At the end of this chapter, the students are expected to: Lesson 1: Recognize and Select Farm tools Lesson 2: Identify and Select Farm Equipment Lesson 3: Perform Maintenance Lesson 4: Remember and Understand the Farm Inputs and Labor Pre-test
Test I. Multiple choice
Direction: Write the letter of the correct answer before the number.
1) A proper tool for digging.
a. Bolo b. Crowbar c. Grub hoe d. Pruning shear 2) A proper tool for cutting grasses. a. Shovel b. Bolo c. Crowbar d. Mattock 3) Which tool does not belong to the group according to its use as? a. Crowbar b. Pruning shear c. Mattock d. Shovel 4) Farm tools are very important in agricultural crop production because they __________. a. Make work faster b. Male work easier c. Save time and effort d. All of the above 5) A farm tool used for cleaning the ground and leveling the topsoil. a. Shovel b. Pick-Mattock c. Rake d. Spade 6) A farm tool that looks like a spoon primarily used for transferring the soil. a. Spade b. Shovel c. Rake d. Wheelbarrow 7) An open container with a single pair of wheels at the front and two handles at the rear used for transport materials to another place. a. Trailer b. Hand tractor c. Wheelbarrow d. Improvised Basket 8) It is an implement which is pulled by a working animal to till the soil. a. Disc harrow b. Disc plow c. Native plow d. Native harrow 9) It is an implement mounted to a tractor that is used to pulverize the newly plowed soil. a. Disc harrow b. Disc plow c. Native plow d. Native harrow 10) A farm tool primarily used to operate horticultural works. a. Pruning shear b. Knife c. Cutter d. Harvester 11) Which of the following farming is used for digging canals, breaking hard topsoil and for digging up stones and tree stumps? a. Shovel b. Spade c. Hoe d. Pick-mattock 12) It is a tool used without the help of animals or machines. Being used in performing farm activities which involve small areas like school garden and home garden. a. Shovel b. Hand tools c. Grass cutter d. Grab hoe 13) It is a tool used for cleaning the ground and leveling the topsoil. a. Sickle b. Spade c. Pruning shears d. Rake 14) Which of the following are the accessories which are being pulled by working animals or mounted to machinery usually used in the preparation of land. Usually made of a special kind of metal. a. Farm tools b. Farm equipments c. Farm implements d. None of the Above 15) Which of the following is equipment used in land preparation and in transporting farm inputs and products? This equipment needs a highly skilled operator to use. a. Farm tools b. Farm implements c. Farm equipments d. All of the above
II. True or False.
Direction: Read and analyze each statement below. Write T if the statement is correct; F if the statement is incorrect on the space provided. ______1) Hand tractor is used to draw irrigation water from a source. ______2) Tools that are worn out should be separated and be fixed immediately to avoid accidents. ______3) When sharpening with a file, do not use oil; metal filings will accumulate and clog the file's serrations. ______4) Water will help tools to work as intended and will prevent the formation of rust. ______5) For pruners, use a whetstone because it produces a very sharp cutting edge. deFinition oF terms
Farm Equipment’s - These are machinery used in crop production. They are used in land preparation and in transporting farm inputs and products. These equipment need a highly skilled operator to use
Farm Implements - accessories pulled by animals or mounted to machinery to
make the work easier.
Farm Tools - objects that are usually light and are used without the help of animals and machines
Preventive Maintenance - an activity or operation done to prevent malfunction of
tools and equipment and it is done to prolong the useful life of tools and equipment
Repair - to restore to good condition something broken or damaged.
LESSON 1:
SELECT AND USING FARM TOOLS
FARM TOOLS IN AGRICULTURAL CROP PRODUCTION
Farm tools, implements, and equipment play a very important role in agricultural crop production. Their availability makes the work much easier and faster. However, even if one may have the most sophisticated tools and implements, but does not know how to use them, they are useless. In order to do crop production operations successfully, one must have a good working knowledge of the tools, implements and equipment before using them.
Hand Tools
Hand tools are usually light and are used without the help of animals or machines. They are being used in performing farm activities which involve small areas like school gardens and home gardens. Examples:
Axe is for cutting bigger size posts.
Bolo is used for cutting tall grasses and weeds and chopping branches of trees.
Crowbar is used for digging big holes and for digging out big stones and stumps.
Grab-hoe is used for breaking hard topsoil and pulverizing soil.
Hand Cultivator is used for cultivating the garden plot by loosening the soil and removing weeds around the plant.
Hand Fork is used for inter-row cultivation.
Hand Trowel is used for loosening the soil around the growing plants and putting small amounts of manure fertilizer in the soil.
Knife is for cutting planting materials and for performing other operations in horticulture. Light Hoe is used for loosening and leveling soil and digging out furrows for planting.
Pick-mattock is used for digging canals, breaking hard topsoil and for digging up stones and tree stumps.
Pruning Shears is for cutting branches of planting materials and unnecessary
branches of plants. Rake is used for cleaning the ground and leveling the topsoil.
Shovel is used in removing trash, digging loose soil, moving soil from one place to another and for mixing soil media.
Sickle is a hand-held agricultural tool with a variously curved blade typically used for cutting weeds. Spade is used for removing trash or soil, digging canals or ditches and mixing soil media.
Spading Fork is used for loosening the soil, digging out root crops, and turning over the materials in a compost heap.
Sprayers are for spraying insecticides, foliar fertilizers, fungicides, and herbicides. Sprinkler is for watering seedlings and young plants.
Wheelbarrow is used for hauling trash, manure, fertilizers, planting materials, and other equipment. Water Pail is for hauling water, manure, and fertilizers.
Farm Implements
These are accessories which are being pulled by working animals or mounted to machinery (hand tractor, tractor) which are usually used in the preparation of land. These are usually made of a special kind of metal.
Examples:
Native Plow Disc Plow
Plows are farm implements either pulled by a working animal or a tractor.
The plow is specifically used for tilling large areas, making furrows, and inter-row
cultivation. Plows pulled by working animals are made of either a combination of
metal or wood or pure metal. They are used to till areas with a shallower depth than
that of the disc plows which are pulled by tractors.
Native Wooden Harrow
Disc Harrow
Harrows are used for tilling and pulverizing the soil. The native wooden harrow is made of wood with metal teeth and pulled by a carabao while the disc harrow is made of metal mounted to a tractor.
Rotavator is an implement mounted to a tractor used for tilling and pulverizing the soil. LESSON 2:
SELECT FARM EQUIPMENT
COMMON FARM EQUIPMENT
These are machinery used in crop production. They are used in land preparation and in transporting farm inputs and products. These equipment need a highly skilled operators to use .
Hand Tractor is used to pull a plow and harrow in preparing a large area of land.
Four Wheel Tractor Is used to pull a disc plow and disc harrow in preparation for a much bigger area of land. \
Water Pump Is used to draw Irrigation water from a source.
Thresher is a piece of farm equipment that threshers grain, that removes the seeds from the stalks. Corn Dehusker Machine is used to peel the skin of corn and make maize removed from the cob.
Rice Harvester makes the harvesting process easier by combining six operations such as gathering, transporting, reaping, threshing, cleaning, and bagging into one machine. A Grass Cutter is a device used to cut the grass, as a lawn mower.
Rice Seeder is for sowing germinated paddy seed directly in a wetland.
Miller Is used to remove the husk and the bran layers and produce edible white rice. LESSON 3:
PRE-OPERATIVE CHECK UP OF FARM TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
PERFORM MAINTENANCE
Imagine that the long, hot summer vacation has finally come to an end and it’s the beginning of the school year and you are ready to start working your vegetable gardens. But before that let us check first our tools, implements and equipment you are going to use.
Grab your working clothes and personal protective equipment (PPE). Proceed to the shop to retrieve your tools so that you can start clearing away the last remnants of summer and begin tools to see that they are covered with rust and dirt that has hardened and crusty globs of oil that have collected dust last vacation. It seems that you are going to spend more time cleaning and breaking the soil for the new year. Imagine your frustration as you start pulling out all of your and repairing tools on this nice day then you will use them. How to Clean Your Tools and Equipment:
Let‘s start with the basics. Your shovel, spade, hoe, or even the blades on a hedge trimmer will be a lot easier to use if you take a few minutes to knock some of the rust off the blade. Not only will this extend the life of the tool, but also it will cut through the soil better, and thus require less effort to use, if it has a nice sharp blade.
It is a good idea to keep a large whetstone in your shop. A whetstone is an ideal tool to use to keep all of the cutting edges of your garden tools honed. It will work well on your pruning shear, as well as many other common garden tools. The best way to use the stone is to find a way to stabilize the tool that you want to work on. A bench vise is ideal. You will be able to clamp the tool into place at an angle, so you can work on it. Clamping the garden tool into place with a vise frees up both of your hands to use the whetstone and gives you more control over what you are doing. Apply a little bit of lubricating oil to the end of the tool and carefully begin to work the stone over the blade. Maintain a 30-degree angle between the stone and the blade to form the ideal cutting edge for your tool. Not only will the edge become sharper, but you will also be removing any pitting and rust that has formed at the edge of your tool‘s blade.
In instances where the moving parts of your garden tools (such as with of any new pruners, shears, and loppers) have frozen in place, like springs and pivot joints, you should disassemble them first and carefully break free any rust or dirt that may keep the tool from functioning properly. Clean accumulated rust and dirt off all metal surfaces with a wire brush. Remove stubborn rust from small tools with fine steel wool. Using an old toothbrush with some lightweight lubricating oil is a great way to work fresh oil into the joints of most garden tools. Not only will this fresh oil help your tool to work as it was intended, but it will also prevent the formation of rust. Use medium-grit sandpaper to remove rust on larger tools such as shovels, spades, and hoes.
Once your tools are cleaned, they're ready to be sharpened. When sharpening, try to maintain the original factory bevel or angle. For pruners, use a whetstone because it produces a very sharp cutting edge. Depending on the type of whetstone, apply a few drops of oil or water to the stone. With the beveled side of the blade against the stone, rub the sharp edge of the blade toward the stone in a curved motion, as if you were trying to shave off a thin slice from the stone. When working with a file, stabilize the blades in a vise or against a solid surface such as a workbench to avoid injury and ensure an even stroke. Always push the file across the blade in a motion away from your body. Move the file diagonally, so that its cutting teeth are biting into the metal on the tool. When sharpening with a file, do not use oil; metal filings will accumulate and clog the file's serrations.
Farm implements like ordinary plows and wooden harrows should be checked thoroughly before use. Loosened bolts and nuts should be tightened firmly. Disc plow and harrow should also be lubricated on their moving parts like bearings. Tractors should be tuned up very well by skilled operators. Check on their oil, lubricant, fuel, and cooling system.
• The nut is properly removed and returned.
• The step by step procedures are correctly followed. • The safety precautions are properly observed. LESSON 4:
FARM INPUTS AND LABOR
FARM INPUTS
They Are Defined as Products Permitted for Use in Organic Farming. These include feedstuffs, fertilizers, and permitted plant protection products. The resources that are used in farm production. The following are examples: Seed is a material which is used for planting or regeneration purposes. However scientifically, it is a fertilized mature ovule together covered with seed coat and it is a propagating material. Thus, seed is the most vital and crucial input for crop production.
Fertilizer is a chemical or natural substance added to soil or land to increase its
fertility. There are two types of fertilizer: organic and inorganic. Pesticide is a substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or animals.
FARM LABOR Farm labor is the manpower to perform agricultural works such as land preparation, planting, sowing, plant caring, maintenance, harvesting, and storing. It is the comprehensive efforts by an individual or group of men to successfully fulfill the needs of the demand of farm operations.
LABOR REQUIREMENT FOR LAND PREPARATION
Plowing using animal
Plowing using tractor
Clearing of the land using hoe
Harrowing using hand tractor
LABOR REQUIREMENT IN PLANTING OF SEEDLINGS
Transplanting of seedlings
LABOR REQUIREMENT FOR PLANT CARE
Fertilizer Application
Pest Control Irrigation
Weeding
Harvesting Threshing Rice
Drying Rice
Threshing Corn Drying Corn
Storing Post-test
Test I. Identification
Direction: Identify each farm tool, equipment and implements. Write your answer in the space provided.
_________1. It is a farm tool used for cutting tall grasses and weeds and chopping branches of trees.
_________2. It is a farm tool used for breaking hard topsoil and pulverizing soil.
_________3. It is a handy tool used for cutting planting materials and for performing other operations in horticulture.
_________4. A farm tool used for spraying insecticides, foliar fertilizers, fungicides, and herbicides.
_________5. It is a farm tool used for hauling trash, manure, fertilizers, planting materials, and other equipment.
_________6. It is a hand-held agricultural tool with a variously curved blade typically
used for cutting weeds.
_________7. It is an implement mounted to a tractor used for tilling and pulverizing
the soil.
_________8. It is used for cutting bigger-sized posts.
_________9.It is used for cutting branches of planting materials and unnecessary
branches of plants.
_________10. It is a farm tool used for inter-row cultivation.
Test II. Enumeration
Direction: Enumerate the following:
1. Give at least ten (10) different hand tools used in farming.
2. Give at least five (5) different farm equipment.
3. Give three (3) different farm implements.
Test IV. Essay
Direction: Answer the following questions.
1. How to clean your tools and equipment?
2. What is the importance of preventive maintenance? Justify.
