi e¨emv‡q hw` gybvdv bv n‡q ¶wZ nq
Zvn‡j †m e¨emvq †ekxw`b wUK‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB e¨emv‡qi me© cÖavb `vwqZ¡ nj wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i ¯^v_© i¶v Kiv|
wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i cÖwZ e¨emv‡qi `vwqZ¡ njt
wewb‡qvMK…Z A‡_©i hyw³hy³ e¨envi wbwðZ Kiv;
myôzfv‡e e¨emvq cwiPvjbv;
Kvg¨ gybvdv AR©b I Zv weZiY Kiv;
h_vh_ fv‡e e¨emv‡qi wnmve msi¶Y, Avw_©K weeiYx cÖ¯—zZ I †ck Kiv;
m¤úwËi i¶Yv‡e¶Y I e¨envi;
wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i mvgvwRK gh©v`v cÖwZôv|
2. kªwgK-Kg©Pvix‡`i cÖwZ `vwqZ¡-
e¨emv‡qi cÖv_wgK DbœwZ wbf©i K‡i kªwgK-Kg©Pvix‡`i cwikª‡gi Dci| ZvB Zv‡`i mš—zó I Kg©PÂj ivLvi Rb¨
Zv‡`i cÖwZ e¨emvq wb‡æv³ `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡it
Avš—wiKZv c~Y ©e¨envi;
b¨vh¨ gRywi cÖ`vb;
myôz Kvh©cwi‡ek M‡o †Zvjv;
cwienb evm¯’vb I wPwKrmv myweav cÖ`vb Kiv;
†Q‡j †g‡q‡`i wk¶vi e¨e¯’v Kiv;
cÖwk¶Y I c‡`vbœwZi e¨e¯’v Kiv;
PvKzix †k‡l fwel¨r Avw_©K wbðqZvi e¨e¯’v Kiv|

3. †µZv I †fv³v‡`i cÖwZ `vwqZ¡

†µZv ev †fv³viv nj e¨emv‡qi cÖvY, Ab¨ K_vq, †fv³v‡`i †K ejv nq ivRv| KviY †µZviv cY¨ wKb‡j e¨emvq
wU‡K _vK‡e, Avi Zviv cY¨ cQ›` bv Ki‡j Drcv`b A_©nxb A_©vr e¨emvq gviv hv‡e| †fv³viv mgv‡Ri GKwU eo
Ask| Kv‡RB †fv³v‡`i evowZ mn‡hvwMZvi Avkvq e¨emvq Zv‡`i cÖwZ wb‡æv³ fv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡it
b¨vh¨g~‡j¨ DbœZ gv‡bi cY¨ mieivn K‡i;
c‡Y¨i evRvi w¯’wZkxj ivLv;
c‡Y¨i mieivn mviv ermi wbwðZ Kiv;
byZb byZb cY¨ Drcv`b K‡i †µZv‡`i m‡e©v”P Z…wß wbwðZ Kiv;
cY¨ I evRvi msµvš— wel‡q wewfbœ Z_¨ mieivn I Dc‡`k cÖ`vb Kiv BZ¨vw`;
4. mieivnKvix Ges cvIbv`vi / FY `vZv‡`i cÖwZ `vwqZ¡
mieivnKvix‡`i KuvPvgv‡ji b¨vh¨g~j¨ cÖ`vb;
FY`vZv‡`i F‡Yi UvKv ev cvIbv`vi‡`i cÖvc¨ UvKv h_v mg‡q cwi‡kva Kiv;
F‡Yi my` wbqwgZ cwi‡kva Kiv BZ¨vw`|
5. miKv‡ii cÖwZ `vwqZ¡
e¨emv‡qi cÖavb c„ô‡cvlK nj miKvi| †`‡ki e¨emvq Z_v wkí-evwYR¨ myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbvq miKv‡ii †hgb `vwqZ¡
i‡q‡Q| †Zgbfv‡e e¨emv‡qiI `vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q miKv‡ii cÖwZ| KviY mevB‡K wb‡qB miKvi| e¨emvq miKv‡ii cÖwZ
†h mKj `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvnjt
miKvix AvBb-Kvbyb I ixwZbxwZ †g‡b Pjv;
miKvi‡K m‡e©v”P Ki I ivR¯^ cÖ`vb Kiv;
wewfbœ wel‡q we‡kl K‡i gy`ªv bxwZ, ivR¯^bxwZ, ev‡RU cÖYqb BZ¨vw` wel‡q miKvi‡K civgk© cÖ`vb Kiv;
iv‡óªi ¯^v_© we‡ivax mKj Kvh©Kj¨vY †_‡K weiZ _vKv;
e¨emvq m¤úªmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g AwaK Kg©ms¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv|
6. GjvKvevmx‡`i cÖwZ `vwqZ¡
†h ¯’v‡b ev †h GjvKvq wkí KviLvbv ¯’vwcZ nq †mB GjvKvi RbM‡Yi Rb¨ wKQy Kiv e¨emv‡qi Ri“ix `vwqZ¡
i‡q‡Q| KviY KviLvbvi kã, †avqv I AveR©bv GjvKvi cwi‡ek‡K `vi“b fv‡e `~wlZ K‡i| ZvB GjvKvi cÖwZ
e¨emv‡qi KiYxq njt
iv¯—vNvU Dbœq‡b mnvqZv Kiv;
¯‹zj, K‡jR, cvVvMvi, gmwR`, gv`ªvmv, gw›`i nvmcvZvj, K¬ve BZ¨vw` wbg©vY Kiv;
BDwbU GK c„ôv-21
GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

¶wZMÖ¯— RbM‡Yi ÎvY I c~be©vm‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv;

Zv‡`i‡K cÖ‡qvR‡b Kg©ms¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv;
cwi‡ek `~lYgy³ ivLvi Rb¨ e„¶‡ivcb mn Ab¨vb¨ Kj¨vY g~jK e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv BZ¨vw`|
7. mgv‡Ri cÖwZ `vwqZ¡
mgvR I mgv‡Ri gvbyl‡K wN‡iB e¨emvq Ges Gi Kvh©vejx AvewZ©Z nq| mgvR n‡Z bvbv iKg my‡hvM myweav MÖnY
K‡iB e¨emvq mg„× nq| KviY e¨emv‡qi KuvPvgvj Av‡m mgvR †_‡K, g~jab Av‡m mgvR †_‡K, kªg Av‡m mgvR
†_‡K| Kv‡RB mgv‡Ri cÖwZ e¨emv‡qi `vwqZ¡ Acwimxg| ZvB wb‡æv³ Dcv‡q e¨emvq mgv‡Ri cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ cvjb
Ki‡Z cv‡it
mgv‡Ri cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx cY¨ I †mevKg© Drcv`b I mieivn;
c‡Y¨ †fRvj bv †`qv;
IR‡b Kg bv †`qv;
RbM‡Yi Rb¨ Kg©ms¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv;
†PvivKvievix, gybvdv‡Lvix I dUKvevRx n‡Z weiZ _vKv;
c‡Y¨i Rb¨ b¨vh¨ gyj¨ wba©viY Kiv;
RvZxq m¤ú‡`i m¤¢e m‡e©v”P e¨envi Kiv;
nvmcvZvj, wk¶v cÖwZôvb I Ab¨vb¨ Kj¨vYagx© cÖwZôvb MVb Kiv ev MV‡b mnvqZv`vb Kiv;
RbMY‡K cwi‡ek I ¯^v¯’¨ m‡PZb Kiv;
mgvR Kj¨v‡Y gybvdvi wKQy Ask e¨q Kiv;
`y‡h©v‡Mi mgq ÎvY Kv‡R AskMÖnY Kiv;
†Ljvayjvq c„ô‡cvkKZv Kiv BZ¨vw`|
8. ¯^‡MvÎxq e¨emvqx‡`i cÖwZ `vwqZ¡
Amy¯’¨ I ¶wZKi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨ ¯^‡MvÎxq e¨emvqx‡`i cÖwZ I e¨emv‡qi `vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q| KviY
Ab¨vq I ¶wZKi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi d‡j mgvR Z_v †`‡kiB ¶wZ nq| Kv‡RB cÖ‡Z¨K e¨emvqxi cÖwZ cÖ‡Z¨K
e¨emvqxi wKQy `vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jvt
¯^‡MvÎxq e¨emvqx‡`i wb‡q mwgwZ MVb Kiv;
Ab¨vq I ¶wZKi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wjß bv nIqv;
e¨emvqx‡`i g‡a¨ Z‡_¨i Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv;
cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv Kiv BZ¨vw`|
e¨emv‡qi g~j¨‡eva I ˆbwZKZv
e¨emvq mgvRweÁv‡bi GKUv ¸i“Z¡c~Y© kvLv nIqvq Giƒc Kvh©µ‡gi †¶‡Î g~j¨‡eva I ˆbwZKZvi welqwU LyeB
Zvrch©c~Y©| e¨emv‡qi †¶‡Î g~j¨‡eva I ˆbwZKZvi welqwU Gi Av‡M †Zgb ¸i“Z¡ bv †c‡jI eZ©gv‡b Zv me©ÎB
¸i“Z¡c~Y© Av‡jvPbvi welq|
g~j¨‡eva nj †Kvb wel‡qi Dci A‡c¶vK…Z ¯’vqx aviYv| GUv gvby‡li wk¶v, ms¯‹…wZ, AvPvi-AvPiY, g‡bvfve
cwieZ©‡bi mv‡Z g~j¨‡eva ax‡i ax‡i cwiewZ©Z nq| Avi ˆbwZKZv e¨emv‡qi mv‡_ RwoZ I wewfbœ c‡¶i cÖwZ
`vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i mn‡hvwMZv AR©b I DËg m¤úK© cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g e¨emvq cwiPvjbv‡KB e¨emv‡qi
mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ e‡j|
e¨emv‡qi mv‡_ RwoZ wewfbœ c‡¶ cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i mn‡hvwMZv AR©b, I DËg m¤úK©
cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g e¨emvq cwiPvjbv‡KB e¨emv‡qi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ e‡j|
e¨emv‡qi mv‡_ RwoZ wewfbœ c¶mgyn, hv‡`i cÖwZ e¨emv‡q `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q, Zuviv nj; gvwjK ev
wewb‡qvMKvix, kªwgK-Kg©Pvix, †µZv ev †fv³v, KuvPvgvj mieivnKvix, FY`vZv, miKvi, ¯^‡MvÎxq e¨emvqx
m¤úª`vq, GjvKvevmx, mgvRevmx cÖf…wZ|
e¨emv‡qi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ mg~n njt wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i g~ja‡bi Kvg¨ e¨envi I g~ja‡bi wbivcËv weavb Kiv,
Kvg¨ gybvdv AR©b I weZiY, kªwgK‡`i cÖwZ DËg e¨e¯’vi I Zv‡`i b¨vq gRyix I my‡hvM myweav cÖ`vb Kiv,
†ev³v‡`i Rb¨ b¨vh¨ g~‡j¨ DËg cY¨ h_v mg‡q mieivn Kiv, cvIbv`vi‡`i cvIbv h_v mg‡q wbwðZ Kiv,
miKvi †K Ki duvwK bv †`qv, GjvKvevmx‡`i Rb¨ ¯‹zj, K‡jR, gv`vmv, nvmcvZvj, iv¯—vNvU BZ¨vw` ˆZix Kiv
cÖf…wZ|

BDwbU GK c„ôv-22
 e¨emvq bxwZ I cÖ‡qvM 1g cÎ

gvby‡li wk¶v, ms¯‹…wZ, AvPvi-AvPiY, g‡bvfve, ag©vbyfzwZ BZ¨vw` cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ g~j¨‡eva ax‡i ax‡i
cwiewZ©Z nq|
g~j¨‡eva abvÍ
K I FYvÍ K n‡Z cv‡i|
abvÍK g~j¨‡eva e¨emv‡qi Rb¨ AbyKzj cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i|
†Kvb&wU fvj Avi †Kvb&wU g›` A_ev †KvbwU DwPr ev †Kvb&wU AbywPZ Zv ¯úófv‡e wePvi K‡i fvjwU ev DwPrwU MÖnY
Kiv| bxwZ‡eva g~jZt mZ¨ I b¨v‡qi Dci cÖwZwôZ|AZGe †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, g~j¨‡eva abvÍ K ev FYvÍK n‡Z cv‡i|
wKš—z ˆbwZKZv me mgq abvÍ K| g~j¨‡eva cwieZ©kxj| †hgb- hZ †ekx m¤¢e gybvdv AR©b GK mgq e¨emv‡qi
GKgvÎ D‡Ïk¨ wQj| GUv FYvÍ K g~j¨‡eva| eZ©gv‡b gybvdv AR©‡bi cvkvcvwk mgvR †mev‡K ¸i“Z¡ †`qv nq| GUv
abvÍ
K g~j¨‡eva| mZZv, b¨vq civqYZv, mn‡hvwMZv, k„´Ljv, GKZv, JwPZ¨‡eva, wek¦¯—Zv BZ¨vw` ˆbwZKZvi
D`vniY| e¨emv‡qi †¶‡Î e¨emvqx‡K ˆbwZKZv m¤úbœ nIqv GKvš— cÖ‡qvRbxq| †Kbbv, e¨emvqx hw` ˆbwZKZv
weewR©Z nq Zvn‡j †`k Z_v mgMÖ RvwZ ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡e| †hgb- †PvivKvievix, ¶wZKi `ªe¨ Drcv`b, gv`K `ª‡e¨i
e¨emvq BZ¨vw`| G mg¯— e¨emvq mgv‡Ri cÖwZwU †jv‡Ki Rb¨ ¶wZKi| e¨emvqx hw` ˆbwZKZvi mv‡_ KvR K‡i
Zvn‡j mieivnKvix, †fv³v, kªwgK, Kg©Pvix, mgvR miKvi wewb‡qvMKvix, mvaviY RbMY cÖ‡Z¨‡KB DcK…Z n‡e|
RvZxq Dbœqb NU‡e Ges Avš—R©vwZK †¶‡ÎI e¨emvqx ¯’vb K‡i wb‡Z cvi‡e|
myZivs, e¨emvwqK g~j¨‡eva I ˆbwZKZv e¨emvqx‡K mr, b¨vq-civqY, wek¦vmx I AvÍ cÖZ¨qx K‡i †Zv‡j| Gi gva¨‡g
mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ cvjb, Aïf cÖwZ‡hvwMZv †iva I mvgvwRK cÖZ¨vkv c~iY m¤¢f nq| e¨emv‡qi †¶‡Î †h mKj
g~j¨‡eva I ˆbwZKZv mKj mgv‡RB ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i‡Q Zv wb‡æ Zz‡j aiv nj t
1. ˆea Dcv‡q e¨emvq cwiPvjbv Kiv Ges mKj ai‡bi A‰ea e¨emvq I Kvh©Kjvc †_‡K `~‡i _vKv;
2. mKj †¶‡Î A_©vr Drcv`b, e›Ub, kªwgK wb‡qvM, cÖ‡gvkb, mewKQy‡Z mZZv I b¨vqbxwZ eRvq ivLv I
wbf©iZvi ¸Y AR©b Kiv;
3. e¨emv‡qi mv‡_ cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e mswk−ó mKj c‡¶i cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ cvjb Kiv;
4. evRv‡i K…wÎg msKU m„wó K‡i cY¨g~j¨ e„w× bv Kiv Ges cY¨ g~j¨ w¯’wZkxj ivLv;
5. †h †Kvb ai‡bi cÖZviYv, kVZv I †avKvevwRi Avkªq MÖnY bv Kiv;
6. †µZv ev †fv³v‡`i Pvwn`v gvwdK cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨ Drcv`b I mieivn Kiv;
7. c‡Y¨i Drcv`b Li‡Pi mv‡_ †hŠw³K gybvdv †hvM K‡i c‡Y¨i g~j¨ wba©viY Kiv;
8. DbœZ gv‡bi cY¨ ˆZix I mieivn Kiv;
9. †µZv ev †fv³v Z_v mgv‡Ri Rb¨ ¶wZKi Ggb cY¨ mvgMÖx †hgb- gv`K `ªe¨, wewo, wmMv‡iU, Av‡Mœqvš¿
BZ¨vw` Drcv`b ev weµq bv Kiv;
10. GK †PwUqv e¨emvq bv Kiv ev GK‡PwUqv e¨emvqx nIqvi cÖeYZv cwinvi Kiv;
11. Rxeb hvÎvi e¨‡qi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L kªwgK-Kg©Pvix‡`i Rb¨ b¨vh¨ gRyix wba©viY Kiv|
12. kªwgK-Kg©Pvix‡`i mv‡_ DËg e¨envi Kiv|
13. m¤ú‡`i m‡e©v”P e¨env‡ii j‡¶¨ byZb byZb wkí KviLvbv ¯’vcb K‡i Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv|
14. miKv‡ii Avw_©KbxwZ, ivR¯^bxwZ, Avg`vbx-ißvbxbxwZ, wkíbxwZ, KibxwZ BZ¨vw` †g‡b e¨emvq Kiv|
15. cwi‡ek `~lY nq ev n‡Z cv‡i Ggb wkí KviLvbvq `~lY †iv‡ai Rb¨ h_vh_ e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv|
16. cwi‡ek evÜe wkí-KviLvbv ˆZix Kiv Ges cwi‡e‡ki ¶wZ K‡i Ggb cY¨ †hgb cwjw_b e¨vM ˆZix bv Kiv|
17. mK‡ji cvIbv h_v mg‡q cwi‡kva Kiv|
18. e¨vsK †_‡K FY MÖnY K‡i Zv †g‡i †`qvi †Póv bv Kiv|
19. miKvi‡K Ki duvwK bv †`qv Ges LvRbv, f¨vU, G·vBR BZ¨vw` wVKgZ cwi‡kva Kiv|
20. ¯^‡MvÎxq e¨emvqx‡`i mv‡_ Ab¨vq I ¶wZKi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wjß bv nIqv|
21. iv¯—vNvU, cyj, Kvj fvU© ˆZix, ¯‹zj, K‡jR, gv`ªvmv ˆZix, nvmcvZvj ˆZix, BZ¨vw` RbwnZKi Kv‡R gybvdvi
GKwU Ask e¨q Kiv|

BDwbU GK c„ôv-23
GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-ms‡¶c
Rxeb avi‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ †hgb ïaygvÎ †fvRb Kiv bq, †Zgwb e¨emv‡qi D‡Ïk¨ ïaygvÎ gybvdv AR©b Kiv bq|
†KvbwU DwPZ ev †KvbwU AbywPZ Zv ¯úófv‡e wePvi K‡i fvjwU ev DwPrwU MÖnY Kiv‡KB ˆbKZKZv e‡j|
ˆbwZKZv me mgqB abvÍ K|
e¨emv‡qi †¶‡Î e¨emvqx‡K ˆbwZKZv m¤úbœ nIqv GKvš— cÖ‡qvRbxq|
e¨emv‡qi †¶‡Î ¯^xK…Z cÖavb cÖavb g~j¨‡eva I ˆbwZKZv mg~n nj- ˆea Dcv‡q e¨emvq cwiPvjbv, Drcv`b I
e›Ubmn mKj‡¶‡Î mZZv I b¨vqbxwZ eR©vq ivLv, evRv‡i K…wÎg msKU m„wó K‡i c‡Y¨i g~j¨ e„w× bv Kiv, †h
†Kvb ai‡bi cÖZviYv, kVZv I †avKv evwRi Avkªq MÖnY bv Kiv; †fv³v ev mgv‡Ri Rb¨ ¶wZKi cY¨ `ªe¨
Drcv`b bv Kiv, GK‡PwUqv cÖeYZv cwinvi Kiv, kªwgK-Kgx©‡`i Rb¨ b¨vh¨gRyix wba©viY Kiv, cwi‡ek `~lY
†iv‡a Kvh©Ki e¨e¯’v MÖnY KivI cwi‡ek evÜe cY¨ Drcv`b Kiv, miKvi‡K Ki duvwK bv †`qv Ges ¯^‡MvÎxq
e¨emvqx‡`i mv‡_ Ab¨vq I ¶wZKi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv bv Kiv BZ¨vw`|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 1.4

1. wb‡Pi †KvbwU ˆbwZKZvi D`vniY bq?
K. ˆeafv‡e e¨emvq Pvjvb L. cwi‡ek `~lY †iva
M. ¶wZKi cY¨ Drcv`b bv Kiv N. miKvi‡K Ki dvuwK †`qv
2. wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU wVK?
K. ˆbwZKZv me© mgqB abvÍ K L. ˆbwZKZv FYvÍ
K
M. abvÍK I FYvÍ K DfqB N. †KvbwU bq|
3. wb‡Pi †KvbUv wVK?
K. g~j¨‡eva cwieZ©bkxj L. g~j¨‡eva w¯’i
M. Dc‡ii `y‡UvB N. †KvbwUB bq|
4. e¨emv‡qi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ bq †KvbwU?
K. c‡Y¨i b¨vh¨g~j¨ wba©viY L. kªwgK‡`i mv‡_ DËg e¨envi
M. ¯‹zj K‡jR cÖwZôv N. Ab¨vb¨ e¨emvqxi mv‡_ Ab¨vq cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Kiv|

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 1.1 1.M 2.N 3.L 4.K 5.M 6.K 7.L 8.K 9.K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 1.2 1.M 2.L 3.K 4.K 5.M 6.M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 1.3 1.L 2.K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 1.4 1.N 2.K 3.K 4.L

iPbvg~jK cÖkœvejx
1. e¨emv‡qi msÁv w`b| Gi cÖK…wZ Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|
2. e¨emv‡qi AvIZv Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|
3. e¨emv‡qi ¸i“Z¡ Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|
4. ms‡¶‡c e¨emv‡qi cÖKvi‡f` Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|
5. wk‡íi †kªYx wefvM eY©bv Ki“b|
6. evwY‡R¨i cÖwZeÜKZv ¸‡jv wK wK? Dnv wKfv‡e `~i Kiv hvq|
7. cÖZ¨¶ †mev Kg©¸‡jv wK wK?
8. e¨emvwqK cwi‡ek Kv‡K e‡j? Gi Dcv`vbmg~n wK wK?
9. wewfbœ cwi‡ek wKfv‡e e¨emvq‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|
10. e¨emvq wK fv‡e mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i?
11. mgv‡R ¯^xK…wZ e¨emvwqK g~j¨‡eva I ˆbwZKZv mg~n eY©bv Ki“b|

BDwbU GK c„ôv-24