‘We have learnt that an electric current produces magnetic field and a varying magnetic field gives rise to an electric field. This brought together the phenomena of electricity and magnetism into a coherent and unified theory. After this discovery, Maxwell predicted variation of electric and magnetic field vectors perpendicular to cach other leads to electromagnetic disturbance in space. He also concluded that, electromagnetic waves could travel with the speed of light. This led him ro conclude thae the light itself is an electromagnetic wave. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES DISPLACEMENT CURRENT ‘Ampere’s circuital law states that, the line integral of magnetic field B around any closed path is equal iy times the vora current chrcading the closed path, $@ CHAPTER CHECKLIST _ © Displacement Current $B-d1=nol 0) axwelts Equations where, is the net current threading the surface hounded by a closed path C + Electromagnetic Waves Origin of Displacement Current Flestromagnetic Spectrum According t Maxwell, the Eq. (i) is logically inconsistent. With the help of following observations, it explained the same. He considered a parallel plate capacitor having plates A and B connected to a batcery L, through a tapping key K. After pressing the key K, the conduction current flows through the connecting wires and the capacitor starts storing charge. As the charge on the capacitor grows, the conduction current in the wire decreases. When the capacitor is fully charged, the conduction current stops flowing in the wire. But during the charging of capacitor, there is no conduction current between the plates of capacitor. Let at an instant during charging, / be the conduction current in the wires. This current will produce magnetic field around the wires which can be detected by using a compass needle.& Circuit diagrams showing the inconsistency of Ampere'scruita law ‘Afict this, the magnetic field was found out at point £, ‘which is ata perpendicular distancey from connecting wire, in a region outside the parallel plate capacitor. For this, a plane circular loop C;, of radius r is considered. Its centre lies on wire and its plane is perpendicular to the ditection of current catrying wite (see Fig. (a)). The magnitude of magnetic field is same at all points on the loop and is acting tangentially along the circumference of the loop. IF B is the ‘magnitude of magnetic Feld ar F, chen by using Ampere’ circuital law for loop Cy, we get $841 —§ Bal cosd= Bx 2Rr Uy! Bot 2mr Now a different surfacs, i.e. a tiffin box surface is considered. This surface is without lid with is circular rim, which has the same boundary as that of loop C, {see Fig. (b)] On applying Ampere’scireuital aw to loop C, of this sifin surface, we get §B-dl=8-20/=1, x0=0 > (ii Gi) From Eqs. (i) and (ii), it has been noticed that there isa magnetic field at E calculated through one way and no magnetic field at, calculated through another way.As this contradiction arises from the use of Ampere’ circuital law, hhenee, Ampere’s cicuital law is logically inconsistent. Basic Idea of Displacement Current Since, Ampere’ circuial law for conduction current during. charging of a capacitor was found inconsistent. Maxwell argued that the above inconsistency of Ampere’ circuital lavr is because of some missing term, That term must be related to a changing clectrc field which passes through surface 5 between the plates of capacitor during charging, So, Maxwell introduced this missing term, i dlispkicement current, in order to make Ampere’ citcutal law logically consistent. Displacement current is. that ccurrear which comes into play in the region in which the clectric field and che electric flux is changing with time. doe) i, Displacement curren, | fy =e <2 ‘Ampere’s circuital lav (ge dl= tol oss modified to (Geaiewd.ery where, J, = conduction current and J, = displacement Ie is called modified Ampere's circuital law or Ampere Maxwell's-circuital law. ‘Therefore, modified Ampere'scircuital law may also be apo fa-cton,(1,re%]| TThe inferences can be drawn from the abeve diseussion as given below (i) The conduction and displacement currents are individually discontinuous, bur the currents together possess the property of continuity through any closed electric circuit. (ii) The displacement current is precisely equal to the conduction current, when the two present in different parts of the circuit. il) The displacement current arises due to rate of change of electric flue (oF electric field) between the two plates of the capacitor. (iv) Just as the conduction current, the displacement current is also the source of varying magnetic field. EXAMPLE [1 Inan electric circuit, there is a capacitor of reactance 100.2 connected actoss the source of 220V. Find the displacement current. Sol. Since, displacement curent = conduction current ‘Therefore, * net EXAMPLE |2| In which way, you can establish an instantaneous displacement currant of 1.0 in the space between the parallel plates of 1 uF capacitor? Sol.» Displacemen bro, = EAL where, Eis electric field and A isthe area of= path ce ad at dt wots WN 1 ygeyet aC Thus, an instantaneous displacement current of 1A can bbe aot up by changing the potential difference across the paallel plates of capacitor at the rae of 10° Vs! MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS Maxwells equations are the basic laws of electicicy and magnetism. These equations give complete description of all electromagnetic interactions. Maxwell on the basis of his, equations, predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves. ‘There are four Maxwell's equations which are explained as, given below Gauss’s Law of Electrostatics “This law states that, the total electric flux through any closed surface is always equal to = times the net charge enclosed by that surface. It is given by ‘This equation is called Maxwel’s first equation. Gauss’s Law in Magnetostatics ‘This law states that, the net magnetic flux through any’ closed surface is always zero. Ic is given by fusas=0) This equation is called Maxwell's second equation. Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction ‘This law states that, the induced emf produced ina circuit is numerically equal to rate of change of magnetic flix through it It is given by ee 2 This euton cll Marval id eqetion. fea Ampere-Maxwell’s Circuital Law This law states that, the line integral ofthe magnetic field along a closed path i qual to times the toal current {ie tom of conduction curent and displacement current) threading the surface bounded by that closed. path, Iris given by §o-at=n4{2. +E $e) jon is called Maxwell's fourth equation. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES ‘These waves are produced due tothe change in electric field E and magnetic field B sinusoidally and_ propagating through space such that, che two fields are perpendicular t0 each other and perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation, Source of Electromagnetic Waves ‘An oxillating charge is an example of accelerating charge. It produces an oscillating electric field in space, which produces an oscillating magnetic field, which in tum produces an oscillating elecuic fields and so on. The oscillating clecric and magnetic fields regenerate each other sa wave which propagates through space. ‘The frequency of EM wave is equal ro the frequency of oscillation of charge, i. 1 ~ Riel Electromagnetic waves are also produced when fast moving electrons are suddenly stopped by metal carger of high atomic number. These electromagnetic waves are called rays. ‘Transverse Nature of Electromagnetic Waves It can be shown from Maxwel’s equations chat eletrie and magnetic fells in an clecttomagnetic wave are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of wave propagation. Ie was seen in the discussion of the displacement eurzent also, Ife would considera parallel place capacitor [refer 0 figure on page 330], che E inside che parallel plate capacitor wwas directed perpendicular tothe plates. Also, the B which sive tise co the displacement curtent was parallel w the Capacitor. Thus, E-and B were perpendicular in that case But, this observation isa general Feature. x _Drecson ot wave propagation plane EM wave traveling along Z-axisIn the above figure, we sce that permanent curve shows clectic field E which is along x-ditection and dowed curve shows magnetic field B which is along y-direction and the wave propagates along z-direction. Both E and B vary sinusodially and become maximum at same position and Since, in clectromagnetic wave, E and B are mutually perpendicular to cach other,” so they are transverse ‘The EM wave propagating in the positive z-direction may be represented by the following equations Here, =F, = F sin (ke =) Bysin(kz 0) mA, (0. = wavelength) = frequency] amplitude of varying electric field and plicude of varying magnetic field Important Characteristics of Electromagnetic Waves Important characteristics of EM waves are listed below (i) The electromagnetic waves are produced by accelerated charge. (i) These waves do not require any material medium for propagation. (Gii) These waves travel in free space with the speed of light G x10! ms“), given by the relation Inftety Ie means that light waves are clectromagnetic in nature. (iv) Speed of electromagnetic wave in 2 medium is given by, » =1/ Jue, where € and pare the permittivity and magnetic permeability of a material medium, respectively. This means, the speed of EM wave in a ‘medium depends on elecuic and magnetic properties, of a medium. (©) The direction of variations of electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular w cach other and abo perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation, TThus, electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature. (i) In fre space, the magnitudes of lectricand magnetic fields in electromagnetic waves are related by Eq 1By =e. (ii) The energy in electromagnetic waves is divided, on an average, equally between electric and magnetic fields. U. =U, where, U, and Uy (ill) The energy density (energy per unit volume) in an sncrgy of electric field energy of magnetic field, dlectie field E in vacuum is eek? and that in rnagnetic eld Bis =, ener eld Bis cexgy anrianl with an cloctronnaguetc wave fiven by Leta eine ako uy = 4e £2 = 2 photo a (Gx) Electromagnetic waves, being uncharged, ate not deflected by clectric and magnetic fields. (4) The electromagnetic wave like other waves carries ‘energy and momentum, Since, it has momentum, an electromagnetic wave also exerts pressure called radiation pressure. If wave is incident ona completely absorbing surface, then momentum delivered is given by u momentum, 7 Note Light cartes energy from the sun tothe earth, thus ‘making We possible on the earth (i) Electromagnetic wares are polarised and can be easily seen in the response of a portable AM radio to a broadcasting station, [Fars AM radio has a telescopic antenna, it responds to the electric part of the signal. ‘When the antenna is turned horizontal, the signal will be greatly diminished EXAMPLE [3] An electromagnetic wave is travelling in vacuum with a speed of 3x 10°m / s, Find its velocity ina medium having relative electric and magnetic permeability 2 and 1, respectively. Sol. Gives \elocity of electromagnetic wave in vacuurn, e=3x10'm/s Relative electric permeability, & and magnetic permeability, , =1 Since, velocity of electromagnetic wave in a medium can, be caleulated bytt * Teena, Veto Tee, ‘i ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM The orderly arrangement of EM waves in increasing or decreasing order of wavelength A. or frequency is called electromagnetic spectrum. The range varies from 107-?'m 10 10m, ice. from Y-rays to radio waves. Microwaves ‘These waves are called short wavelength radio waves which are produced by vacuum tubes. Their frequency lies in the range of 1 GHz ro 300 GHe (gigahertz). Uses of microwaves ate given below (i) These are used in RADAR systems for aircraft navigation (ii) These are used in microwave oven for cooking, purpose, ‘These are used in study of atomic and molecular (iv) These are used to measure the speed of vehicle, speed (of cricket ball, ete Fg cae Infrared Waves 10 tos ‘These waves were discovered by Herschell. These waves are oe ounmeme dh alko called heat waves. These waves are produced from the toa] ox hese mcinting bie and molecles 108} we / 108 wy con} They have high penetration power. Its frequency range is 3} — meee —{ ee fiom 3x10!" He 4x 10" He 4 vate i t-~ —} Green tow os Uses of infrared waves are given below tos tons he son i) These are wed in physical therapy. el ‘ vow yi PY ‘on coro —f [FIOM com (ji) ‘These are used in satelite for army purpose olf emtewnes EN orenge “These are used in weather forecasting 108] | }essin antruraco-{} Pio) esr (iv) These are used for producing dehydrated fruits. 1% reso 109 es (0) These are used in solar water heater, solar cells and 108 sof cooker. (el satounee — orm e e Visible Rays io Electromagnetic spectium with common narnes for various pats of it ‘The wavelength ranges, frequency ranges and use of various regions of electromagnetic spectrum are surnmarised below Radio waves ‘These are produced due co oscillating charge particles. ‘The frequency varies From 500 kHz to 1000 MH. Uses of radio waves are given below (@) These are used in AM (Amplitucle Modulation) from 530 kHz to 1710 kHz, These are also used in ground wave propagation, (i) These are used in TV waves ranging from 54 MHz10 890 MHe. Gi) These are used in FM (Frequency Modulation) ranging from 88 MHz to 108 MHz. (is) UHF (Clea High Frequency) waves ate used in cellular phones. Ic is that part of spectrum which is visible by human eye and its frequency range is from 4x10" Hz wo 7x10" Hi Uses of visible rays are given below sible rays are used by the optical orgens of humans and als for three primary purposes (i) To sce things, avoid bumping from them and escape danger. To find stuff ro cat. i) To find other living things with which to consort so 4s t0 prolong the specs. Ultraviolet Rays ‘These ays were discovered by Rite in 1801, These rays are produced by special lamps and very hr bodes. The sun is an importne source of UV-rays but fortunately absorbed by zone layer at an akitade of about 40:30kr. les Frequency range is fom 10" He co 10" He,Uses of ultraviolet rays are given below (i) These are used in burglar alarm, (ii) ‘These are used in checking mineral sample. (ii) ‘These are used to study molecular seructure (iv) To kill germs in minerals. (©) To sterlise surgical ins (vi) These rays can be Focussed into very narrow beams for high precision applications such as LASIK eye surgery. X-Rays “These rays were discovered by German professor Roentgen Its frequency range is from 3 X10" Hz to3 x 10” He. Uses of X-rays are given below (These are used in surgery to detect the fracture, dliscased organs, stones in the body, ete. (ii) ‘These are used in engincering to detect fault crack on bridges, testing of welds. (iii) These are used at metro station to detcet metal or explosive material, (iv) These are used in scientific research, Gamma (7) Rays ‘These rays were discovered by Rutherford. They eravel with the speed of light and having high penetration power. The frequency ranges from 3 x 10" Hz wo 5 x 102 He. ‘Uses of gamma (7) rays are given below (i) These are used to produce nuclear reaction. (ii) These are used in radio therapy for the treatment of tumour and cancer fi microorganism, ‘These are used in food industry wo kill pathogenic (i) These are used to provide valuable information about the structure of atomic nucleus. Different Types of Electromagnetic Waves Type Wavelength Production ange Rede > 0.1m Rapid ccoleration wave ‘nc decelrations of Slecrons fn aera Microwave Oa mia Kiysron vate or ‘mm. magnetron vave inkared—_Immta Vibraton of some wave 700m and molacuoe Ugh TOOnmie Electors i atoms Zoarm emit ight when they ‘move rom higher energy lve toa ‘wer eneray level Detection eceivere aerale Point sods: Thermmoptes Dolometer,Inirared photographic fm The eye Protctes, Photographic fim Utavilet 200 rm to. Inner shal elecirons Phetocals, fas Thm inalomsmevng Photographie from Figher energy fm level toa lower seneigy level Xeaye—Tamte Kray tubes or inner Photographie lnm — sheleecrons fim. Geiger tubes, lonsation chamber Gamma <10"rm Radioactive decay Photographic rays ofthe nuctsus ‘film, ensation chamber Note Tis EM spectrum and its properties nave been trequenty askod in previous years 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010. | CHAPTER PRACTICE | (SOLVED) OBJECTIVE Type Questions 1, Which statement represents the symmetrical, counterpart of Faraday’s law and a consequence of the displacement current ‘being & source of a magnetic field? (@) An electric field changing with time gives rise to ‘magnetic Held ()A magnetic fed changing with time gives rise to an elect Hild (6) An af changing with time gives rise tan tlectrie eld (6) An displacement carcent, changing with time ‘ives tise to an electric field 2. Alinearly polarised electromagnetic wave given as R= Ei cos(hzonis incident normally on a perfectly reflecting infinite wall lz =a, Assuming that the material ofthe wall {s optically inactive, the reflected wave will be given as GE, = £,(ks — 0) OE, = E,icom(ke +01) (OF, =~ Fyicoxke +o) (OE, =F,isimtz—or) 3. Radiations of intensity 0.5 Wm” are striking a ‘metal plate. The pressure on the plate is 0.166 x10 Nix? ()0332«10° Nm (o)0r11x10° Nin (008310 Nm4, Total energy density of electromagnetic ‘waves in vacuum is given by the relation ae a Lee? sdus? tise wy Leet etuye Opt Ol ateet HH Bien? Lope et © (@ dee 5. ‘The speed of electromagnetic wave in ‘vacuum depends upon the source of radiation (a) ineeases as we move from 7-rays to radio waves {b) decreases as we move fom y-rays to radio (0) is same forall of them {@) None ofthe above 6. One requires I eV of energy to dissociate a ‘earbon monoxide molecule into carbon and fonygen atoms. The minimum frequency of the appropriate electromagnetic radiation to achieve the dissociation lies in "NCERT Exemplar (by infrared region (@) microwave region VERY SHORT ANSWER Type Questions 7. Acapacitor has been charged by aDC source. What are the magnitude of conduction and displacement current when itis Fully ‘charged? (a) visible region (6) ultraviolet region Delhi 2013, 8. The charge on a parallel plate capacitor varies asq = qgcos2nvt. The plates are very large and close together (area= And separatio Neglecting the edge effects, find the displacement current through the capacitor. CERT Exemplar 9. Avariable frequency AC source is ‘connected to a capacitor. How will the displacement current change with decrease in frequency? NCERT Exemplar 10. ‘The charging current for a capacitor is 0.25 A. What isthe displacement current across its plates? Foreign 2016 Il, What are the directions of electric and magnetic field vectors relative to each other and relative to the direction of propagation of ‘electromagnetic waves? All India 2012 12. Acharged particle oscillates about its mean position with frequency 10° Hz, What is the frequency of electromagnetic wave produced by the oscillators? CERT B. “a 5. 16. 7. 18. 19. 20. In which directions do the electric and magnetic field vectors oscillate in an electromagnetic wave propagating along the X-axis? ‘All India 2017 How is the speed of electromagnetic waves in ‘vacuum determined by the electric and magnetic fields? Delhi zo17 Do electromagnetic waves carry energy and momentum? ‘AML India 2017 ‘An electromagnetic wave exerts pressure on the surface on which it is incident. Justify. Delhi 2014 To which pat ofthe electromagnetic spectrum does a wave of frequency 5% 10""Hz belong? Al nia 2014 Name the type of electromagnetic wave used in food industry to will pathogenic microorganism. Also write its frequency range. ‘What physical quantity is the same for X-rays of ‘wavelength 10” m, red light of wavelength 6800 Aaand radio waves of wavelength 500m? NCERT Why are microwaves considered suitable for radar systems used in aircraft navigation? Delhi 016 Name the electromagnetic waves which, (@ maintain the earth's warmth and (ii) are used in aircraft navigation. Foreign 2012, Name the electromagnetic waves used in LASIK eye surgery and why? Name the electromagnetic radiations used for (a) ‘water purification, and (b) eye surgery. CBSE 2016 Why does microwave oven heats up a food item containing water molecules most efficiently? NCERT Exemplar SHORT ANSWER Type Questions 25, When an ideal capacitoris charged by a DC battery, no current flows, However, when an AC source is used, the current flows continuously. How does one explain this, based on the concept of displacement current? Delhi 2012 A capacitor made of two parallel plates each of the plate 4 and separation d, is being charged by an external AC source. Show that the displacement current inside the capacitor is the same as the current charging the capacitor. ‘Allindia 201327. (i) Anclectromagnetic wave is travelling in a ‘medium with a velocity v= vi Draw a sketch showing the propagation of the electromagnetic wave inaicating the direction of the oscillating electric and magnetic fields, (i) How are the magnitudes of the electric and magnetic felds Felated to velocity of the clectromagnetic wave? Delhi 2013, All dia 20000 28. Even though an electric field E exerts a force gE ‘ona charged particle yet electric field of an ‘electromagnetic wave does not contribute to the radiation pressure (but transfers energy). Explain NCERT Exemplar 29. Show that the radiation pressure exerted by an EM wave of intensity Jon a surface kept in 1 vacuums NCERT Exemplar 30. Poynting vectors is defined as a vector whose magnitude is equal to the wave intensity and whose direction is along the direction of wave propagation. Mathematically itis given by $= (Ex), Show thenature of Sversust_ graph. We NCERT Exemplar 31. Identify the electromagnetic waves whose wavelengths vary as (9107 m Radio waves It is used in radio communication. (a) Infrared waves have frequencies lower than those of visible ight, vibrate not only the electrons, bat also the entire atoms or molecules in the structure of the surface, This vibration increases the internal energy and hence the temperature ofthe structure, which is why infrared waves are often called heat waves. Electromagnetic wave transports linear momentum as it travels through space. If an electromagnetic wave transfer a total energy U to a surface in time t, then, total linear momentum delivered to the surface 1s siven as, ®) where, ¢ is the speed of electromagnetic wave. In the given figure, I, is the displacement current in the region between two plates of parallel plate capacitor. ‘The magnetic field induction at a point in a region between two plates of capacitor at a perpendicular distance r from the axis of plates is given by