Homework 11.

1
38. Converges to 1. (Hint: cos x is continuous.)

48. Converges to 0. (Hint: ln x is continuous.)

62. Converges to 0. (Hint: Absolute + Squeeze Theorem.)

76. (a) Say lim an = L, then 8 " > 0, 9 N > 0, 3 n > N =) |an L| < ".
n!1
Choose N 0 = N 1. If n > N 0 , then n+1 > N and hence |an+1 L| < ".
By the definition, lim an+1 = L(= lim an ). ⌅
p n!1 n!1
5 1
(b) .
2
80. Decreasing and bounded. (Hint: 0 an > 1.)
p p p
3 5 3 5 1 3+ 5
88. . (Hint: 2 an an+1 > [or ], > 2 .Ø )
2 2 3 2
bn+1 an+1
96. (a) [Sol1] = bn + bn 1 a + · · · + ban 1
+ an < (n + 1)bn .
b a
bn+1 an+1
[Sol2] xn+1 is continuous, by MVT, 9 a < c < b 3 =
b a
f (b) f (a)
= f 0 (c) = (n + 1)cn < (n + 1)bn .
b a
bn+1 an+1
(b) < (n + 1)bn , bn+1 an+1 < (n + 1)bn (b a),
b a
bn+1 (n + 1)bn (b a) < an+1 , bn [b (n + 1)(b a)] < an+1 ,
bn [(n + 1)a nb] < an+1 .
(c) an = (1 + 1/n)n = (1 + 1/n)n [(n + 1)(1 + 1/(n + 1)) n(1 + 1/n)]
(b)
= bn [(n + 1)a nb] < an+1 = (1 + 1/(n + 1))n+1 = an+1 .
(d) a2n = [1 + 1/(2n)]2n = {[1 + 1/(2n)]n }2 = {[1 + 1/(2n)]n [(n + 1) ·
(b)
1 n[1 + 1/(2n)]]·2}2 = {bn [(n+1)a nb]·2}2 < {an+1 ·2}2 = 1n ·22 = 4.
(c) (b)
(e) an < a2n < 4.
(f) {an } is increasing and bounded above by 4, so convergent by MCT. ⌅

1
 Homework 11.2
n
X Xn
1 1/2 1 1/2 1 1 1
22. sn = = ( + )= ! .
i=2
n3 n i=2
i 1 i i+1 4 n(n + 1) 4

4
32. Diverges. (Hint: |r| = 1.)
3
X1
48. Diverges. (Hint: harmonic series.)
n
3
66. All x and the sum is .
3 sin x
aT anT
De (1 e )
74. (a) aT
. (Hint: Geometric series.)
1 e
De aT D
(b) aT
= aT .
1 e e 1
D
(c) aT C =) D C(eaT 1), minimal D = C(eaT 1).
e 1
9 1
78. c = ln . (Hint: Solve = 10.)
10 1 ec
1 1 fn+1 fn 1 fn 1
92. (a) = = = .
fn 1 fn fn fn+1 fn 1 fn fn+1 fn 1 fn fn+1 fn 1 fn+1
(b) Note that fn ! 1 as n ! 1.
X1 X1 Xn
1 1 1 1 1
= ( ) = lim ( )
n=2
f n 1 f n+1 n=2
f n 1 f n f n f n+1 n!1
i=2
f i 1 f i f i f i+1
1 1 1 1
= lim ( )= lim = 1 0 = 1.
n!1 f1 f2 fn fn+1 1 · 1 n!1 fn fn+1
X1 X 1 X n
fn fn fn 1 1
(c) = ( ) = lim ( )
n=2
f n 1 f n+1 n=2
f n 1 f n f n f n+1 n!1
i=2
f i 1 f i+1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= lim ( + )= + lim lim
n!1 f1 f2 fn fn+1 1 1 n!1 fn n!1 fn+1
= 1 + 1 0 0 = 2.

2
94. (a) (Try it yourself.)
1 1
(b) an+1 an = (an + an 1 ) an = (an an 1 ) = · · ·
2 2
1
= ( )n 1 (a2 a1 ).
2
lim an = lim [(an an 1 ) + (an 1 an 2 ) + · · · (a2 a1 ) + a1 ]
n!1 n!1
n 2
X 1 i 1 ( 1/2)n 1
= lim [a1 + (a2 a1 ) (
) ] = lim [a1 + (a2 a1 ) ]
n!1
i=0
2 n!1 1 ( 1/2)
1 a1 + 2a2
= a1 + (a2 a1 ) = .
1 ( 1/2) 3

3
 Homework 11.3
5
X Z 5 6
X
2. an > f (x) dx > an .
n=1 n=1 n=2

tan 1 x 0 1 2x tan 1 x 0
10. Converges. (Hint: ( ) = ) < 0 for x 1,
Z 1 + x2 Z (1 + x2 )2
1
tan 1 x (tan 1 x)2 tan 1 x 3
2
dx = + C, 2
dx = ⇡ 2 .)
1+x 2 1 1+x 32
ln x 1 2 ln x p
24. Converges. (Hint: ( 2 )0 = < 0 for x > e(⇡ 1.6),
Z x x3
ln x ln x + 1
2
dx = + C (integration by parts),
Z 1x x
ln x ln 2 + 1 ln t + 1 l0 H ln 2 + 1
2
dx = lim = .)
2 x 4 t!1 t2 4
Z 1 Z 1
dx u=ln ln x du
32. Converges () p > 1. (Hint: = .)
3 x ln x(ln ln x)p ln ln 3 u
p

X1 1
X X1
1 ⇡2 1 ⇡2 49 1 ⇡2
36. (a) = 1. (b) = . (c) = .
n=2
n2 6 n=3
(n + 1)2 6 36 n=1
(2n)2 24
Z 1
dx 1
42. 0.01 > 2
= () n > e100 (⇡ 2.7 ⇥ 1043 ).
n x(ln x) ln n
Z n+1
1
46. (a) tn dx ln n = ln(n + 1) ln n > 0;
1 xZ
n+1
1 1
(b) tn tn+1 = dx > 0;
n x n+1
(c) 0 < tn+1 < tn < t1 = 1.
1 1
y y= y=
x 1 y x
n
1 1
2 ··· x x
O 1 n n+1 O n n+1

4
 Homework 11.4
n2 + n 1 n2 + 2
2. (a) [sol1] = > 0.
n3 2 n n4 2n
n2 + n 1
[sol2] 3 > , () n(n2 + n) > (n3 2), () n2 > 2.
n 2 n
n2 n 1
3 n3 n2 ÷n3 1 1 0
(b) lim n 1+2 = lim 3 = lim n
2 = lim = 1 > 0.
n!1 n!1 n + 2 n!1 1 + n!1 1 + 0
n n3
X 1 X1
6. (c) (Hint: (a) converges, (b) diverges.)
n2 + 1 n
n2 + n + 1 2 1
24. Converges. (Hint: DCT: 4 2
< 2 ; LCT: bn = 2 .)
n +n n n
1 p
40. Diverges. (Hint: LCT: bn = , lim n n = 1.)
n n!1
46. Converges () p > 1.
1
(Hint: For p < 0, lim an = 1 = 6 0; for 0  p  1, DCT: bn = ;
n!1 n ln n
1 1
for p > 1, LCT[DCT]: bn = p [> p ] for n 2[n > e].)
n n ln n
an
48. (a) 9 N > 0 3 for n > N , < 1 =) an < bn .
X bn X
* bn converges, by DCT, an converges. ⌅
1 1
(b) (i) (Hint: bn = 2
.); (ii) (Hint: bn = 2 .).
n n
an
⌥49. (a) 9 N > 0 3 for n > N , > 1 =) an > bn .
X bX
n
* bn diverges, by DCT, an diverges. ⌅
1 1
(b) (i) (Hint: bn = for n 2.); (ii) (Hint: bn = .).
n n
X
54. an converges =) lim an = 0 =) 9 N > 0 3 for n > N , an < 1
n!1 X
=) 0  a2n < an . By DCT, a2n converges. ⌅

DCT: Direct Comparison Test; LCT: Limit Comparison Test.

5
 Homework 11.5
18. Diverges. (Hint: T4D: lim bn = 1 6= 0, an 6! 0.)
n!1

34. Conditionally converges. (Hint: AST+IT or ln-series with p  1.)

44. 0.2231 (Hint: ASET:
1
b4 = ⇡ 0.000977 > 0.00005, s4 = 0.222982 . . .,
4 · 44
1
b5 = ⇡ 0.000195 > 0.00005, s5 = 0.223177 . . .,
5 · 45
1
b6 = ⇡ 0.000041 < 0.00005, s6 = 0.223136 . . .,
6 · 46
1
b7 = ⇡ 0.000009 < 0.00005, s7 = 0.223145 . . ..)
7 · 47
2n
X n
X Xn2n
X X2n
1 1 11 1
50. (a) h2n hn = = 2 = ( 1)n 1 = s2n ;
i=1
i i=1 i i=1
i i=1
2i i=1
i
1 1
[Or] by the Mathematical Induction on n: s2 = 1 = = h2 h1 ,
2 2
1 1 1 1
s2n = s2n 2 + = h2n 2 hn 1 +
2n 1 2n 2n 1 2n
1 1 1 1 1
= (h2n ) (hn )+ = h2n hn ;
2n 1 2n n 2n 1 2n
(b) By 11.3.46, tn = hn ln n ! ,
lim s2n = lim (h2n hn )
n!1 n!1
= lim [h2n ln(2n)] lim (hn ln n) + lim (ln(2n) ln n)
n!1 n!1 n!1
= + lim ln 2 = ln 2.
n!1
X
⌥51. (a) |a+ |  |a n | and |a |  |a n | * an is absolutely convergent,
Xn X n
) |a+n | and |an | are convergent by the Direct Comparison Test;
X 1 X 1X X 1X 1X
[Or] a+n = a n + |a n | and a n = a n |an |.
X X 2 2 2 2
) a+n and a are (absolutely) convergent.
X n X X
(b) Suppose a+n converges, then so does |an | = (2a+
n an ) =
X X X
2 a+n an , contradicting to an is conditionally convergent.
X X
Similarly, since |an | = an 2an . ) a+
n and an are divergent. ⌅

6
 X X
⌥52. By 51.(b), a+n = 1 and an = 1.
Choose first some non-zero terms from {a+ n } till the sum is more than r,
then choose first some non-zero terms from {an } till the sum
X is lessX than
r. Continue in this manner to obtain a rearrangement bn of an
X
with |sn r|  |an |, where sn is the n-the partial sum of bn . Since
X X
an converges, we have lim an = 0 and hence bn = lim sn = r.
n!1 n!1
X
To construct a divergent rearrangement of an : For k = 1, 2, . . ., in
the k-th stage, choose first some non-zero terms from {a+ n } till the sum
is more than k, then choose first some non-zero terms from {an } till
the sum is less than k. Then for M > 0, there exists N > 0 such that
n > N implies sn > M . In a word, lim sn = 1. ⌅
n!1

T4D: Test for Divergence; AST: Alternating Series Test; IT: Integral Test; ASET:
Alternating Series Estimation Theorem.

7
 Homework 11.6
| 3|
6. Absolutely convergent. (Hint: RaT: lim = 0.)
n!1 (2n + 3)(2n + 2)
(2n + 2)(2n + 1)
16. Divergent. (Hint: RaT: lim = 4.)
n!1 (n + 1)2
⇡
26. Divergent. (Hint: RoT: lim arctan n = .)
n!1 2
sin n⇡
6 1
32. Absolutely convergent. (Hint: DCT: | p | < p .)
1+n n n n
| 1| 2
38. Absolutely convergent. (Hint: RaT: lim n
= .)
n!1 bn+1 (1 + 1/n) e
40. k 2 (Hint: RaT: 8
>
> 1 for k = 1,
>
>
(n + 1) 2 <
1
lim = <1 for k = 2, )
n!1 (kn + k)(kn + n 1) · · · (kn + 1) >
> 4
>
>
:0 < 1 for k > 2.

42. (a) Rn = an+1 + an+2 + an+3 + an+4 + . . .

= an+1 + rn+1 an+1 + rn+2 rn+1 an+1 + rn+3 rn+2 rn+1 an+1 + . . .
= an+1 (1 + rn+1 + rn+2 rn+1 + rn+3 rn+2 rn+1 + . . .)
 an+1 (1 + rn+1 + rn+1 2 + rn+1 3 + . . .) (* rn & L)
X1
an+1
= an+1 rn+1 m 1 = .
m=1
1 rn+1
(b) Rn = an+1 (1 + rn+1 + rn+2 rn+1 + rn+3 rn+2 rn+1 + . . .)
 an+1 (1 + L + L2 + L3 . . .) (* rn % L)
X1
an+1
= an+1 Lm 1 = .
m=1
1 L

RaT: Ratio Test; Rot: Root Test; DCT: Direct Comparison Test; &: decreasing (to);
%: increasing (to).

8
 p
⌥45. (i) lim n
|an | = L () choose L < r < 1, then 9 N > 0 3 n > N
n!1
X1 X1
p
=) n
|an | < r, |an | < r . *
n n
r converges (|r| < 1), |an |, and
X n=N n=N
hence |an |, converges by the Direct Comparison Test (bn = rn ).
X
) an is absolutely convergent.
p
(ii) 9 N > 0 3 n > N =) n |an | > 1, |an | > 1 =) lim an 6= 0.
X n!1
) an is divergent by Test for Divergence. ⌅

46. (a) Absolutely convergent. (Hint: RaT:

(4n + 4)(4n + 3)(4n + 2)(4n + 1)(27493 + 26390n) 1
lim = .)
n!1 (n + 1)4 396
p
4 (1103 + 26390n) 99
1 2 2 0!(1103 + 0)
(b) 6; (Hint: n = 0, ⇡ , ⇡ ⇡ 3.141592730013305660.)
⇡ p 9801 (0!)4 3960
1 2 2 0!(1103 + 0) 4!(1103 + 26390)
15. (Hint: n = 1, ⇡ ( + ),
⇡ 9801 (0!)4 3960 (1!)4 3964
⇡ ⇡ 3.141592653589793878.)

9
 Homework 11.7
1 1
8. (a) Divergent. (Hint: DCT: bn = <p ,
p n + 1 n 2+1

1 1/ n2 + 1
LCT: bn = and lim = 1,
Z 1 n n!1 1/(n + 1)
dx p p
IT: p = lim ln |t + t2 + 1| ln(1 + 2) = 1.)
1 x2 + 1 t!1
(b) Convergent. p
1 1 1/n n2 + 1
(Hint: DCT/LCT: bn = 2 > p and lim 2
= 1,
n n n 2+1
p n!1 1/n
Z 1 p p
dx 1 + t2 + 1
IT: p = ln(1 + 2) lim ln | | = ln(1 + 2).)
1 x x2 + 1 t!1 t
n2
14. Absolutely convergent. (Hint: RoT: lim = 0,
n!1 (1 + n)3
(n + 1)2n+2 /(n + 2)3n+3 (n + 1)5n+2
RaT: lim = lim
n!1 n2n /(n + 1)3n n!1 (n + 2)3n+3 n2n
5n+2
n + · · · ÷n 5n+3 0 + ··· + 0
= lim 5n+3 = lim = 0.)
n!1 n + ··· n!1 1 + 0 + · · · + 0

20. See 8.(b).

1 1
44. Divergent. (Hint: DCT: bn = < .)
2n n + n cos2 n
1 21/n 1 l0 H 21/n ln 2 · ( 1/n2 )
48. Divergent. (Hint: LCT: bn = and lim = lim
n n!1 1/n n!1 1/n2
= lim 21/n ln 2 = ln 2.
n!1
1 2 1
DCT: bn = < (n 1)/n = 21/n 1.)
2n 2 + 2(n 2)/n + · · · + 1

IT: Integral Test; DCT: Direct Comparison Test; LCT: Limit Comparison Test; RaT:
Ratio Test; Rot: Root Test.

10
 Homework 11.8
6. R = 1, I = ( 1,p1].
3
n
(Hint: RaT: p3
|x| ! |x|; x = 1 p-series p = 3 > 1, x = 1 AST.)
n+1
18. R = 5, I = ( 5, 5].
n+1 |x| |x| |x|
(Hint: RaT: |x| ! ; RoT: p ! ; x = 5 harmonic,
5n 5 5 n
n
5
x = 5 alternating harmonic.)
5
⌥: ln(1 + ).
x
22. R = 2, I = ( 1, 3].
2n + 1 |x 1|
(Hint: RaT: |x 1| ! ; x = 1 DCT/LCT with
2(2n 1) 2
X1
, x = 3 AST.)
n
5
26. R = , I = [ 2, 3).
2 p
n |2x 1|
(Hint: RaT: p |2x 1| ! ;x= 2 AST, x = 3 p-series
5 n+1 5
1
p =  1.)
2
36. R = 2, I = ( 2, 2).
n+1 |x|
(Hint: RaT: |x| ! ; x = ±2, |an | ! 1 T4D.)
2n + 1 2
1
X X ( 1)n 2x p q
2x p q
40. (answer is not unique.) (a) ( )n ; (b) ( )n ;
n=0
q p n q p
X 1 2x p q X 1 2x p q
(c) ( )n ; (d) ( )n ,
n q p n2 q p
p
46. R.

T4D: Test for Divergence; DCT: Direct Comparison Test; LCT: Limit Comparison
Test; AST: Alternating Series Test; RaT: Ratio Test; Rot: Root Test.

11
 Homework 11.9
X 1
5 n 2n 1 1 2 1
6. = 5 · 4 x , I = ( , ). (Hint: |4x | < 1 () |x| < .)
1 4x2 n=0
2 2 2

X 1 1
x+a ( 1)n 2n+1 X ( 1)n 2n
12. 2 = x + x , I = ( a, a).
x + a2 n=0
a2n+2 n=0
a2n+1
x+a x/a2 + 1/a x2
(Hint: 2 = , | | < 1 () |x| < a.)
x + a2 1 ( x2 /a2 ) a2
X1
( 1)bn/2c n
⌥: x .
n=0
a2bn/2c+1

1 n X
16. (a) ln(1 x) =
x , R = 1. (I = [ 1, 1).)
X 1n
(b) x ln(1 x) = xn+1 . (R = 1, I = [ 1, 1).)
X 1 n
(c) ln 2 = .
n2n
X1
2 1 ( 1)n 6n+5
3
22. x tan x = x , R = 1. (I = [ 1, 1].)
n=0
2n + 1
X1
( 1)n 2n+1
(Hint: tan 1 x = x for |x|  1.)
n=0
2n + 1
Z X1
tan 1 x ( 1)n 2n+1
30. dx = C + 2
x , R = 1. (I = [ 1, 1].)
x n=0
(2n + 1)
Z 0.3 Z 0.3 X 1 X1
x2 2 n 4n ( 1)n 4n+3 0.3
34. dx = x ( 1) x dx = x
0 1 + x4 0 n=0 n=0
4n + 3 0
1
X ( 1) 3 n 4n+3 3 7 11
3 3 3
= 4n+3
= 3 7
+ 11
···,
n=0
(4n + 3)10 3 · 10 7 · 10 11 · 10
311
11
⇡ 1.61 ⇥ 10 7 < 5 ⇥ 10 7 , by ASET,
11 ·
Z 0.310
x2 33 37
4
dx ⇡ 3 7
⇡ 0.009 3.12 ⇥ 10 5 = 0.008969.
0 1+x 3 · 10 7 · 10
ASET: Alternating Series Estimation Theorem.

12
 x2
40. (a) R = ( 1, 1). (Hint: RaT: x2 ! 0.)
(n + 1)(n + 2)22
(b) x2 J100 (x) + xJ10 (x) + (x2 1)J1 (x)
X1 X1
2 ( 1)n (2n + 1)(2n) 2n 1 ( 1)n (2n + 1) 2n
=x x + x x
n=1
n!(n + 1)!22n+1 n=0
n!(n + 1)!22n+1
X1
2 ( 1)n
+ (x 1) 2n+1
x2n+1
n=0
n!(n + 1)!2
X ( 1)n (2n + 1)(2n) x X ( 1)n (2n + 1) 2n+1
2n+1
= x + + x
n!(n + 1)!22n+1 2 n!(n + 1)!22n+1
X ( 1)n n(n + 1)22 x X ( 1)n
2n+1
x x2n+1
n!(n + 1)!22n+1 2 n!(n + 1)!22n+1
X ( 1)n [(2n + 1)(2n) + (2n + 1) 4n(n + 1) 1]
= 2n+1
x2n+1 = 0.
n!(n + 1)!2
X1 X1
( 1)n 2n 0 ( 1)n (2n) 2n 1
(c) J0 (x) = 2 22n
x , J 0 (x) = 2 22n
x
n=1
(n!) n=0
(n!)
X1 X1
( 1)n+1 (2n + 2) 2n+1 ( 1)n
= 2 22n+2
x = 2n+1
x2n+1 = J1 (x).
n=1
((n + 1)!) n=1
n!(n + 1)!2

1 d 1 x 1
46. (a) ; (Hint: .) (b) (i) ; (ii) 2; (Hint: x = .)
(1 x)2 dx 1 x (1 x) 2 2
2x2 1
(c) (i) ; (ii) 4; (Hint: x = .) (iii) 6.
(1 x)3 2
Z 1/2 Z 1/2
dx dx 2 1 2x 1 1/2
50. (a) = = p tan p
0 x2 x + 1 0 (x 1/2)2 + 3/4 3 3 0
2 ⇡ ⇡
= p [0 ( )] = p .
3 6 3 3 Z 1/2 Z 1/2
3 2 dx x+1
(b) x + 1 = (x + 1)(x x + 1), 2
= dx
0 x x+1 0 1 ( x3 )
Z 1/2 X1 hX 1 3n+2 X1 3n+1 i1/2
n 3n n x n x
= (x+1) ( 1) x dx = ( 1) + ( 1)
0 n=1 n=1
3n + 2 n=1 3n + 1 0
X1 h 3n+2 3n+1 i 1
X ( 1) n ⇣ 2 ⌘
n 1/2 1/2 1
= ( 1) + = +
n=1
(3n + 2) (3n + 1) n=1
4 · 8n 3n + 2 3n + 1
p 1
(a) ⇡ 3 3 X ( 1)n ⇣ 1 2 ⌘
= p ,⇡= + .
3 3 4 n=1 8n 3n + 2 3n + 1

13
 Homework 11.10
2. (a) f (0) = 1.1, but the y-interpret of y = f (x) is 0.5;
(b) f 0 (1) = 0.8 < 0, but y = f (x) is decreasing at 1;
(c) f 00 (2) = 1.5 ⇥ 2! > 0, but y = f (x) is concave downward at 2.
1
X ( 1)n
4. (x 4)n , R = 3. (I = (1, 7].)
n=0
3n (n + 1)

2 2 8 4 32 6 1 2 6
10. 1 + x + x + x = 1 x2 + x4 x.
2! 4! 6! 3 45
[Quick sol]
1 1
1 + cos 2x 1 1 X ( 1)n X ( 1)n 22n 1
cos2 x = = + (2x)2n = 1 + x2n .
2 2 2 n=0 (2n)! n=1
(2n)!

X1
( 1)n 2n+1
18. x , R = 1.
n=0
(2n)!

X1
( 1)n+1 ⇡ 2n+1
28. (x ) , R = 1.
n=0
(2n + 1)! 2
X1
⇡ ( 1)n ⇡ 2n+1
[Quick sol] cos x = sin(x )= (x ) .
2 n=0
(2n + 1)! 2
1 ✓
X ◆ X1 3 1 5 (4n 7)
3/4 3 ···
38. (1 x) 3/4
= ( x)n = 1 x+ 4 4 4 4
( 1)n xn
n=0
n 4 n=2
n!
X1
3 1 ⇥ 5 ⇥ · · · ⇥ (4n 7)
=1 x 3 xn for |x| < 1, R = 1.
4 n=2
4n · n!

X1
( 1)n 1
2
44. x ln(1 + x ) = 3
x3n+2 , R = 1.
n=1
n

14
 1h ( 1)n 2n+1 i
X 1 1
x sin x 1 X ( 1)n 2n+3
48. = 3 x x = 3 x
x3 x n=0
(2n + 1)! x n=0 (2n + 3)!
X 1
( 1)n 2n
= x ,
(2n + 3)!
8 n=0

< x sin x if x 6= 0
>
X 1
( 1)n 2n
x3 = x (n = 0 agrees), R = 1.
> 1 (2n + 3)!
: if x = 0 n=0
6
X1 ✓ 1◆
p4 4 xn , R = 1.
58. (a) 1/ 1 + x =
n=0
n
p 1 5
4
(b) 1/ 1.1 ⇡ 1 (0.1) + (0.1)2 = 0.9765625.
4 32
15
(Alternating series (0.1)3 = 0.0001171875 < 0.0005.)
128
Z X 1
2 ( 1)n
62. arctan(x ) dx = C + x4n+3 , R = 1.
n=0
(2n + 1)(4n + 3)
Z 0.5 1
X
2 x2 ( 1)n 1 1
66. xe dx = 2n+3
⇡ = 0.35416̄.
0 n=0
n!(2n + 3)2 24 160
1
(Alternating series ⇡ 0.000558 < 0.001.)
1792
p
1 + x 1 x2 1
70. lim 2
= .
x!0 x 1 ✓ 8
◆
p X 1 1 1 2
(Hint: 1 + x = 2 xn = 1 + x x + O(x3 ).)
n=0
n 2 8

1
78. ex sin2 x = x2 + x3 + x4 + · · · .
6
1
X x2n+1 x
82. ( 1)n 2n+1
= sin .
n=0
2 (2n + 1)! 2
1 X
1 1 1 1 ( 1)n 1 1
90. + + · · · = = tan .
1·2 3 · 23 5 · 25 7 · 27 n=1
(2n + 1)2 2n+1 2

15
⌥96. (a) Find f (n) (0) for n 0: (i) n = 0, f (0) = 0.
2
0 f (h) f (0) e 1/h 0 1
(ii) n = 1, f (0) = lim = lim ( ! )
h!0 h h!0 h 0 1
1/h l0 H 1/h2 h
= lim 1/h2 = lim 1/h 2 3
= lim 1/h2 = 0.
h!0 e h!0 2e /h h!0 2e
2 2
(iii) n = 2, f 0 (x) = 3 e 1/x for x 6= 0,
x 2
00 f 0
(h) f 0 (0) 2e 1/h /h3 0 1
f (0) = lim = lim ( ! )
h!0
2
h h!0 h 0 1
2e 1/h 2/h4 l0 H 8/h5 1
= lim 4
= lim 1/h 2 = lim 1/h 2 3
( )
h!0 h h!0 e h!0 2e /h 1
2 0 3
4/h l H 8/h 4
= lim 1/h2 = lim 1/h 2 3
= lim 1/h2 = 0.
h!0 e h!0 2e /h h!0 e
2 ⇤ ⇤ ⇤ 2
(iv) n 3, f (n 1) (x) = e 1/x ( 3 + 4 + · · · + n+1 ) = e 1/h g(x),
x x 2
x
f (n 1) (h) f (n 1) (0) e 1/h g(h) g(h)/h
f (n) (0) = lim = lim = lim 1/h2
h!0 h h!0 h h!0 e
0 2 2 0
0
lH g (h)/h g(h)/h 1 hg(h) h g (h) 0
lH
= lim = lim = · · · = 0.
h!0 2e1/h2 /h3 h!0 2 e1/h2
(© `’Hospital rule ¯ü, }Ç.â, }‰2 l nh Ì4b”ã m 2; ¯Ú `’Hospital
rule ÚÉ}‰âA h Ì÷· (ı“— + 1 ü), )Éî× 0.)
2
f (n) = 0 for n 0, so Maclaurin series is 0 (R = 1), but f (x) 6= 0
except x = 0 (R = 0). 0
⌅
(b) (Hint: infinitely flat at x = 0 since f (n) = 0.).
y y

1/x2
e 0.25 e 1/x2
1

• x • x
0 1 0.5 0 0.5

16
 1 ✓ ◆
X k
⌥97. (a) g(x) = xn , f or|x| < 1,
n=0
n
1 ✓ ◆
X
0 k
(1 + x)g (x) = (1 + x) nxn 1

n=1
n
1 ✓
X ◆ X 1 ✓ ◆
k n 1 k
(shift) = nx + nxn
n=1
n n=1
n
✓ ◆ X1 ✓ ◆ X1 ✓ ◆
k 0 k n k
(* · 0x = 0) = (n + 1)x + nxn
0 n=0
n+1 n=0
n
1 h ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
X k k i n
= (n + 1) + n x
n=0
n + 1 n
1 h ⇠
X k(k 1) · · · (k n + 1)(k n)⇠ (n⇠+⇠1)
= ⇠
n=0
(n⇠+⇠1)n!
⇠
k(k 1) · · · (k n + 1)n i n
+ x
n!
X1 h i
k(k 1) · · · (k n + 1)
= (k n + n) xn
n=0
n!
X1 ✓ ◆
k
= kxn = kg(x),
n=0
n
kg(x)
g 0 (x) = .
1+k

(b) h(x) = (1 + x) k g(x),

h0 (x) = k(1 + x) k 1 g(x) + (1 + x) k g 0 (x)
(a) kg(x)
= k(1 + x) k 1 g(x) + (1 + x) k
1+x
= 0.

(c) By (b), h0 (x) = 0, h(x) is a constant function with

(1 + x) k g(x) = h(x) = h(0) = (1 + 0) k g(0) = 1, for |x| < 1
1
() g(x) = = (1 + x)k , for |x| < 1. ⌅
(1 + x) k

17
 Z ⇡/2 p Z ⇡/2 h 1 ✓1◆
X i
98. L = 4a 1 e2 2
sin ✓ d✓ = 4a 1+ 2 ( e2 sin2 ✓)n d✓
0 0 n=1
n
h⇡ 1
X ✓1◆ Z ⇡/2 i
= 4a + ( 1)n 2 e2n sin2n ✓ d✓
2 n=1 n 0
h⇡ ✓1◆ 1 ⇡ ✓1◆ 1 • 3 ⇡ ✓1◆ 1 • 3 • 5 ⇡ i
= 4a 2 e2 + 2 e4 2 e6 + ···
2 1 22 2 2•42 3 2•4•62
⇣ 1 2 3 4 5 6 ⌘
= 2a⇡ 1 e e e + ··· .
4 64 256
Z ⇡/2 ✓ ◆
2n 1 • 3 • 5 • · · · • (2n 1) ⇡ 2n 1 ⇡
Ex 7.1.56.: sin ✓ d✓ = = .
0 2 • 4 • 6 • · · · • (2n) 2 n 22n 2
✓1◆ ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
2n ( 1)n 1 0
⌥: 2 = , := 1,
n n (2n 1)22n 0
h⇡ X ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
( 1)n 1 2n 2n 1 ⇡ i
1
n 2n
L = 4a + ( 1) e
2 n=1 n (2n 1)22n n 22n 2
h 1 ✓
X 2n 2 ◆ i X ✓2n◆2
1
e2n e2n
= 2a⇡ 1 4n
= 2a⇡ 4n
.
n=1
n (2n 1)2 n=0
n (2n 1)2

18
 Homework 11.11
X1
( 1)n 1
26. ln 1.4 = ln(1 + 0.4) = (0.4)n
n=1
n
1 1 1 1
⇡ (0.4) (0.4) + (0.4)3
2
(0.4)4 + (0.4)5 = 0.3369813̄.
2 3 4 5
(0.4)6
(Alternating series, = 0.0006826̄ < 0.001. ln 1.4 = 0.336472237 · · · .)
6
1
X ( 1)n
30. f (5) = converges by AST.
n=1
3n (n + 1)
1
|R5 (5)| = |f (5) T5 (5)|  6 ⇡ 0.000195963159 < 0.0002 by ASET.
3 (7)
r Z ⇡/2 s Z
1 ✓ 1◆
L dx L ⇡/2 h X 2 2 2 n
i
38. T = 4 p =4 1+ ( k sin x) dx
g 0 1 k 2 sin2 x g 0 n
s ✓ 1◆ Z ⇡/2
n=1

Lh⇡ X i
1
n 2n
=4 + ( 1) 2 k sin2n x dx
g 2 n=1 n 0
s ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆ ✓ 1◆
Lh⇡ 1
2 21 ⇡
1
2 41 • 3 ⇡ 2 k6
1•3•5⇡ i
=4 + k + k + +· · ·
g 2 1 22 2 2•42 3 2•4•62
s
L⇣ 12 12 32 12 32 52 ⌘
= 2⇡ 1 + 2 k2 + 2 2 k4 + 2 2 2 k6 + · · · .
g 2 24 246
Z ⇡/2 ✓ ◆
2n 1 • 3 • 5 • · · · • (2n 1) ⇡ 2n 1 ⇡
Ex 7.1.56.: sin ✓ d✓ = = .
0 2 • 4 • 6 • · · · • (2n) 2 n 22n 2
✓ 1◆ ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
2n ( 1)n 0
⌥: 2 = , := 1,
n n 22n 0
r h 1 ✓ ◆ Z ⇡/2 i
L ⇡ X n 2n ( 1)
n
2n 2n
T =4 + ( 1) k sin x dx
g 2 n=1 n 22n 0
s s
1 ✓ ◆2 1 ✓ ◆2
Lh X 2n k 2n i L X 2n k 2n
=4 1+ 4n
=4 4n
.
g n=1
n 2 g n=0
n 2

AST: Alternating Series Test, ASET: Alternating Series Estimation Theorem.

19
 r ⇣ ⌘
L 12 2 12 32 4 12 32 52 6
(b) T = 2⇡ 1 + 2k + 2 2k + 2 2 2k + ···
r ⇣ g 2 24 246
⌘
L 1 2 1 4 1 6 ✓0
 2⇡ 1 + k + k + k + ··· (k 2 = sin2 < 1),
rg⇣ 4 4 4r 2
L k 2 /4 ⌘ L 4 3k 2
= 2⇡ 1+ = 2⇡ .
g 1 k2 g 4 4k 2
r
L
(c) L = 1, g = 9.8, 2⇡ ⇡ 2.00708992.
g
10
(i) ✓0 = 10 , k = sin ⇡ 0.0871557427,
r ⇣ 2 r
L k2 ⌘ L 4 3k 2
2.010901452 ⇡ ⇡ 1+  T  2⇡ ⇡ 2.01093062,
g 4 g 4 4k 2
2.010901452 + 2.01093062
T ⇡ = 2.01091604,
2
2.01091604 2.00708992
= 0.00190630223 ⇡ 0.19%.
2.00708992
42
(ii) ✓0 = 42 , k = sin ⇡ 0.35836795,
r ⇣2 r
L k2 ⌘ L 4 3k 2
2.07153135 ⇡ 2⇡ 1+  T  2⇡ ⇡ 2.0810269,
g 4 g 4 4k 2
2.07153135 + 2.0810269
T ⇡ = 2.07627913,
2
2.07627913 2.00708992
= 0.0344724017 ⇡ 3.45%.
2.00708992

20