THE PROCESS OF DISCOVERING THE

SELF
Module 1: Self & Identity
"Often, we struggle in our lifetime to
search for our identity and our core being.
What is the subject UNDERSTANDING
The greatest challenge happens during the
THE SELF?
period of adolescence as we go through
According to Ma. Vevica P. Maranan
'surge of hormonal imbalance."
(2021), it is a person's self-concept
is one's understanding of who they
ALVIN TOFFLER, FUTURE SHOCK
are and what makes them unique.
"THE ILLITERATE OF THE 21ST
CENTURY WILL NOT BE THOSE WHO
What is the importance of understanding
CANNOT READ AND WRITE, BUT THOSE
the self?
WHO CANNOT LEARN, UNLEARN AND
Self- awareness is important
RELEARN”
because when we have a better
understanding of our self, we are
THE JOHARI WINDOW
able to experience ourselves as
BACKGROUND:
unique and separate individual. We
The JOHARI WINDOW model was
are then empowered to make
developed in 1955 at the University of
changes and to build on our areas
California Los Angeles by Joseph Luft and
of strength as well as identify
Harrington Ingham who are both American
areas where we would like to make
psychologists.
improvements.

This model allows the participants to

THE NATURE OF THE SELF
understand themselves well and their
• The self is thinking and feeling being
corresponding relationship with the
within us, and within ourselves.
significant others through the four
• The self is the distinct identity which is a
quadrants determining the traits relative
summation of the experiences of an
to one's self and others' judgment.
individual.
• The self is commonly defined by the
Obviously, the title of the model came
following characteristics: separate,
from the name of its two proponents:
self-contained, independent, consistent,
Joseph and Harrington.
unitary and private.
TERMINOLOGIES SYNONYMOUS TO
SELF
Self Awareness
Consciousness
Identity
Self-Esteem
Self-Concept
Ego
>>inner being soul
 to better the quality of human life through
Module 2.1: The Self from
consistent self-examination.
Philosophical Perspectives
PERSPECTIVE ON THE SELF: self is
synonymous to the soul.
Philosophy Believed on two (2) dichotomous realms:
philia + sophia = love + wisdom physical and ideal realms. Physical is
= philosophy changeable, transient, and imperfect. The
employs the inquisitive mind to body belongs to the physical realm. The
discover the ultimate causes, ideal realm is unchanging, eternal, and
reasons, and principles of immortal. The intellectual essences of the
everything. It goes beyond universe, concepts such as truth, goodness
scientific investigation by exploring and beauty belong to the ideal realm, so as
all areas of knowledge such as the soul.
religion, psychology, politics, The soul strives for wisdom and perfection,
physics and even medicine. and reason through question and answer is
the soul's tool to achieve this exalted
PHILOSOPHERS state.
Socrates For him, an individual can only be happy and
Plato have a meaningful life if s/he becomes
Aristotle virtuous and knows his/her value by means
St. Augustine of soul-searching. One must begin at the
Descartes source of all knowledge and significance
Locke the self.
Hume The key to virtuous life: constant
Kant self-examination/introspection.
Ryle
Churchland PLATO
Merleau-Ponty "The self is an immortal soul."
The ideal self, the perfect self
SOCRATES Man was all-knowing before he came to be
"An unexamined life is not worth living." born into this world.
Know Yourself
Tells each man to bring his inner self to PLATO
light "The self is an immortal soul."
Plato conceives of the soul as having (at
SOCRATES: KNOW THYSELF (470-499 least) three parts:
BC) 1. a rational part (the part that loves
VIEWS AND CONTRIBUTIONS: truth, which should rule over the other
Socratic Method: one has to self-examine parts of the soul through the use of
and discuss about the self as this is a duly reason),
to achieve what is the greatest good to a 2. a spirited part (which loves honor and
life. It is the goal of Socrative perspective victory), and
3. an appetitive part (which desires food, Genuine happiness can only be achieved by
drink, and sex), and others. people who consistently make sure that
their Reason is in control of their Spirits
Genuine happiness and Appetites.
- can only be achieved by people who
consistently make sure that their THEORY OF FORMS:
Reason is in control of their Spirits • World of Forms (Non-Physical Ideas):
and Appetites permanent and real
• World of Sense (Reality): temporary and
PLATO only a replica of the ideal world.
"The self is an immortal soul."
He claims that the sensible world is
Theory of Love and Becoming: Love is the dependent on the ideal world where the
force that paves way for all beings to concept of the soul belongs. Since the soul
ascent to higher stages of self-realization is regarded as something permanent. man
and perfection. should give more importance to it than the
physical body which resides in the world of
Love begins in the experience that there is sense
something lacking. Then it drives that
person to seek what is lacking. All thoughts ARISTOTLE
and efforts are directed towards the "the soul is the essence of the self."
pursuit of that which is lacking. The deeper "Knowing yourself is the beginning of all
the thought, the stronger the love. wisdom."
Suggests that the rational nature of the
Love is way of knowing and realizing the self, which can be attained in
truth. It is a process of seeking higher self-actualization, is to lead a good.
stages of being. The greater the love, the flourishing and fulfilling life.
more intellectual component it will contain
The pursuit of happiness is a search for a
PLATO: THE SELF IS AN IMMORTAL good life that includes doing virtuous
SOUL (424-347BC) actions.

VIEWS AND CONTRIBUTIONS:

THREE-PART SOUL IDEA: Reason, Physical
Appetite, and Spirit/Passion ARISTOTLE: THE SOUL IS THE
Reason: think deeply, make wise choices, ESSENCE OF THE SELF (384-322BC)
and achieve a true understanding of eternal
truths Physical Appetite: basic biological VIEWS AND CONTRIBUTIONS:
needs such as hunger, thirst, and sexual Believes that the soul is merely a set of
desire defining features and does not consider
Spirit/Passion: basic emotions such as love, body and soul as separate entities. the For
anger, ambition, aggressiveness, and him, anything with life has a soul. Humans
empathy. differ because of their rational capacity.
 Self-knowledge is a consequence of
THREE KINDS OF SOUL: knowledge of God,
• VEGETATIVE SOUL: physical body that
can grow For him, the truth refers to the truth of
• SENTIENT SOUL: sensual desires, knowing God. God is transcendent (beyond
feelings, and emotions physical human experience) and the self
• RATIONAL SOUL: intellect that allows seeks to be united with God through faith
man to know and understand things and reason.

ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO Develops a fundamental concept of human

"the self has an immortal soul" person, "I am doubting, therefore I am.
The measure of love is to love without
measure SOCRATES, PLATO, ARISTOTLE, and
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO
2 REALMS OF THOUGHTS:
1. God as the source of all reality and RENÉ DESCARTES
truth. "I think therefore I am”
2. The sinfulness of man The soul and the body can function without
the other.
ST. AUGUSTINE: THE SELF HAS AN Cogito Ergo Sum (I think therefore I am)
IMMORTAL SOUL (AD 354-430) is the keystone of his beliefs.
The act of thinking about the self - of
VIEWS AND CONTRIBUTIONS: being self-conscious - is in itself proof that
TWO PROCESS: Self-presentation leading there is a self.
to self-realization
One transforms as he struggles in both RENÉ DESCARTES: I THINK,
body and soul, to ultimately achieve THEREFORE I AM (1596-1650)
happiness specifically found in God's love. → VIEWS AND CONTRIBUTIONS:
Stressed that the mind is superior over
the body →Cogito Ergo Sum (I think therefore I
Understanding the self and the formation am) is the keystone of his beliefs. "I think,
of identity is achieved through therefore I am" means that if you are able
introspection to doubt, question, or think about anything,
then you must exist.
TWO REALMS OF THOUGHTS: The act of thinking about the self of being
o God as the source of all reality self-conscious - is in itself proof that
and truth. there is a self.
o The sinfulness of man The essence of human self is a thinking
Humankind is created in the image and entity that doubts. understands, analyzes,
likeness of God. Human person is always questions, and reasons.
geared towards the good.
RENÉ DESCARTES: I THINK,
THEREFORE I AM (1596-1650)
TWO (2) DIMENSIONS: Reflection: the mind looks at the objects
o The Self as Thinking Entity: nonmaterial, that were experienced to discover the
immortal, conscious being. independent of relationships that may exists between
the physical laws of the universe. (thinks, them. (Reflection involves the mind's
reasons, doubts, and engages in intellectual ability to consider and analyze its own
activities) thoughts and experiences. Unlike sensation,
o The Self as a Physical Body: material, which is about external perception.
mortal, fully governed by the laws of reflection focuses on internal mental
nature (This dimension encompasses the processes. It allows us to think about our
entire material world. including bodies, thoughts, reason, and contemplate abstract
objects, and the physical environment. concepts)
Unlike the mind, which is immaterial, the
extended substance is characterized by its DAVID HUME
spatial properties, such as size, shape, and "there is no self"
location)
The self is the bundle theory of the mind
MIND-BODY PROBLEM:
o The soul and the body can function Perception (Interpret)
without the other. o Bodily processes are
mechanical. The body is like a machine that DAVID HUME: THERE IS NO SELF
is controlled by the will and aided by the (1711-1776)
mind.
→VIEWS AND CONTRIBUTIONS:
JOHN LOCKE
"the self is consciousness" The mind receives materials from the
Personal Identity: senses and calls it perceptions.
Tabula Rasa "(at birth, the mind is a blank
slate without innate ideas, and it is → TWO (2) TYPES OF PERCEPTIONS:
experience that provides us knowledge
provided by sensory [hear, smell, taste. o Impressions: basic sensations such as
see. feel] experiences and reflections) hate, love, joy, griet, pain, cold and heat

JOHN LOCKE: THE SELF IS o Ideas: thoughts and images from

CONSCIOUSNESS (1632-1704) impressions, less lively and vivid
→ Skeptical claim: people have no
VIEWS AND CONTRIBUTIONS: experience of a simple and individual
Knowledge results from ideas produced by impression that they can call self where
objects that were experienced. the self is the totally of a person's
conscious life.
TWO (2) FORMS ON PROCESSING
KNOWLEDGE: →The idea of personal identity is the
Sensation: wherein objects are result of imagination
experienced through the senses
IMMANUEL KANT VIEWS AND CONTRIBUTIONS:

"we construct our self" ✔ Transcendental Self / Apperception

Respect for self o Pertains to the experience of the self

and its unity with objects - transcendental
Combined the idea of Rationalism idealism," distinguishing between
(knowledge through reasoning) and phenomena (things as they appear) and
Empiricism (knowledge through senses) noumena (things as they are in themselves),

IMMANUEL KANT: WE CONSTRUCT ✓ All objects of knowledge are

THE SELF (1724-1804) phenomenal.

VIEWS AND CONTRIBUTIONS: ✓ The path to true knowledge:

→ Combined the idea of Rationalism o Rationalism (knowledge through reason) +

(knowledge through reasoning) and Empiricism (knowledge through senses)
Empiricism (knowledge through senses)
o Transcendental Self (going beyond human
o Defined knowledge as a result of human experience) is the realization that you are
understanding applied to sense experience. one small part of a greater whole, and
acting accordingly.
→Believes that human experiences make up
our persona RENE DESCARTES

→ The development of individuality and the JOHN LOCKE

self is a result of unique human
experiences as it forges significant DAVID
learning with the person
HUME IMMANUEL
→The self is the one organizing and
synthesizing all of our thoughts and KANT
perceptions.
GILBERT RYLE
→He believed that those bundles of
sensory impressions (by Hume) imply a "the self is the way people behave”
unity of the self without which there would
be no knowledge of experience. The self is a pattern of behavior.

→ A self must exist: if not, there could be The self is a pattern of behavior, tendency
no memory or knowledge to behave in a certain way in certain
circumstances.
GILBERT RYLE: THE SELF IS THE WAY → Dissatisfied with the particular
PEOPLE BEHAVE (1900-1976) approach of philosophers, coined the term
neurophilosophy or the study of philosophy
VIEWS AND CONTRIBUTIONS: of the mine, the philosophy of

→The self is a pattern of behavior, science, neuroscience, and psychology.

tendency to behave in a certain way in
certain circumstances. → Studies greatly focus on the workings of
the brain
→ I Act Therefore I Am = The self is the
same as bodily behavior. → The self is inseparable from the brain
and the body
→ Convinced that the mind expresses the
entire system of thoughts, emotions, and → If there is no brain, there is no self.
actions that make up the self.
→The physical brain gives the people the
→ TWO (2) TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE sense of self

o Knowing That: knowing facts or → Neurophilosophy states that the self is

information real, that it is a tool that helps the person
tune-in to the realities of the brain and the
o Knowing How: using facts/information in extant reality.
the performance of some skill or technical
abilities MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY

PATRICIA CHURCHLAND & PAUL "the self is embodied subjectivity"

CHURCHLAND
Argues that all knowledge about the sell is
"the self is the brain" based on the 'phenomena of experience.

The self is inseparable from the brain and The mind and the body are unified, not
the body. separate

The self is inseparable from the brain and MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY: THE SELF
the body. If there is no brain, there is no IS EMBODIED SUBJECTIVITY
self. (1908-1961)

PATRICIA CHURCHLAND PAUL VIEWS AND CONTRIBUTIONS:

CHURCHLAND "The Self is the Brain”
→ Argues that all knowledge about the self
→ VIEWS AND CONTRIBUTIONS: is based on the 'phenomena of experience.
a fact or situation that is observed to
exist or happen
 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
→The mind and the body are unified, not the arrangement of the parts that
separate constitute society, the organization of
social positions and distribution of people
→ Everything that people are aware of is within those positions.
contained within the consciousness (a
dynamic form responsible for actively STATUS: socially defined positions
structuring conscious ideas and physical (student, professor, administrator)
behavior).
ROLE: every status carries a cluster of
→ Perception is not merely a consequence expected behaviors, how a person in that
of sensory experience, rather it is a status is expected to think, feel, as well as
conscious experience. expectations about how they should be
treated by others.
→ Action is required in the formation of
self-perception as well as self-concept. GROUP: two or more people regularly
interacting on the basis of shared
expectations of others' behavior:
2.2 THE SELF FROM SOCIOLOGICAL
interrelated statuses and roles
PERSPECTIVES

INSTITUTIONS: patterns of activity

SOCIOLOGY DEFINITION reproduced across time and space.
Practices that are regularly and
SOCIOLOGY is a social science that continuously repeated. Institutions often
studies human societies, their concern basic living arrangements that
interactions, and the processes that human beings work out in the interactions
preserve and change them. does this by with one another and by means of which
examining the dynamics of constituent continuity is achieved across generations.
parts of societies such as institutions,
communities, populations, and gender, SOCIAL STRUCTURE
racial, or age groups. - A vague term that refers to the
pattern within culture and
SOCIOLOGY BASIC CONCEPTS organization through which social
SOCIETY humanly created organization or action takes place; arrangements of
system of interrelationships that connects roles, organizations, institutions,
individuals in a common culture. and cultural symbols that are stable
All the products of human interaction, the over time, often unnoticed, and
experience of living with others around us. changing almost invisibly.
Humans create their interactions, and once - Structure both enables and
created the products of those interactions constrains what is possible in social
have the ability or power to act back upon life
humans to determine or constrain action. - Incorporates both culture and the
resources of social organization.
 SOCIOLOGISTS AND THEIR
CONTRIBUTIONS

GEORGE HERBERT MEAD (1863-1931)

MEAD'S SOCIAL SELF:
I Used Social Behaviorism approach to
SOCIAL CLASS describe the power of environment in
a group of people with similar shaping human behavior
socioeconomic status or standing within
the society based on the level of income, Concept of Self:
education, and occupation - a dimension of personality that is
ranges from low to high and often reveal made up of individual's
inequalities in terms of power. influence, self-awareness and self-image
and access to resources - the self cannot be separated from
the society (this was further
3 PRIMARY SOCIAL CLASSES IN THE explained by this theory of self)
PHILIPPINES
1. low-income class Developmental Stages:
2. middle-income class 1. Preparatory Stage
3. high-income class 2. Play Stage
3. Game Stage
SOCIAL MOBILITY
People are allowed to move from one DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE: THE
status or class to another class (e.g. from PREPARATORY STAGE
Poor to Low-Middle Class) - Approximate 0-3 years old
- There is no sense of self at birth
but develops over time.
- The development is based on social
interaction and social experience.
Children's behavior are primarily based on
IMITATION.
- Children imitate the behaviors of
those around them.
- They copy without understanding
the underlying intentions.
- As children grow, they get familiar
to verbal and non-verbal symbols
 that people use in their Multiple Roles - a person can be a
interactions. teacher, mom, and a sister at the same
SYMBOLS are the basis of time.
communication. Significant Others - important people
Knowing and understanding the symbols are who take care of them, whose opinions,
important for this will constitute the values, and behaviors matter to them (ex.
children's way of communication. Teachers, parents, peers)

DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE: THE PLAY

STAGE
Approximate 3-5 years old
Knowing and understanding the language
and symbols of communication is the basis
for socialization.
Through communication, social relationships
are formed
Children learn to ROLE PLAY and pretend
to be other people.
Role-taking on this stage is the process CHARLES COOLEY (1864-1929)
of mentally assuming the perspective of
another person to see how this person BACKGROUND AND CONTRIBUTIONS:
might behave or respond in a given American sociologist
situation Used Sociopsychological approach in
The self emerges as children pretend to understanding society
take the roles of specific an individual strives to meet the needs of
people/significant others. The self is the society and the society helps him to
developing. attain his goals.
Child widens his perspective and realizes theorized that the sense of self is formed
that he's not alone. There are others in two ways: by one's actual experiences
whose presence he has to consider. and by what one imagines others' ideas of
oneself to be-a phenomenon Cooley called
DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE: THE GAME the "looking glass self."
STAGE
Approximate: early school years / 8-9 "I am not what I think I am, I am not what
years old you think I am, I am what I think You think
Child begins to see not just his perspective I am."
but also the perspective of those around
him. LOOKING-GLASS SELF
Respond to several people around him. The person whom a person interacts with
Understand the following concepts: become a mirror in which s/he views
Generalized Others - term used for himself/herself.
expected behaviors, norms, and values of Self-image or self-identity is achieved
the society as a whole through three-fold event:
1. A person imagine how he appears to maintenance of a proper image of the self
others in frustrating and embarrassing situations
2. A person imagine how others
judge/evaluate/perceive him DRAMATURGICAL APPROACH (a.k.a.
3. A person develops a reaction or Impression management)
identity based on other's evaluations Sometimes called impression management
because part of playing a role for others is
Criticism: to control the impression they have of you.
1. May develop negative self-image if the Each person's performance has a specific
person thinks/imagines that s/he is goal in mind.
perceived unfavorably.
2. May develop wrong self-identity if the Stages
basis is from others whose perceptions • Front stage refers to actions that are
differ from time to time. observed by others. An actor on a stage is
playing a certain role and expected to act
ERVING GOFFMAN (1922-1982) in a certain way
DRAMATURGICAL APPROACH • Backstage means how people act when
FACE-WORK IDEA they are relaxed or unobserved.

BACKGROUND AND CONTRIBUTIONS:

- Canadian-American sociologist
- Known for his role in the
development of Modern American
Sociology
- used a theatrical metaphor of
stage, actors, and audience to
observe and analyze the intricacies
of social interaction (known as the
dramaturgical perspective) THE SELF AS A PRODUCT OF MODERN
- Dramaturgical Approach (a.k.a. AND POSTMODERN SOCIETIES
Impression management)
- the self is made up of the various According to Gerry Lanuza (2004, The
parts that people play. and a key Constitution of the Self):
goal of social actors is to present - The attainment and sustainability of
their various selves in ways that self-identity are freely chosen and no
create and sustain particular longer restricted by traditions, which
impressions to their different paves way for infinite possibilities for
audiences. This perspective isn't self-cultivation.
meant to analyze the cause of - Problems: alienation (a stranger to your
behavior just its context. own self) and dehumanization (demeans
Face-Work human dignity) of the self
Observed in situations where
face-saving are resorted to in the
There's a need to discover the "authentic the influence of his culture from the dawn
core" of the self for an individual to freely of civilization up to the present.
work towards self-realization.
In postmodern societies, self-identity Everything in anthropology is
continuously changes due to the demands interconnected and a complete
of social contexts, new information understanding is necessary to achieve
technologies, and globalization. better understanding of oneself.

Jean Baudrillard (French sociologist) There are 4 subfields of Anthropology

exposes the negative consequences that suggests that human beings are
postmodernity to society. similar and very different at the same
CONSUMPTION structures the time:
postmodern society. 1. Archaeology
- Postmodern humans achieve 2. Biological Anthropology
self-identity through prestige symbols 3. Linguistic Anthropology
that they consume and seek for a position 4. Cultural Anthropology
through the prestige symbols that they can
afford to consume. ARCHAEOLOGY
- The cultural practices of advertising and Archeologist is a scientist who studies
mass media greatly influence individuals to artifacts in order to discover how people
consume not for their primary value and lived their lives. As a result, archaeologists
utility BUT FOR THE FEELING OF have discovered humans adapted to
GOODNESS AND POWER WHEN changes in their environment in order for
COMPARED WITH OTHERS. them to survive.
The self may be in a never-ending search
for prestige in the postmodern society. They believe that homo sapiens did not
become extinct because of their ability to
think, use tools, and learn from experience.
2.3 The Self from the Perspective of
Anthropology
This discoveries made people realize that
the most important aspect of human life is
Anthropology is the study of human survival. Human Behavior, according to
diversity through time and space. It deals School of Functionalism, continues to
particularly with culture that varies from adapt, in order to survive.
one group of people to another and from
past to present. • Men are similar, but the manner they
use to survive differs. This is the
Anthropology is a field of the social dilemma that archaeology continuously
sciences that focuses on the study of man. answers.
Not just on one aspect of man, but the
totality of what it means to be human. The BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
field looks into man's physical/biological Biological Anthropologists Focus primarily
characteristics. social relationships, and on how the human body adapts to the
different earth environments. They look at transmitted through communication and
the probable cause of diseases, mutation imitation from generation to generation.
and death. They are interested in Cultural Anthropologists focus in knowing
explaining how biological characteristics of what makes one group's manner of living
human beings affect how they lived their particularly to that group and forms an
lives. essential part of the member's personal
and social identity.
They study people in different places and
discovered that while human beings vary in Theory of Cultural Determinism
their biological make-up and behavior, Where culture has a strong impact on how
there are a lot more similarities among individual view himself.
them than there are difference According to this theory, human nature is
determined by the ideas, meanings,
Biological characteristics of humans beings beliefs, and values learned as member of a
share may earn for them complete dominion society.
over all earth creatures and at the same Who or what a person is maybe determined
time be the cause of their extinction. by the kind of culture he is born into and
grew up in.
LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY Having different cultures, Cultural
Human survival is primarily linked to their Anthropologists suggests that there is no
ability to communicate and an essential universal or right way of being human.
part of human communication is language. The right way is always based on culture.
Language - identifies group of people; Since culture vary, there is no one way of
words, sounds, symbols, writings and signs understanding human nature.
that are used are reflections of a group's
culture. This theory has positive and negative
Linguistic Anthropologists used language to implications.
discover a group's manner of social
interaction, to create and share meanings Positive
to form ideas, concepts, and to promote Human beings can be shaped to have the
social change, and how language change kind of life they prefer. There is no limit
over time. placed on the human ability to be or to do
Language is reflective of the time and whatever they set their minds and hearts
mode of thinking of the people using it. As into.
societies change and technologies develop,
so do the symbols and meaning people use Negative
through language as their way of People have no control over what they
communicating. learn. They blindly accept the learning
their culture expose them to. They are
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY seen as helpless and do only what their
Culture - group of people's way of life. culture instructs them to do.
Including their behavior, beliefs, values,
and symbols that they accept, socially
Cultural diversities are manifested in and present condition, his biological
different ways and at different levels of characteristics, the way he communicates,
depth. Symbols are considered the most the language that he uses and the manner
superficial level of culture and values in which he chooses to live his life.
belong to the deepest level or are
considered as the core of culture.

Ways in which culture may manifest itself

in people:
● Symbols
● Heroes
● Rituals
● Values

Symbols - words, gestures, symbols, that

have recognized meaning in a particular
culture.
Ex: Rings that signify commitment

Heroes - person from the past or present

who have characteristics that are
important in a culture. They may be real or
fictitious and are models of behavior.
Ex: Real - Jose Rizal
Fictitious - Darna

Rituals - activities, may be religious or

social, participated in by a group of people
for the fulfillment of desired objectives
and are considered to be socially essential.
Ex: Baptism, Wedding

Values - are unconscious, and can neither

be discussed nor be directly observed but
can only be inferred from the way people
act and react to circumstances and
situations.
Ex: Kissing of the hand of elders

The Self from the Perspective of

Anthropology
Anthropology makes the person aware that
what he is maybe determined by his past,