Alexander-Sadiku

Fundamentals of Electric Circuits

Chapter 11
AC Power Analysis
Instructor : Tan Ching Sin
Universiti Tenaga Nasional
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Chapter 11
AC Power Analysis
11.1 Overview
11.2 Instantaneous and Average Power
11.3 Effective or RMS Value
11.4 Apparent Power and Power Factor
11.5 Complex Power
11.6 Conservation of AC Power

 Read Alexander & Sadiku, Chapter 11.

Dr. Tan
 11.2 Instantaneous and Average
Power (1)
 The instantaneously power, p(t) 1
cos A cos B  [cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)]
2
v(t )  Vm cos ( t   i ) and i(t )  I m cos ( t   i )
p (t )  v(t ) i (t )  Vm I m cos ( t   v ) cos ( t   i )
1 1
 Vm I m cos ( v   i )  Vm I m cos (2 t   v   i )
2 2
Constant power Sinusoidal power at 2t

p(t) > 0: power is absorbed by the circuit; p(t) < 0: power is absorbed by the source.

Dr. Tan
 Instantaneous and Average Power (2)
 The average power, P, is the average of the
instantaneous power over one period.
1 T 1
P   p(t ) dt  Vm I m cos ( v   i )
T 0 2
1. P is not time dependent.
2. When θv = θi , it is a purely
resistive load case.
3. When θv– θi = ±90º, it is a
purely reactive load case.
4. P = 0 means that the circuit
absorbs no average power.

Dr. Tan
 Instantaneous and Average Power (3)
Example 1
Calculate the instantaneous power and average
power absorbed by a passive linear network if:
v(t )  80 cos (10 t  20)
i (t )  15 sin (10 t  60)

Answer:
p(t)  385.7  600cos(20t  10)W,
P  385.7W

Dr. Tan
 Instantaneous and Average Power (4)
Example 2

A current I  10  30 flows through an

impedance Z  20  22Ω . Find the average
power delivered to the impedance.

Answer: 1854.4W

Dr. Tan
 11.3 Effective or RMS Value (1)
The effective of a periodic current is the dc current that
delivers the same average power to a resistor as the
periodic current.

ac circuit dc circuit

Dr. Tan
 Effective or RMS Value (2)
The total power dissipated by R is given by:

1 T 2 R T 2
AC Circuit P   i Rdt   i dt
T 0 T 0
DC Circuit P  I rms
2
R

T
1
Hence, Ieff is equal to: I eff 
T 
0
i 2 dt  I rms

The effect value of a periodic signal is its root-mean-

square (rms) value.
Dr. Tan
 Effective or RMS Value (3)
The rms value of a sinusoid i(t) = Imcos(t) is given by:
Im
I rms 
2
The rms is a constant itself which
depending on the shape of the function i(t).
The average power can be written in terms of the rms values:
1
Peff  Vm I m cos (θv  θi )  Vrms I rms cos (θv  θi )
2
2
V
 I rms
2
R  rms
R
Note: If you express amplitude of a phasor source(s) in rms, then all the
answer as a result of this phasor source(s) must also be in rms value.
Dr. Tan
 Effective or RMS Value (4)
Example 3
Determine the rms value of the current waveform. If the
current is passed through a 2- resistor, find the average
power absorbed by the resistor.

Answer: Irms=8.165A, P=133.3W

Dr. Tan
 Effective or RMS Value (5)
Example 4
The waveform is a half-wave rectified sine wave. Find the
rms value and the average power dissipated in a 10-
resistor.

Answer: Vrms= 5V, P=2.5W

Dr. Tan
 11.4 Apparent Power and Power
Factor (1)
 Apparent Power, S, is the product of the r.m.s. values of
voltage and current.
 It is measured in volt-amperes or VA to distinguish it from
the average or real power which is measured in watts.

P  Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θi )  S cos (θ v  θi )

Apparent Power, S Power Factor, pf

 Power factor is the cosine of the phase difference between
the voltage and current. It is also the cosine of the angle
of the load impedance.

Dr. Tan
 Apparent Power and Power Factor
(2)

Purely resistive θv– θi = 0, P/S = 1, all power are

load (R) pf = 1 consumed
Purely reactive θv– θi = ±90o, P = 0, no real power
load (L or C) pf = 0 consumption
Resistive and θv– θi > 0 • Lagging - inductive
reactive load θv– θi < 0 load
(R and L/C) • Leading - capacitive
0 < pf < 1
load

Dr. Tan
 Apparent Power and Power Factor
(3)
Example 5
A series-connected load draws a current i(t)=4cos(100t + 10)
A when the applied voltage is v(t)=120cos(100t  20) V. Find
the apparent power and the power factor of the load. Determine
the element values that form the series-connected load.

Answer: S=240VA, pf=0.866 leading, R=25.98, C=212.2µF

Dr. Tan
 Apparent Power and Power Factor
(4)
Example 6
Determine the power factor of the entire circuit of the figure as
seen by the source. Calculate the average power delivered by
the source.

Answer: pf=0.9734 leading, P=125.16W

Dr. Tan
 11.5 Complex Power (1)
Complex power S is the product of the voltage and the
complex conjugate of the current:

Vm Im
V θ v I θ i
2 2

1 
S  V I  Vrms I rms  θ v  θ i
2

Dr. Tan
 Complex Power (2)
1
S  V I  Vrms I rms  θ v  θ i
2
 S  Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θi )  j Vrms I rms sin (θ v  θi )

S = P + j Q

P: is the average power in watts delivered to a load and it is

the only useful power.
Q: is the reactive power exchange between the source and
the reactive part of the load. It is measured in VAR.
• Q = 0 for resistive loads (unity pf).
• Q < 0 for capacitive loads (leading pf).
• Q > 0 for inductive loads (lagging pf).
Dr. Tan
 Complex Power (3)

 S  Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θi )  j Vrms I rms sin (θ v  θi )

S = P + j Q

Apparent Power, S = |S| = Vrms*Irms = P 2  Q 2

Real power, P = Re(S) = S cos(θv – θi)
Reactive Power, Q = Im(S) = S sin(θv – θi)
Power factor, pf = P/S = cos(θv – θi)

Dr. Tan
 Complex Power (4)

 S  Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θi )  j Vrms I rms sin (θ v  θi )

S = P + j Q

Power Triangle Impedance Triangle Power Factor

Dr. Tan
 Complex Power (5)
Example 7
The voltage across a load is v(t)=60cos(t  10) V and the
current through the element in the direction of the voltage
drop is i(t)=1.5cos(t + 50) A. Find: (a) the complex and
apparent powers, (b) the real and reactive powers, and (c)
the power factor and the load impedance.

Answer: (a) S=45∠-60 VA; S= S =45VA,

(b) P=22.5W, Q=-38.97 Var, (c) pf=0.5 leading, Z=40∠-60Ω
Dr. Tan
 Complex Power (6)
Example 8
A load Z draws 12 kVA at a power factor of 0.856 lagging from
a 120-V rms sinusoidal source. Calculate: (a) the average and
reactive powers delivered to the load, (b) the peak current,
and (c) the load impedance.

Answer: (a) P=10.272kW, Q=6.2014kVar, (b) I m =141.4A,

(c) Z=1.2∠31.13Ω
Dr. Tan
 11.6 Conservation of AC Power (1)
The complex, real, and reactive powers of the sources
equal the respective sums of the complex, real, and
reactive powers of the individual loads.

For parallel connection:

1 1 1 1
S V I*  V (I1  I*2 )  V I1*  V I*2  S1  S2
*

2 2 2 2
The same results can be obtained for a series connection.
Dr. Tan
 Conservation of AC Power (2)
Example 9
The figure shows a load being fed by a voltage source through
a transmission line. The impedance of the line is represented by
the (4 + j2)  impedance and a return path. Find the real
power and reactive power absorbed by: (a) the source, (b) the
line, and (c) the load.

Answer: (a) Ps=2163.5W, Qs=910.8Var leading, (b) Pline=455.4W,

Dr. Tan
Qline=227.76Var lagging, (c) Pload=1708W, Qload=1139Var leading
 Conservation of AC Power (3)
Example 13
In the circuit, Z1 = 6030  and Z2 = 4045 . Calculate
the total: (a) apparent power, (b) real power, (c) reactive
power, and (d) pf, supplied by the source and seen by the
source.

Answer: (a) ST=481.6VA, (b) PT=462.45W, (c) QT=134.6Var lagging (d)

Dr. Tan
pf=0.96 lagging
 Thank You

Q&A

Dr. Tan