Standard English convention 纯语法知识 within30‘’

Expression of ideas 篇章理解 within 45‘’ – 1‘

Chapter 1 句子基本结构 sentence

structure

Tom reading books every day.

A. No change
B. Is reading
C. To read
D. Who reads。【定语从句 attributive clause】
 Tom, who reads books every day, is smart.

Key point: a complete sentence must include subject and verb.

1.1 simple sentence (without subordinate

clause 从句)

It rained. S V
I love you. S V O
I will give you a gift. S V O O
I always keep my room clean. S V O C

1.2 verb 谓语 vs non-verb 非谓语

谓语动词 verb with tense

Do/ does/ did/ was doing/ have done/ will be doing

非谓语 Non-verb without tense

Doing 现 在 分 词 -present participle- active / done 过 去 分 词 - past participle -
passive/ to do 不定式 – infinitive – purpose

Key point：一个句子中只能有一个非并列的谓语动词

I did my homework, felt tired. ❌

I did my homework and felt tired.
I did my homework, feeling tired.

Chapter 2 sentence connection

I like swimming, she likes running. ❌ run-on sentence

Key point: comma cannot connect two sentences.

SVO, SVO. ❌
SVO SVO. ❌

2.1 punctuation

句号 period 另起一句
分号 semicolon 并列、对比
I like swimming; she likes running.
冒号 colon 解释说明
I have an idea: we can go swimming today.
破折号 dash
SVO—SVO.

SVO, meanwhile, SVO. ❌

SVO, however, SVO. ❌
SVO, in fact, SVO. ❌

2.2 并列连词 coordinating conjunction

FANBOYS
For / and/ nor/ but/ or/ yet/ so

SVO, and SVO.

SVO, so SVO.
SVO – and SVO.

SVO; and SVO. ❌

SVO: and SVO. ❌

2.3 从属连词 subordinating conjunction 「从句」

 状语从句 adverbial clause

When/ while/ because/ if / as / although/ so that

*补充 While 用法

1. While SVO, SVO.

While I was doing my work, I felt tired. 当。。。的时候
While I do not like running, I still go running every day. 虽然
While I like swimming, she likes running. 对比

2. SVO while SVO. 当。。。的时候

3. SVO, while SVO. 对比

I like swimming, while she likes running.

4. SVO while doing sth 当。。。 时

I felt tired while doing my work.

 Attributive clause 定语从句

Which/ that/ who/ whom/ whose/ where/ when

I know the girl, the girl wears a red dress. ❌

I know the girl who wears a red dress.

 Noun clause – object clause

I found that she lied to me.

I think that I can make it.
I want to know how you did it.

2.4 变短语（变为名词、短语等不完整的句子）

 变为同位语 appositive
This is my friend, she is Emma. ❌ run-on sentence
This is my friend, Emma. 【my friend = Emma】

 变为分词
I felt tired, I was doing my homework. ❌
I felt tired, doing my homework.

I got up early, I was to get the first bus. ❌

I got up early to get the first bus.

 独立主格 absolute structure 有独立的主语但是没有谓语动词

Her eyes are red, she must have cried. ❌

With her eyes （are） red, she must have cried. ✅

Absolute phrase

My friend playing video games, I am doing my homework.

Chapter 3 句 子 成 分 之 状 语 adverbial

modifier

状语作用：
-修饰句子除了名词/代词之外的成分
-状语体现动作/句子发生的情况【when? How? Why?】

状语的分类

Luckily, she won the lottery. 副词作状语 adv 作状语

At 8:00 PM, we start our class. Prepositional phrase 作状语
When you have time, please call me. 状语从句 作状语
Reading the book, I felt happy. 分词 participle 作状语
To get a good grade, I studied hard. 不定式作状语
I reading a book, my friend is sleeping. 独立主格作状语
3.1 句首状语

状语，SVO.

3.2 句中状语 = 插入语【parentheses】

This film, according to many people, is amazing.

S, 状语, VO.

3.3 句末状语

SVO 状语从句
I bought this dress because I liked it.

SVO 介词短语/ to do sth

Our class begins at 8:00pm.
I got up early to catch the first bus.

需要加标点的情况

SVO, doing sth. SVO—doing sth. 分词作状语

I felt tired, doing my homework.

I see a girl, standing over there. 我站在那，看见了一个女孩。
I see a girl standing over there. 我看见了一个站在那里的女孩（standing over there 修饰 the
girl ）

SVO，adv.
Our team lost the game. We played quite well, though.
SVO，独立主格.
My mom was cooking, I doing my homework.

3.4 状语从句的省略

省略条件：
1. 状语从句的主语和主句主语保持一致，省略状从主语
2. 状语从句的谓语动词中包含 be 动词（am/is /are/were） 省略 be 动词

When she is happy, she always sings a song.

When happy, she always sings a song.

When I was doing my homework, I felt tired.

When doing my homework, I felt tired.

3.5 逻辑主语

1) 分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致

Doing 现在分词 present participle – 主语主动发起的动作

Done 过去分词 past participle – 主语被动接受的动作

Seeing from the hill, I found the city beautiful.

Seen from the hill, the city is beautiful.

2） 介词短语的修饰需要和主语保持一致

3） 状语从句的主语是代词，要与主句主语保持一致
When she was in Boston, __A__
A. Linda liked the city very much
B. The city was very popular

3.5 独立主格

本质上是一个短语，充当状语成分
不使用连词，只用逗号

形式
1. （with）名词/ 代词+ doing/done/to do, SVO.
With I doing my homework, my mom was cooking.

With the letter written last night, I mailed it.

2. (with)名词/代词+adj. / adv/ 介词短语， SVO.

(With) Her face toward the sea, she looked sad.

Chapter 4 句 子 成 分 之 同 位 语 appositive

modifier

This is my friend, Emma. My friend = Emma

同位语 appositive modifier 是名词 noun 或者 短语 phrase 或者 noun clause 修饰就近的前面的名词或者代

词 可以互为替代

考点 1 punctuation

4．1 句首同位语

同位语, SVO.

Emma, my friend is very smart.

4.2句中同位语 = 插入语

S, 同, VO.

S -- 同-- VO.

S （同） VO.
4.3句末同位语

SVO, 同. This is my friend, Emma. 普通补充说明 引出人名

SVO: 同. 列举解释
I bought many books: Harry Potter, Animal Farm, C, D, and E.

SVO—同. 总结解释
I bought Harry Potter, Animal Farm, C, D, and E -- the bestsellers in the
bookshop.

4.4特殊形式的同位语 – 不可以用冒号

1. Such as
I bought many books, such as Harry Potter.

2. Including
Many books, including Harry Potter, are my favorite.

3. From… to…
She has been to many cities, from London to New York to Tokyo.

4. Particularly
I like reading books, particularly science fiction.

考点 2 限定性同位语

4.5限定性同位语 restrictive appositive modifier ——

不加逗号

情况 1 (零冠词 没有 a /an /the) 头衔/职务/ 称谓+ 人名

Scientist Lily made a discovery.
Chemist James makes a breakthrough…
Leader Mike made a vital decision.

情况 2 被修饰词前有定冠词 the 且没有其他限定成分 同位语限定

I love the song Love Story.

Chapter 5 句 子 成 分 之 定 语 attributive

modifier

Attribute 特征/属性

定语功能： 修饰名词或者代词，体现属性，特征

I have a lovely white cat. 形容词 adjective 做定语

I see a panda in the tree. 介词短语作定语
I know a girl who is an actress. 定语从句作定语
I know the girl standing over there. 分词作定语
【I know the girl who is standing over there.】
I have a letter to write. 不定式作定语

5.1 定语从句关系词 relative pronoun

Who/ whom/ which/ that/ whose/ where

1. Who / whom
 相同点：修饰人

不同点：
1) 从句中作主语，必须用 who
I know the girl _who____ is an actress.

2）从句中介词之后，必须用 whom
This is the girl _who/ whom___ I will travel with.
This is the girl _with whom___ I will travel.

2. That / which
相同点：修饰物
I bought the book which / that you recommended before.
不同点：
1） 介词之后只能用 which
This is the building __which/ that___ I worked in.
This is the building _in which_____ I work.

定语从句中 In that❌

3. Where 在那里= 介词+which

This is the building _in which_____ I work.
This is the building _where ____ I work.

4. Whose 既可以修饰人也可以修饰物 体现从属关系

I know the girl whose mother is a lawyer. [the girl’s mother]

I saw a building whose window was colorful. [the building’s windoew]

5.2 定语从句的限定 restrictive vs 非限定 non-restrictive

I love my boyfriend who is handsome. 限定

I love my boyfriend, who is handsome. 非限定

形式 作用 是否可以删除
限定 没有逗号或者破折号 ， -- 限制、确定、修饰 不能删除
 非限定 有逗号 额外补充的信息 可删除

非限定性定语从句使用的三种情况 [一定不用 that 作为关系代词]

1. 被修饰词是独一无二的
The Great Wall, which is visited by many people, is famous.
The Great Wall-- which is visited by many people-- is famous.
The Great Wall (which is visited by many people) is famous.

2. 被修饰词是泛指、类指
Bears, which look awkward, are actually quick in action.

3. 被修饰的是一句话
I lost my phone, which made me sad.

，that ❌
--that ❌

5.3 定语从句的特殊结构

1. 定语从句的分裂(插入语打断定语从句的行文)

I bought a book that, according to many people, is amazing.

2 定语从句的简略

条件 1 关系词是从句的主语，可以省略关系词
条件 2 从句中有 be 动词，可删除 be 动词

分词作定语

Spiderman is a boy who is saving the world.

Spiderman is a boy saving the world.

I mailed the letter that was written last night.

I mailed the letter written last night.

She earned a lot of money every month – which was enough to support her
family.
She earned a lot of money every month –enough to support her family.

Chapter 6 平行结构 parallel structure

考点 1 形式对称
I like apples and bananas.

考点 2 标点符号

6.1 信号词 And

二者平行 形式对称 A and B

Noun and noun: I like apples and bananas.
Verb and verb: I listened to music and watched a film.
Doing and doing: I like watching films and reading books.
To do and to do: The purposes of this program are to educate and to entertain.
从句 and 从句： I found that she lied to me and that she already left.

三者平行 A, B, and C

复合平行
I went out with Lisa, Lily, and James.
I went out with Lisa, my friend; Lily, my sister; and James, my classmate.

6.2 以 But 为信号词

A but B

Not only… but also…

1. 固定搭配
2. 形式对称
I not only go running every day but also go swimming every day.
I go running not only every morning but also every evening.

6.3 以 or 为信号词

二者平行
A or B 两个不同的动词不加逗号 apples or bananas
A, or B 同一种东西的不同名称。 西红柿, or 番茄，is good.

A, or B, is good.
A-- or B-- is good.
A(or B) is good.

A or B is good.

三者及以上的平行
A, B, or C

6.4 形容词作为前置定语的平行

A big round table 不同特质之间不加逗号

A tiny, tight pattern 同一种特质加逗号

6.5 比较结构

考点 1 比较对象的一致性

The weather in GZ is warmer than BJ. ❌ 比较的对象不一致

The weather in GZ is warmer than the weather in BJ.
The weather in GZ is warmer than that in BJ.

That/ one 替代单数比较对象

Those / ones 替代复数的比较对象

More than/ similar to / like/ several times

考点 2 比较结构的倒装

我喜欢 Tom 的程度 比 Emma 喜欢 Tom 的程度要高

I like Tom more than Emma does.
I like Tom more than Emma, who is smart, does.
I like Tom more than does Emma, who is smart.

Chapter 7 标点符号其余用法

7.1 连贯表达

主谓宾之间不要加上非必要的标点 SVO.
介词短语前不要加标点 This is a group of five people.

7.2 句末标点 & 语序

 单独成句疑问句 / 语序是助动词在前主语在后 / 句末标点用问句

Why are you late?
How did you do it?

 名词性从句是陈述句/ 语序是主语在前动词在后 / 句末标点用句号

I wonder why you are late.
I want to know how you did it.

标点符号的总结/巩固

括号：只会考察句中插入语 S(插入语)VO.

冒号(解释说明)： 1） 连接句子 SVO：SVO. 2) SVO: appositive.

Chapter 8 动词、名词、代词

* 动词题先考虑主谓一致，再考虑时间，最后考虑状态

8.1 主谓一致

考察主语的单复数 对应谓语动词的单复数

Doing sth 动名词作主语的时候 谓语动词用单数

定语从句找到真正的主语

8.2 时态

时间/状态 一般 完成 进行（不考）非必要不选
进行时
过去 Did /was Had done
现在 Do /does Have done
将来 Will do
过 去 将 来 时 past Would do
tense of will

1. 一般现在时 simple present

陈述客观事实、真理

The sun rises from the east.

2. 一般过去时 simple past

客观陈述过去发生的事情，通常上下文中会有明显过去的时间的标志
In 1980s/ last month/

3. 一般将来时
预计或者计划将来会发生的事情
4. 现在完成时 【属于现在的时间范围】
截止到现在为止做过的事情
I have watched the films for 5 times.

5. 过去完成时 【属于过去的时间范围】
在过去的某个时间之前完成的事情/ 过去的过去
I had been to London before I went to Tokyo in 2019.

6. 过去将来时 would do 【属于过去的时间范围】

1） 在过去预计将来发生的事情
When I was a kid, I thought I would be a doctor.
2） 过去的习惯 used to do
I would take a walk every evening last year.

3） 虚拟语气
If I were you, I would help her.

 虚拟语气

真实条件句 -发生可能性很大 主将从现

If it rains tomorrow, I will not go out.

When I was a kid, If I had time, I always went to my grandma’s.

虚拟语气 – 发生的可能性极小的，假设此事会发生
If I were you, I would help her.

虚拟的时间 If 从句动词 主句动词 例句

现在 Were【不分单复数】/did Would If I were you, I
/could/should/mi would help her.
ght do
过去 Had done Would If I had taken
/could/should/mi your advice, I
ght have done would have been
successful.
将来 Were to do / Would If the printer
should do /could/should/mi should break
ght do within 1 year, it
 would be
repaired at our
expense.

虚拟语气的倒装

1． 省略 if
2． 提前祝动词 were / had /should

If I were you, I would help her.

Were I you, I would help her.

8.2 代词

解题方式： 还原代词 -找它指代的名词

代词辨析：its/ it’s /their 他们的/ they’re 【they are 缩写】/ one 单数泛指/ some 复数泛指 （一般不选）
反身代词： himself / herself / themselves

8.3 名词及所有格

可数名词不能不加冠词（a/an/the）或者复数 单独使用
I like apple. ❌
I like apples.
I like the apple.

Chapter 9 逻辑词
考点：考察画线处所在的句子和它前一句话之间的关系。

 不一致逻辑
转折： nevertheless/ however/still
对比：however/ by contrast
让步: granted/ admittedly

 一致性逻辑
因果：thus / therefore/ consequently/ to that end / to this end
递进/ 并列：furthermore/ moreover/ in addition
有很多种环保的方式。 我们可以乘坐公共交通。Furthermore， 我们还可以节约能源。
举例子解释： for example/ for instance
换方式解释：that is / in other words
细节解释：specific
类比：likewise / similarly
加强解释：indeed / in fact
Eg. 我很懒。Indeed， 我每天都不打扫房间。

 没有一致或者不一致的关系
时间顺承： next / finally/ ultimately / meanwhile = at the same time
Chapter 10 修辞综合题/ notes 题

 强调不同 Difference
 强调研究中的不同方面（目的/ 问题/ 过程/ 意义。。。 ）
 Audience （familiar with sth – 不要细节讲这件事情了/ unfamiliar with sth – 需要介绍一些这个信
息）